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Fault
Detection &
Protection
For Motors
By Ajit Bapat, M.Tech., MBA, P.Eng.
predictor of an impending ground fault. detected by zero sequence current or This same comment applies to syn-
Most faults start with leakage to phase to ground voltage measurement. chronous motors. The ground faults in
ground. IPC type GM indicators are an The insulation impedance of the wind- the DC excitation circuit are not seen
effective means to show when these ing to the grounded steel core needs to by the motor ground fault relay.
leakage currents begin to increase be measured.
which eventually will lead to a ground Periodically noting the deflection Application On Large MV Motors
fault. Early detection keeps the damage shown by the ground current indicator Quite frequently the MV systems are
at the fault point very low and therefore is a recommended practice that will low resistance grounded and the ground
the repair cost and time to repair the show a trend. An increasing trend noted fault relays applied for motor protec-
equipment is also significantly reduced. on a motor is a definite indicator that tion must trip on the occurrence of a
These indicators can be group mounted the insulation is going to break down ground fault. A sensitive ground differ-
in a compartment of the MCC or indi- and a fault is going to happen. This ential scheme is often conveniently
vidually mounted in starter buckets. advance warning is tremendously use- possible when all winding terminations
After a ground fault alarm is indicated ful in planning preventive maintenance are available in the motor terminal box,
by the substation ground fault detection and scheduling an outage for the motor. so that all conductors pass through a
system then a simple visual inspection zero sequence current sensor providing
at the MCC identifies which motor has Application With Drives ground differential sensing. All other
the ground fault by noting the indicator Ground fault sensing is normally comments noted above apply.apply.
with the maximum deflection. applied on the line side of the drive.
Most motor failures occur in the motor Ground faults on the load side of the Summary
terminal box and are caused by moisture, sensor location are detected. Isolation Converting to high resistance ground-
aging, vibration, etc. These faults are transformers, if used, prevent detection ing will control and reduce the ground
normally of low impedance and the GM of ground faults on the load side of the fault current. It will allow you to maintain
indicator shows full scale deflection. secondary winding. Ground faults inside manufacturing process continuity even if
Internal faults in the motor winding the drive on the DC bus will cause a non an insulation failure and a ground fault
are rare but they do occur. For a delta sinusoidal DC current flow which will occurs on the distribution system operat-
connected winding the smallest amount not be detected by the AC zero sequence ing the process load. The fault damage
of ground current will occur for faults sensing circuit. Ground faults on the AC will be limited. The fault can be easily
at the mid point of the winding and for side of the drive, including the motor located and repairs can be scheduled.
a solid fault it will indicate 50 % or winding, will be seen Periodic monitoring of ground leakage
higher deflection on the indicator. current can be a predictor of an incipient
The current will be higher for fault loca- Application On failure and can be used effectively in a
tions closer to the ends of the winding. Wound Rotor Motors preventive maintenance program.
For star connected motor windings A wound rotor motor behaves like a
the fault current reduces as the fault transformer and ground faults in the Ajit Bapat is Vice President, Technology
location gets closer to the star point. If rotor winding and circuit are isolated for IPC Resistors in Mississauga, Ontario.
the fault is at the star point then there is and not seen by the ground fault relay
no fault current and the fault cannot be protecting the motor. Circle 52 on Reader Service Card