6.

776
High Speed Communication Circuits and Systems
Lecture 5
Generalized Reflection Coefficient, Smith Chart

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

February 15, 2005

Copyright 2005 by Hae-Seung Lee and Michael H.

Perrott
 Reflection Coefficient

We defined, at the load

Load and characteristic impedances were related

Alternately

Can we find reflection coefficient at locations other than

the load location?: Generalized reflection coefficient

H.-S. Lee & M.H. Perrott MIT OCW

 Voltage and Current Waveforms

In Lecture 3, we found that in sinusoidal steady-state in a

transmission line,

where the sign is for the wave traveling in the +z

direction,a nd the + sign is for the wave traveling in the z
direction.

Thus, the incident wave has the voltage

And the reflected wave

Similarly for currents:

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 Determine Voltage and Current At Different Positions
ZL

Incident Wave Ex
jwt jkz
V+e e

x
y Hy
I+ejwtejkz

z
ZL

Reflected Wave Hy Ex
V-ejwte-jkz

I-ejwte-jkz
z
L 0

Incident and reflected waves must be added together

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 Determine Voltage and Current At Different Positions
ZL

Incident Wave Ex
jwt jkz
V+e e

x
y Hy
I+ejwtejkz

z
ZL

Reflected Wave Hy Ex
V-ejwte-jkz

I-ejwte-jkz
z
L 0

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 Define Generalized Reflection Coefficient

Recall:

Define Generalized Reflection Coefficient:

Since

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 Generalized Reflection Coefficient Contd

Similarly:

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 A Closer Look at (z)

Recall L is

Im{(z)}

Note: |L|
= 2kz
L

L
(z)
We can view (z)
|L| Re{(z)}
as a complex 0
number that
rotates clockwise
as z (distance
from the load)
increases
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Calculate |Vmax| and |Vmin| Across The Transmission Line

We found that

So that the max and min of V(z,t) are calculated as

We can calculate this geometrically!

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 A Geometric View of |1 + (z)|

Im{1+(z)}

(z)
|1+(z)|
|L|
Re{1+(z)}
0 1

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 Reflections Cause Amplitude to Vary Across Line

Equation:
Graphical representation:
direction jwt jkz
V+e e
of travel t

|1 + (z)|

max|1+(z)|
|1+(0)|
min|1+(z)|
z
0
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 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

Definition

For passive load (and line)

We can infer the magnitude of the reflection

coefficient based on VSWR

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 Reflections Influence Impedance Across The Line

From Slide 7

- Note: not a function of time! (only of distance from load)

Alternatively

- From Lecture 3:

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 Impedance as a Function of Location

We can now express Z(z) as

Also

Note: Z(z) and (z) are periodic in z with a period of /2

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 Example: Z(/4) with Shorted Load
/4 ZL

x Z(/4)
y

z
z
L 0
Calculate reflection coefficient

Calculate generalized reflection coefficient

Calculate impedance
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 Generalize Relationship Between Z(/4) and Z(0)

General formulation

At load (z=0)

At quarter wavelength away (z = /4)

- Impedance is inverted (Z o is real)

Shorts turn into opens
Capacitors turn into inductors
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 Now Look At Z() (Impedance Close to Load)

Impedance formula ( very small)

- A useful approximation:

- Recall from Lecture 2:

Overall approximation:

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 Example: Look At Z() With Load Shorted
ZL

x
y Z()

z
z
0

Reflection coefficient:

Resulting impedance looks inductive!

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 Example: Look At Z() With Load Open
ZL

x
y Z()

z
z
0

Reflection coefficient:

Resulting impedance looks capacitive!

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 Compare to an Ideal LC Tank Circuit

Zin L C

Calculate input impedance about resonance

=0 negligible

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 Transmission Line Version: Z(0 /4) with Shorted Load
0/4 ZL

x Z(0/4)
y

z
z
L 0

As previously calculated

Impedance calculation

Relate to frequency
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 Calculate Z( f) Step 1
0/4 ZL

x Z(0/4)
y

z
z
L 0

Wavelength as a function of f

Generalized reflection coefficient

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 Calculate Z( f) Step 2
0/4 ZL

x Z(0/4)
y

z
z
L 0

Impedance calculation

Recall

- Looks like LC tank circuit (but more than one mode)!

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 Smith Chart

Define normalized load impedance

Relation between Zn and L

- Consider working in coordinate system based on

Key relationship between Zn and

- Equate real and imaginary parts to get Smith Chart

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 Real Impedance in Coordinates (Equate Real Parts)
Im{L}

L=j

L=-1 L=0 L=1

Re{L}
0.2 0.5 1 2 5

Zn=0.5

L=-j

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 Imag. Impedance in Coordinates (Equate Imag. Parts)
j1 Im{L}

j0.5 L=j j2

j0.2 j5
Zn=j0.5
L=-1 L=0 L=1

0 Re{L}

Zn=-j0.5
-j0.2 -j5

-j0.5 L=-j -j2

-j1

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 What Happens When We Invert the Impedance?

