509

Review of passive heat transfer augmentation

techniques

A Dewan1
, P Mahanta1, K Sumithra Raju1 and P Suresh Kumar2

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
2
Department of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India

Abstract: Heat transfer augmentation techniques (passive, active or a combination of passive and active
methods) are commonly used in areas such as process industries, heating and cooling in evaporators, thermal
power plants, air-conditioning equipment, refrigerators, radiators for space vehicles, automobiles, etc. Passive
techniques, where inserts are used in the flow passage to augment the heat transfer rate, are advantageous com-
pared with active techniques, because the insert manufacturing process is simple and these techniques can be
easily employed in an existing heat exchanger. In design of compact heat exchangers, passive techniques of
heat transfer augmentation can play an important role if a proper passive insert configuration can be selected
according to the heat exchanger working condition (both flow and heat transfer conditions). In the past decade,
several studies on the passive techniques of heat transfer augmentation have been reported. The present paper
is a review on progress with the passive augmentation techniques in the recent past and will be useful to
designers implementing passive augmentation techniques in heat exchange. Twisted tapes, wire coils, ribs,
fins, dimples, etc., are the most commonly used passive heat transfer augmentation tools. In the present
paper, emphasis is given to works dealing with twisted tapes and wire coils because, according to recent
studies, these are known to be economic heat transfer augmentation tools. The former insert is found to be
suitable in a laminar flow regime and the latter is suitable for turbulent flow. The thermohydraulic behaviour
of an insert mainly depends on the flow conditions (laminar or turbulent) apart from the insert configurations.
The present review is organized in five different sections: twisted tape in laminar flow; twisted tape in turbulent
flow; wire coil in laminar flow; wire coil in turbulent flow; other inserts such as ribs, fins, dimples, etc.

Keywords: heat transfer augmentation, thermohydraulic performance, twisted tape, wire coil

NOTATION Re Reynolds number

SW swirl parameter
di internal diameter of the tube (m) S spacing between two twisted tapes
do outer diameter of the tube (m) t insert thickness (m)
f friction factor with an insert TT twisted tape
f0 friction factor without any insert y twist ratio
h convective heat transfer coefficient
H pitch length (m) a molecular diffusivity of heat
H1, H2, H3, H4 different pitch lengths in n molecular diffusivity of momentum
descending order f correction factor
k thermal conductivity
n exponent
Nu Nusselt number with an insert
Nu0 Nusselt number without any insert 1 INTRODUCTION
Pr fluid Prandtl number
Heat exchangers have several industrial and engineering
applications. The design procedure of heat exchangers is
The MS was received on 30 March 2004 and was accepted after revision for quite complicated, as it needs exact analysis of heat transfer
publication on 19 May 2004


rate and pressure drop estimations apart from issues such as
Corresponding author: Institute of Fluid Mechanics (LSTM), Friedrich-
Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremburg, Cauerstrasse 4, D-91058 long-term performance and the economic aspect of the equip-
Erlangen, Germany. ment. The major challenge in designing a heat exchanger is
A04804 # IMechE 2004 Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Vol. 218 Part A: J. Power and Energy
510 A DEWAN, P MAHANTA, K SUMITHRA RAJU AND P SURESH KUMAR
to make the equipment compact and achieve a high heat
transfer rate using minimum pumping power.
Techniques for heat transfer augmentation are relevant to
several engineering applications. In recent years, the high
cost of energy and material has resulted in an increased
effort aimed at producing more efficient heat exchange
equipment. Furthermore, sometimes there is a need for
miniaturization of a heat exchanger in specific applications,
such as space application, through an augmentation of
heat transfer. For example, a heat exchanger for an ocean
thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant requires a heat
transfer surface area of the order of 10 000 m2/MW. There-
fore, an increase in the efficiency of the heat exchanger
through an augmentation technique may result in a consider-
able saving in the material cost.
Furthermore, as a heat exchanger becomes older, the
resistance to heat transfer increases owing to fouling or scal-
ing. These problems are more common for heat exchangers
used in marine applications and in chemical industries. In
some specific applications, such as heat exchangers dealing
with fluids of low thermal conductivity (gases and oils) and
desalination plants, there is a need to increase the heat trans-
fer rate. The heat transfer rate can be improved by introdu-
cing a disturbance in the fluid flow (breaking the viscous and
thermal boundary layers), but in the process pumping power
may increase significantly and ultimately the pumping cost
becomes high. Therefore, to achieve a desired heat transfer
rate in an existing heat exchanger at an economic pumping
power, several techniques have been proposed in recent
years and are discussed in the following sections.
2 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
In this section a few important terms commonly used in heat
transfer augmentation work are defined.
2.1 Thermohydraulic performance
For a particular Reynolds number, the thermohydraulic per-
formance of an insert is said to be good if the heat transfer
coefficient increases significantly with a minimum increase
in friction factor. Thermohydraulic performance estimation
is generally used to compare the performance of different
inserts such as twisted tape, wire coil, etc., under a particular
fluid flow condition.
2.2 Overall enhancement ratio
The overall enhancement ratio is defined as the ratio of the
heat transfer enhancement ratio to the friction factor ratio.
This parameter is also used to compare different passive
techniques and enables a comparison of two different
methods for the same pressure drop. The overall enhance-
Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Vol. 218 Part A: J. Power and Energy
ment ratio is defined as
(Nu=Nu0 )
(f =f0 )1=3
where Nu, f, Nu0 and f0 are the Nusselt numbers and friction
factors for a duct configuration with and without inserts
respectively. The friction factor is a measure of head loss
or pumping power.
2.3 Nusselt number
The Nusselt number is a measure of the convective heat
transfer occurring at the surface and is defined as hd/k,
where h is the convective heat transfer coefficient, d is the
diameter of the tube and k is the thermal conductivity.
2.4 Prandtl number
The Prandtl number is defined as the ratio of the molecular
diffusivity of momentum to the molecular diffusivity of
heat, n=a.
2.5 Pitch
Pitch is defined as the distance between two points that are
on the same plane, measured parallel to the axis of a twisted
tape.
2.6 Twist ratio, y
The twist ratio is defined as the ratio of pitch to inside dia-
meter of the tube y H/di, where H is the twist pitch length
and d is the inside diameter of the tube.
3 HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION
In general, some kind of inserts are placed in the flow pas-
sage to augment the heat transfer rate, and this reduces the
hydraulic diameter of the flow passage. Heat transfer
enhancement in a tube flow by inserts such as twisted
tapes, wire coils, ribs and dimples is mainly due to flow
blockage, partitioning of the flow and secondary flow.
Flow blockage increases the pressure drop and leads to
increased viscous effects because of a reduced free flow
area. Blockage also increases the flow velocity and in some
situations leads to a significant secondary flow. Secondary
flow further provides a better thermal contact between the
surface and the fluid because secondary flow creates swirl
and the resulting mixing of fluid improves the temperature
gradient, which ultimately leads to a high heat transfer
coefficient.
Twisted tape generates a spiral flow along the tube length.
A wire coil insert in a tube flow consists of a helical coiled
spring which functions as a non-integral roughness. Figure 1
shows three typical configurations of twisted tape with 1808
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Fig. 1 Example of (a) full-length twisted tape, (b) regularly spaced twisted tape and (c) smoothly varying
(gradually decreasing) pitch full-length twisted tape

