You are on page 1of 33

7(0$

 ,QWURGXFFLyQDO
'LEXMR7pFQLFR

QGLFH
 WLOHVGHGLEXMRWpFQLFRTXHQHFHVLWDPRVSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHHVWHPyGXOR
  6RSRUWHSDSHO
  ,QVWUXPHQWRV
  /iSLFHV\SRUWDPLQDV
  *RPDGHERUUDU
  (VFXDGUDV\FDUWDEyQ
  5HJODV
  7UDQVSRUWDGRUGHiQJXORV
  &RPSiV

 1RUPDOL]DFLyQGHOGLEXMR
  )RUPDWRV
  /tQHDV
  5RWXODFLyQ
  $FRWDFLyQ
  /H\HQGDV\VLPERORJtD

 &URTXL]DFLyQ

 &RQFHSWRVJHRPpWULFRVEiVLFRV
  ,JXDOGDG
  (TXLYDOHQFLD
  6HPHMDQ]D
  3URSRUFLRQDOLGDG
  6LPHWUtD
  (VFDOD
  &ODVHVGHHVFDODV
  (VFDODVQRUPDOL]DGDV
  &RQVWUXFFLyQGHHVFDODV

 &RQFHSWRVWULJRQRPpWULFRVEiVLFRV
  5D]RQHVWULJRQRPpWULFDV
  5HVROXFLyQGHWULiQJXORV
  7ULiQJXORVREOLFXiQJXORV
  7ULiQJXORVUHFWiQJXORV
  6XSHUILFLHGHXQWULiQJXOR
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

(VWHWHPDWLHQHFRPRILQDOLGDGFRPSOHPHQWDU\UHFRUGDUODIRUPDFLyQDGTXLULGD
SRUHODOXPQRHQODGLVFLSOLQDGH'LEXMR7pFQLFR
/RVWpFQLFRVQHFHVLWDQXQLQVWUXPHQWRFODUR\SUHFLVRSDUDUHSUHVHQWDU\WUDQVPLWLU
VXV GLVHxRV GH PDQHUD TXH FXDOTXLHU SHUVRQD TXH ORV H[DPLQH REWHQJD GH HOORV OD
PLVPDLQIRUPDFLyQ
(OGLEXMRWpFQLFRUH~QHXQDVHULHGHQRUPDVPRGRV\PDQHUDVGHGLEXMDUTXHVRQ
DFHSWDGDVXQLYHUVDOPHQWH

WLOHVGH'LEXMR7pFQLFR
6RSRUWHSDSHO
(OVRSRUWHKDELWXDOTXHVHHPSOHDHQHOGLEXMRWpFQLFRHVHOSDSHO7LHQHTXHVHUPDWH
\SHUPLWLUXQDGHFXDGRFRQWUDVWHFRQODVOtQHDVTXHVHWUDFHQHOSDSHOTXHVHHPSOHD
VXHOHVHUGLVWLQWRGHSHQGLHQGRGHOWLSRGHGLEXMR\GHVLVHUHDOL]DDOiSL]RDWLQWD
&RPRQRUPDJHQHUDOSRGHPRVVHxDODUTXHXQEXHQSDSHOGHGLEXMRGHEHUHXQLU
ODVVLJXLHQWHVFRQGLFLRQHV
 3HUPLWLUHOWUD]DGRDOiSL]
 7HQHUVXSHUILFLHOLVDVLHQGRDOPLVPRWLHPSRJUXHVR\UtJLGR
 6HULQDOWHUDEOH\UHVLVWHQWHDODOX]
 6HUGHFRORUEODQFR
 1RGHMDUKXHOODGHVSXpVGHERUUDUHQpO
 3HUPLWLUHOSOHJDGRVLQTXHVHFRUWH
 1RVXIULUDOWHUDFLRQHVHQVXVPHGLGDVSRUHIHFWRGHODKXPHGDG
(OSDSHOTXHVHHPSOHDHQHOGLEXMRWpFQLFRVHSUHVHQWDHQUROORVRHQSOLHJRVGH
GLIHUHQWHJUDPDMH\GLPHQVLRQHV
(OJUDPDMHLQGLFDODPDVDGHOSDSHOSRUXQLGDGGHVXSHUILFLH\VHH[SUHVDHQJUDPRV
SRUPHWURFXDGUDGR JP (OHVSHVRUGHXQSDSHOHVWiUHODFLRQDGRFRQVXJUDPDMH
6HHVWDEOHFHQODVVLJXLHQWHVFDWHJRUtDV

&DWHJRUtDV *UDPDMH
3DSHOILQR DJP
3DSHOQRUPDO DJP
3DSHOIXHUWH DJP
&DUWXOLQD DJP
&DUWyQ PiVGHJP

/RVIRUPDWRVVRQORVWDPDxRVQRUPDOL]DGRVGHOSDSHOTXHVHHPSOHDQSDUDODUHD
OL]DFLyQGHGLEXMRVWpFQLFRV 9pDVHDSDUWDGR)RUPDWRV 

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

,QVWUXPHQWRV
/iSLFHV\SRUWDPLQDV
/RVOiSLFHVVRQORVSULQFLSDOHVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHWUDEDMRHQHOGLEXMR6RQGHPD
GHUDJHQHUDOPHQWHGHVHFFLyQFLUFXODURKH[DJRQDO\OOHYDQHQVXLQWHULRUXQDPLQD
FLOtQGULFD FRPSXHVWD SRU XQD PH]FOD GH JUDILWR \ DUFLOOD HQ GLVWLQWDV SURSRUFLRQHV
VHJ~QODGXUH]DTXHVHTXLHUDFRQVHJXLU
/RVSRUWDPLQDVVHIDEULFDQHQSOiVWLFR\HQPHWDO RFRPELQDFLyQGHDPERV \
OOHYDQHQVXLQWHULRUXQGLVSRVLWLYRFRQXQDFDEH]DHQIRUPDGHSLQ]DFRQSHTXHxRV
HOHPHQWRVGHSUHVLyQDMXVWDEOHVTXHSHUPLWHQUHWHQHUFRQIXHU]DODVPLQDV
3XHGHQVHUGHPLQDVODUJDVTXHVHWHQGUiQTXHDILODUSDUDWUDEDMDUFRQHOODV\GH
PLQDVFRUWDVFRQGLiPHWURVSUHGHWHUPLQDGRVFRPROODPDGRV3RU
WDPLQDVGH%RTXLOOD
/DFDUDFWHUtVWLFDIXQGDPHQWDOTXHGLIHUHQFLDXQRVOiSLFHVGHRWURVHVODGXUH]DGH
VXVPLQDV'LFKDGXUH]DVHGHVLJQDPHGLDQWHQ~PHURV\OHWUDVVHJ~QODWDEODDGMXQWD

'HVLJQDFLyQ 'XUH]D 8VRSUHIHUHQWH


% %ODQGR\PX\QHJUR
% %ODQGR\PX\QHJUR
% %ODQGR\QHJUR &URTXLV
+% 6HPLEODQGR\QHJUR &URTXLV
) 6HPLQHJUR 7RGRXVR
+ 'XUR &URTXLV\GLEXMRVDOiSL]
+ 0iVGXUR 'LEXMRVDOiSL]
+ 0X\GXUR 'LEXMRVDOiSL]

1RWD/DWDEODHVRULHQWDWLYDSXHVWRTXHHOHPSOHRGHFDGDPLQDGHSHQGHUi
GHODSUHVLyQTXHHMHU]DHOWpFQLFRVREUHHOVRSRUWH

3DUDHOFRUUHFWRPDQHMRGHOOiSL]WHQGUHPRVHQFXHQWDTXH
 /DORQJLWXGGHOOiSL]QRGHEHQXQFDVHULQIHULRUDPP
 /D IRUPD FRUUHFWD GH WUD]DU FRQ HO OiSL] VHUi GHVOL]DQGR OD
SXQWD GH OD PLQD XQLGD DO ERUGH GH OD UHJOD &RORFiQGROR
OLJHUDPHQWHLQFOLQDGRHQGLUHFFLyQGHOPRYLPLHQWRVHFRQ
VLJXH XQ JUXHVR XQLIRUPH GH OtQHD \ WDPELpQ HO GHVJDVWH
XQLIRUPHGHODPLQD

