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Grammar Charts
The purpose of the grammar charts is to help students notice the form of the structure, to pre-
teach some of the grammar notes that follow, and to familiarize students with grammar
terminology. The Focus on Grammar (FOG) transparencies give instructors a tool to more
effectively engage students in class as they tackle a new grammar point together.
Ask questions that will help students become aware of the form of the structure.
For example, for the imperative (FOG 3, Unit 2, page 14), read the affirmative statement,
Bend your knees, and ask the class to name the verb. (Bend.) Ask students what form it
is. (The base form.) Ask students what base form means. (The simple form without an
ending.) Ask students, Is there a subject?(No.) Explain that in the imperative we
understand that the subject is you. Ask, How do we form the negative in the
imperative? (Add Dont before the base form.)
Have students use the examples in the charts to practice the form. In the imperative
unit, you might ask students to look at the examples in the chart and change the
affirmative statements to negative ones. (Bend your knees. Dont bend your knees.)
Use the charts with Grammar in Context. Ask students to look at Grammar in Context
and find examples that illustrate the points in the grammar charts. Students can also use
the grammar terms in the charts to label items in Grammar in Context.
Compare charts. For example, for the simple past (FOG 3, Unit 3, pages 2325), there
are charts for the past of be and for other verbs. Ask, How many forms are there for the
simple past of be in affirmative statements? (Two: was and were.) How many forms are
there for the simple past of other verbs in affirmative statements? (One: i.e. moved or
came.) Ask, Do you use the base form for past yes/no questions with be? (No.) Do you
use the base form for past yes/no questions with other verbs? (Yes.) What else do you
use? (Did.)
Help students understand grammar terminology through the use of the charts. All
Focus on Grammar charts are clearly labeled (Affirmative/ Negative, Yes/No Questions,
Wh- Questions, Subject, Base Form, Subject Pronoun, Object Pronoun, etc.) Ask
questions to make certain students understand what the labels mean.
Use the charts to practice items from a list. For example, FOG 3, Unit 21, page 241,
students could practice the quantifiers by making up sentences about themselves and
classmates. (I baked some cakes. I used a lot of cream. I put in a few strawberries. I
didnt use much sugar, etc.)
Ask students to provide personal examples. For example, Unit 32, page 357 of FOG
3, says, Eva enjoys going to the park. Eva wants to go to the park. Ask students to say
what they enjoy and what they want to do. (I enjoy playing soccer. I want to join a soccer
team.)
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 1 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
IMPERATIVE
Affirmative Negative
Base Form Base Form
of Verb Dont of Verb
Bend your knees. bend your knees.
Dont
Raise your fists. raise your fists.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 2 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
SIMPLE PAST: BE
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Be Subject
was I
were you
Where he
When was she famous?
Why it
we
were you
they
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 3 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS
*Come (came) and leave (left) are irregular verbs. See Appendix 1 on page A-1 for a list of irregular verbs.
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Did Subject of Verb
I
you move
to Japan?
he travel
When she
did
Why it
we come?
you leave?
they
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 3 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
PAST PROGRESSIVE
Statements
Was / Base Form
Subject Were (Not) of Verb + -ing
I was
You were
He eating yesterday at 7:00 P.M.
She was (not) working when Eve called.
It sleeping while Sal was talking.
We
You were
They
we you you
Were you we were. we werent.
they they they
Wh- Questions
Was / Base Form
Wh- Word Were Subject of Verb + ing
was I
were you
he eating yesterday at 7:00 P.M.?
Why was she working when Eve called?
it sleeping while Sal was talking?
we
were you
they
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 4 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
USED TO
Statements
Base Form
Subject Used to of Verb
I
You
He
She used to
be popular.
It didnt use to
We
You
They
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Did Subject Use to of Verb
I
you
he
she
When did use to be popular?
it
we
you
they
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 5 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Statements
Base Form
Subject Be (Not) Going to of Verb
I am*
You are
He
She is (not) going to leave soon.
It
We
You are
They
* For contractions of I am, you are, etc., see Appendix 26 on page A-12.
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Be Subject Going to of Verb
When
are you going to leave?
Why
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 6 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
WILL FOR THE FUTURE
Statements
Base Form
Subject Will (not) of Verb
I
You
He
She
will (not)* leave soon.
