Mai 2002

ICS 13.040.40; 75.180 VDI-RICHTLINIEN May 2002

VEREIN
Emissionsminderung
DEUTSCHER VDI 3479
INGENIEURE Raffinerieferne Mineralltanklger
Former editions: 7/85; 3/01 draft, in German only

Emission control
Frhere Ausgaben: 7.85; 3.01 Entwurf, deutsch

Marketing installation tank farms Ausg. deutsch/englisch

Issue German/English

Vervielfltigung auch fr innerbetriebliche Zwecke nicht gestattet / Reproduction even for internal use not permitted
Zu beziehen durch / Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All rights reserved Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Dsseldorf 2002

Die deutsche Version dieser Richtlinie ist verbindlich.

The German version of this guideline shall be taken as authorita-
tive. No guarantee can be given with respect to the English trans-
lation.

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Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft im VDI und DIN Normenausschuss KRdL

Ausschuss Raffinerieferne Mineralltanklger

VDI/DIN-Handbuch Reinhaltung der Luft, Band 3

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Lizenzierte Kopie von elektronischem Datentrger

 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Dsseldorf 2002
Vorbemerkung
In der Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft im VDI und
DIN Normenausschuss KRdL erarbeiten Fach-
leute aus Wissenschaft, Industrie und Verwaltung in
freiwilliger Selbstverantwortung VDI-Richtlinien
und DIN-Normen zum Umweltschutz. Diese be-
schreiben den Stand der Technik bzw. den Stand der
Wissenschaft in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
und dienen als Entscheidungshilfen bei der Erarbei-
tung und Anwendung von Rechts- und Verwaltungs-
vorschriften. Die Arbeitsergebnisse der KRdL flie-
en ferner als gemeinsamer deutscher Standpunkt in
die europische technische Regelsetzung bei CEN
(Europisches Komitee fr Normung) und in die
internationale technische Regelsetzung bei ISO
(Internationale Organisation fr Normung) sowie in
die Reference Documents on Best Available Techni-
ques (BREFs) fr verschiedene Branchen, wie die
BREFs Mineral Oil and Gas Refineries [1a] oder
auch Emissions from Storage [1b] ein.
Folgende Themenschwerpunkte werden in vier Fach-
bereichen behandelt:
Fachbereich I
Umweltschutztechnik
Normen-Download-Beuth-Lief.-Nr.60026 Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH-KdNr.381813-LfNr.2366437001-2004-04-19 10:31
Produktionsintegrierter Umweltschutz; Verfahren
und Einrichtungen zur Emissionsminderung;
ganzheitliche Betrachtung von Emissionsminde-
rungsmanahmen unter Bercksichtigung von
Luft, Wasser und Boden; Emissionswerte fr
Stube und Gase; anlagenbezogene messtechni-
sche Anleitungen; Umweltschutzkostenrechnung
Fachbereich II Umweltmeteorologie
Ausbreitung von Luftverunreinigungen in der
Atmosphre; strfallbedingte Freisetzungen;
mikro- und mesoskalige Windfeldmodelle; Wech-
selwirkung zwischen Atmosphre und Oberfl-
chen; meteorologische Messungen; angewandte
Klimatologie; Lufthygienekarten; human-bio-
meteorologische Bewertung von Klima und Luft-
hygiene; bertragung meteorologischer Daten
Fachbereich III Umweltqualitt
Wirkung von Luftverunreinigungen auf Mensch,
Tier, Pflanze, Boden, Werkstoffe und Atmosphre;
wirkungsbezogene Mess- und Erhebungsverfah-
ren; Erfassung und Wirkung mikrobieller Luftver-
unreinigungen; Olfaktometrie; Umweltsimulation
Fachbereich IV
Umweltmesstechnik
Emissions- und Immissionsmesstechnik fr anor-
ganische und organische Gase sowie fr Partikel;
optische Fernmessverfahren; Messen von Innen-
Lizenzierte Kopie von elektronischem Datentrger
9', 
Preliminary note
In the Commission on Air Pollution Prevention of
VDI and DIN Standards Committee KRdL ex-
perts from science, industry and administration, act-
ing on their own responsibility, establish VDI guide-
lines and DIN standards in the field of environmental
protection. These describe the state of the art in sci-
ence and technology in the Federal Republic of Ger-
many and serve as a decision-making aid in the pre-
paratory stages of legislation and application of legal
regulations and ordinances. KRdLs working results
are also considered as the common German point of
view in the establishment of technical rules on the
European level by CEN (European Committee for
Standardization) and on the international level by
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
as well as in the Reference Documents on Best Avail-
able Techniques (BREFs) issued for the various in-
dustries such as the BREFS on Mineral Oil and Gas
Refineries [1a] and Emissions from Storage [1b].
The following topics are dealt with in four subdivi-
sions:
Subdivision I
Environmental Protection Techniques
Integrated pollution prevention and control for in-
stallations; procedures and installations for emis-
sion control; overall consideration of measures for
emission control with consideration given to the
air, water and soil; emission limits for dusts and
gases; plant-related measurement instructions; en-
vironmental industrial cost accounting
Subdivision II Environmental Meteorology
Dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere; emis-
sions from accidental releases; micro- and meso-
scale wind field models; interaction between the
atmosphere and surfaces; meteorological measure-
ments; applied climatology; air pollution maps;
human-biometeorological evaluation of climate
and air hygiene; transfer of meteorological data
Subdivision III Environmental Quality
Effects of air pollutants on man, farm animals, veg-
etation, soil, materials, and the atmosphere; meth-
ods for the measurement and evaluation of effects;
determination of microbial air pollutants and their
effects; olfactometry; environmental simulation
Subdivision IV
Environmental Measurement Techniques
Techniques for emission and ambient air measure-
ments of inorganic and organic gases as well as
particulate matter; optical open-path measurement
  9', All rights reserved Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Dsseldorf 2002
raumluftverunreinigungen; Messen von Boden-
luftverunreinigungen; Verfahren zur Herstellung
von Referenzmaterialien; Prfplne fr Mess-
gerte; Validierungsverfahren; Messplanung; Aus-
werteverfahren; Qualittssicherung
Die Richtlinien und Normen werden zunchst als
Entwurf verffentlicht. Durch Ankndigung im Bun-
desanzeiger und in der Fachpresse erhalten alle inte-
ressierten Kreise die Mglichkeit, sich an einem
ffentlichen Einspruchsverfahren zu beteiligen.
Durch dieses Verfahren wird sichergestellt, dass
unterschiedliche Meinungen vor Verffentlichung der
endgltigen Fassung bercksichtigt werden knnen.
Die Richtlinien und Normen sind in sechs Bnden
des VDI/DIN-Handbuches Reinhaltung der Luft zu-
sammengefasst.
Geltungsbereich
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methods; measurement of indoor air pollutants,
measurement of soil air pollutants; procedures for
establishing reference material; test procedures for
measurement devices; validation procedures;
measurement planning; evaluation methods; qual-
ity assurance
The guidelines and standards are first published as
drafts. These are announced in the Bundesanzeiger
(Federal Gazette) and in professional publications in
order to give all interested parties the opportunity to
participate in an official objection procedure. This
procedure ensures that differing opinions can be con-
sidered before the final version is published.
The guidelines and standards are published in the six-
volume VDI/DIN Reinhaltung der Luft (Air Pollu-
tion Prevention) manual.
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1.1 General information on mineral oil tank farms
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Tabelle 1. Bauarten von Lagertanks und Behltern