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

*RPDGHERUUDU
/DVJRPDVGHERUUDUVHHPSOHDQSDUDHOLPLQDUORVWUD]RVHUUyQHRVTXHVHKDFHQHQ
XQGLEXMR
/DVJRPDVTXHVHHPSOHDQSDUDERUUDUWUD]RVGHODSLFHURWLHQHQTXHVHUEODQ
GDVIOH[LEOHV\GHFRORUFODURRWUDQVSDUHQWHSDUDQRHQVXFLDUHOSDSHOGHGLEXMR
/DGXUH]DGHODJRPDWHQGUiTXHDXPHQWDUDPHGLGDTXHVHLQFUHPHQWHODGXUH]D
GHOOiSL]
3DUDERUUDUKD\TXHKDFHUORFRQVXDYLGDG\VRORHQXQVHQWLGRSDUDHYLWDUTXHVH
SURGX]FDQDUUXJDVHQHOSDSHO$GHPiVKD\TXHDVHJXUDUVHGHTXHODJRPDHVWpFRP
SOHWDPHQWHOLPSLDDQWHVGHERUUDU

(VFXDGUDV\FDUWDEyQ
/DVHVFXDGUDVDODVTXHWDPELpQVHFRQRFHQ
FRQHOQRPEUHGHSODQWLOODVVRQGRV
 8QD GH  WDPELpQ OODPDGD VRODPHQWH
HVFXDGUD
 2WUDGHDODTXHVHGDHOQRPEUHGH
FDUWDEyQ

1RWD /D GHVLJQDFLyQ GH HVFXDGUD \ FDUWDEyQ QR HV JHQHUDO (Q PXFKDV
UHJLRQHVVHLQYLHUWHQODVGHVLJQDFLRQHVHLQFOXVRHQWUHIDEULFDQWHV\GLVWULEXL
GRUHVVHFDPELDQHVWRVQRPEUHVHQWUHVt

(OHVSHVRUGHODVPLVPDVVXHOHRVFLODUHQWUHGRV\FLQFRPLOtPHWURV\VHFRQV
WUX\HQGHPDWHULDOHVSOiVWLFRVVLHQGRPX\SUiFWLFDVSRUTXHDOVHUWUDQVSDUHQWHV
SHUPLWHQYHUDVXWUDYpVWRGRHOGLEXMRHYLWDQGRDVtJUDQQ~PHURGHHUURUHVHQ
HOWUD]DGR
/DHVFXDGUDWLHQHIRUPDGHWULiQJXORUHFWiQJXORLVyVFHOHV\SRUORWDQWRORVFD
WHWRVIRUPDQHQWUHVtXQiQJXORGH\GHFRQODKLSRWHQXVD
(O FDUWDEyQ WLHQH IRUPD GH WULiQJXOR UHF
WiQJXOR HVFDOHQR FX\R FDWHWR PHQRU HV LJXDO
HQORQJLWXGDODPLWDGGHVXKLSRWHQXVD&RPR
FRQVHFXHQFLDORVGRVFDWHWRVIRUPDQHQWUHVtiQ
JXORUHFWR\FRQODKLSRWHQXVDXQRORIRUPDGH
\HORWURGH
/DFRQGLFLyQTXHGHEHQFXPSOLUHVWDVSODQWLOODVSDUDTXHIRUPHQMXHJRHVTXH
ODKLSRWHQXVDGHODHVFXDGUDKDGHVHUGHLJXDOGLPHQVLyQTXHHOFDWHWRPD\RUGHO
FDUWDEyQ
/DVSODQWLOODVVHHPSOHDQSDUDHOWUD]DGRGHUHFWDVSDUDOHODV\SHUSHQGLFXODUHV

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

/RViQJXORVTXHFRQFDGDXQDGHHOODVRFRQODVGRVSXHGHQIRUPDUVHVRQ
 &RQODHVFXDGUD

 &RQHOFDUWDEyQ

 &RQODHVFXDGUD\HOFDUWDEyQ

5HJODV
/DVUHJODVVLUYHQSDUDPHGLUORQJLWXGHV\WUDVODGDUODVGLVWLQWDVFRWDVDOGLEXMR
([LVWHQ
 5HJODJUDGXDGDHVGHIRUPDUHFWDQJXODU\HVWiJUDGXDGDHQPLOtPHWURVHQ
XQRGHVXVERUGHV
 'REOHGHFtPHWURHVXQDUHJODFRQORVERUGHVELVHODGRV\JUDGXDGDHQXQRGH
HOORVHQPLOtPHWURV\HQHORWURHQPHGLRVPLOtPHWURV

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

 (VFDOtPHWURHVXQDUHJODHQIRUPDGHSULVPDGHVHFFLyQWULDQJXODUTXHFRQ
WLHQHODVVHLVHVFDODVTXHVHXWLOL]DQPiVIUHFXHQWHPHQWH6HXWLOL]DSDUDPHGLU
\SDUDWUDVODGDUPHGLGDVDXQDHVFDODGHWHUPLQDGD

7UDQVSRUWDGRUGHiQJXORV
(VHOLQVWUXPHQWRGHGLEXMRTXHVLUYHSDUDFRQVWUXLUPHGLU\WUDQVSRUWDUiQJXORV
(OVHPLFtUFXORHVGHSOiVWLFRWUDQVSDUHQWH\HVWiGLYLGLGRHQSDUWHVLJXDOHVGHL]
TXLHUGDDGHUHFKD\WDPELpQHQDOJXQRVFDVRVGHGHUHFKDDL]TXLHUGDFRUUHVSRQGLpQGRVH
FDGDXQDGHHVWDVGLYLVLRQHVFRQXQJUDGRVHJ~QGLYLVLyQVH[DJHVLPDO\QRFHQWHVLPDO

(OFtUFXORJUDGXDGRHVWiGLYLGLGRHQSDUWHVLJXDOHVSDUDJUDGRVVH[DJHVLPD
OHV\VXVHQWLGRHVDQWLKRUDULRRELHQHQSDUWHVLJXDOHVSDUDJUDGRVFHQWHVLPDOHV
VLHQGRHQHVWHFDVRHOVHQWLGRKRUDULR6HSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUHVWDVGRVGLYLVLRQHVDQJX
ODUHVHQXQPLVPRFtUFXORJUDGXDGR

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

&RPSiV
(VXQLQVWUXPHQWRTXHVHHPSOHDSDUDWUD]DUDUFRV\FLUFXQIHUHQFLDVGH
GLVWLQWRVUDGLRV\WDPELpQSDUDWUDQVSRUWDUPHGLGDVVREUHXQGLEXMR(VWi
FRPSXHVWRGH GRV UDPDVREUD]RV PHWiOLFRV DXQTXH HQ ODDFWXDOLGDGVH
XWLOL]DQORVIDEULFDGRVGHPDWHULDOHVSOiVWLFRV DUWLFXODGRVSRUXQH[WUHPR
\DEUD]DQGRDGLFKDDUWLFXODFLyQXQDSLH]DHQIRUPDGHKRUTXLOOD3DUDIDFL
OLWDUVXPDQHMRVHOHDFRSODXQDSLH]DFLOtQGULFDHVWULDGD
$OEUD]RPD\RUVHOHSXHGHDFRSODUXQDDJXMDGHDFHURJUDGXDEOHPH
GLDQWHXQWRUQLOORDSUHVLyQ\DOEUD]RPHQRUVHOHSXHGHQDGDSWDUSLH]DV
GLIHUHQWHV VHJ~Q HO XVR DO TXH VH GHVWLQHQ (VWDV SLH]DV VRQ 3RUWDJXMDV
3RUWDPLQDV\$ODUJDGHUD
/DELJRWHUDHVXQSHTXHxRFRPSiVTXHVHHPSOHDSDUDHOWUD]DGR
GHFLUFXQIHUHQFLDVFX\RUDGLRVHDLQIHULRUDPLOtPHWURV6XDEHUWXUD
VHUHJXODPHGLDQWHXQHMHURVFDGRGiQGROHDVtXQDYHQWDMDVREUHHO
FRPSiVHQFXDQWRDODVHJXULGDG\SUHFLVLyQ$OLJXDOTXHHOFRPSiV
FRQVWDGHGRVEUD]RVDUWLFXODGRVHQVXSDUWHVXSHULRU\FRQORVPLVPRV
GLVSRVLWLYRVHQVXVH[WUHPRVLQIHULRUHV
$FWXDOPHQWH VH XWLOL]D HO FRPSiVELJRWHUD TXH DSURYHFKD ODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHDPERVHQFXDQWRDOWUD]DGR\SUHFLVLyQ