It
We
You
They
* For contractions of I will, you will, etc., see Appendix 26, page A-12.
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Will Subject of Verb
When will you leave?
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE* FOR THE FUTURE SIMPLE PRESENT* FOR THE FUTURE
Statements Statements
Subject + Be (Not) + Base Form + -ing Subject Verb
Were We leave
(not) leaving soon. Monday at 6:45 A.M.
Its It leaves
*For a complete presentation of present progressive and simple present forms, see Unit 1, page 3.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 6 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Statements
Main Clause Time Clause
I will
I graduate.
I am going to
She will
get a job when she graduates.
She is going to
They will
they graduate.
They are going to
Wh- Questions
Main Clause Time Clause
will I
I graduate?
am I going to
will she
Where get a job when she graduates?
is she going to
will they
they graduate?
are they going to
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 7 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 8 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 9 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
PHRASAL VERBS
Object
Subject Verb (Noun / Pronoun) Particle
his lab coat
put on.
it
He
his students
helped out.
them
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 10 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Statements
Subject Can / Could (not) Base Form of Verb
Contractions
I
You can (not) now. cannot
= cant
He can not
She dance
We could not = couldnt
You could (not) last year.
They
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Can / Could Subject Base Form of Verb
can she
How well dance?
could you
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 11 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
ABILITY: BE ABLE TO
Statements
Subject Be (Not) Able to Base Form of Verb
I am
You are
He
is (not) able to practice.
She
We
You are
They
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Be Subject Able to Base Form of Verb
When is she
able to practice?
How often are you
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 11 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
*Can, could, and may are modals. Modals have only one NOTE: May not is not contracted.
form. They do not have -s in the third-person singular.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 12 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
*Can, could, will, and would are modals. Modals do not have -s
in the third-person singular.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 13 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Statements
Should / Ought to / Base Form
Subject Had Better* of Verb
I Contractions
You should not = shouldnt
He should (not) had better = d better
She ought to reply.
We had better (not)
You
They
*Should and ought to are modals. Had better is
similar to a modal. These forms do not have -s in
the third-person singular.
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Should Subject of Verb
I
How he
When should she send it?
Where we
they
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 14 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Lets Could
Base Form Base Form
Lets (not) of Verb Subject Could* of Verb
take the ferry. I
Lets (not) You take the ferry.
stay in a castle.
He
could
She
We stay in a castle.
They
How about
How about Gerund / Noun
staying in a castle?
How about
a castle?
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 15 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Statements
Subject Have (not) Past Participle Since / For
I
You*
have (not) been
We
They since 1995.
here
for a long time.
He
She has (not) lived
It
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 16 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Contractions
Afrmative Negative
I have = Ive he has = hes have not = havent
you have = youve she has = shes has not = hasnt
we have = weve it has = its
they have = theyve
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 16 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 17 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Statements
Subject Have (not) Past Participle
They have (not) visited Egypt.
She has (not) been there.
See page 183 in Unit 16 for a complete presentation of
present perfect forms.
Wh- Questions
Wh- Word Have Subject Past Participle
have they visited Egypt?
How often
has she been there?
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 18 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 19 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Have Subject Been of Verb + -ing
have you
How long been writing?
has he
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 20 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 21 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Plural Count Nouns / Non-count Nouns Plural Count Nouns / Non-count Nouns
(Some) (Adjective) Noun The (Adjective) Noun
Lets listen to stories on this CD. Lets listen to stories by Aesop.
(some) the
This CD has nice music too. I like old music on this CD.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 22 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Adjectives Adverbs
They are quiet tenants. They talk quietly.
Its a fast elevator. It moves fast.
The house looks nice. She described it nicely.
Its absolutely perfect. Its absolutely perfect.
Participial Adjectives
-ing Adjective -ed Adjective
The apartment is interesting. One couple is interested in the apartment.
Its an interesting one-bedroom apartment. The interested couple called again.
My neighbor is annoying. Im annoyed by his loud music.
Hes an annoying neighbor. Another annoyed tenant complained.
This street map is confusing. People were confused by the street map.
