Counterbalanced or Latin Square Design

Involves an exchange of two or more treatments taken by the subjects during the experiment.
The arrangement employed in this design is Latin Square in which each variable is a form of square
occurring once in each row or column. This is also called quasi-experimental design.

Laurentina Paler-Calmorin & Melchor A. Calmorin (Methods of Research and Thesis Writing

The Latin square design is used where the researcher desires to control the variation in
an experiment that is related to rows and columns in the field.

Field marks:

Treatments are assigned at random within rows and columns, with each
treatment once per row and once per column.
There are equal numbers of rows, columns, and treatments.
Useful where the experimenter desires to control variation in two different
directions

Washington State University

Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center
http://www.tfrec.wsu.edu/ANOVA/Latin.html

The Latin square design is for a situation in which there are two extraneous sources of variation. If the
rows and columns of a square are thought of as levels of the the two extraneous variables, then in a
Latin square each treatment appears exactly once in each row and column.

- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University

http://www.stat.tamu.edu

EXAMPLES:

A researcher wishes to determine the effectiveness of the four methods of teaching

Mathematics taught by four instructors to four groups of subjects. Each instructor is required to
use each method of instruction.
Four different books / modules published by different authors are to be tested to see whether
they differ significantly in its ability to aid the teaching and learning process. Different teachers
and different Grade Levels are known to have an effect on the teaching and learning process.
Determine whether the different Questioning Techniques of a teachers differs significantly from
each other in relation to students learning.
REASEARCH TITLES

Effects of Questioning Techniques and Recitation on Student Learning

Meredith D. Gall Beatrice A. Ward David C. Berliner Leonard S. Cahen Philip H. WinneJanet D.
Elashoff George C. Stanton

Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Blood

Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized,
Controlled Trials
Seamus P. Whelton; Ashley Chin, MPH, MA; Xue Xin, MD, MS; Jiang He, MD, PhD

The effects of three social decision schemes on decision

group process
Stephen G. Green. Author links open the author workspace.. Numbers and letters correspond to the affiliation list. Click to expose
these in author workspaceThomas D. Taber. Author links open the author workspace.

Nutrition Labeling for Canned Goods: A

Study of Consumer Response
Edward H. Asam and Louis P. Bucklin