twisted pitch, and Fig. 2 shows a typical configuration of a
wire coil. In a turbulent flow, the dominant thermal resist-
ance is limited to a thin viscous sublayer. The wire coil
insert is more effective in a turbulent flow compared with
a twisted tape, because wire coil mixes the flow in the
viscous sublayer near the wall quite effectively, whereas a
twisted tape cannot properly mix the flow in the viscous sub-
layer. For a laminar flow, the dominant thermal resistance is
limited to a thicker region compared with a turbulent flow.
Thus, a wire coil insert is not effective in a laminar flow
because it cannot mix the bulk flow well, and the reverse
is true for a twisted tape insert. Hence, twisted tapes are gen-
erally preferred in laminar flow.
Performance and cost are the two major factors that play
an important role in the selection of any passive technique
for the augmentation of heat transfer. Generally, twisted
tape and wire coil inserts are more widely applied and
have been preferred in the recent past to other methods,
probably because techniques such as the extended surface
insert suffer from a relatively high cost and a mesh insert
suffers from a high pressure drop and fouling problems.

3.1 Laminar and turbulent flow through a

circular tube
For fully developed laminar flow in a circular tube without
any insert, the Nusselt number has a constant value under
Fig. 2 Example of wire coil insert the condition of constant wall temperature, Nu 3.657, and
A04804 # IMechE 2004 Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Vol. 218 Part A: J. Power and Energy
512 A DEWAN, P MAHANTA, K SUMITHRA RAJU AND P SURESH KUMAR
the friction factor for this flow is given as f 16/Re. For
fully developed turbulent flow in a smooth circular tube,
the Nusselt number can be predicted by the Dittus Boelter
correlation, Nu 0.023Re 0.8Pr 0.4, and the friction factor
can be obtained by the relation f 0.079Re 20.25
4 CLASSIFICATION OF AUGMENTATION
TECHNIQUES
Generally, heat transfer augmentation techniques are classi-
fied in three broad categories:
(a) active method,
(b) passive method,
(c) compound method.
The active and passive methods are described with exam-
ples in the following subsections. A compound method is
a hybrid method in which both active and passive methods
are used in combination. The compound method involves
complex design and hence has limited applications.
4.1 Active method
This method involves some external power input for the
enhancement of heat transfer and has not shown much
potential owing to complexity in design. Furthermore,
external power is not easy to provide in several applications.
Some examples of active methods are induced pulsation by
cams and reciprocating plungers, the use of a magnetic field
to disturb the seeded light particles in a flowing stream, etc.
4.2 Passive method
This method does not need any external power input and the
additional power needed to enhance the heat transfer is
taken from the available power in the system, which ulti-
mately leads to a fluid pressure drop. The heat exchanger
industry has been striving for improved thermal contact
(enhanced heat transfer coefficient) and reduced pumping
power in order to improve the thermohydraulic efficiency
of heat exchangers. A good heat exchanger design should
have an efficient thermodynamic performance, i.e. mini-
mum generation of entropy or minimum destruction of
available work (exergy) in a system incorporating a heat
exchanger. It is almost impossible to stop exergy loss com-
pletely, but it can be minimized through an efficient design.
5 REVIEW
An extensive literature review of all types of heat transfer aug-
mentation technique with external inserts up to 1985 has been
discussed by Bergles [1]. In the following subsections, litera-
ture involving recent work on passive heat transfer augmenta-
tion techniques by employing twisted tapes, wire coils,
dimples, ribs and fins as an insert has been reviewed.
Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Vol. 218 Part A: J. Power and Energy
5.1 Twisted tape in laminar flow
A summary of important investigations of twisted tape in a
laminar flow is presented in Table 1. Twisted tape increases
the heat transfer coefficient at a cost of rise in pressure drop.
Several researchers have studied various configurations of
twisted tape, such as full-length twisted tape, short-length
twisted tape, full-length twisted tape with varying pitch
and regularly spaced twisted tape. This section discusses
which configuration of twisted tape is suitable for laminar
flow.
Whitham [2] studied heat transfer enhancement by means
of a twisted tape insert way back at the end of the nineteenth
century. Date and Singham [3] numerically investigated
heat transfer enhancement in laminar, viscous liquid flows
in a tube with a uniform heat flux boundary condition.
They idealized the flow conditions by assuming zero tape
thickness, but the twist and fin effects of the twisted tape
were included in their analysis.
Saha et al. [4, 5, 12] reported experimental data on a
twisted tape generated laminar swirl flow friction factor
and Nusselt number for a large Prandtl number
(205 , Pr , 518) and observed that, on the basis of a con-
stant pumping power, short-length twisted tape is a good
choice because in this case swirl generated by the twisted
tape decays slowly downstream which increases the heat
transfer coefficient with minimum pressure drop, as com-
pared with a full-length twisted tape. Regularly spaced
twisted tape decreases the friction factor and reduces the
heat transfer coefficient because the spacing of the twisted
tape disturbs the swirl flow. Hong and Bergles [6] reported
heat transfer enhancement in laminar, viscous liquid flows
in a tube with uniform heat flux boundary conditions, but
their correlation has limited applicability as it is valid for
a high Prandtl number (approximately 730). The circumfer-
ential temperature profile for swirl flow is related to tape
orientation. Tariq et al. [7] found that in a laminar flow
the introduction of turbulent promoters, such as an intern-
ally threaded tube, is not efficient compared with a twisted
tape insert on the basis of the overall efficiency.
Depending upon the flowrate and tape geometry, the
enhancement in heat transfer is due to the tube partitioning
and flow blockage, the large flow path and secondary fluid
circulation. Manglik and Bergles [8] considered all these
effects and developed laminar flow correlations for the fric-
tion factor and Nusselt number, including the swirl par-
ameter, which defines the interaction between viscous,
convective inertia and centrifugal forces. These correlations
pertain to the constant wall temperature case for fully devel-
oped flow, based on both previous data and their own exper-
imental data. The heat transfer correlation as proposed by
them is

0:14
9 0:391 3:385 0:2
m
Nu 4:1626:413  10 (SWPr )  m
w
where SW is the swirl parameter and is defined as
p
SW Re= y. Based on the same data, a correlation for
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Table 1 Summary of important investigations of twisted tape in laminar flow

Configuration of Type of
Authors Fluid twisted tape investigation Observations Comments