Table 1. Storage tank types
Ausrstung entsprechend VbF [3]****)
Equipment as per VbF [3]****)
Tankbauart Tankgre Norm
Tank type Tank size V/D-Ventil Standard
Lftungshaube
Pressure/
Venting hood
vacuum relief valve
Festdachtank/Fixed-roof tank > 100 m3 A I *), A II, B A III
Festdachtank mit Schwimmdecke
> 500 m3 A I **), A II, B A III DIN EN 14 015-1 [16]
Fixed-roof tank with internal floating deck
Schwimmdachtank/Floating-roof tank > 1000 m3 A I, A II ***)
liegend, oberirdisch
A l, A II, B DIN EN 12 285 [17]
horizontal, above-ground
Zylindrische Behlter liegend, unterirdisch
100 m3 A I, A II, B A III DIN 6608 [18]
Cylindrical vessels horizontal, underground
stehend, oberirdisch
A I, A II, B DIN 6618 [19]
vertical, above-ground
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zur Tankentwsserungs-
Anlage Gefllegradient < 1%
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Bild 1. Beispiel fr einen Festdachtank ohne Schwimmdecke Fig. 1. Example of a fixed-roof tank without internal floating deck
Sicherheitstechnische Ausrstung nicht vollstndig dargestellt Safety equipment not completely shown
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2 Dachmannloch 2 deck-mounted access hatch
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4 Detonationssicherung mit Anschluss 4 detonation arrester with connection to vapour
Gaspendelsystem balancing system
5 Tanklftungsstutzen 5 tank vent
6 automatische Pegelmessung 6 automatic level measuring instrument
7 Grobinhaltsanzeige 7 coarse level indicator
8 Befllung und Entleerung mit Produkt 8 product filling and emptying nozzle
9 Beheizung 9 heating system
10 Tankdoppelboden 10 double tank bottom
11 Peiltisch 11 gauge float
12 Tiefpunktentleerung 12 low-point drain
13 Rhrwerk 13 mixer
14 Gaspendelsystem 14 vapour balancing system

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Bild 2. Beispiel fr einen Schwimmdachtank (Ringpontondach) Fig. 2. Example of a floating-roof tank (pontoon roof)
Sicherheitstechnische Ausrstung nicht vollstndig dargestellt Safety equipment not completely shown
1 Fllstandmessung 1 level measuring instrument
2 Handpeilung 2 manual gauging port
3 Temperaturmessung 3 temperature measuring instrument
4 Bhne 4 platform
Normen-Download-Beuth-Lief.-Nr.60026 Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH-KdNr.381813-LfNr.2366437001-2004-04-19 10:31

5 Dachmannloch 5 deck-mounted access hatch

6 Pontonmannloch 6 pontoon access hatch
7 Randabdichtung (flexible) 7 flexible rim seal
8 Schwimmdachsttze 8 floating-roof leg
9 Be- und Entlftung (automatische) 9 vent valve (automatic)
10 Peilstutzen 10 gauging port
11 Randpeilstutzen 11 peripheral gauging connection
12 Schlauchumgang am Gelenk 12 hose guide system
13 Dachentwsserung 13 roof drain
14 Peiltisch 14 gauge float
15 Tankentwsserung 15 tank drain
16 Geflle 16 slope
17 Befllung und Entleerung fr Produkte 17 filling and emptying nozzle
18 Gelenkrohr (schwimmende Absaugung) 18 pivoted tube (floating vapour extraction system)
19 Bodenentleerung 19 bottom drain
20 Resteentleerung 20 residue drain
21 Fhrungsrohr 21 guide pole
22 Tankdoppelboden 22 double tank bottom

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 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Dsseldorf 2002 9', 

1.3 Umschlag von Minerallen 1.3 Loading/unloading of mineral oils

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vapour
offgas
recovery unit

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vapour balancing
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means of transport floating-roof fixed-roof means of transport

(pipeline, road or rail (pipeline, road or rail
tanker, ship) tank tank tanker, ship)

in-plant transfer/blending

loading/refilling
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(delivery) (loading)

product lines: vapour balancing lines:

Normen-Download-Beuth-Lief.-Nr.60026 Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH-KdNr.381813-LfNr.2366437001-2004-04-19 10:31

required

optional
Fig. 3. Operations in tank farms
for crude oil and mineral oil products having a vapour pressure greater than 13 mbar (13 hPa) at a temperature of 20 C

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Tabelle 2. Umschlagsdaten
Transportmittel Pumprate Menge je Vorgang
m3/h m3

Einlagern Auslagern Einlagern Auslagern

Fernleitung bei Produkten: bei Produkten:

500 bis 3000 500 bis 2000 10 000 bis 100 000 10 000 bis 100 000
bei Rohlen: bei Rohlen:
1000 bis 5000 1000 bis 2500

Tankschiff bei Produkten: bei Produkten: abhngig von der Schiffsgre abhngig von der Schiffsgre
200 bis 1000 200 bis 400
bei Rohlen: bei Rohlen:
bis 12 000 bis 3000

Kesselwagen 250 bis 700 120 bis 700 Einzelkesselwagen: Einzelkesselwagen:

30 bis 90 30 bis 90
Ganzzug: 1750 Ganzzug: 1750

Straentankwagen 50 bis 75 120 bis 250 bis 40 bis 40

Container 50 bis 75 120 bis 250 25 25

Table 2. Loading/unloading data

Means of transport Pumping rate Volume per cycle
m3/h m3

Supply Withdrawal Supply Withdrawal

Pipeline Products: Products:

500 to 3,000 500 to 2,000 10,000 to 100,000 10,000 to 100,000
Crude oils: Crude oils:
Normen-Download-Beuth-Lief.-Nr.60026 Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH-KdNr.381813-LfNr.2366437001-2004-04-19 10:31

1,000 to 5,000 1,000 to 2,500

Tanker ship Products: Products: depending on tanker capacity depending on tanker capacity
200 to 1,000 200 to 400
Crude oils: Crude oils:
up to 12,000 up to 3,000

Rail tank car 250 to 700 120 to 700 Single rail tank car: Single rail tank car:
30 to 90 30 to 90
Complete train: 1,750 Complete train: 1,750

Tank truck 50 to 75 120 to 250 up to 40 up to 40

Container 50 to 75 120 to 250 25 25

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1.5.2 Sampling
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options
2.1 General
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'DEHLN|QQHQVLFK.RKOHQZDVVHUVWRII/XIWJHPLVFKH
ELV]XU6lWWLJXQJVNRQ]HQWUDWLRQHLQVWHOOHQ
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PD\YDSRUL]HDQGIRUPDJDVSKDVHLIWKHUHLVDIUHH
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  9', All rights reserved Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Dsseldorf 2002

Tabelle 3. Siedebereiche und Dampfdrcke von Minerallen [20]

Produkt Gefahren- Siedetemperaturen bzw. Dampfdruck
klasse Siedebereiche Richtwerte *) bei verschiedenen
bei 1013 mbar (1013 hPa) Temperaturen
bar (105 Pa)
C 20 C 37,8 C **) 50 C
Rohl AI 0,4 bis 0,56 0,45 bis 0,76
Propan 42 8,2 17,0
n-Butan 0,5 2,0 4,9
Ottokraftstoffe [22] AI etwa 30 bis 215
Sommerware 0,38 0,45 bis 0,60 ***) 0,8
Winterware 0,45 0,60 bis 0,90 1,2
Jahresmittelwert 0,40 1,0
Flugturbinen-Kraftstoff [28] A II etwa 165 bis 285 0,003 0,01
Dieselkraftstoff, Heizl EL [23; 24] A III etwa 180 bis 360 0,0005 0,002 0,004
Zum Vergleich:
Wasser B 100 0,02 0,12
Methanol 65 0,096 0,31 0,53

 0LQHUDO|OHXQG0LQHUDO|OSURGXNWHKDEHQMHQDFK+HUNXQIWXQG9HUDUEHLWXQJHLQHXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH=XVDPPHQVHW]XQJ'DKHUJLEWHV]XP%HL
VSLHOIUGHQ6LHGHEHUHLFKZLHDXFKIUGHQ'DPSIGUXFNNHLQHQHLQKHLWOLFKHQ:HUW6RIHUQNHLQHJHPHVVHQHQ:HUWHYRUOLHJHQN|QQHQGLHREHQ
JHQDQQWHQ5LFKWZHUWHEHL &DOV'XUFKVFKQLWWVZHUWHIUS7HLQJHVHW]WZHUGHQE]Z:HUWHDXV7DEHOOHQGHU$UEHLWVPDSSHIU0LQHUDO|OLQJH
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Table 3. Boiling ranges and vapour pressures of mineral oils [20]

Normen-Download-Beuth-Lief.-Nr.60026 Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH-KdNr.381813-LfNr.2366437001-2004-04-19 10:31

Product Hazard Boiling temperatures or boi- Vapour pressure

class ling ranges at 1013 mbar Guide values *) at different
(1013 hPa) temperatures
bar (105 Pa)
C 20 C 37.8 C **) 50 C
Crude oil AI - 0.4 to 0.56 0.45 to 0.76
Propane 42 8.2 17.0
n-butane 0.5 2.0 4.9
Motor gasolines [22] AI approx. 30 to 215
summer specification 0.38 0.45 to 0.60 ***) 0.8
winter specification 0.45 0.60 to 0.90 1.2
annual mean value 0.40 1.0
Jet fuel [28] A II approx. 165 to 285 0.003 0.01
Diesel fuel, EL-grade fuel oil A III approx. 180 to 360 0.0005 0.002 0.004
[23; 24]
For comparison:
Water B 100 0.02 0.12
Methanol 65 0.096 0.31 0.53