Its a confusing street map. A confused driver asked for directions.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 23 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Comparisons with As . . . as
(Not) As Adjective As
large
busy
The new restaurant is (not) as good as the other ones.
interesting
expensive
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 24 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
ADJECTIVES: SUPERLATIVES
Superlatives
Superlative Adjective Form
the largest
the busiest in the world.
the best city of all.
This is
the most interesting Ive ever visited.
the least expensive
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 25 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
As . . . as
As Adverb As
hard
played well
The Huskies didnt play as aggressively as the Gophers.
consistently
Comparatives
Comparative Adverb Form Than
harder
better
The Huskies played than the Gophers.
more aggressively
less consistently
Superlatives
Superlative Adverb Form
the hardest
the best
The star player played of anyone in the game.
the most aggressively
the least consistently
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 26 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Gerund as Subject
Gerund (Subject) Verb
Smoking causes health problems.
Not smoking is healthier.
Gerund as Object
Subject Verb Gerund (Object)
You should quit smoking.
We suggest not smoking.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 27 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Preposition + Gerund
Do you have ideas about improving life at school?
Are the teachers against increasing tuition?
The students are for having online courses.
My roommate left before finishing the test.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 28 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Statements
Subject Verb (Object) Innitive
I decided (not) to write to Annie.
You urged John (not) to take her advice.
He wanted (her) to advise John.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 29 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
INFINITIVES OF PURPOSE
Affirmative Negative
I left at 9:00 (in order) to be on time. I left at 9:00 in order not to be late.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 30 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 31 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Gerunds Infinitives
Eva enjoys going to the park. Eva wants to go to the park.
She loves taking long breaks. She loves to take long breaks.
She stopped studying. She stopped to study.
Changing habits is hard. Its hard to change habits.
Shes worried about finishing her paper.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 32 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Statements
Subject Prefer / Would prefer* Noun / Gerund / Innitive
I
You prefer Contraction
We would prefer TV news (to newspapers). would prefer = d prefer
They watching the news (to reading newspapers).
(not) to watch the news.
He prefers
She would prefer
*Like modals, would prefer does not have -s in the third-person singular.
Statements
Base Form
Subject Would rather* of Verb
I
You watch the news (than read newspapers). Contraction
He
would rather would rather = d rather
She
We not read newspapers.
They
*Like modals, would rather does not have -s in the third-person singular.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 33 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Contractions
have got to = ve got to
has got to = s got to
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Do Subject Have to of Verb
I
you
do
we
When they have to leave?
he
does she
it
(continued)
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 34 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
NECESSITY: MUST, MUST NOT, CANT
Must
Base Form
Subject Must* (not) of Verb
I
You must leave early.
He
She
Contraction
It
We must not arrive late. must not = mustnt
They
*Must is a modal. Modals have only one form.
They do not have -s in the third-person singular.
Cant
Base Form
Subject Cant of Verb
You
cant sit here.
They
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 34 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
EXPECTATIONS: BE SUPPOSED TO
Statements
Base Form
Subject Be (not) Supposed to of Verb
am
I
was
You
are
We (not) supposed to sign the marriage certificate.
were
They
He
She is
was
It be a small wedding.
Wh- Questions
Base Form
Wh- Word Be Subject Supposed to of Verb
am
I
was
are
Where you supposed to stand?
were
is
she
was
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 35 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Statements
Base Form
Subject May / Might / Could* of Verb
You may (not)
It might (not) get cold.
They could
*May, might, and could are modals. Modals have only one
form. They do not have -s in the third-person singular.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 36 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Grammar Presentation
Affirmative Statements
Must / May / Base Form
Subject Might / Could* of Verb
I
You
He must
She may
be wrong.
It might
We could
You
They
Negative Statements
Must / May / Base Form
Subject Might / Could / Can Not of Verb
I
Contractions
You could not = couldnt
must
He
may cannot
She
might not be right. OR = cant
It
could can not
We
can
You Note: We usually do not contract
They must not, may not, and might not
when we draw conclusions.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 37 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Yes / No Questions Short Answers
Can / Could Subject Base Form Subject Modal
Could must (not).
he know that?
Can may (not).
might (not).
He
could(nt).
Do Subject Base Form
has (got) to.
Does he know that? cant.
Focus on Grammar 3, Third Edition, Unit 37 Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.