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Definition. Let g = g(x, y, z) be a continuous function defined on domain
containing
S, the surface
integral of the function
g on S is
g(x, y, z) dS = g(x, y, z(x, y)) 1 + z2x + z2y dxdy, ( in graph surface),
S R
r r
=
g(x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v)) du dv (in parameterized surface).
. R u u
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Remark. Sometimes, one may confuse with the surface area element dS and
surface S, for this reason, we sometimes used the letter T instead of the
surface
. S.
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Example.Find the area of the part of the surface 2z = x2 that lies directly
above
. the triangle in the xy-plane with vertices at A(0, 0), B(1, 0) and C(1, 1).
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Example. Let (x, y, z) = z2 be the density function of the upper hemisphere
.S : x + y + z = a , z 0. Find its mass.
2 2 2 2
Solution. Write S as in the graph of the function z(x, y) = a2 x2 y2 ,
defined on the shadow D = { (x, y) | x2 + y2 a2 } in xy-plane.
For any point (x, y, z) S, we have z = a2 x2 y2 , zx = 2 x 2 2 , and
a x y
x2 + y2 2
zy =
y
. Then 1 + z2x + z2y = 1 + a2 x2 y2 = a2 xa2 y2 .
a2 x2 y2
Moreover on S, we have z2 = ( a2 x2 y2 )2 = a2 x2 y2 .
the mass of S isgiven
Then by
a
(x, y, z) dS = (a x2 y2 )
2
dx dy
S D a x2 y2
2
2 a a
2a
=a a2 r2 r dr d = a2 r2 d(a2 r2 )
0[ 0 ]a 2 0
= a (a2 r2 )3/2 = a4 .
0 . . . . . .
For an oriented surface S with an orientation n, one defines the unit normal
vector field n(u, v) on S, by
( )
N 1 (y, z) (z, x) (x, y)
n(u, v) = = i+ j+ k .
N N (u, v) (u, v) (u, v)
. . . . . .
( )
1 (y, z) (y, z)
n i dS = , , (1, 0, 0) N du dv = du dv = dx dy.
N (u, v) (u, v)
Remark. The jacobian factors are used to make the integral independent of
parametrization of the surface S.
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Remark. The condition that the surface S is closed plays a crucial roles in
divergence theorem.
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= 5(r2 + z2 ) r dz dr d
0
[ 0
2
0
]3 2
1
= 10 r3 z + rz3 dr = 10 (3r3 + 9r) dr
0 3 0
[ ] 0
3 4 9 2 2
= 10 r + r = 300.
4 2 0
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Solution. Let D be the solid bounded by the sphere, then from divergence
theorem
we have the outward flux of
F is
x x x
F n dS = F dV = ( + + ) dV = 3 dV
S D 3 D x x x D
= 3 volume of D = 3 4( 6) /3 = 24 6.
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divergence theorem
holds, and
hence
x x x
F ndS = divFdV = ( + + ) dV
T D D x x x
1
= 3 dV = 3Vol(D) = 3 8 1 1 1 = 4.
D 3!
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Remark. The condition that the positive orientation of C agrees with the choice
of
. unit normal vector field n is essential. . . . . . .
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Definition. Let D be a region in space, D is called simply connected, if every
simple closed curve in D can be continuously shrunk to a point while staying
inside
. D.
.
Examples. (a) The entire plane, entire space are simply connected;
(b) Rectangle, the sphere and ball are simply connected;
(c)
. The interior of a torus, and the punctured plane are not a simply connected.
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Remark. Conservative vector field is irrotational; but the converse is not true.
In fact, it depends on the domain of the vector field ( compare the lower
(y, x)
horizontal arrow). An example is F(x, y) = x2 +y2 on R2 \ {(0, 0)}.
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Solution. Project the solid onto the xy-plane with its shadow R. Let Q(x, y, z) be
the intersection of S1 and S2 , then z = x2 + 2y2 = z = 12 2x2 y2 , so
3(x2 + y2 ) = 12, then x2 + y2 = 4. Then the image Q (x, y) of Q in R satisfies
the equation x2 + y2 = 22 , i.e. Q lies on a circle. Inside the circular disc R, we
have x2 + y2 2, so it follows that x2 + 2y2 12 2x2 y2 , and hence
T = { (x, y, z) | 0 x2 + y2 22 , x2 + 2y2 z 12 2x2 y2 }. It follows
from divergence theorem that
122x2 y2
F n dS = F dV = (1 + 1 + 1) dV
S T x2 +2y2
x2 +y2 22
2 2 [ ]2
3
=3 (12 3r )r drd = 6 6r r4
2 2
= 6 (24 12) = 72.
0 0 4 0
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. Then paddle wheel rotates fastest when its axis n is parallel to curlF.
2
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