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Normen-Download-Beuth-Lief.-Nr.60026 Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH-KdNr.381813-LfNr.2366437001-2004-04-19 10:31

Tabelle 4. Zusammensetzung von Ottokraftstoffen in der Flssigphase und der sich daraus ergebenden Zusam-
mensetzung der Kohlenwasserstoffe im Kohlenwasserstoff-/Luftgemisch in einem Lagertank [21]
Komponenten Ottokraftstoff (Sommerqualitt/Super)

Mittelwerte Bereich

Kohlenwasserstoffverteilung Aliphaten
in der Gasphase *) < C4 <1 <1
in Gew.-% C4 21 10 bis 30
C5 50 44 bis 66
C6 20 10 bis 27
> C6 8 6 bis 9

Aromaten
Benzol <1 <1
Toluol 3 2 bis 3
MTBE 1 0 bis 3
> C7 1 1 bis 2

Flssigphase Aliphaten
in Gew.-% < C4 <1 <1
C4 2 1 bis 3
C5 17 14 bis 19
C6 18 17 bis 20
C7 21 17 bis 25
C8 22 21 bis 23
C9 11 10 bis 14
> C9 6 5 bis 8
Aromaten
Benzol <1 <1
Toluol 13 9 bis 15
MTBE 2 0 bis 4
> C7 24 19 bis 29

FD9RO.RKOHQZDVVHUVWRIIHEHL5DXPWHPHUSDWXULQGHU*DVSKDVH

Lizenzierte Kopie von elektronischem Datentrger

  9', All rights reserved Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Dsseldorf 2002

Table 4. Liquid-phase composition of motor gasolines and the resulting hydrocarbon composition of the hydrocar-
bon/air mixture in a storage tank [21]
Components Motor gasoline (summer specification/premium)
Average values Range

Vapour-phase hydrocarbon Aliphatics

composition*) in wt. % < C4 <1 <1
C4 21 10 to 30
C5 50 44 to 66
C6 20 10 to 27
> C6 8 6 to 9

Aromatics
Benzene <1 <1
Toluene 3 2 to 3
MTBE 1 0 to 3
> C7 1 1 to 2

Liquid-phase hydrocarbon Aliphatics

composition in wt. % < C4 <1 <1
C4 2 1 to 3
C5 17 14 to 19
C6 18 17 to 20
C7 21 17 to 25
C8 22 21 to 23
C9 11 10 to 14
> C9 6 5 to 8
Aromatics
Benzene <1 <1
Toluene 13 9 to 15
MTBE 2 0 to 4
> C7 24 19 to 29
Normen-Download-Beuth-Lief.-Nr.60026 Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH-KdNr.381813-LfNr.2366437001-2004-04-19 10:31

YDSRXUSKDVHK\GURFDUERQFRQFHQWUDWLRQDWDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDSSUR[YRO 
2.2 Lagerung von Minerallen
'LH(PLVVLRQHQDXV/DJHUWDQNVKlQJHQDEYRQ$UW
0HQJHXQG+lXILJNHLWGHV8PVFKODJVVRZLHGHU$UW
GHV /DJHUJXWHV GHQ 8PJHEXQJVEHGLQJXQJHQ GHU
7DQNEDXDUW GHU %HWULHEVZHLVH GHU 7DQNV XQG GHQ
(PLVVLRQVPLQGHUXQJVPDQDKPHQ
,Q 7DEHOOH  ZLUGHLQHhEHUVLFKWEHUGLH$XVUV
WXQJHQYRQ7DQNVLQ0LQHUDO|OWDQNOlJHUQ]XU0LQGH
UXQJGHU(PLVVLRQGDUJHVWHOOW
2.2.1 Festdachtanks
%HL)HVWGDFKWDQNVNRPPWHVEHLVWDWLVFKHU/DJHUXQJ
]X (PLVVLRQHQ GXUFK 7DQNDWPXQJ 8UVDFKH GHU
7DQNDWPXQJ LVW GLH bQGHUXQJ YRQ =XVWDQGVJU|HQ
2.2 Storage of mineral oils
(PLVVLRQV IURP VWRUDJH WDQNV GHSHQG RQ WKH W\SH
QXPEHU DQG IUHTXHQF\ RI ORDGLQJXQORDGLQJ RSHUD
WLRQVWKHW\SHRISURGXFWVWRUHGWKHDPELHQWFRQGL
WLRQVWKHWDQNGHVLJQWKHWDQNRSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQV
DQGWKHHPLVVLRQFRQWUROPHDVXUHVDSSOLHG
7DEOH  SUHVHQWV DQ RYHUYLHZ RI HPLVVLRQ FRQWURO
GHYLFHVIRUVWRUDJHWDQNVLQPLQHUDORLOWDQNIDUPV
2.2.1 Fixed-roof tanks
8QGHU VWDWLF VWRUDJH FRQGLWLRQV HPLVVLRQV IURP
IL[HGURRI WDQNV DULVH DV D UHVXOW RI WDQN EUHDWKLQJ
7DQNEUHDWKLQJLVDWWULEXWDEOHWRFKDQJHVLQWKHVWDWH
'UXFN7HPSHUDWXUGHVLP7DQNHQWKDOWHQHQ.RK YDULDEOHVSUHVVXUHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHK\GURFDUERQ
OHQZDVVHUVWRII/XIWJHPLVFKHV ZHOFKH XQWHU DQGH DLU PL[WXUH SUHVHQW LQ WKH WDQN ZKLFK LQ WXUQ DUH
UHP GXUFK ZHFKVHOQGH PHWHRURORJLVFKH %HGLQJXQ FDXVHGE\YDULDWLRQVLQWKHPHWHRURORJLFDOFRQGLWLRQV
JHQ /XIWGUXFN 8PJHEXQJVWHPSHUDWXU 6RQQHQHLQ DPELHQWSUHVVXUHDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHVRODUUDGLD
VWUDKOXQJ1LHGHUVFKOlJHYHUXUVDFKWZLUG
%HL GHU %HIOOXQJ YRQ )HVWGDFKWDQNV ZLUG GDV LP
7DQN EHILQGOLFKH .RKOHQZDVVHUVWRII/XIWJHPLVFK
GXUFK GLH ]XVWU|PHQGH )OVVLJNHLW YHUGUlQJW 'HU
$EOXIWYROXPHQVWURPHQWVSULFKWLQHWZDGHP)|UGHU
VWURPGHU3XPSH
WLRQSUHFLSLWDWLRQ
'XULQJILOOLQJRIIL[HGURRIWDQNVWKHK\GURFDUERQ
DLUPL[WXUHSUHVHQWLQWKHWDQNLVGLVSODFHGE\WKHLQ
FRPLQJOLTXLG7KHH[KDXVWDLUIORZUDWHURXJKO\FRU
UHVSRQGVWRWKHIORZUDWHGHOLYHUHGE\WKHSXPS