1RUPDOL]DFLyQGHOGLEXMR
7LHQHSRUREMHWRHVWDEOHFHUXQDVHULHGHQRUPDV\UHJODVGHVWLQDGDVDHVSHFLILFDU
XQLILFDU\VLPSOLILFDUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHORVHOHPHQWRVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQHQJUDQQ~PH
URGHDSOLFDFLRQHVFLHQWtILFDV\WHFQROyJLFDV
/D QRUPDOL]DFLyQ DSRUWD DO 'LEXMR 7pFQLFR XQD VHULH GH UHJODV TXH GHWHUPLQDQ
LQILQLGDGGHGHWDOOHVORTXHFRQVWLWX\HXQYHUGDGHUROHQJXDMHTXHWRGRWpFQLFRGHEH
VDEHULQWHUSUHWDU

)RUPDWRV
6HOODPDIRUPDWRDOWDPDxRSRVLFLyQ\GLPHQVLRQHVQRUPDOL]DGDVHQPLOtPHWURV
TXHVHGDQDXQSOLHJRGHSDSHO

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

7RGRVORVGLEXMRVVHKDQGHKDFHUVREUHSDSHOFRUWDGRFRQXQDVPHGLGDVILMDV\
H[DFWDV HQ IRUPD GH SDUDOHORJUDPR UHFWDQJXODU SDUD XQLILFDU WDPDxRV \ SRGHU GH
HVWHPRGRDUFKLYDUORVFRQYHQLHQWHPHQWH
/DVGLPHQVLRQHVGHOIRUPDWRVHHQFXHQWUDQQRUPDOL]DGDV6XGHGXFFLyQVHKDUHD
OL]DGRVLJXLHQGRODVUHJODVGH
 'REODGRWRGRIRUPDWRVHREWLHQHGLYLGLHQGRSRU
GRVODGLPHQVLyQPD\RUGHOIRUPDWRDQWHULRU
 6HPHMDQ]D ORV IRUPDWRV VRQ WRGRV VHPHMDQ
WHV HQWUH Vt /D UHODFLyQ HQWUH ORV ODGRV PHQRU
\PD\RUGHFXDOTXLHUIRUPDWRHVODPLVPDTXH
ODGHOODGRGHOFXDGUDGRDVXGLDJRQDO'HDTXt
TXH[\  \ [

 5HIHUHQFLDORVIRUPDWRVHVWiQUHIHULGRVDOVLVWHPDPpWULFR/DVXSHUILFLHGHO
IRUPDWRRULJHQHVGHP
$WHQGLHQGRDODVWUHVUHJODVHOIRUPDWRRULJHQGHODVHULH$ $ VHUi
 ;<   < ;
 ; ;  ;   
 ; PHWURV
 < PHWURV
5HGRQGHDQGR[P

7RGRVORVIRUPDWRVTXHVHGHGXFHQSRUGLYLVLyQRPXOWLSOLFDFLyQGHO$2FRQVWLWX
\HQODVHULH$3DUDWDPDxRVGHSHQGLHQWHVGHORVDQWHULRUHVFRPRFDUSHWDV\VREUHV
HWFVHQRUPDOL]DQIRUPDWRVDX[LOLDUHVTXHFRQVWLWX\HQODVVHULHV%\&

7DEODGHGLPHQVLRQHVGHIRUPDWRV
6HULHSULQFLSDO$
7DPDxRV /tQHDGHFRUWH 0DUJHQ
$ [ P 
$ [ P 

$ [ P 


]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2


$ [ P 
$ [ P 
$ [ P 

$ [ P 

/DVFRSLDV\UHSURGXFFLRQHVGHGLEXMRVHQIRUPDWRVVXSHULRUHVDO$VHSOLHJDQSDUDVX
LQFOXVLyQHQDUFKLYDGRUHV/DIRUPDILQDOGHVSXpVGHOSOHJDGRHVGHO$ [PP 

/tQHDV
3DUDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQJUiILFDGHFXDOTXLHUGLEXMRQRVVHUYLPRVGHODOtQHDTXHWLHQH
XQVLJQLILFDGRGLIHUHQWHVHJ~QFRPRVHGLEXMHFRQWLQXDDWUD]RVRDWUD]RV\SXQWRV
7RGRGLEXMRWpFQLFRKDGHVHUDUPyQLFRHQVXLQWHUSUHWDFLyQUHIOHMDQGRWRGDVODV
LQGLFDFLRQHVQHFHVDULDV3DUDORJUDUORWRGDVODVOtQHDVGHEHQHVWDUQRUPDOL]DGDV
6HJ~QHOJURVRUHLQWHQVLGDGGHODOtQHDVHHVWDEOHFHUiODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOHOHPHQWR
XREMHWRDUHSUHVHQWDU
(QODWDEODDGMXQWDVHLQGLFDQORVGLYHUVRVWLSRVGHOtQHDV\VXVDSOLFDFLRQHV

/tQHDV*HQHUDOHV 'HVLJQDFLyQ $SOLFDFLRQHV


&RQWRUQRVYLVWRV
/tQHDJUXHVD
$ULVWDVYLVWDV
/tQHDVILFWLFLDVYLVWDV
/tQHDVGHFRWD
/tQHDVGHSUR\HFFLyQ
/tQHDVGHUHIHUHQFLD
/tQHDILQD UHFWDRFXUYD 5D\DGRV
&RQWRUQRVGHVHFFLRQHV
DEDWLGDVVREUHODVXSHU
ILFLHGHOGLEXMR
(MHVFRUWRV

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6


&RQWRUQRVRFXOWRV
*UXHVDGH7UD]RV
$ULVWDVRFXOWDV
&RQWRUQRVRFXOWRV
 )LQDGHWUD]RV
$ULVWDVRFXOWDV
(MHVGHUHYROXFLyQ
7UD]DVGHSODQRGH
  )LQDGHWUD]RV\SXQWR
VLPHWUtD
7UD\HFWRULDV
 )LQDGHWUD]RV\SXQWRV 7UD]DVGHSODQRGHFRUWH
JUXHVRHQORVH[WUHPRV
\HQORVFDPELRVGHGL
UHFFLyQ

+D\GRVVHULHVGHOtQHDVGHQRPLQDGDVVHULH\VHULHFDGDXQDGHODVFXDOHVHVWiQ
IRUPDGDVSRUJUXSRVGHDQFKXUDGHOtQHD6LQHPEDUJRDFWXDOPHQWHODXWLOL]DFLyQ
GHHVWDVVHULHVHVWiHQGHVXVRFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODVP~OWLSOHVSRVLELOLGDGHVTXH
QRVRIUHFHHOGLVHxRDVLVWLGRSRURUGHQDGRU
(QGLEXMRVWpFQLFRVUHDOL]DGRVDPDQRGHEHPRVXWLOL]DUXQPtQLPRGHJURVRUHV
GHOtQHDV
 *UXHVD
 )LQD
 ,QWHUPHGLD