1 Saha and Dutta Water with (a) Short length Experimental in a (1) Friction and Nu low for Friction factor and
[4] (205 , Pr , 518) (b) Full length circular tube short length tape Nusselt number
(c) Smoothly varying (2) Short length tape requires increase with
pitch small pumping power insertion of any
(d) Regularly Spaced (3) Multiple twist and single passive augmentation
twist has no difference on technique
thermohydraulic
performance Of several passive
(4) Uniform pitch techniques studied in
(Fig. 1a) performs better last decade, it was
than gradually decreasing observed that twisted
pitch tape is effective in
laminar flow
2 Bergles and Water (3 , Pr , 7) Full-length twisted Experiment in (1) Nu is function of twist
Hong [6] (83 , Re , 2460) tape circular tube ratio, Re and Pr Further, twisted tape has
Ethylene Glycol (2) Friction is affected by been used as full-
(84 , Pr , 192) tape twist only at high Re length twisted tape,
(13 , Re , 390) (3) Nu is 9 times that of half-length twisted
empty tube tape and varying-
pitch twisted tape
3 Tariq et al. [7] Air (1300 , Re , 104) No insert Experiment in (1) Efficiency lower for
internally threaded threaded tube than It was observed that
tube twisted tape, but better short-length twisted
than some fluted tape is better than full-
geometries length one on basis of
(2) Good promoter of thermohydraulic
turbulence performance
(3) Heat transfer coefficient
in internally threaded Thermohydraulic
performance for
tube approximately 20
square tube with
per cent higher than that
in smooth tube twisted tape is better
than that of twisted
4 Saha and Bhunia Servotherm medium oil Twisted tape Experiment in (1) Heat transfer tape in circular tube
[5] (205 , Pr , 512, (twist ratio circular tube characteristics depend on
Uniform pitch twisted
45 , Re , 840) 2.5 4 Y 4 10) twist ratio, Re and Pr
(2) Uniform pitch performs tape (Fig. 1a)
(Fig. 1a) better than performs better than
gradually decreasing gradually varying
pitch (Fig. 1c) pitch twisted tape
(Fig. 1c)
5 Manglik and Water (3.5 , Pr , 6.5) Three different twist Experiment in (1) Proposed correlation for Pinching of twisted tape
Bergles [8] and ethylene glycol ratios: 3, 4.5 and 6 isothermal tube friction and Nusselt gives better results
(68 , Pr , 100) number compared with
(2) Physical description of connected thin rod
enhancement
mechanisms
6 Ray and Date [9] Water Full-length twisted Numerical work for (1) Proposed correlations for
(100 , Re , 3000, tape with width square duct friction and Nu
Pr 4 500) equal to side of (2) Higher hydrothermal
duct performance for square
duct than circular one
(3) Local Nusselt number
peaks at cross-sections
where tape aligned with
diagonal of duct
7 Lokanath and Water (3 , Pr , 6.5 Twisted tape Experiment in plate (1) Large value of overall
Misal [10] and lube oil (Pr 418) heat exchanger heat transfer coefficient
and shell and tube produced in water-to-
heat exchanger water mode with oil-to-
water mode
8 Shah and Water No insert Experiment in heat (1) Irreversibility minimum
Skiepko [11] exchanger for energy conversion
process thermal system
and for heat exchanger
irreversibility should be
intermediate

(Table continued )

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514 A DEWAN, P MAHANTA, K SUMITHRA RAJU AND P SURESH KUMAR

Table 1 Continued
Configuration of Type of
Authors Fluid twisted tape investigation Observations Comments

9 Saha et al. [12] Fluids with Twisted tape Experiment in (1) Pinching of twisted tape
205 4 Pr 4 518 (regularly spaced) circular tube gives better results than
connecting thin rod for
thermohydraulic
performance
(2) Reducing tape width
gives poor results; larger
than zero phase angle not
effective
10 Al-Fahed and Oil Twisted tape with Experiment in single (1) For low twist ratio
Chakroun twist ratios 3.6, shell and tube heat resulting low pressure
[13] 5.4, 7.1 and exchanger drop, tight fit will
microfin increase more heat
transfer
(2) For high twist it is
different
(3) Microfins are not used for
laminar
11 Liao and Xin (1) Water Segmented twisted Experiment in tube (1) In a tube with three-
[14] (2) Ethylene glycol, tape and three- flow dimensional extended
(3) Turbine oil dimensional surfaces and twisted tape
5.5 , Pr , 590 extended surfaces increases average Stanton
80 , Re , 50000 number up to 5.8 times
compared with empty
smooth tube
12 Ujhidy et al. Water Twisted tape Experiment in (1) Explained flow structure
[15] channel (2) Proved existence of
secondary flow in tubes
with helical static
elements.
13 Suresh Kumar Water Twisted tape Experiment in (1) Observed relatively large
et al. [16, 17] large-diameter values of friction factor
annulus (2) Measured heat transfer in
annulus with different
configurations of twisted
tapes
14 Wang and Water Twisted tape Experiment in (1) Both inserts effective in
Sunden (0 , Re , 2000) circular tube flow enhancing heat transfer in
[18] (0.7 , Pr , 30) laminar region compared
with turbulent flow
(2) Twisted tape has poor
overall efficiency if
pressure drop is
considered
15 Saha and Water Twisted tape Experiment in (1) Larger number of turns
Chakraborty (145 , Re , 1480) (regularly spaced) circular tube flow may yield improved
[19] (4.5 , Pr , 5.5) (1.92 , Y , 5.0) thermohydraulic
performance compared
with single turn
16 Lokanath [20] Water Full-length and Experimental in (1) On unit pressure drop
(240 , Re , 2300) half-length horizontal tube basis and on unit
(2.6 , Pr , 5.4) twisted tapes pumping power basis,
half-length twisted tape is
more effective than
full-length twisted tape

the friction factor was developed by Manglik and Bergles where, di and t are the tube inner diameter and the thickness
[8] and is given as of the twisted tape respectively. Date and Ray [9] derived a
correlation for the friction factor and Nusselt number for a