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 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Dsseldorf 2002 9', 

Tabelle 5. bersicht ber die Ausrstungen von Tanks in Mineralltanklgern

Lagerkapazitt Umschlag Gefahren- Farb- Tankausfhrung Anforderungen an Festdachtanks
des Tanklagers klasse anstrich*)
nach VbF [3] Festdach- Schwimm- V/D- Gaspendelung Schwimm-
Tonnen 3
m /a tank dachtank Ventile **) und/oder decke
Abgasreinigung

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

< 5000 AI + + + + s)
A II + + + ***) s)
A III o +

5000 < 10000 AI/B + + o + + s)

10000 A I(Produkte) / B + + o + + s)
10000 A I(Rohl) + +
1000 A II + + + ***) s)
1000 A III o +
10000 < 10000 A II + + + ***) s)
10000 A III o +
1000 A II + + + ***) s)
1000 A III o +

 5HIOHNWLRQGHU6WUDKOXQJVZlUPHPLQGHVWHQV 
 %HWULHEVGUXFNPEDUK3D9HQWLODQVSUHFKGUXFNPEDUK3D
 *LOWQLFKWIU3URGXNWHPLWHLQHP'DPSIGUXFNYRQPHKUDOVPEDUK3DEHL &
s
 'LH$XVUVWXQJPLWHLQHULQQHQOLHJHQGHQ6FKZLPPGHFNHZLUGQXUQRFKLQ$XVQDKPHIlOOHQ]XP%HLVSLHOEHL$QELQGXQJDQHLQH0LQHUDO|OIHUQ
OHLWXQJYRUJHIXQGHQ
 EOLFK o P|JOLFK  QLFKWEOLFK

Table 5. Overview of emission control devices for storage tanks in mineral oil tank farms
Normen-Download-Beuth-Lief.-Nr.60026 Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH-KdNr.381813-LfNr.2366437001-2004-04-19 10:31

Tank farm Turnover Hazard Paint Tank type Requirements for fixed-roof tanks
storage class coating*)
Fixed-roof Floating- V/P Vapour balanc- Floating
capacity to VbF [3]
metric tonnes m3/a tank roof tank valves **) ing and/or off- deck
gas cleaning

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

< 5000 AI + + + + s)
A II + + + ***) s)
A III o +

5000 < 10000 AI/B + + o + + s)

10000 A I(products) / B + + o + + s)
10000 A I(crude oil) + +
1000 A II + + + ***) s)
1000 A III o +

10000 < 10000 A II + + + ***) s)

10000 A III o +
1000 A II + + + ***) s)
1000 A III o +

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Tabelle 6. Oberflchenanstriche Table 6. Surface coatings

Bezeichnung des Farbtons Gesamtwrme- RAL colours Coefficient of
Remissionsgrad W R total heat reflectance W R
(gerundet) (rounded)
% %

Schwarz RAL 9005 3 black RAL 9005 3

Maschinengrau RAL 7031 10 machine grey RAL 7031 10
Braun RAL 8011 12 brown RAL 8011 12
Mausgrau RAL 7005 13 mouse grey RAL 7005 13
Grn RAL 6010 14 green RAL 6010 14
Blau RAL 5010 19 blue RAL 5010 19
Silbergrau RAL 7001 27 silver grey RAL 7001 27
Kieselgrau RAL 7032 38 pebble grey RAL 7032 38
Rot RAL 3000 43 red RAL 3000 43
Lichtgrau RAL 7035 51 light grey RAL 7035 51
Elfenbein RAL 1014 57 ivory RAL 1014 57
Alu-Silber RAL 9006 72 aluminium silver RAL 9006 72
Cremewei RAL 9001 72 cream white RAL 9001 72
Wei RAL 9010 84 white RAL 9010 84
1
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Bild 4. Abhngigkeit des Anstrichfaktors vom Gesamtwrme- Fig. 4. Coating factor as a function of the total degree of heat
remissionsgrad reflectance

Tabelle 7. Anstrichfaktoren Table 7. Coating factors

Farbton Anstrichfaktor f Colour Coating factor f

Wei 1,0 white 1.0

Alu-Silber 1,1 aluminium silver 1.1
Lichtgrau 1,3 light grey 1.3
Kieselgrau 1,4 pebble grey 1.4
Mausgrau 1,6 mouse grey 1.6
Grn 1,6 green 1.6

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Bild 5. Schwimmdachdichtung Fig. 5. Floating roof seal