Fundamental formulas

Impact of inverting the impedance

- Derivation:

We can invert complex impedances in plane by

simply changing the sign of !

How can we best exploit this?

H.-S. Lee & M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
 The Smith Chart as a Calculator for Matching Networks

Consider constructing both impedance and

admittance curves on Smith chart

- Conductance curves derived from resistance curves

- Susceptance curves derived from reactance curves
For series circuits, work with impedance
- Impedances add for series circuits
For parallel circuits, work with admittance
- Admittances add for parallel circuits
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 Resistance and Conductance on the Smith Chart

Im{L}

L=j

Yn=0.5 Zn=0.5

L=-1 L=0 L=1

Yn=2 Zn=2
Re{L}
0.2 0.5 1 2 5

L=-j

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 Reactance and Susceptance on the Smith Chart

j1 Im{L}

j0.5 L=j j2

Yn=-j2 Zn=j2
j0.2 j5

L=-1 L=0 L=1

0 Re{L}

-j0.2 -j5
Yn=j2 Zn=-j2

-j0.5 L=-j -j2

-j1
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 Overall Smith Chart

j1

j0.5 j2

j0.2 j5

0
0.2 0.5 1 2 5

j0.2 j5

j0.5 j2

j1

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 Smith Chart element Paths

INCREASING SERIES L DECREASING SERIES C

DECREASING SHUNT L INCREASING SHUNT C

Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from

H.-S. Lee & M.H. Perrott http://contact.tm.agilent.com/Agilent/tmo/an-95-1/classes/imatch.html MIT OCW
 L-Match Circuits (Matching Load to Source)

or L match networks
remove forbidden regions
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from
H.-S. Lee & M.H. Perrott http://contact.tm.agilent.com/Agilent/tmo/an-95-1/classes/imatch.html MIT OCW
 Example Match RC Network to 50 Ohms at 2.5 GHz

Circuit

Matching
Zin ZL Cp=1pF Rp=200
Network

Step 1: Calculate ZLn

Step 2: Plot ZLn on Smith Chart (use admittance, YLn)

H.-S. Lee & M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
 Plot Starting Impedance (Admittance) on Smith Chart

j1

j0.5 j2

j0.2 j5

0
0.2 0.5 1 2 5

-j0.2 -j5

-j0.5 YLn=0.25+j0.7854 -j2

-j1
(Note: ZLn=0.37-j1.16)
H.-S. Lee & M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
 Develop Matching Game Plan Based on Smith Chart

By inspection, we see that the following matching

network can bring us to Zin = 50 Ohms (center of
Smith chart)-need to step up impedance
Matching Network
Lm

Zin Cm ZL Cp=1pF Rp=200

Use the Smith chart to come up with component

values
- Inductance L shifts impedance up along reactance
m
curve
- Capacitance C shifts impedance down along
m
susceptance curve
H.-S. Lee & M.H. Perrott MIT OCW
 Add Reactance of Inductor Lm

j1

j0.5 j2

Z2n=0.37+j0.48

j0.2 j5

0
0.2 0.5 1 2 5
normalized
inductor
reactance
= j1.64
-j0.2 -j5

-j0.5 -j2
ZLn=0.37-j1.16
-j1

H.-S. Lee & M.H. Perrott MIT OCW

 Inductor Value Calculation Using Smith Chart

From Smith chart, we found that the desired

normalized inductor reactance is

Required inductor value is therefore

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 Add Susceptance of Capacitor Cm (Achieves Match!)

j1

j0.5 j2
Z2n=0.37+j0.48
(note: Y2n=1.00-j1.31)
normalized
j0.2 capacitor j5
susceptance
= j1.31

1.0+j0.0
0
0.2 0.5 1 2 5

-j0.2 -j5

-j0.5 ZLn=0.37-j1.16 -j2

-j1

H.-S. Lee & M.H. Perrott MIT OCW

 Capacitor Value Calculation Using Smith Chart

From Smith chart, we found that the desired

normalized capacitor susceptance is

Required capacitor value is therefore

H.-S. Lee & M.H. Perrott MIT OCW

 Useful Web Resource

Play the matching game at

http://contact.tm.agilent.com/Agilent/tmo/an-95-1/classes/imatch.html

- Allows you to graphically tune several matching

networks
- Note: it is set up to match source impedance to load
impedance rather than match the load to the source
impedance
Same results, just different viewpoint

H.-S. Lee & M.H. Perrott MIT OCW