2 square duct from the predicted data. They compared the cor-
p 2  2t=di relation for the friction factor with experimental data and the
(fRd )sw 15:767 (1 106 SW2:55 )1=6
p  4t=di agreement was found to be within +10 per cent.
Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Vol. 218 Part A: J. Power and Energy A04804 # IMechE 2004
 REVIEW OF PASSIVE HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Lokanath and Misal [10] studied the performance of a
plate heat exchanger and augmented shell and tube heat
exchanger for different fluids. They found that twisted
tapes of tighter twists are expected to give higher overall
heat transfer coefficients in the augmented shell and tube
heat exchanger. Shah and Skiepko [11] investigated the
existence of entropy generation extrema and a relationship
between the extrema and the heat exchanger effectiveness.
Saha et al. [12] found that pinching (placing of a twisted
tape exactly at the centre of the tube) of twisted tape in a
tube performs better than a twisted tape inserted by a
loose fit. They further showed that a non-zero phase
angle in-between the segmented twisted tape gives poor
results because the swirl will break easily in-between the
two segmented twisted tapes. Furthermore, reduction in
the width of the twisted tape is not effective, compared
with a twisted tape of width equal to the inside diameter
of the tube.
AI-Fahed et al. [13] observed that, for a low twist ratio
(Y 5.4) and high pressure drop, a loose fit is rec-
ommended for design of the heat exchanger, since it is
easier to install and to remove for cleaning purposes.
Other than this twist ratio, a tight-fit twisted tape provides
better performance than a loose-fit twisted tape.
Liao and Xin [14] reported experimental data on the com-
pound heat transfer enhancement technique and concluded
that the enhancement of heat transfer in a tube with three-
dimensional internal extended surfaces by replacing con-
tinuous twisted tape with almost segmented twisted tape
inserts results in a decrease in the friction factor but with
a comparatively small decrease in the Stanton number.
The Stanton number is defined as the ratio of heat transfer
rate to the enthalpy difference and is a measure of the
heat transfer coefficient.
Ujhidy et al. [15] have studied laminar flow of water in
coils and tubes containing twisted tapes and helical static
elements and proposed a modified Dean number that takes
into account the curvature of the spherical line cut out by
the helical element from the tubular housing. The Dean
number is a measure of the magnitude of the secondary
flow. Suresh Kumar et al. [16, 17] investigated the
thermohydraulic performance of twisted tape inserts in a
large hydraulic diameter annulus.
The thermohydraulic performance in laminar flow with a
twisted tape is better than the wire coil for the same helix
angle and thickness ratio. This is probably due to the fact
that, in laminar flow, the dominant thermal resistance is
not limited to a thin wall region but extends over the
entire cross-section. Thus, a twisted tape insert mixes the
bulk flow and is probably effective. Considering the overall
enhancement ratio, twisted tape is effective for small
Prandtl number fluids and wire coil is effective for high
Prandtl number fluids (Pr . 30), as discussed by Wang
and Sunden [18] who reported correlations for ethyl
glycol and polybutene (1000 4 Pr 4 7000). Compared
with the data of Manglik and Bergeles [8], their data are
valid for relatively larger values of the Prandtl number.
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515
Saha and Chakraborty [19] observed laminar flow heat
transfer and pressure drop characteristics in a circular tube
fitted with regularly spaced twisted tape and concluded
that there is a drastic reduction in the pressure drop, more
than the corresponding reduction in heat transfer. Thus, it
appears that, on the basis of a constant pumping power, a
large number of turns may yield improved thermohydraulic
performance compared with a single turn on twisted tape.
Lokanath [20] represented experimental data on laminar
flow of water through a horizontal tube under uniform
heat flux condition and fitted with half-length twisted tape.
He found that, on the basis of unit pressure drop and unit
pumping power, half-length tapes are more effective than
full-length tapes.
5.2 Twisted tape in turbulent flow
The important investigations of twisted tape in turbulent
flow are summarized in Table 2. In turbulent flow, the domi-
nant thermal resistance is limited to a thin viscous sublayer.
The following section discusses the performance of twisted
tape inserts in turbulent flow.
A tube inserted with a twisted tape performs better than a
plain tube, and a twisted tape with a tight twist ratio pro-
vides an improved heat transfer rate at a cost of increase
in pressure drop for low Prandtl number fluids. This is
because the thickness of the thermal boundary layer is
small for a low Prandtl number fluid and a tighter twist
ratio disturbs the entire thermal boundary layer, thereby
increasing the heat transfer with increase in the pressure
drop, as discussed by Royds [21]. Smithberg and Landis
[22] gave an analytical model of the tape-generated swirl
mechanism.
Because of swirl, the ratio of maximum velocity to mean
velocity is smaller in a tube with a twisted tape compared
with that in a straight flow (i.e. without a twisted tape).
This creates a centrifugal force and aids convective heat
transfer [23 25]. Twisted tape is also effective in high
Prandtl number fluids because for such fluids it provides
high heat transfer with less pressure drop compared with
other inserts [26]. Lopina and Bergles [27] observed that
the difference between isothermal and heated flow friction
factors for the swirl flow of liquids is substantially less
than the corresponding difference for a plain tube. In turbu-
lent flow, insertion of a twisted tape increases the heat trans-
fer, but the pressure drop also increases significantly
[28, 29]. Short-length twisted tape (25 45 per cent of the
tube length) performs better than full-length twisted tape
[30 33]. Date [34] reviewed available friction factor and
Nusselt number correlations for flow in a tube containing
a twisted tape and pointed out that existing correlations
deviate from measurements by 30 per cent. Studies of
Klepper [35] and Kidd Jr [36] suggest that short-length
twisted tape is more useful in a gas-cooled nuclear reactor
compared with full-length tape. Date [37] formulated and
solved numerically the problem of fully developed, uniform
Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Vol. 218 Part A: J. Power and Energy
516 A DEWAN, P MAHANTA, K SUMITHRA RAJU AND P SURESH KUMAR

Table 2 Summary of important investigations of twisted tape in turbulent flow

Configuration of Type of
Authors Fluid tape investigation Observations Comments

1 Royds [21] Water (a) Full length Experimental in Tighter twist ratio results in In turbulent flow, short-
(b) Full length circular tube greater heat transfer and length twisted tape is
with tighter pressure drop more effective than full-
twist ratio length twisted tape
(Fig. 1a) based on
2 Smithberg and Water Full length twisted Analytical Proposed mathematical model thermohydraulic
Landis [22] tape for tape generated swirl performance
mechanism
As Prandtl number
3 Cresswell [23] Water Twisted tape Experiment in Ratio of maximum velocity to increases, heat transfer
circular tube mean velocity is smaller in coefficient is enhanced
swirl flow compared with by twisted tape
straight flow
All configurations (Figs 1a
4 Kreith and Water Twisted tape Experiment in Centrifugal force aids to c) of twisted tape lead
Margolis [24] circular tube convection when fluid is to high friction factor,
heated up which is due to fact that
twisted tape disturbs
5 Thorsen and Landis Water Twisted tape Experiment in Centrifugal force aids
[25] circular tube convection when fluid is entire flowfield
heated up and inhibits Overall enhancement ratio
convection when fluid is increases with tighter
cooled twist ratio and decreases
with increase in
6 Gambill and Bundy Water Twisted tape Experiment in Twisted tape also Reynolds number
[26] circular tube important for high Prandtl If pressure drop is not
number important, twisted tape is
good option to use in
7 Lopina and Bergles Water Twisted tape Experiment in Isothermal friction factor for turbulent flow
[27] circular tube swirl flow of liquids is
substantially less than for a
plain tube
8 Colburn and King Water Inserts like baffled Experiment in Short-length twisted tapes
[30] tube and circular tube more effective than
short-length full-length twisted tapes
twisted tape

9 Seigel [28] Water Twisted tape Experiment in In horizontal tube inserted

horizontal tube twisted tape increases
heat transfer coefficient
with increase in pressure
drop
10 Koch [29] Water Twisted tape Experiment in Increase in heat transfer
circular tube coefficient accompanied by
a comparable increase in
pressure drop
11 Seymour [31] Water Twisted tape Experiment in heat Short-length twisted tape
exchanger performs better than
full-length twisted tape
12 Kreith and Sonju Water Twisted tape Experiment in Short-length (2545 per cent
[32] circular tube of tube length) tapes
perform better than
full-length tapes
13 Date [34] Water Twisted tape Experiment in Friction and Nu for flow in tube
circular tube containing tape deviate 30
per cent
14 Klepper [35] Water Short-length tape Experiment in Usefulness of tape in
circular tube gas-cooled nuclear reactor
15 Kidds Jr [36] Nitrogen Short-length tape Tube flow Effectiveness of twisted
tape in gas cooled nuclear
reactor
16 Date [37] Water Twisted tape Numerical Solved numerically problem of
fully developed flow

(Table continued )

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 REVIEW OF PASSIVE HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES 517

Table 2 Continued
Configuration of Type of
Authors Fluid tape investigation Observations Comments