1 Tankwand 1 tank wall
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4 Schwimmdach 4 floating roof
5 Aufhngeschere 5 suspension system
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Tabelle 8. Durchschnittliche gasfrmige Emissionen des Frdergutes bei Pumpen
Nr. Dichtsystem mit nachfolgendem Dichtungstyp
1 Einzel-Gleitringdichtung
2 Mehrfach-Gleitringdichtung, mit Vorlagemedium
(bei geschlossener Leckageabfuhr)
3 Mehrfach-Gleitringdichtung, mit Sperrmedium
4 wellendichtungslose Ausfhrung/Membranpumpe
GHSHQGLQJRQWKHH[SHFWHGVHUYLFHOLIHDQGWKHKD]DUG
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WLRQDOSUHYHQWLYHPHDVXUHVFDQLQFOXGHIDLOXUHDQDO\
VLVZHDNSRLQWDQDO\VLVDQGH[SHULHQFHH[FKDQJH
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DQGDVDVRXUFHRIUHIHUHQFHIRUHPLVVLRQUHSRUWLQJWR
VXSHUYLVRU\DXWKRULWLHV
2.4.1 Pumps
3XPSVIRUPLQHUDORLOVHUYLFHDUHQRUPDOO\HTXLSSHG
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QRUPDORSHUDWLRQWKHJLYHQDYHUDJHHPLVVLRQVDUHWR
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Durchschnittliche gasfrmige Emission Bemerkung
des Frdergutes im laufenden Betrieb *)
1 g/(h Stck) DW **) = 50 mm
p = 10 bar (1 MPa)
n = 3000 min1
annhernd Null
keine Emission (technisch dicht)
keine Emission (technisch dicht)
 (VKDQGHOWVLFKKLHUEHLQLFKWXP*UHQ]ZHUWHVLHKHDXFK$EVFKQLWW


 :HOOHQGXUFKPHVVHU

Table 8. Average gaseous emissions from the fluid conveyed during pumping
No. Type of sealing system Average gaseous emissions from fluid Notes
pumped during normal operation *)
1 Single mechanical seal 1 g/(h unit) DS **) = 50 mm
p = 10 bar (1 MPa)
n = 3000 min1
2 Multiple mechanical seal with quench fluid approximately zero
(venting to a closed system)
3 Multiple mechanical seal with buffer fluid zero emission (technically tight)

4 Sealless pump design/diaphragm pump zero emission (technically tight)

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Tabelle 9. Durchschnittliche gasfrmige Emissionen des Frdergutes an Durchfhrungen der Absperr- und Regelor-
gane
Nr. Dichtsystem mit nachfolgendem Dichtungstyp Durchschnittliche gasfrmige Emission des
Frdergutes im laufenden Betrieb, bezogen auf den
mittleren Dichtungsumfang*)
mg/(s m)

1 Stopfbuchse mit Packung 1,0

2 Stopfbuchse mit Manschette, O-Ring 0,1

3 Stopfbuchse mit Packung, Stopfbuchse mit Manschette, O-Ring 0,01

4 metallischer Faltenbalg, abgedichtet 0,01

5 metallischer Faltenbalg, abgedichtet

0,001
(mit Nachweis nach Abschnitt 3.4.2)

6 Stopfbuchse mit Packungen und Sperrmedium/Absaugung,

keine Emission (technisch dicht)
metallischer Faltenbalg, beidseitig verschweit

(VKDQGHOWVLFKKLHUEHLQLFKWXP*UHQ]ZHUWHVLHKHDXFK$EVFKQLWW

Table 9. Average gaseous emissions from fluid conveyed at shutoff and control valve stem seals
No. Type of sealing system Average gaseous emissions from
fluid conveyed during normal operation related to the
mean seal perimeter *)
mg/(s m)

1 Packing gland 1.0

2 Gland with collar, O-ring 0.1

3 Packing gland, gland with collar, O-ring 0.1
Normen-Download-Beuth-Lief.-Nr.60026 Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH-KdNr.381813-LfNr.2366437001-2004-04-19 10:31

4 Metal bellows, sealed 0.01

5 Metal bellows, sealed

0.001
(to be verified by calculation; see Section 3.4.2)

6 Packing gland and buffer medium/vent connection,

zero emissions (technically tight)
metal bellows seal-welded on either side

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Tabelle 10. Durchschnittliche gasfrmige Emissionen des Frdergutes bei Flanschabdichtungen

Nr. Dichtsystem mit Durchschnittliche gasfrmige Bemerkung
nachfolgendem Dichtungstyp Emission des Frdergutes im
laufenden Betrieb, bezogen auf
den mittleren Dichtungsumfang *)
mg/(s m)
1 Weichstoffdichtung; 0,01 zum Beispiel Faserplatte oder Platte aus expan-
Weichstoff-Metall-Dichtung; diertem Grafit oder PTFE-Platte; innen mit Metall
Metall-Weichstoff-Dichtung eingefasste Faserstoff- oder Grafitdichtung;
Spiraldichtung sowie Wellringdichtung oder
Kammprofildichtung mit Weichstoffauflage
2 Weichstoffdichtung; 0,001 zum Beispiel Elastomerdichtung; innen mit Metall
Weichstoff-Metall-Dichtung; eingefasste Spieblech- oder Klettblechdichtung;
Metall-Weichstoff-Dichtung Spiraldichtung sowie Wellringdichtung oder
(mit Nachweis nach Abschnitt 3.4.3) Kammprofildichtung mit Weichstoffauflage

(VKDQGHOWVLFKKLHUEHLQLFKWXP*UHQ]ZHUWHVLHKHDXFK$EVFKQLWW

Table 10. Average gaseous emissions from fluid conveyed at flanged joints
No. Type of gasket Average gaseous emissions Notes
from fluid conveyed related to
mean gasket perimeter *)
mg/(s m)
1 Soft gasket; 0.01 e.g. compressed fibre or expanded graphite or
fabric-metal gasket, PTFE sheet, fibre or graphite gasket with internal
metal-fabric gasket wire reinforcement; spiral-wound metal gasket
with non-metallic filler as well as corrugated or
profile-serrated gaskets jacketed with non-
metallic filler.
2 Soft gasket; 0.001 e.g. elastomer gaskets, graphite sheet with
Normen-Download-Beuth-Lief.-Nr.60026 Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH-KdNr.381813-LfNr.2366437001-2004-04-19 10:31

fabric-metal gasket; tangent reinforcement (Spieblech) or limpet

metal-fabric gasket reinforcement (Klettblech); spiral-wound metal
(to be verified by calculation; gasket with non-metallic filler as well as corru-
see Section 3.4.3) gated or profile-serrated gasket jacketed with
non-metallic filler.

