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Daquioag BSChE
I. INTRODUCTION
Crude oil distillation is a multicomponent, continuous distillation process. It is the
separation of hydrocarbons in crude oil into fractions based on their boiling points which lie
within a specified range. The separation is done in a large tower that is operated at atmospheric
pressure. The crude oil distillation systems, including distillation columns and their heat recovery
systems, is the first stage of processing in a petroleum refinery. It is a highly energy intensive
process, consuming fuels at an equivalent of 1% to 2% of the crude oil processed. As the price of
energy increases, considerable effort has been made to reduce the energy requirement of the
crude oil distillation process. At the same time, increasing concerns about the environment
resulted in stricter regulations on the emission of green house gases. Consequently, both
economic and environmental issues are important factors in the design of crude oil distillation
system. Inside crude oil distillation systems, the distillation columns have strong interactions with
the associated heat recovery systems. Compared to the conventional design approach of crude oil
distillation systems, the heat-integrated design approach is more likely to and a better solution,
from which the minimized energy consumption can be obtained. Less energy consumption also
means less gas emissions, which is beneficial for the environment.
The control of crude distillation units has always been of particular interest to
researchers. Control of a process basically contains three steps; to measure, compare and adjust.
In this regards, variables which are factors that can change the condition of the process are used.
Justine D. Daquioag BSChE
.
Manipulated Controlled Disturbance
Heater Outlet Temperature Heavy Diesel Pump Around Feed to Atm. Column
(HADPA) Duty
Professional engineering judgment and decisions are important when it comes to making
assumptions related to chemical processes. Assumptions are made in order not to complicate
matters unnecessary. The followings are assumptions that apply to CDU simulation based on
Kumar et al. (2001), Luyben (1990) and Gabriel (2007):
i) Crude oil compositions are expressed in terms of pseudo-components
U
L
f ' j ( L j , L j 1 ) (2)
j
x n
Yn (5)
1 ( 1) xn
Where,
xn = Liquid composition on the nth tray (mole fraction more volatile component)
Yn = Vapour composition on the nth tray (more fraction more volatile component)
= Relative volatility
If both phases are idea, the equation may be converted to Roults Equation:
Justine D. Daquioag BSChE
Pn Pn1 P (6)
V
P ( 0 )2 (7)
K
Where V0 the volumetric flow rate of live stream and K is the proportionality constant.
dM D x D
Vynt ( L D) xn (8)
dt
th
Equation of n Tray:
d ( M n xn )
Ln1 xn1 Ln xn V y NT 1 V yn (9)
dt
Enthalpy:
Usually the enthalpy of the vapour and liquid stream should be calculated as function of
temperature, pressure, and composition of each stream. However, because liquid are
incompressible and if low to moderate pressure system is assumed, then the enthalpy is calculated
as a function of temperature and composition based on linear fit of heat capacity with
temperature.
hiL AiLT BiLT 2 (15)
Justine D. Daquioag BSChE
h L i xi hiL hmix
L
(19)
III. SUMMARY
Tray efficiency is a strong function of the physical properties of the vapour and liquid streams. It
is also affected, to a lesser extent, by the Sow rates and tray layout. In the latter case, only hole
diameter, hole area and weir height have a small inSuence on the tray efficiency. The optimum
design, which gives the maximum number of equilibrium stages in a column, is often obtained at
minimum tray spacing and minimum number of Sow paths that satisfy the hydraulic design
criteria.
REFERENCES:
Osuolale, F. N. (2015). Energy Efficient Control and Optimization Techniques for Distillation Process.