5RWXODFLyQ
/DURWXODFLyQODFRQVWLWX\HQODVOHWUDV\ORVQ~PHURVTXHDFODUDQORTXHHOGLEXMR
VRORQRSXHGHH[SUHVDUFRWDVGLPHQVLRQHVPDWHULDOQRPEUHV
8QDEXHQDURWXODFLyQGDFDOLGDGDOGLEXMRD~QFXDQGRpVWHQRSUHVHQWHXQDPi[L
PDSXOFULWXGHQFRQWUDXQDPDODURWXODFLyQGHVPHUHFHXQGLEXMRLQPHMRUDEOH
$XQTXHODURWXODFLyQHVWpLQFOXLGDGHQWURGHODQRUPDOL]DFLyQGHOGLEXMRWpFQLFR
DFWXDOPHQWH\GHELGRDODLPSRVLFLyQGHODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDVGLFKDURWXODFLyQWDQ
WRPDQXDOFRPRDVLVWLGDSRURUGHQDGRUQRVHULJHSRUpVWDVGHXQDIRUPDHVWULFWD6H
SHUPLWHFLHUWDOLEHUWDGDWHQGLHQGRVLHPSUHDODVFXDOLGDGHVTXHXQDEXHQDURWXODFLyQ
GHEHSRVHHU
 /HJLELOLGDG
 +RPRJHQHLGDG
 $SWLWXGSDUDODUHSURGXFFLyQGHSODQRV

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

&RQREMHWRGHVDWLVIDFHUODVH[LJHQFLDVDQWHULRUHVWHQGUHPRVHQFXHQWDODVVLJXLHQ
WHVUHJODV
 'HEHQGLVWLQJXLUVHFODUDPHQWHXQRVFDUDFWHUHVGHRWURVSDUDHYLWDUFXDOTXLHU
FRQIXVLyQHQWUHHOORV
 /DGLVWDQFLDHQWUHGRVOtQHDVFRQWLQXDVRHOHVSDFLRHQWUHOHWUDVRFLIUDVVHH[LJH
TXHVHDFRPRPtQLPRLJXDODOGREOHGHODDQFKXUDGHODVOtQHDV
/DURWXODFLyQSXHGHVHU
 &XUVLYDHVGHFLUFRQXQDLQFOLQDFLyQGHKDFLDODGHUHFKDFRQUHVSHFWRDOD
KRUL]RQWDO
 9HUWLFDO
(QFXDQWRDODSURSRUFLyQGHODVOHWUDVWHQGUHPRVHQFXHQWDTXHODDOWXUDGHODV
PLVPDVODDQFKXUDGHOWUD]RHOJURVRUHWFVRQYDORUHVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODDOWXUDGH
ODVOHWUDVPD\~VFXODVDODTXHVHFRQRFHSRUDOWXUDQRPLQDOK

1RWD (Q ORV SODQRV UHIHULGRV D WHPDV WRSRJUiILFRV KDUHPRV XVR GH OD
URWXODFLyQYHUWLFDO6HDFRQVHMDDVLPLVPRHOXVRGHPD\~VFXODV7DPELpQVHUi
HVWHWLSRGHOHWUDODTXHVHXWLOLFHSDUDWRGRVORVSODQRVUHIHULGRVDWHPDVGH
FRQVWUXFFLyQ

/DDOWXUDTXHVHDGRSWDSDUDORVGLYHUVRVUyWXORVGHXQSODQRKDGHVHUSURSRUFLRQDO
DOGLEXMRUHSUHVHQWDGRDXQTXHWDPELpQVHWLHQHHQFXHQWDHOWDPDxRGHOIRUPDWR
/DDOWXUDQRPLQDOKPiVSHTXHxDSDUDURWXODFLyQDPDQRDO]DGDVHUiGHPP
SXGLpQGRVHXWLOL]DUXQDDOWXUDGHPPFXDQGRWUDEDMHPRVFRQVRSRUWHLQIRUPiWLFR
(Q OD ILJXUD TXH VH DGMXQWD VH SXHGH REVHUYDU OD UHODFLyQ H[LVWHQWH HQWUH ORV
JURVRUHV GH WUD]RV \ ODV DOWXUDV QRPLQDOHV GH OD HVFULWXUD TXH FRUUHVSRQGH D OD
SURSRUFLyQ

*URVRUGHOtQHD $OWXUDGHOHWUDPP

 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 5 

 5 


5 


5 

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

$FRQWLQXDFLyQHQXPHUDPRVDOJXQDVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVJHQHUDOHVDODKRUDGHURWXODU
 $QWHVGHFRPHQ]DUDURWXODUFRQYLHQHWUD]DUXQDSDXWDTXHFRQVLVWHHQGRV
OtQHDVSDUDOHODVTXHOLPLWDQODDOWXUDQRPLQDOKTXHTXHUHPRVXWLOL]DU
 /RVUyWXORVKDQGHKDFHUVHFHQWUDGRVHQXQHVSDFLRGHWHUPLQDGRGHOSODQRR
OiPLQD
 /DOHFWXUDGHODURWXODFLyQGHEHKDFHUVHVLHPSUHGHVGHDEDMR\GHVGHODGHUHFKD
WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODSRVLFLyQGHILQLWLYDGHOSODQRHVGHFLUVXPDUJHQL]TXLHUGR
 (QORVSODQRVWRSRJUiILFRVVHSRQGUiQORVUyWXORVSDUDOHORVDODVOtQHDVGHUtRV
FDUUHWHUDVFDPLQRVHWF

$FRWDFLyQ
/DVQRUPDVGHDFRWDFLyQWLHQHQSRUREMHWRXQLILFDUORVFULWHULRVGHWpFQLFRVGHOL
QHDQWHVRSHUDULRVDODKRUDGHLQWHUSUHWDUORVFRQFHSWRVGHPHGLGDWDQLPSRUWDQWHV
HQODFRQIHFFLyQGHSODQRV
6HOODPDDFRWDFLyQDOFRQMXQWRGHOtQHDVFLIUDV\VLJQRVTXHGHILQHQ\GHWHUPLQDQ
ODVGLPHQVLRQHV\IRUPDVGHXQDSLH]DREMHWRRILJXUD
/DVPDJQLWXGHVTXHVHDFRWDQVRQODVORQJLWXGHV\ORViQJXORV/DVORQJLWXGHVVHH[SUH
VDQHQPLOtPHWURVSHURVHSXHGHQXWLOL]DURWUDVXQLGDGHVHQFX\RFDVRVHLQGLFDUiGHELGD
PHQWHHQHOSODQR/RViQJXORVVHH[SUHVDQHQJUDGRVPLQXWRV\VHJXQGRVVH[DJHVLPDOHV
VDOYRHQHOFDVRGHOD7RSRJUDItDTXHQRVUHIHULUHPRVVLHPSUHDJUDGRVFHQWHVLPDOHV
/RVHOHPHQWRVTXHVHHPSOHDQHQODDFRWDFLyQVRQ
 /tQHDVGHFRWD
 OtQHDVDX[LOLDUHV
 OtQHDVGHUHIHUHQFLD
 )OHFKDV
 &LIUDV\VLJQRV

/DVOtQHDVGHFRWD
6LUYHQ SDUD LQGLFDU ODV PHGLGDV \ VH GLVSRQHQ SDUDOHODV D ODV DULVWDV R OtQHDV GHO
HOHPHQWRTXHVHYDDDFRWDU (QHOFDVRSDUWLFXODUGHiQJXORVGLFKDVOtQHDVVRQDUFRV
FRQFpQWULFRVDODFRWDGR 
 (VWDVOtQHDVHVWiQVHSDUDGDVPPGHODDULVWDGHOFXHUSRDDFRWDU
 &XDQGRKD\RWUDVOtQHDVGHFRWDSDUDOHODVDODSULPHUDpVWDVHVWDUiQVHSDUDGDV
HQWUHVtPPXQDVGHRWUDVVLELHQHVWDVPHGLGDVVRQVXVFHSWLEOHVGHDXPHQ
WDURGLVPLQXLUHQIXQFLyQGHOWDPDxRGHOGLEXMR
 1RGHEHQFUX]DUVHFRQRWUDVOtQHDVGHFRWDRFRQOtQHDVDX[LOLDUHV
 /RVHMHV\DULVWDVQRVHWRPDUiQQXQFDFRPROtQHDVGHFRWD