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Anlagenart Wirkungsgrad Im Dauerbetrieb einhaltbare
Halbstundenmittelwerte

Kohlenwasserstoffe Benzol
ohne Methan +++)
% g/m3 mg/m3

Einstufige Kondensationsanlage 1

Einstufige Absorptions-, Adsorptions- und Membrantrennanlagen ca. 99,5 5 **) 1

+
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Thermische Nachverbrennungsanlage ca. 99,98 0,05 **) <1

+ ++
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Type of system Efficiency Half-hour mean values attainable
in continuous operation

Hydrocarbons Benzene
without methane +++)
% g/m3 mg/m3

Single-stage condensing system 1

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+
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Lizenzierte Kopie von elektronischem Datentrger

 38 VDI 3479
Ventile und dem Farbanstrich berechnet auf das
Jahr bezogen zu:
LTank, a = (1 hSD) [(1 hVD) f LA,a + LB,a] (1)
Es bedeuten:
hSD Wirkungsgrad Schwimmdecke
(mindestens 0,95)
hVD Wirkungsgrad Vakuum/Druckventil
f Anstrichfaktor (siehe Tabelle 7)
LA,a Verluste durch Auslagerung und Atmung;
in kg/a
LB,a Verluste durch Befllen (Einlagerung);
in kg/a
4.1.1 Verluste durch Auslagerung und Atmung
eines freibelfteten Festdachtanks
Der mittlere Tages-Atmungsverlust LA,d (in kg/d)
wird nach folgender Gleichung berechnet:
LA,d = fA cn Vn
Hinweis: Bei der Ermittlung des Jahres-Atmungsverlustes LA,a (in
kg/a) sind die Sommer- und Winterperioden zu bercksichtigen.
Entsprechend lautet der mittlere Jahres-Atmungsver-
lust LA,a (in kg/a)
Normen-Download-Beuth-Lief.-Nr.60026 Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH-KdNr.381813-LfNr.2366437001-2004-04-19 10:31
LA,a = LA,S ds + LA,W dW
oder
LA,a = fA,S cn Vn,S ds + fA,W cn Vn,W dw (4)
Es bedeuten:
LA,S mittlerer Tages-Atmungsverlust im Sommer;
in kg/d
LA,W mittlerer Tages-Atmungsverlust im Winter; in
kg/d
fA Sttigungsgrad (Sttigungsgrad ist das Ver-
hltnis von erreichter Konzentration zur Stti-
gungskonzentration)
fA,S Sttigungsgrad im Sommer Werte sind aus
Tabelle 12
fA,W Sttigungsgrad im Winter zu entnehmen
c Sttigungskonzentration (in kg/m3) der Koh-
lenwasserstoffe im Gasraum ber dem Fls-
sigkeitsspiegel, wird aus folgender Gleichung
errechnet [41]
M Tn pT
c = ----------------------------
- (5)
VM,n T pn
Es bedeuten:
M mittlere molare Masse der Kohlenwasserstoffe
im Gasraum ber dem Lagergut; in kg/kmol
Tn Normtemperatur; in K (Tn = 273 K)
pT Dampfdruck des Lagergutes bei Lagergut-
temperatur; in hPa (T in K)
Lizenzierte Kopie von elektronischem Datentrger
All rights reserved Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Dsseldorf 2002
nal floating deck, if installed, the vacuum/pressure
relief valves and the paint coating:
LTank, a = (1 hSD) [(1 hVD) f LA,a + LB,a] (1)
where:
hSD efficiency of floating deck
(minimum 0.95)
hVD efficiency of vacuum/pressure relief valve
f coating factor (see Table 7)
LA,a withdrawal and breathing losses
(in kg/a)
LB,a filling losses (product supply)
(in kg/a)
4.1.1 Withdrawal and breathing losses of a freely
vented fixed-roof tank
The mean daily breathing loss LA,d (in kg/d) is calcu-
lated according to the following equation:
(2) LA,d = fA cn Vn (2)
Note: In determining the annual breathing loss LA,a (in kg/a), the
summer and winter periods must be taken into account.
Accordingly, the equation for the mean annual
breathing loss LA,a (in kg/a) can be rewritten as fol-
lows:
(3) LA,a = LA,S ds + LA,W dW (3)
or
LA,a = fA,S cn Vn,S ds + fA,W cn Vn,W dw (4)
where:
LA,S mean daily breathing loss in summer
(in kg/d)
LA,W mean daily breathing loss in winter
(in kg/d)
fA saturation level (the saturation level is the ratio
of the actual concentration to the saturation
concentration)
saturation level in summer for values,
see Table 12
fA,W saturation level in winter
c saturation concentration (in kg/m3) of hydro-
carbons in the vapour space above the liquid
surface derived from the following Equation
[41]
M Tn pT
c = ----------------------------
- (5)
VM,n T pn
where:
M mean molar mass of hydrocarbons in vapour
space above the stored product (in kg/kmol)
Tn standard temperature (in K; Tn = 273 K)
pT vapour pressure of stored product (in hPa) at
stored product temperature (T in K)
 Alle Rechte vorbehalten Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Dsseldorf 2002 9', 