17 Bolla et al. [38] Water Transverse ribs Experiment in Transverse rib performs better
and twisted circular tube than tape
tape with both ribs
and tape
18 Zozulya and Water Twisted tape Experiment in Smooth decrease in pitch of
Shkuratov [39] circular tube twisted tape has significant
influence on heat transfer
19 Huang and Tsou Water Twisted tape Experiment in Studied free swirl flow
[40] circular tube
20 Blackwelder and Water Twisted tape Experiment in Recommended that optimum
Kreith [41] circular tube design of heat exchanger
with tape-induced swirl flow
must consider combination
of continuous and decaying
swirl flow
21 Backshall and Water Twisted tape Experiment in Studied boundary layer
Landies [42] circular tube characteristics of
incompressible
twisted tape generated
swirl flow
22 Watanable et al. Water Twisted tape Experiment in heat Maximum thermal stress
[43] exchanger appears near piping
that connects parts of
cover plate of plate fin
heat exchanger
channels
23 Genis and Water Twisted tape Experiment in Studied thermohydraulic
Rautenbach [44] circular tube characteristics of
high-velocity water flow
in short tubes
24 Budov and Water Twisted tape Experiment in Loss of head due to hydraulic
Zamyatin [45] cylindrical resistance in twisted tape
channel generated swirl flow
25 Beckarmann and Water Twisted tape Flue way of water Hot cross tapes in flue way of
Goldschimd [46] heater water heater play important
role in heat transfer to tube
wall
26 Yamada et al. [47] Water Wall radiation Experiment in shell Made similar observation
and tube heat as above
exchanger
27 Gupte and Date Air Twisted tape Numerical study Semi-empirically evaluated
[48] in annulus friction and heat transfer
data for tape-generated swirl
flow in annulus
28 Filipak [49] Water Twisted tape Experiment in Made experimental study
vertical tube of tape-generated swirl
flow in vertical
section
29 Donevski and Water Twisted tape Experiment in Predicted frictional losses
Kuleshza [50] circular tube coupled with additional
vortex mixing effect
30 Rao [51] Water Twisted tape Experiment in axial Performed experimental study
duct flow on augmentation of heat
transfer in axial ducts of
electrical machines
31 Fomina et al. [52] Water Twisted tape fins Economizer Checked first pilot plant having
economizer with twisted
tape fins

(Table continued )

A04804 # IMechE 2004 Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Vol. 218 Part A: J. Power and Energy
518 A DEWAN, P MAHANTA, K SUMITHRA RAJU AND P SURESH KUMAR

Table 2 Continued
Configuration of Type of
Authors Fluid tape investigation Observations Comments

32 Algifri and Water Twisted tape Experiment in Presented series of solutions to

Bharadwaj [53] (Short length) circular tube governing equations for
short-length twisted tape
generated decaying swirl
flow
33 Algifri et al. [54] Water Twisted tape Experiment in Presented series of solutions to
circular pipe governing equations for
short-length twisted tape
generated decaying swirl
flow
34 Burfoot and Rice Water Twisted tape Experiment in Found that surface roughness
[55] circular pipe of tape insert affects
thermohydraulic
characteristics
35 Kumar and Water Twisted tape Experiment in Obtained theoretically heat
Bharadwaj [56] circular tube transfer and pressure drop
correlations
36 Kumar and Prasad Water Twisted tape Experiment in solar Investigated performance of
[57] water heater tape inserted solar water
heater
37 Fujita and Lopez Water Twisted tape and Experiment in Did not find any evidence of
[58] teflon tape circular tube tape fin effects in heat
transfer characteristics of
snugly fitted stainless steel
tape insert when compared
with Teflon tape insert
38 AI-Fahed and Water Full-length Experiment in There is optimum tape width,
Chakroun [59] twisted tape horizontal depending on twist ratio and
isothermal tube Re, for best thermohydraulic
performance
39 Saha et al. [60] Water Regularly spaced Experimental study On basis of constant heat flux,
tape in circular tube regularly spaced tape does
not perform better than
full-length twisted tape
40 Rao and Sastri [61] Water Twisted tape Experimental study Enhancement of heat transfer
in rotating offsets rise in friction factor
twisted tape due to rotation
41 Sivanshanmugam Water Twisted tape Experiment in Studied thermohydraulic
and Sunduram circular tube characteristics of
[62] tape-generated swirl flow
42 Agarwal and Raja Water Twisted tape Experiment in Studied thermohydraulic
rao [63] circular tube characteristics of
flow tape-generated swirl flow
43 Peterson et al. [64] Water Twisted tape Heat exchanger Experimented with high-
pressure water as test liquid
in turbulent flow with low
heat fluxes and low
wallfluid temperature
differences typical of liquid-
to-liquid heat exchanger
44 Naumov and Water Twisted tape Experimental study Used mathematical model for
Semashko [65] in circular tube adiabatic cross-section to
study pulsed asymmetric
heating of pipe by external
heat flux and calculated
thermophysical parameters
of cooled pipes containing
tapes within collector of
seviated ions in T-15
tokamak injection system

(Table continued )

Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Vol. 218 Part A: J. Power and Energy A04804 # IMechE 2004
 REVIEW OF PASSIVE HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES 519

Table 2 Continued
Configuration of Type of
Authors Fluid tape investigation Observations Comments

45 Naumov et al. [66] Water Twisted tape Experimental study Same as above (finite
in circular tube difference method)
46 Naumov et al. [67] Water Twisted tape Experimental study Same as above (finite
in circular tube difference method) with
modification
47 Yokoya et al. [68] Water Twisted tape Experimental study Demonstrated novel use of
tapes in controlling flow in
continuous casting mould
and refining process
48 Klaczak [33] (1300 , Re , 8000) Shor-length Experimental study Found usefulness of short-
twisted tape in circular tube length twisted tapes
49 Hijikata et al. [69] Water Experiment in Radiation between pipe wall
vertical test and tape increase heat
section transfer rate by 50 per cent
50 Chung and Sung Air Transverse Annulus pipe flow Turbulent structure more
[70] curvature (direct numerical effective near outer wall
simulation) compared with inner wall
51 Yang and Hawang Air Porous baffles and Numerical in Porous type baffle is good
[71] (1  104 , solid baffles rectangular for thermohydraulic
Re , 5  104) channel performance, performance
does not depend on
baffle height
52 Manglik and Water Three different Experiment in (1) Proposed correlation for
Bergles [72] (3.5 , Pr , 6.5) twist ratios 3, isothermal tube friction and Nusselt
and ethylene 4.5, 6. number
glycol (2) Physical description of
(68 , Pr , 100) enhancement mechanism