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

/DVOtQHDVDX[LOLDUHV
6RQ ODV TXH GHOLPLWDQ OD ]RQD D DFRWDU \ VH GLVSRQHQ SHUSHQGLFXODUHV D OD OtQHD
GHFRWDDXQTXHHQDOJXQRVFDVRVVHSXHGHQWUD]DUIRUPDQGR\HQDFRWDFLyQGH
iQJXORVVRQUDGLDOHV
6H SXHGHQ HPSOHDU FRPR OtQHDV DX[LOLDUHV GH FRWD ODV DULVWDV GH ODV SLH]DV \ ODV
OtQHDVGHHMHVDXQTXHQRVRQDFRQVHMDEOHV
(VWDVOtQHDVVREUHSDVDQGHODVGHFRWDVRPP

/tQHDVGHUHIHUHQFLD
6HHPSOHDQSDUDDFRWDURLQGLFDUDOJRGHODSLH]DFXDQGRQRVHSXHGDUHIOHMDUFRQ
OtQHDVGHFRWD
'HEHQSDUWLUGHODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQREOLFXDPHQWH\VHUFRUWDV(QORSRVLEOHGHEHQ
HYLWDUVH
 7HUPLQDUiQHQIOHFKDVLVHxDODQDXQDDULVWDGHOFXHUSR
 (QSXQWRVLVHxDODQDXQDVXSHUILFLH
 <VLQIOHFKDQLSXQWRFXDQGRWHUPLQDQHQRWUDOtQHD

)OHFKDV
(VXQDGHODVWHUPLQDFLRQHVGHODVOtQHDVGHFRWDDXQTXHWDPELpQSXHGDHPSOHDU
VHXQWUD]RFRUWR\JUXHVRDRXQSXQWR
 (OiQJXORGHODIOHFKDVHUiDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHGH
 /DORQJLWXGVHUiGHXQDVYHFHVHOJURVRUGHODOtQHDOOHQDDQFKD

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

 6HUiQKRPRJpQHDVHQWRGRHOGLEXMR
 6HHYLWDUDQORVFUXFHVGHIOHFKDV

&LIUDV\VLJQRV
7HQGUHPRVHQFXHQWD
 /DIRUPDGHODVPLVPDVHVWDUiDFRUGHFRQHOWLSRGHURWXODFLyQXWLOL]DGD
 7RGDVHVWDUiQH[SUHVDGDVHQODPLVPDXQLGDG
 6HUiQSURSRUFLRQDGDVDOGLEXMR
 6HFRORFDUiQFHQWUDGDV\HQFLPDGHODOtQHDGHFRWD
 3DUDORJUDUXQDPD\RUFODULGDG\FXDQGRODVOtQHDVGHFRWDVHHQFXHQWUHQHVWUH
FKDPHQWHXQDVVREUHRWUDVODVFLIUDVVHSRGUiQFRORFDUDOWHUQDGDV
 7RGDVVHFRORFDUiQGHWDOIRUPDTXHVHDQOHtGDVGHVGHODSRVLFLyQQRUPDOGHO
GLEXMR\GHVGHODGHUHFKD
 1RVHUiQVHSDUDGDVQLFUX]DGDVSRUOtQHDVQLVHFRORFDUiQVREUHDULVWDVQLHQ
SXQWRVGHLQWHUVHFFLyQGHOtQHDV

$OJXQDVQRUPDVGHDFRWDFLyQDWHQHUHQFXHQWD
 =RQDVDHYLWDU
 &RWDVDQJXODUHV
 6LJQRVGHDFRWDFLyQ
=RQDVDHYLWDU
(QDFRWDFLyQGHVHJPHQWRVUHFWLOtQHRV (QiQJXORV

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

&RWDVDQJXODUHV
6HGHWHUPLQDQSRUXQDUFRWHUPLQDGRHQIOHFKDV\VHH[SUHVDQHQJUDGRVPLQXWRV
\VHJXQGRV

6LJQRVGHDFRWDFLyQ
 'LiPHWURVHFRORFDUiGHODQWHGHODFLIUDGHFRWDFXDQGR
GLFKDDFRWDFLyQQRVHUHIOHMHHQXQFtUFXOR
 55DGLRVHFRORFDUiGHODQWHGHODFLIUDGHFRWDVLHPSUHTXH
QRVHGHWHUPLQHODSRVLFLyQGHOFHQWUR
 /DOtQHDGHFRWDLUiHQWRGRFDVRGLULJLGDDOFHQWUR
 /DIOHFKDTXHOLPLWDDODOtQHDGHFRWDLUiSRUGHQWURGHODUFRVDOYRHQHOFDVR
GHHVFDVH]GHVLWLRTXHVHSRGUiFRORFDUSRUIXHUD
 &XDQGRVHYHHOFHQWURpVWHVHUHSUHVHQWDUi
 3RUXQSXQWR
 3RUXQFtUFXORSHTXHxR
 3RUXQDFUX]GHHMHV

 (VIHUD VH SRQGUi OD SDODEUD HVIHUD GHODQWH GH OD FLIUD GH FRWD GHO GLi
PHWUR R UDGLR FXDQGR UHSUHVHQWHPRV HQ XQD VROD YLVWD ILJXUDV GH IRUPD
HVIpULFD
 &XDQGRQRVHUHSUHVHQWDODOtQHDGHFRWDFRPSOHWDHVGHFLUVyORYHPRVXQDGH
ODVIOHFKDVVHSRQGUiDGHPiVGHSDODEUDHVIHUDHOVLJQRGHGLiPHWUR

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

 &XDQGRHOFHQWURVHHQFXHQWUDIXHUDGHORVOtPLWHVGHOGLEXMRVHSRQGUiDGH
PiVGHHVIHUDHOVLJQR5

 &XDGUDGRXQFXDGUDGRYLVWRHQSODQWDVHDFRWDVLHPSUHFRQODVGRVPHGLGDV
 &XDQGRHQODYLVWDHOHJLGDQRDSDUH]FDHOFXDGUDGRFRPRWDOVHDQWHSRQHXQ
FGHODQWHGHODFRWD

 &UX]GH6DQ$QGUpVHVXQDOtQHDILQDOOHQDTXHFUX]DDORVSULVPDV
SLUiPLGHV\WURQFRVGHSLUiPLGHVFXDGUDQJXODUHVUHJXODUHVFXDQGR
VHUHSUHVHQWDQHQXQDVRODYLVWDLQGLFiQGRQRVVXSHUILFLHVSODQDV

$FRWDFLyQHQGLEXMRWRSRJUiILFR\GHFRQVWUXFFLyQ
/DWHUPLQDFLyQGHODVOtQHDVGHFRWDVSXHGHVHUSRUPHGLRGHSXQWRVIOHFKDVFtU
FXORV\WUD]RVVLHQGRHVWH~OWLPRHOVLVWHPDPiVHPSOHDGRSRUVXFODULGDG\UDSLGH]
/DVFRWDVGHQLYHOHVGHFLUODVHPSOHDGDVSDUDUHIHULUQRVDODVGLYHUVDVDOWXUDVGH
ORVSLVRVVHLQGLFDQSRUPHGLRGHIOHFKDVVHJXLGDVGHOVLJQR\ODFLIUD

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

/DVFRWDVGHSODQWDVFRQMXQWDPHQWHFRQ
HOVLJQRTXHODVDQWHFHGHVHHQFLHUUDQHQXQ
UHFWiQJXORRELHQVHXWLOL]DHOVLJXLHQWHVtP
EROR GHODQWHGHOVLJQR\ODFLIUDGHFRWD
/RV UyWXORV GH UtRV FDPLQRV FDUUHWHUD
HWFVHHIHFW~DQVLJXLHQGRODGLUHFFLyQ\IRU
PDVGHpVWRV
/DVFRWDVHQODFXUYDVGHQLYHOVHFRORFDQ
VREUHGLFKDVFXUYDVRLQWHUUXPSLpQGRODV