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Tabelle 12. Daten fr Umschlagtanks und Bevorratungstanks

Mittlere Gasraumtemperatur Sttigungsgrade Gasraum-
Lagerguttemperatur fA volumen VG
K K m3
Sommer Winter Sommer Winter Sommer Winter
fA,S fA,W
Umschlagtanks 287 T1 = 286,5 278 0,63 0,57 0,5 V ***)
T2 = 303,5 *) 286
Normen-Download-Beuth-Lief.-Nr.60026 Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH-KdNr.381813-LfNr.2366437001-2004-04-19 10:31

Bevorratungstanks 291 280 **) **) 1 1 0,075 V ***)

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 7DQNYROXPHQLQP
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Table 12. Data for transhipment vessels and storage tanks

Mean temperature of Vapour space temperature Saturation levels Vapour space
stored product fA volume VG
K K m3
summer winter summer winter summer winter
fA,S fA,W
Transhipment vessel 287 T1 = 286.5 278 0.63 0.57 0.5 V ***)
T2 = 303.5 *) 286
Storage tanks 291 280 **) **) 1 1 0.075 V ***)

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Tabelle 13. Dichtungsverlustfaktor KR in Abhngigkeit von der Windgeschwindigkeit fr geschweite Tanks

durchschnittlich gut sitzende Dichtungen sehr gut sitzende Dichtungen

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Tankkonstruktion und
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nur primr 8,6 22,3 65,5 139,9 2,2 14,9 49,1 104,2
gleitschuhmontierte Sekundr-
dichtungen 2,4 8,2 20,8 35,7 1,5 8,2 20,8 35,7
randmontierte
Sekundrdichtungen*) 0,9 3,9 6,8 9,8 0,6 3,6 6,5 9,5

b) Elastisch gefllte Dichtung

(flssigkeitsmontiert)
nur primr 2,4 7,4 16,4 28,3 1,5 3,6 8,9 16,4
Wetterschild 1,0 4,2 8,2 12,5 0,6 3,0 6,5 10,7
randmontierte Sekundrdichtung 0,4 1,9 2,2 2,5 0,3 1,5 1,8 2,1

ZLUGYRU]XJVZHLVHLQ'HXWVFKODQGYHUZHQGHW

Table 13. Rim seal loss factor KR at selected ambient wind speeds for welded tanks
Average-fitting seals Tight-fitting seals

Wind speed (in m/s) 0 2.2 4.5 6.7 0 2.2 4.5 6.7

Tank construction and

Rim seal loss factor KR (in kmol/(m a))
rim seal system:

a) Mechanical shoe seal

Primary only 8.6 22.3 65.5 139.9 2.2 14.9 49.1 104.2
shoe-mounted secondary seals 2.4 8.2 20.8 35.7 1.5 8.2 20.8 35.7
Normen-Download-Beuth-Lief.-Nr.60026 Braunschweiger Flammenfilter GmbH-KdNr.381813-LfNr.2366437001-2004-04-19 10:31

rim-mounted secondary seals*) 0.9 3.9 6.8 9.8 0.6 3.6 6.5 9.5

b) Resilient-filled seal
(liquid-mounted)
primary only 2.4 7.4 16.4 28.3 1.5 3.6 8.9 16.4
weather shield 1.0 4.2 8.2 12.5 0.6 3.0 6.5 10.7
rim-mounted secondary seal 0.4 1.9 2.2 2.5 0.3 1.5 1.8 2.1

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Tabelle 14. Dacharmaturenverlustfaktor KF in Abhngigkeit von der Windgeschwindigkeit

0 2,2 4,5 6,7

Windgeschwindigkeit in m/s Dacharmaturenverlustfaktor KF in kmol/a

Geschlitztes Fhrungsrohr (ohne Abstreifer) 19,5 725,8 1905,1 3311,3

Geschlitztes Fhrungsrohr (mit Abstreifer) 18,6 145,2 349,3 589,7

Mannloch (abgedichtet) 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7

Flssigkeitsstandanzeiger 6,4 15,9 27,2 39,0

Peil- und Probenahmerohr 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0

Be- und Entlftungsarmatur 3,5 4,2 14,5 59,0

Tankdachsttzen
Membransttzen, nicht abgedichtet 0,4 0,7 0,7 0,7
Ringpontonsttzen, nicht abgedichtet 0,9 1,5 1,9 2,3

Table 14. Deck fitting loss factor KF at selected wind speeds

0 2.2 4.5 6.7

Wind speed in m/s Deck fitting loss factor KF (in kmol/a)

Slotted guide pole (without wiper) 19.5 725.8 1905.1 3311.3

Slotted guide pole (with wiper) 18.6 145.2 349.3 589.7

Access hatch (sealed) 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Liquid level indicator 6.4 15.9 27.2 39.0

Gauging and sampling pole 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Vent valve 3.5 4.2 14.5 59.0

Deck legs
Membrane legs, unsealed 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7
Pontoon legs, unsealed 0.9 1.5 1.9 2.3

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Bild A2. Doppelabdichtung mit Prfanschluss im Gehuse Fig. A2. Test rig with double seal and test connection
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Bild A3. Einfachabdichtung mit Prfanschluss in der Stopfbuchs- Fig. A3. Test rig with single seal and test connection in the gland
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Bild A4. Prfling mit Blinddeckel zum Anschluss einer Heizplatte Fig. A4. Test specimen with blind for connection of a hot plate
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Bild A5. Prfling in Originalausfhrung mit Anschluss fr eine Fig. A5. Test specimen in its original design, test connection in
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