property flow in a tube containing a twisted tape. He
compared existing experimental data with his own numeri-
cal prediction. Bolla et al. [38] observed that in the turbulent
flow region a transverse rib performs better than a twisted
tape insert in a duct flow. Zozulya and Shkuratov [39]
found that a smooth decrease in pitch of a twisted tape
results in an improved heat transfer rate. Huang and Tsou
[40] studied free swirl flow in a pipe.
Blackwelder and Kreith [41] recommended that an opti-
mum design of heat exchanger with twisted tape induced
swirl flow should consist of continuous and decaying swirl
flow. Backshall and Landies [42] studied the boundary
layer characteristics of twisted tape generated incompressi-
ble swirl flow. Watanable et al. [43] observed that the maxi-
mum thermal stress appears near the piping connecting parts
of the cover plate of the plate fin heat exchanger channels.
Genis and Rautenbach [44] studied the thermohydraulic
characteristics of a high-velocity water flow in short tubes
with twisted tape inserts. Budov et al. [45] predicted a
loss of head owing to hydraulic resistance in a twisted
tape generated swirl flow. Beckermann and Goldschmid
[46] and Yamada et al. [47] observed that, in addition to
convection, radiative heat transfer from the relatively hot
(1260 8C) cross-twisted tape in the flue-way of a water
heater plays an important role in the heat transfer to the
tube wall and this phenomenon cannot be neglected.
A04804 # IMechE 2004
Gupte and Date [48] evaluated semi-empirically the heat
transfer coefficient and friction factor for twisted tape gen-
erated swirl flow in an annulus. Twisted tape generated
swirl flow in a vertical test section (contrary to the usual
practice of a horizontal test section) was experimentally
studied by Filipak [49]. Donevski and Kulesza [50] pre-
dicted frictional losses from the combined effects of axial
and tangential boundary layer flow coupled with an
additional vortex mixing effect. Rao [51] performed an
experimental study of augmentation of heat transfer in the
axial ducts of electrical machines. Fomina et al. [52] veri-
fied the first pilot plant having an economizer with twisted
tape fins.
Algifri and Bharadwaj [53] and Algifri et al. [54] pre-
sented a series of solutions to governing equations for
short-length twisted tape generated decaying swirl. Burfoot
and Rice [55] found that the surface roughness of a tape
insert affects the thermohydraulic characteristics. Kumar
and Bharadwaj [56] obtained theoretically the heat transfer
and pressure drop correlations using the Kreith and Sonju
[32] solution for the velocity vector, which decays along
the axis of the tube. Kumar and Prasad [57] investigated
experimentally the performance of a tape-inserted solar
water heater. Fujita and Lopez [58], in an experimental
investigation, found no evidence of tape fin effects in the
heat transfer characteristics of a snugly fitted stainless
Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Vol. 218 Part A: J. Power and Energy
520 A DEWAN, P MAHANTA, K SUMITHRA RAJU AND P SURESH KUMAR

steel tape insert when compared with a Teflon tape insert. centric annulus, and they observed that the thermal structure
AI-Fahed et al. [59] observed that there is an optimum is more effective near the outer wall than near the inner wall.
tape width, depending on the twist ratio and Reynolds Yang and Hwang [71] observed that a porous type of baffle
number, for the best thermohydraulic characteristics. is good for thermohydraulic performance and there is an
Saha et al. [60] have shown that, for a constant heat flux optimum height of the baffle. Manglik and Bergles [72]
boundary condition, regularly spaced twisted tape elements developed correlations for both turbulent flow and laminar
do not perform better than full-length twisted tape because flow. For an isothermal friction factor, the correlation
the swirl breaks down in-between the spacing of a regularly describes most available data for laminar, transitional and
twisted tape. Rao and Sastri [61], while working with a turbulent flows within 10 per cent. However, a family of
rotating tube with a twisted tape insert, observed that the curves is needed to develop correlation for the Nusselt
enhancement of heat transfer offsets the rise in the friction number on account of the non-unique nature of laminar
factor owing to rotation. Sivashanmugam and Sundaram turbulent transition. Their correlations are as follows
[62] and Agarwal and Rao [63] studied the thermohydraulic

1:75

characteristics of tape-generated swirl flow. Peterson et al. 0:079 p p 2  2t=di 1:25
[64] experimented with high-pressure (8 16 MPa) water f
Re0:25 p  4t=di p  4t=di
as the test liquid in turbulent flow with low heat fluxes

and low wall fluid temperature differences typical of a 2:752
 1 1:29
liquid liquid heat exchanger. y
Naumov et al. [65, 66] used a mathematical model for an
0:8

adiabatic cross-section to study the pulsed asymmetric heat- p p 2  2t=di 0:2
Nu 0:023Re0:8 Pr 0:4 f
ing of pipes by an external heat flux and calculated the ther- p  4t=di p  4t=di
mophysical parameters of cooled pipes containing twisted
tapes within the collector of deviated ions in the T-15 toka- where f is the fluid property variation for liquids and is
mak injection system. Yokoya et al. [68] demonstrated a given as f (m=mw )n , where n 0.18 for heating and
novel use of twisted tapes in controlling the flow in a con- n 0.3 for cooling, m is the dynamic viscosity and mw
tinuous casting mould and refining process. Hijikata et al. denotes the dynamic viscosity at the wall temperature.
[69], while carrying out experiments in a vertical test sec-
tion, observed that the radiation between the pipe wall and
5.3 Wire coil in laminar flow
the twisted tape increases the heat transfer rate by about
50 per cent. Chung and Sung [70] performed a direct The important investigations of wire coil in a laminar flow
numerical simulation for turbulent heat transfer in a con- are shown in Table 3. Inaba and Ozaki [73] showed that

Table 3 Summary of important investigations of wire coils in laminar flow

Configuration Type of
Authors Fluid of wire coil investigation Observations Comments

1 Inaba and Ozaki Water Wire coil Experiment in High heat transfer and low Performance of wire coil
[73] circular pipe flow pressure loss obtained by (Fig. 2) in laminar flow
leading edge effect near tube depends on Prandtl number.
inlet and turbulent flow If Pr 0.7, performance is
downstream of wire coil not good based on overall
enhancement ratio. Overall
2 Ujhidy et al. [15] Water Wire coil Experiment in Explained flow structure enhancement ratio increases
channel flow (helical static element with Prandtl number
produces secondary flow)
3 Wang and Sunden Water Wire coil Experiment in Both inserts are effective in
[18] circular tube enhancing heat transfer rate
in region other than
turbulent flow and tape has
poor overall efficiency if
pressure drop is considered
4 Inaba and Haruki Water Wire coil Experiment in Effect of wire coils on pipe
[74] circular pipe friction and heat transfer
coefficients elucidated under
various values of flow
velocity, wire coil diameter,
pitch and length
5 Oliver and Shoji Non-Newtonian fluid Wire coil Experiment in round Heat transfer enhancement by
[75] 30 , Pr , 9020 tube factor of 4
, Re , 2000

Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Vol. 218 Part A: J. Power and Energy A04804 # IMechE 2004
 REVIEW OF PASSIVE HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES 521

the turbulent flow induced by a wire coil enhances heat
transfer even downstream of the wire coil. They developed
empirical relations for the Nusselt number as a function of
the Prandtl number. The pressure drop was found to be pro-
portional to the length of the wire coil. They observed a high
heat transfer coefficient and a small pressure loss owing to
the leading edge effect near the tube inlet and turbulent
flow downstream of the wire coil. Ujhidy et al. [15] found
that the helical static element produces secondary flow.
Wang and Sunden [18] found that a wire coil insert performs
effectively in enhancing the heat transfer in the turbulent
flow region, whereas tape has a poor overall efficiency.
Inaba and Haruki [74] investigated heat transfer enhance-
ment of flowing water in a tube with flow drag reduction
additives by inserting wire coils. They found that a
reduction in the flow resistance resulted in a reduced heat
transfer coefficient in the tube. Oliver and Shoji [75] per-
formed experiments in a tube by inserting wire coils in a
tube using a non-Newtonian fluid and found that heat trans-
fer is enhanced by a factor of 4 and the relative pressure
drop caused by the wire coil is by factor of 5.
5.4 Wire coil in turbulent flow
The important investigations of wire coil in a turbulent flow
are shown in Table 4. Ravigururajan and Bergles [76] have
developed correlations for the friction factor and heat trans-
fer coefficient that are widely applied. By incorporating the
roughness type and Prandtl number, their heat transfer data
from the correlation were in good agreement with the corre-
lation of Petukov and Popov [77]. Rahai and Wong [78] pre-
dicted that wire coil with a large pitch spacing increases the
mixing, turbulent kinetic energy and half-width but
decreases the maximum mean velocity. Kim et al. [79]
observed that the slug rise velocity and void fraction in a
vertical round tube is higher for a wire coil insert than a
smooth tube and studied the flow pattern.
Sams [80] found that a vortex flow can be created through
the wire coil. Novozhilov and Migai [81] have proposed
heat transfer correlations for a tube with wire coil in turbu-
lent flow. Kumar and Judd [82] proposed correlations
for heat transfer. They concluded that the range of wire
diameter they tested (e/d 0.1,0.13,0.15, where e/s the rib
height and d is the inside diameter) had a negligible effect
on the rate of heat transfer. Their correlation underpredicts
by nearly 50 per cent. Rahai et al. [83] studied the effects
of a wire coil insert with p/D 1 (where p is the pitch spa-
cing and D is the inside diameter) on the mixing enhance-
ment of a turbulent jet from a Bunsen burner. Their results
show a significant increase in the mixing process in the near
discharge region of the jet. Furthermore, they studied the
effect of various coil pitch spacings on the mixing process.
Arici and Asan [84] studied the enhancement of turbulent

Table 4 Summary of important investigations of wire coils in turbulent flow

Configuration Type of
Authors Fluid of wire coil investigation Observations Comments

1 Ravigururajan and Water Wire coil Experimental study Developed correlations for Wire coil (Fig. 2) in turbulent
Bergles [76] friction and heat transfer flow performs better than
any other insert
2 Rahai and Wong Air Coil insert Experiment in round Coil with large pitch spacing Increase in pitch length of
[78] tube increases mixing, turbulent wire coil increases overall
kinetic energy and half- enhancement ratio.
width but reduces maximum However, overall
mean velocity enhancement ratio
decreases with increase in
3 Kim et al. [79] Gas and liquid Wire coils Experiment in Flow pattern, slug rise velocity Reynolds number from
vertical round tube and void fraction are higher 5000 to 45 000
for wire coil insert than
smooth tube
4 Sams [80] Air Wire coil Experiment in tube Vortex flow can be created
through coiled wire.
Developed correlation for
friction factor and Nusselt
number
5 Novozhilov and Air Wire coil Experiment in tube Proposed correlations for heat
Migai [81] transfer
6 Kumar and Judd Water 4 , Pr , 5 Wire coil Experiment in tube Proposed correlations for heat
[82] transfer. Correlations
underpredicts by 50 per cent
7 Rahai et al. [83] Air Wire coil Experiment in round Investigated effect of various
tube coil spacings on mixing
process
8 Arici and Asn [84] Water Wire coil Experiment in tube Increase in pitch of wire coil
flow increases heat transfer

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522 A DEWAN, P MAHANTA, K SUMITHRA RAJU AND P SURESH KUMAR
flow by means of a wire coil insert. They found that an
increase in the pitch of the wire coil at a constant Reynolds
number decreases the heat transfer for the wall-attached
wire coil inserts. In the case of displaced wire coils, an
opposite phenomenon was observed where an increase in
the pitch resulted in an increased heat transfer.
5.5 Other techniques
There are several other techniques to enhance the heat trans-
fer, such as ribs, dimples, additives, fins, etc., and these are
summarized in Table 5. Chang [85] proposed an empirical
correlation for the spatial time averaged heat transfer for
combined effects of reciprocation and rib-induced flow
and also investigated the heat transfer mechanism in a reci-
procating square duct fitted with 458 crossed ribs on two
opposite walls. It was observed that a ribbed wall increases
the heat transfer by 260 300 per cent compared with a
smooth wall, and the pulsating force and convective
inertia affect the local heat transfer. Mahmood and Lingrani
[86] reported experimental data and flow visualization in
a dimpled channel and found that the vortex periodically
shed from the dimples becomes stronger as the non-
dimensional channel height H/D ratio (H channel height,
D dimple print diameter) decreases, and such behaviour
leads to local Nusselt number augmentation at these same
locations. Leung et al. [87] investigated the possibility of
enhancing the forced convection from a turbulent flow in
a triangular duct by imposing artificial roughness on its
internal surface. A significantly higher heat transfer ensues
by transverse ribs uniformly fixed along its axial length,
and for maximum heat transfer performance the optimum
size of the rib is 6.35 mm and the optimum roughness is
3 mm. Kumar et al. [88] carried out an experimental inves-
tigation to augment the heat transfer rate by enhancing the
heat transfer coefficient during the condensation of pure
steam and R-134a over horizontal finned tubes. Spines
were found to be more effective in the bottom side of the cir-
cular integral tube. Liu et al. [89] developed a neural net-
work to evaluate and predict boiling heat transfer
enhancement using additives. Their model can select the
additives for particular working fluid. Golriz and Grace
[90] experimentally show that the addition of an angled
deflector to the fin region of circular membrane water
wall heat exchanger surfaces in circulating fluidized beds
can lead to a significant increase in the local heat transfer.
Karwa et al. [91] studied experimentally the flow of air in
rectangular ducts of various aspect ratios with repeated
transverse rib roughness. They found that the highest fric-
tion factor and heat transfer coefficient occur for 158 cham-
fered ribs. The presence of ribs doubles the friction by
comparison with that of a smooth tube. Kulankara and
Herold [92] found that the surface tension of lithium bro-
mide is affected by surfactants.
Taslim et al. [93] observed that the effectiveness of
surface ribs in heat transfer augmentation depends on
Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Vol. 218 Part A: J. Power and Energy
geometric factors of the ribs such as the height, pitch,
angle of attack, orientation, shape and arrangement. They
found that 458 angled ribs show the highest thermal per-
formance compared with 908, V-shaped and discrete ribs
when the friction loss is considered. Fann et al. [94]
showed that the stagnant vortices behind the 908 transverse
ribs result in a rise in the fluid temperature in the recirculat-
ing zone and the wall temperature near the rib location, and
local heat transfer improvement occurs near the reattaching
point between the ribs. Chen et al. [95] studied heat transfer
enhancement in tubes using six different dimple depth tubes.
They found that the enhancement of the heat transfer coeffi-
cient is 1.25 2.37 times that of a smooth tube, and the tube
with the largest ratios of dimple depth to tube inside diam-
eter, dimple depth to pitch and dimple depth to dimple
diameter is good for heat transfer on the tube side on the
basis of a constant Reynolds number or pumping power.
Mochizuki et al. [96] observed that these surface ribs
enhance the turbulent fluctuations and could considerably
modify the near-wall flow structures by creating secondary
flows and vortices. They penetrate the sublayers of flow to
cause periodic redevelopment of the boundary layers. The
overall rib effects on heat transfer are improved heat trans-
mission and modified spatial distributions. They further
showed that the force field established in the ribbed duct
flow, such as the centrifugal force in the bend, could
modify the rib-induced flows. Chang et al. [97] observed
that, in a duct fitted with transverse ribs, the flow cells
behind the 908 ribs are no longer stagnant but periodically
shed when the duct reciprocates. The typical zigzag
streamwise heat transfer variation along the ribbed wall in
a stationary system yields a large wavy pattern in the reci-
procating duct. Okajima et al. [98] showed that interaction
of the oscillating mainstream with angled rib flow triggers
a double pair of dynamic counter-rotating vortical cells,
with one attached on the angled rib and the other shed
away from the rib. According to Mahmood et al. [99], the
use of such dimples produces augmented surface heat
transfer levels compared with smooth surfaces because of
reattachment of the shear layer forming across the top of
each dimple and because of the vortex structures and vorti-
cal fluid shed from each individual dimple indentation
which then advects over the flat surface just downstream.
Afanasyev et al. [100] studied different surfaces shaped
by a system of spherical cavities in a turbulent flow and
found that such shaping of the heating surface has no
appreciable effect on the hydrodynamics of flow but results
in considerable (up to 30 40 per cent) heat transfer
enhancement.
6 OBSERVATIONS
6.1 Twisted tape in laminar flow
A twisted tape insert mixes the bulk flow well and therefore
performs better in a laminar flow than any other insert,
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 REVIEW OF PASSIVE HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES 523

