CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1. Background

2. Objectives
1. Knowing what is waste textile industry and the types of such waste.

2. Knowing the source of textile waste.

3. Knowing the dangers of textile waste, handling and utilization.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
1. Definition of Textile Waste
Waste is waste resulting from a production process both industrial and
domestic (household). Where people settled, there the various types of
waste will be generated. There was trash, adaair toilet (black water), and
there is a waste water from various other domestic activities
(greywater). Solid waste better known as junk, which is often not desired
his presence because it has no economic value. When viewed
chemically, this waste consists of organic chemical compounds and
inorganic compounds. With concentration and a certain quantity, the
presence of waste could adversely impact the environment, especially
for human health, so that should be handling the waste. The level of
danger posed by the waste poisoning depends on the type and
characteristics of the waste. Textile waste is waste that is generated in
 the process of starch, starch removal process, bleaching, cooking,
mercerization, dyeing, printing and process enhancements. Cotton
refining process generate the waste more and more powerful than the
waste material from the refinement process synthesis. Combined
wastewater textile factory in Indonesia containing an average of 750mg
/ l of suspended solids and 500 mg / l BOD. Comparison COD: BOD is in
the range of 1.5: 1 to 3: 1. Plant natural fibers produce greater load.
Expenses per ton of product is greater for small operations compared
with large modern operations, ranging from 25 kg BOD / ton of product
to 100 kg BOD / ton. Information about the many small traditional batik
production waste has not been found.

2. Source of Textile Waste

Busting starch solution is usually directly discharged and it contains a
chemical starches and starch busting starch, PVA, CMC, enzymes, and
acids. The elimination of kanji usually provides most BOD compared with
other processes. Mercerization cooking and bleaching cotton and all
fabrics are an important source of liquid waste, which produce acids,
bases, COD, BOD, suspended solids and chemicals. These processes
menghasilkanlimbah liquid with large volume, highly variable pH and
pollution load depends on the process and chemicals used. Staining and
rinsing produce wastewater that is colored with high COD and other
ingredients from the dye used, such as phenols and metals. In Indonesia
dye-based metals (chromium) are not widely used. The printing process
produces less waste than staining.

3. Types of Textile Waste

1. Heavy metals, especially As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn.
2. halogenated hydrocarbons (from dressing and finishing process).
3. pigments, dyestuffs and organic solvents.
4. Waste Acid.
 5.Waste Bases (ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide,
sodiumhidroksida, sodium cyanide, sodium carbonate, sodium
pryophospat, sodiumsilikat and trisodium phispat)

4. Impact of Textile Waste

1. For Health
a. The impact to Brought About by Heavy Metals in the Human Body:
Arsenic (As): Causes a variety of chronic health problems,
especially cancer. Arsenic can also damage the kidneys and are
racunyang very strong.
Cadmium (Cd): In the form of combustible powder. Toxic by
inhalation of air or steam. Can cause cancer. Darikadmium
solution is highly toxic. Long term, accumulate in the liver,
pancreas, kidneys and thyroid, suspicion can lead to hypertension.
Chromium (Cr): hexavalent chromium is carcinogenic and
corrosive to body tissues. Long term, the increased sensitivity of
the skin and damage to the kidneys.
Lead (Pb): Toxic if ingested or inhaled from the air or steam. Long-
term, cause brain and kidney damage; abnormalities at birth.
Copper (Cu): Cu Consumption in large quantities can cause acute
symptoms.

b. Waste acid is capable of causing injury to the skin, mucous

membranes, eyes and respiratory tract membranes .

c. Alkaline waste less hazardous to the respiratory system, but can

irritate the skin .

d. Water polluted by waste textiles are also very dangerous when used
by humans for their daily needs. This is because some of the chemicals
and waste textiles have toxic properties for living organisms that can
cause various diseases such as
cancer and non-functioning of the body organs can even cause death.
 e. Hidrokarbon halogenated (eg, carbon tetrachloride is commonly
found in solution and liquefying dry-cleaning or ethylene dichloride): can
cause coughing and choking, and breathing becomes rapid. His skin
looks bluish due to reduced levels of blood oksigendalam. Furthermore,
there is vomiting and persistent cough disertaimegap for breath.

2. For the Environment

Effluents discharge from the textile industry that is in the environment
can pollute waters and can also damage aquatic ecosystems. In addition,
the dyes used to dye (azo compounds) which can pollute waterways.
Dyes from textile waste when discharged into waters may cover the
surface of a body of water that blocked the sun to get into the water.
Reduced sunlight entering into the waters impede the process of
photosynthesis by plants the waters. This will cause the oxygen content
in the water decreases and ultimately led to the death of living creatures
in these waters.
In addition to having properties that are harmful to living things,
especially for humans, textile waste pollution can also reduce the
aesthetic value of water bodies, bodies of water (rivers or lakes) became
uncomfortable to be seen because the water may even dark colored or
black. Aesthetic value of a body of water also decreases with the onset
of unpleasant odors such as the smell of ammonia and sulfide acid
decomposition of waste by anaerobic bacteria for the body of water has
very low oxygen content.