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

/H\HQGDV\VLPERORJtD

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

&URTXL]DFLyQ
6HOODPDFURTXLVDFRWDGRGHXQREMHWRRSLH]DDOGLEXMRTXHODUHSUHVHQWDKHFKR
DPDQRDO]DGDFRQUDSLGH]SHURUHSUHVHQWDQGRGHELGDPHQWHWRGDVVXVGLPHQVLRQHV
GHWDOOHV\FRUUHFWDPHQWHDFRWDGR
(VSRUWDQWRXQGLEXMRTXHQRHVWiUHDOL]DGRDHVFDODSHURHQWRGRFDVRGHEH
WHQHUVXVIRUPDV\GLPHQVLRQHVORPiVSURSRUFLRQDGDVSRVLEOH
1RGHEHOOHYDUOtQHDVVXSHUIOXDV\GHEHVHUORVXILFLHQWHPHQWHFODURSDUDSRGHUVHU
LQWHUSUHWDGRSRUSHUVRQDVGLVWLQWDVDVXDXWRU
$XQTXHVHKDFHUiSLGR\VLQ~WLOHVGHGLEXMRQRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHVHKDJDPHGLR
FUHSXHVKDGHUHVXOWDUOLPSLR\VXILFLHQWHPHQWHFODURSDUDODSRVWHULRUUHDOL]DFLyQGHO
GLEXMRDHVFDODSUR\HFWRRIDEULFDFLyQGHXQREMHWRGHVHDGRVLQQHFHVLGDGGHGHOLQHDU
HOSODQR
3XHGHKDFHUVHGHDOJRTXHD~QQRH[LVWHRELHQWRPDQGRHOPRGHORGHXQDILJXUD
SLH]DXREMHWRGHOQDWXUDO
*HQHUDOPHQWH VH FURTXL]D HQ SUR\HFFLRQHV RUWRJRQDOHV \ HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV HQ
SHUVSHFWLYD
)DVHVSDUDODHMHFXFLyQGHXQFURTXLV
D  3UHSDUDFLyQGHOPDWHULDOTXHYDPRVDQHFHVLWDUSDSHOOiSL]JRPDHLQVWUX
PHQWRVGHPHGLGD
E  ([DPHQSUHYLRGHORTXHYDPRVDFURTXL]DU

1RWD(QWRSRJUDItDH[DPLQDUHPRVHOWHUUHQRTXHVHYDDOHYDQWDUXELFiQGR
ORVLWXiQGROR\RULHQWiQGRORGHWDOIRUPDTXHTXHGHSHUIHFWDPHQWHGHILQLGR

F  6HJXLUXQRUGHQOyJLFRHQODHMHFXFLyQGHPLVPR
 'HVGHHOSULQFLSLRQXHVWURGLEXMRGHEHTXHGDUFHQWUDGRSURSRUFLRQDGR\UHD
OL]DGRHQHOPHQRUWLHPSRSRVLEOH

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

G  &RPSOHWDUHOFURTXLVLQFOX\HQGRGDWRVFRPR
 $FRWDFLyQ
 6LPERORJtDGHFDGDHOHPHQWRTXHYHPRV
 &ODVHVGHVXSHUILFLHV
 HWF

&RQFHSWRVJHRPpWULFRVEiVLFRV

,JXDOGDG
6HGLFHTXHGRVILJXUDVSODQDVVRQLJXDOHVFXDQGRVXVODGRV\iQJXORVHVWiQGLV
SXHVWRVGHPRGRTXHVXSHUSRQLHQGRXQDVREUHRWUDFRLQFLGHQH[DFWDPHQWHKDVWD
FRQIXQGLUVHHQXQDVROD

(TXLYDOHQFLD
6H GLFH TXH GRV ILJXUDV VRQ HTXLYDOHQWHV FXDQGR WHQLHQGR IRUPD GLVWLQWD VRQ
LJXDOHVVXViUHDVRVXVYRO~PHQHV

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

6HPHMDQ]D
6HGLFHTXHGRVILJXUDVVRQVHPHMDQWHVFXDQGRWHQLHQGRODPLVPDIRUPDYDUtDQ
GHWDPDxR

3URSRUFLRQDOLGDG
(VODUHODFLyQTXHJXDUGDQGRVILJXUDVVHPHMDQWHV

6LPHWUtD
6HGLFHTXHGRVILJXUDVVRQVLPpWULFDVUHVSHFWRDXQSXQWRRDXQDUHFWD HMH FXDQ
GRKDFLHQGRJLUDUPHQWDOPHQWHXQDGHHOODVDOUHGHGRUGHHVWHSXQWRRUHFWDFRLQFLGH
H[DFWDPHQWHVREUHODRWUD

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

(VFDOD
(OGLEXMRGHXQREMHWRQRVLHPSUHVHSXHGHUHDOL]DUUHVSHWDQGRVXYHUGDGHURWD
PDxR
(V REYLR TXH ORV SODQRV TXH KDFH XQ DUTXLWHFWR GH XQ HGLILFLR QR SXHGHQ WHQHU
QXQFD HO WDPDxR TXH HQ UHDOLGDG WLHQH pVWH KD\ TXH UHSUHVHQWDUOR FRQ XQ WDPDxR
LQIHULRUDOUHDOGHODPLVPDPDQHUDTXHQRWHQGUtDVHQWLGRUHSUHVHQWDUXQDSLH]DGLPL
QXWDGHOHQJUDQDMHGHXQDPiTXLQDFRQVXVPDJQLWXGHVYHUGDGHUDV\DTXHUHVXOWDUtD
SUiFWLFDPHQWHLQDSUHFLDEOH\SRUORWDQWRLQ~WLO$VtHQHVWHFDVRVHGHEHUHSUHVHQWDU
HQXQWDPDxRPD\RUTXHHOTXHUHDOPHQWHWLHQH
3RUORWDQWRHQDOJXQDVRFDVLRQHVKD\TXHUHSUHVHQWDUJUiILFDPHQWHORVREMHWRV
PiVSHTXHxRVGHORTXHVRQHQODUHDOLGDG\HQRWUDVPiVJUDQGHVSHURVLHPSUHKD\
TXHKDFHUORJXDUGDQGRODSURSRUFLRQDOLGDGGHVXVGLPHQVLRQHV
(VFDODHVHOFRFLHQWHFRQVWDQWHHQWUHODVGLPHQVLRQHVGHOGLEXMRGHXQREMHWR\ODV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDGLFKRREMHWRHQODUHDOLGDG

Dibujo D
Escala = =
Realidad R

/DHVFDODSRUVHUXQDUHODFLyQFRQVWDQWHVHH[SUHVDSRUXQFRFLHQWHFX\RQXPH
UDGRUUHSUHVHQWDHOGLEXMR\HOGHQRPLQDGRUODUHDOLGDG$VtXQGLEXMRGHXQWHUUHQR
DHVFDODTXLHUHGHFLUTXHXQDORQJLWXGLJXDODXQDXQLGDGHQHOGLEXMRHTXL
YDOHDRWUDLJXDODXQLGDGHVHQHOWHUUHQR

&ODVHVGHHVFDODV
 (VFDOD QDWXUDO FXDQGR OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ WLHQH ODV PLVPDV GLPHQVLRQHV TXH
ODSLH]DHVGHFLUFXDQGRHOGLEXMR ' HVLJXDODODUHDOLGDG 5 SRUORTXHVH
UHSUHVHQWD
1
E= o E = 1: 1
1
 (VFDODGHDPSOLDFLyQFXDQGRODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQWLHQHPD\RUHVGLPHQVLRQHV
TXH OD SLH]D D UHSUHVHQWDU (V OD UHODFLyQ R FRFLHQWH XWLOL]DGR SDUD UHSUH
VHQWDUREMHWRVSHTXHxRVSRUPHGLRGHXQGLEXMRGHPD\RUWDPDxR(VWH
FRFLHQWHYLHQHGDGRSRUPHGLRXQDIUDFFLyQRUGLQDULDFX\RGHQRPLQDGRU
HVODXQLGDG'HHVWHPRGRHOQXPHUDGRULQGLFDODVYHFHVTXHVHKDDP
SOLDGRHOREMHWR