Table 5 Summary of important investigations of ribs and some other inserts in a flow
Configuration Type of
Authors Fluid of insert investigation Observations Comments

1 Chang [85] Air Ribs (458) Experiment in (1) Ribbed wall increases heat There are some other
600 , Re , 10 000 reciprocating transfer by 260300 per techniques (other than
duct cent compared with twisted tape and wire
smooth wall coil) such as ribs,
(2) Pulsating force and dimples, additives and
convective inertia affects deflectors used for
local heat transfer enhancement of heat
transfer
2 Mahmood and Air Dimples Experimental study (1) Vortex periodically shed
Ligrani [86] 600 Re , 11 000 in channel as H/D ratio decreases. Ribs having 458 angle show
At same location, heat good thermal
enhancement takes place performance
3 Leung et al. [87] Air Ribs Triangular duct (1) Enhancement of forced Performance of dimple
4000 , Re , 15 000 convection by ribs is better basis of ratio of channel
than that by roughness of height to dimple print has
wall been studied in literature
(2) Optimum size of rib and, as ratio of channel
6.35 mm, roughness 3 mm height to dimple print
decreases, shedding of
4 Kumar et al. [88] Steam Fins Horizontal finned (1) Fins enhance heat transfer vortex becomes stronger
tube during condensation of and this leads to
pure steam augmentation in heat
(2) Spines found to be transfer
more effective in bottom
side of circular integral
tube
5 Liu et al. [89] Water Additives Neural network (1) Developed neural network
study is developed for boiling
heat transfer enhancement
due to additives
(2) This model can select
additives for particular
working fluid
6 Golriz and Grace Water Deflectors Experiment in (1) Addition of angled
[90] circulating deflector improves heat
fluidized bed transfer
7 Kulankara and Water and lithium Additive Experiment in (1) Surface tension of lithium
Herolld [92] bromide circular tube bromide is affected by
surfactants
(2) Additive in vapour has
stronger effect on surface
tension than in liquid
8 Taslim et al. [93] Air Ribs Experiment in (1) 458 angled rib shows the
channel highest thermal
performance
9 Fann et al. [94] Air Ribs Experiment in (1) Local heat transfer rates on
serpentine ribbed surface develops at
passage locations where fluid is
relatively cool
10 Chen et al. [95] Water Dimples Experiment in tube (1) Best dimpled tube is with
large ratio of depth to tube
inside diameter, ratio of
dimple depth to pitch and
ratio of dimple depth to
dimple diameter for
better heat transfer on tube
side
11 Mochizuki et al. Air Ribs Experiment in tube (1) External force field
[96] established in ribbed
duct flow, such as
centrifugal force in
bend

(Table continued )

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524 A DEWAN, P MAHANTA, K SUMITHRA RAJU AND P SURESH KUMAR

Table 5 Continued
Configuration Type of
Authors Fluid of insert investigation Observations Comments

12 Chang et al. [97] Air Ribs Experiment in (1) External force field
reciprocating established in ribbed duct
duct flow, such as rotating or
reciprocating force
13 Okajima et al. [98] Air Ribs Experiment on flat (1) Detailed growth and
plate shedding process of
vortices depends on
oscillating frequency
of mainstream
14 Mohmood et al. Air Dimples Experiment in (2) Friction factor and
[99] dimpled channel pressure drop usually not
increased appreciably,
because no form drag
is produced by objects
protruding into flow
15 Afanasyev et al. Air Spherical Experiment on flat (1) Surface shaped by
[100] cavities plate spherical cavities enhances
heat transfer up to 3040
per cent

because in a laminar flow the thermal resistance is not lim-
ited to a thin region. However, twisted tape performance
also depends on the fluid properties such as the Prandtl
number. If the Prandtl number is high, say Pr . 30, the
twisted tape will not provide good thermohydraulic per-
formance compared with other inserts such as wire coil.
On the basis of a constant pumping power, short-length
twisted tape is better than full-length twisted tape. In the
design of a compact heat exchanger for laminar flow,
twisted tape can be used effectively to enhance the heat
transfer.
number, the thickness of the thermal boundary layer is
small compared with the hydrodynamic boundary layer
and the wire coil breaks this boundary layer easily. There-
fore, both heat transfer and pressure drop are large.
6.4 Wire coil in turbulent flow
Wire coil enhances the heat transfer in turbulent flow effi-
ciently. It performs better in turbulent flow than in laminar
flow. The thermohydraulic performance of wire coil is good
compared with twisted tape in turbulent flow.

6.2 Twisted tape in turbulent flow 6.5 Other passive techniques

Twisted tape in turbulent flow is effective up to a certain
Reynolds number range but not over a wide Reynolds
number range. Compared with wire coil, twisted tape is
not effective in turbulent flow because it blocks the flow
and therefore the pressure drop is large. Hence, the thermo-
hydraulic performance of a twisted tape is not good com-
pared with wire coil in turbulent flow. Therefore, it may
be concluded that, for compact heat exchanger design,
wire coil is a good choice in turbulent flow. However, a
short-length twisted tape yields good thermohydraulic beha-
viour compared with full-length twisted tape in turbulent
flow.
6.3 Wire coil in laminar flow
Wire coil in laminar flow enhances the heat transfer rate sig-
nificantly. However, the performance depends on the
Prandtl number. If the Prandtl number is high, the perform-
ance of the wire coil is good because, for a high Prandtl
Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs Vol. 218 Part A: J. Power and Energy
There are several passive techniques other than twisted tape
and wire coil to enhance the heat transfer in a flow, such as
ribs, fins, dimples, etc. These techniques are generally more
efficient in turbulent flow than in laminar flow.
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