Decrease or loss of aesthetic value of a body of water will reduce the

economic value of water bodies, and would be detrimental to the
people living around the water body.

5. Textile Waste Handling

1. The first step to reduce the pollution load from textile operations
are effective water management program in the factory, using:

Gauges and flow rate regulator

 Control of liquid level to reduce spills
Equipment maintenance and leakage control
Reduced water usage of each process
Process automation or process control operations accurately
The reuse of the waste flow of the process for the addition (make-
up) in another process (for example, mercerisation waste to
create cooking bath or penggelantangan)
The continuous process is better than the batch process (not
continuous)
Rinsing with counter flow

2. Replacement and reduction in the use of chemicals in the process

should be checked as well:
Replacement of starch with starch, artificial to reduce BOD.
Bleaching with peroxy da generate waste levels are less powerful
than the cooking bleaching hypochlorite.
Replacement dispersing agents, emulsifiers and grading that
produces high BOD BOD with its more low.
3. Dyes that are used will determine the nature and content of the
coloring process waste. Dyes with solvent base should be replaced
with water-based dyes to reduce the amount of phenol in the
effluent. When used dyes containing metals such as chromium, may
be required chemical reduction and precipitation in the processing of
metal removal limbahnya.Proses produce treated sludge is difficult
and hard to remove. Staining with an open fabric surface can reduce
the amount of dye that does not mean the loss.

Waste water treatment is done when the plant waste containing the
dye, then the waste streams from dyeing processes must be
separated and processed separately. Waste dyeing operations can be
processed effectively to remove metal and color, if using chemical
flocculation, coagulation and purification (with alum, salt ferry or
poly-electrolytes) .

4. waste of chemical processing can be mixed with all the other

waste streams to proceed to the biological treatment If the plant
 uses a limited basis and using a coloring dye without chrome or
other metal, then the combined waste is often mixed with biological
treatment alone, after neutralization and equalization. Biologiyang
ways have proven effective are aerobic lagoons, oxidation ditch and
mud aktif.Sistem with low flow rate and low energy use is preferable
because operations and maintenance costs are lower. Column spark
is an inexpensive but efficient to remove BOD and COD are very low,
it takes longer processing chemical or physical processing for
improving kerjanya.Untuk obtain BOD, COD, suspended solids, color
and other parameters with very low levels, has been used superior
processing by using activated carbon, sand filters, ion exchangers
and chemical purification.

6. Utilization of Textile Waste

The textile industry is not much to produce a lot of solid waste. The
resulting sludge wastewater treatment chemicals is a major source
of waste in a textile factory. Other waste that may need to be
addressed is the rest of the fabric, residual oil and latex. Alternative
utilization of the remaining fabric is that it can be used as a fabric
bag consisting of a piece of fabric that is unused, it can also be used
as stuffing and stuffed in lieu of Dacron, doormats, and can also be
used as materials for shorts (drawstring)
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

Textile waste is waste that is generated in the process pengkanjian, the

process of removal of starch, bleaching, cooking, mercerization, dyeing,
printing and process enhancements. Cotton refining process produces
waste more and more powerful than the waste material from the
refinement process synthesis.
Textile waste is usually derived from starch remover solution which is
usually disposed of and it contains a chemical starches and starch
busting starch, PVA, CMC, enzymes, and acids. Mercerization cooking
and bleaching cotton and all fabrics are an important source of liquid
waste, which produce acids, bases, COD, BOD, suspended solids and
chemicals. Besides staining and rinsing process in the textile
manufacturing process also also produce waste.
Waste textile industry can be divided into several types, namely heavy
metals, especially As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, halogenated hydrocarbons
(from prosesdressing and finishing), pigments, dyestuffs and organic
solvents, tensioactive (surfactant), acid waste, and imbah bases.
here is some impact caused by industrial waste, textiles, among others,
the impact on health and the environment. The impact on the health
sector among others, can damage the working system organs of the
body, disorders of the respiratory system, skin irritation, and even the
worst effects is that it can cause death. Besides the impact on the
environment is polluting the water and damaging the ecosystem in the
waters, and harm the surrounding communities affected by the waste.
Textile waste can be handled by means of effective water management
program in the factory, Replacement and reduction in the use of
chemicals, perform wastewater treatment plant where wastewater
containing dye.
In addition, textile waste which still form the fabric can also be used as a
fabric bag consisting of a piece of fabric that is unused, it can also be
used as stuffing and stuffed in lieu of Dacron, doormats, and can also be
used as materials for shorts (drawstring).

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