D
E= ; siendo D > 1
1

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

 (VFDODGHUHGXFFLyQFXDQGRODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQWLHQHPHQRUHVGLPHQVLRQHVTXH
ODSLH]DDUHSUHVHQWDU(VODUHODFLyQGHPHGLGDVDSOLFDGDSDUDUHSUHVHQWDURE
MHWRVPX\JUDQGHVSRUPHGLRGHXQGLEXMRGHWDPDxRUHGXFLGR(VWHFRFLHQWH
VHLQGLFDSRUXQDIUDFFLyQRUGLQDULDFX\RQXPHUDGRUHVODXQLGDGVHxDODQGR
HOGHQRPLQDGRUODVYHFHVTXHVHKDUHGXFLGRHOREMHWR

1
E= ; siendo R > 1
R

(VFDODVQRUPDOL]DGDV
6RQDTXHOODVGHXVRPiVFRP~QXWLOL]DGDVJHQHUDOPHQWHHQWRSRJUDItDFRQVWUXF
FLRQHVLQGXVWULDOHVFRQVWUXFFLyQHWF
 (VFDODQDWXUDO
 (VFDODVGHDPSOLDFLyQ
 (VFDODVGHUHGXFFLyQ
/ODPDPRV&RHILFLHQWHGHHVFDODDODUHODFLyQTXHH[LVWHHQWUHHOQXPHUDGRU\HO
GHQRPLQDGRUGHXQDHVFDOD
3RUHMHPSORODHVFDODWLHQHFRPRFRHILFLHQWHGHHVFDOD
$ODKRUDGHHOHJLUODHVFDODTXHGHEHPRVXWLOL]DUHQODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHXQREMH
WRGHEHPRVWHQHUHQFXHQWDORVVLJXLHQWHVSXQWRV
 6LHPSUHTXHVHDSRVLEOHGHEHXWLOL]DUVHODHVFDODQDWXUDO  DXQTXHSDUD
PiVFODULGDGGHDOJXQRVGHWDOOHVVHXWLOLFHQHQHOPLVPRSODQRRWUDVHVFDODV
'HEH HOHJLUVH OD HVFDOD PiV DSURSLDGD GH PDQHUD TXH UHVXOWH XQ GLEXMR
DJUDGDEOH D OD YLVWD \ HQ HO TXH SXHGDQ DSUHFLDUVH FODUDPHQWH WRGRV ORV
GHWDOOHV
 /DHOHFFLyQGHODHVFDODHVWDUiHQIXQFLyQGHODVGLPHQVLRQHVGHORTXHVHYDD
GLEXMDU\GHOIRUPDWRDXWLOL]DU
(MHPSORHQXQIRUPDWR'LQ$GH[PPVHTXLHUHGLEXMDUDHVFDODXQD
ILQFD GH SODQWD UHFWDQJXODU GH  [  PHWURV &XiO VHUi OD Pi[LPD HVFDOD TXH
SRGHPRVHPSOHDU"
&RPRHOSDSHO\ODSODQWDGHODILQFDVRQUHFWDQJXODUHVFRQYHQGUiGLEXMDUpVWDGH
PRGRTXHVXODGRPD\RUVHFRUUHVSRQGDFRQHOODGRPD\RUGHOSDSHO
6HJ~QHVWRODHVFDODFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDORVODGRVPD\RUHVVHUtD UHGXFLHQGRWRGR
DPLOtPHWURV 

420 1
Escala = = (A)
300.000 714

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

&RQVLGHUDQGRDKRUDORVODGRVPHQRUHVGHOSDSHO\GHODILQFDWHQGUtDPRV

297 1
Escala = = (B)
180.000 606

(QWUHHVWDVGRVHVFDODVHPSOHDUHPRVOD $ \DTXHVLXWLOL]DPRVOD % HOODGRPD\RU


QRSRGUtDUHSUHVHQWDUVHHQHOSDSHO5HGRQGHDUHPRVSRUH[FHVRHOGHQRPLQDGRU\DGRS
WDUHPRVODHVFDODTXHQRVSHUPLWHUHDOL]DUHOGLEXMR\GHMDUORVPiUJHQHV
(QPDSDVODVHVFDODVQRUPDOL]DGDVHQ(VSDxDVRQ

,*1 6*(
,QVWLWXWR*HRJUiILFR1DFLRQDO 6HUYLFLR*HRJUiILFRGHO(MpUFLWR

0DSD7RSRJUiILFR%DVH 
0DSD7RSRJUiILFR1DFLRQDO 
&RQMXQWRV3URYLQFLDOHV 
 
3HQtQVXODH,VODV 
,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHO0XQGR 

(QFRODERUDFLyQFRQHO,*1DWUDYpVGHO&RQVHMR6XSHULRU*HRJUiILFR

&RQVWUXFFLyQGHHVFDODV
3DUDODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHHVFDODVWDQWRQXPpULFDVFRPRJUiILFDVGHEHPRVWHQHUHQ
FXHQWDHOFRQFHSWRDQWHULRUPHQWHFLWDGRGHFRHILFLHQWHRFRFLHQWHGHHVFDOD
(VFDODQXPpULFD
6HLQGLFDPHGLDQWHODIUDFFLyQ'5
3DUDDSOLFDUODPXOWLSOLFDUHPRVFDGDXQDGHODVXQLGDGHVDUHSUHVHQWDUSRUHOFRHIL
FLHQWHGHHVFDOD
(MHPSORVLXQDGLPHQVLyQGHODSLH]DTXHKD\TXHFRQVWUXLUHVGHPP\GHEH
HPSOHDUVHXQDHVFDODGHHOVHJPHQWRDGLEXMDUVHUiHOUHVXOWDGRGHPXOWLSOLFDUORV
PPSRUHOFRHILFLHQWHGHHVFDOD   TXHHVPP
(VFDODJUiILFD
5HSUHVHQWDODIUDFFLyQGHODHVFDODQXPpULFDGHIRUPDJUiILFD
(VXQVHJPHQWRUHSUHVHQWDWLYRGHODXQLGDGGHPHGLGDGLEXMDGRDHVFDOD
6HUHDOL]DVREUHXQDWLUDGHSDSHOGHXQRVPPGHDQFKRSRUPPGHODUJRVREUH
XQRGHORVERUGHVVHVHxDODQODVGLYLVLRQHV\VXEGLYLVLRQHVGHODHVFDODTXHVHYDDHPSOHDU

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

7RGDHVFDODJUiILFDFRQVWDGHGRVSDUWHVOODPDGDVHVFDOD\FRQWUDHVFDOD/DFRQ
WUDHVFDODVHFRQVWUX\HDODL]TXLHUGDGHOGHODHVFDODVXEGLYLGLHQGRXQDXQLGDGHQ
GLH]SDUWHVLJXDOHVGHWDOIRUPDTXHVLODVXQLGDGHVUHSUHVHQWDGDVHQODHVFDODJUiILFD
IXHVHQFHQWtPHWURVODFRQWUDHVFDODLQGLFDUtDORVPLOtPHWURV

(QHOPHUFDGRH[LVWHQHVFDODV\DIDEULFDGDVFRQVWLWX\HQGRORVHVFDOtPHWURVGHORV
TXHKLFLPRVPHQFLyQDOGHVFULELUHOPDWHULDOGHGLEXMR
(QDOJXQDVRFDVLRQHVVHSUHFLVDODFRQVWUXFFLyQUiSLGDGHXQDHVFDODQRH[LVWHQWH
\HOORVHSXHGHORJUDUSRUPHGLRGHOOODPDGR7ULiQJXOR8QLYHUVDOGH(VFDOD
(O7ULiQJXOR8QLYHUVDOGH(VFDODHVXQDFRQVWUXFFLyQJHRPpWULFDEDVDGRHQHO7HR
UHPDGH7KDOHVFRQHOTXHVHSXHGHREWHQHUHVFDODVGHUHGXFFLyQ\GHDPSOLDFLyQ
&RQVWUXFFLyQ
 6HGLEXMDXQWULiQJXORUHFWiQJXOR$%&FX\RVFDWHWRVWLHQHQXQDORQJLWXGGH
PP
 6HSURORQJDQKDFLDDEDMRHOFDWHWR$&\ODKLSRWHQXVD
 6HGLYLGHQORVGRVFDWHWRVHQGLH]SDUWHVLJXDOHV
 6HWUD]DQSDUDOHODVSRUORVSXQWRVGHGLYLVLyQGHOFDWHWR$&
 6HXQHQORVSXQWRVGHGLYLVLyQGHOFDWHWR%&FRQHOYpUWLFH$

1RWD
6LHQHOSODQRH[LVWHQYDULDVHVFDODVVHLQGLFDUiHQHOOXJDUDOHIHFWRHV
GHFLU HQ HO FDMHWtQ OD HVFDOD SULQFLSDO \ ODV GHPiV HVFDODV VH LQGLFDUiQ
MXQWRDOGLEXMRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
/DVFLIUDVGHODVFRWDVFRUUHVSRQGHUiQVLHPSUHDPHGLGDVUHDOHVQXQFDD
ODVUHGXFLGDVRDPSOLDGDV

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

&RQFHSWRVWULJRQRPpWULFRVEiVLFRV

5D]RQHVWULJRQRPpWULFDV
(VQHFHVDULRUHFRUGDUDTXtFyPRVHGHILQHQODVUD]RQHVWULJRQRPpWULFDVGHXQiQ
JXORFXDOTXLHUD'HVLJQDQGR
 [H\DODVFRRUGHQDGDVGHXQSXQWR
 UDOUDGLRRGLVWDQFLDGHOSXQWRGHRULJHQ
 DHOiQJXORTXHIRUPDHOUDGLRFRQODGLUHFFLyQSRVLWLYDGHOHMHGHDEVFLVDVVH
WHQGUiQODVVHLVUD]RQHVIXQGDPHQWDOHV
(QXQWULiQJXORUHFWiQJXORVRQ

cateto opuesto al ngulo y 1 r


sen = = ; cosec =
hipotenusa r sen y

cateto contiguo al ngulo x 1 r


cos = = ; sec =
hipotenusa r cos x

cateto opuesto al ngulo y 1 x


tan = = ; cot =
cateto contiguo al ngulo x tan y

5HVROXFLyQGHWULiQJXORV
5HVROYHUXQWULiQJXORFRQVLVWHHQFDOFXODUWRGRVVXVHOHPHQWRVFRQRFLGRXQQ~
PHURPtQLPRGHORVPLVPRVTXHVHDVXILFLHQWHSDUDGHWHUPLQDUOR

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

7ULiQJXORVREOLFXiQJXORV
/DUHVROXFLyQGHWULiQJXORVREOLFXiQJXORVVHUHDOL]DPHGLDQWHODDSOLFDFLyQGHORV
WHRUHPDVGHOVHQR\GHOFRVHQR\FRQVLGHUDQGRHOYDORUGHODVXPDGHVXViQJXORV
LQWHULRUHV
6HSUHVHQWDQFXDWURFDVRVVHJ~QTXHHOWULiQJXORYHQJDGHILQLGRSRU
 /RVWUHVODGRV
 'RVODGRV\HOiQJXORFRPSUHQGLGR
 'RVODGRV\HOiQJXORRSXHVWRDXQRGHHOORV
 8QODGR\GRViQJXORV
$QWHVGHHVFULELUORVWHRUHPDVGHEHPRVUHFRUGDUFyPRVHQRPEUDQORVGLVWLQWRV
HOHPHQWRVGHXQWULiQJXOR
 /RVODGRVVHQRPEUDQFRQOHWUDVPLQ~VFXODV DEF 
 /RViQJXORVFRQODVPLVPDVOHWUDVSHURPD\~VFXODV $%& 
 /RVYpUWLFHVVHQRPEUDQLJXDOTXHHOiQJXORTXHGHILQHQ

 (OiQJXORRSXHVWRDXQODGRWLHQHODPLVPDOHWUDTXHHOODGRHVGHFLUHOYpUWLFH
RSXHVWRDOODGRDHVHOiQJXOR$

7HRUHPDGHORVVHQRV
(QXQWULiQJXORFXDOTXLHUDHOFRFLHQWHHQWUHHOVHQRGHXQRGHVXViQJXORVLQWHULR
UHV\ODORQJLWXGGHOODGRRSXHVWRDHVHiQJXORHVFRQVWDQWH

a b c
= =
sen A sen B sen C

+D\TXHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHDFDGDYDORUGHOVHQROHFRUUHVSRQGHQGRViQJXORV
TXHVRQVXSOHPHQWDULRVHQWUHVt(VWRQRVXSRQHTXHHOSUREOHPDWLHQHYDULDVVROXFLR
QHVVLQRTXHODHOHFFLyQGHORVYDORUHVGHORViQJXORVGHEHQHIHFWXDUVHDGHFXDGDPHQ
WH\SDUDHOORGHEHPRVDSOLFDUODSURSLHGDGGHTXHHQWRGRWULiQJXORDPD\RUODGRVH
RSRQHPD\RUiQJXORDVtFRPRWDPELpQTXHODVXPDGHORViQJXORVLQWHULRUHVGHXQ
WULiQJXORHVLJXDOD

 ]
7e&1,&2683(5,25'(352<(&72685%$167,&26<23(5$&,21(67232*5),&$6

7HRUHPDGHOFRVHQR
(OFXDGUDGRGHFXDOTXLHUODGRGHXQWULiQJXORHVLJXDODODVXPDGHORVFXDGUDGRV
GHORVRWURVGRVPHQRVHOGREOHSURGXFWRGHDPERVSRUHOFRVHQRGHOiQJXORTXH
IRUPDQ
D EFEFFRV$
E DFDFFRV%
F DEDEFRV&

3DUDODDSOLFDFLyQGHHVWHWHRUHPDKD\TXHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHORVGDWRVQRSXH
GHQHVWDEOHFHUVHDOHDWRULDPHQWH\SDUDHOORGHEHPRVFXPSOLUODSURSLHGDGGHTXHXQ
ODGRHVPHQRUTXHODVXPDGHORVRWURVGRV\PD\RUTXHVXGLIHUHQFLD

7ULiQJXORVUHFWiQJXORV
/DUHVROXFLyQGHWULiQJXORVUHFWiQJXORVVHUHDOL]DPHGLDQWHODDSOLFDFLyQGHO7HRUH
PDGH3LWiJRUDV\FRQVLGHUDQGRTXHVXViQJXORVDJXGRVVRQFRPSOHPHQWDULRV
7HRUHPDGH3LWiJRUDV
(OFXDGUDGRGHODKLSRWHQXVD D HVLJXDODODVXPDGHORVFXDGUDGRVGHORVFD
WHWRV E\F 

2 2
D EFGHGRQGH a = b + c
2 2
E DFGHGRQGH b = a  c

6XSHUILFLHGHXQWULiQJXOR
/DGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHOiUHDGHXQWULiQJXORHQIXQFLyQGHODORQJLWXGGHVXVODGRVIXH
DSRUWDGDDODFLHQFLDGHODJHRPHWUtD PHGLGDGHODWLHUUD SRU+HURQGH$OHMDQGUtD
+HURQIXHXQDILJXUDGHVWDFDGD\XQDDXWRULGDGHQWUHORVWRSyJUDIRVGHVXpSRFD
OOHJDQGRDVHUFRQVLGHUDGRFRPRHOPiVJUDQGHLQJHQLHURGHODDQWLJHGDG
/D)yUPXODOODPDGDGH+HURQGLFH

ST = p (p a) (p b) (p c)

VLHQGR
67ODVXSHUILFLHGHOWULiQJXOR
DE\FODORQJLWXGGHORVODGRVGHOWULiQJXOR
SHOVHPLSHUtPHWURGHOWULiQJXORS  DEF 

]
,1752'8&&,1$/',%8-27e&1,&2

2WUDIyUPXODSDUDHOFiOFXORGHODVXSHUILFLHGHXQWULiQJXORFRQRFLGRGRVODGRV\
HOiQJXORTXHORFRPSUHQGHHV
UHD DEVHQ&

 ]

You might also like