JERUSALEM: THE HOLY CITY

ANCIENT NEAR EAST 10W

Ten measures of beauty descended to the world,
Jerusalem took nine. (Kiddushin 49b)

Fall 2017
University of California, Los Angeles
Tues. and Thurs. 3:304:45 Jeremy D. Smoak (smoak@humnet.ucla.edu)
Office Hours: Humanities 390 Tues. 5:006:00 and Thurs. 2:003:00 (make appt.)

Course Website: https://ccle.ucla.edu/course/view/17F-ANNEA10W-1

UCLA Writing Center Website: http://www.wp.ucla.edu/index.php/home

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course will survey the cultural history of Jerusalem over three millennia, primarily
as the symbolic focus of three faiths: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The course content
will focus on the transformation of sacred space as reflected in literary and archaeological
evidence by examining the artifacts, architectural monuments, and iconography in
relation to written sources. The creation of mythic Jerusalem through event and
experience will be examined. Course requirements will focus on the development of
advanced writing skills and critical thinking.

This course is an L&S/SOAA/HSSEAS GE and a Writing II GE. (Check with your

counselor/adviser to see which GE courses fill your requirements.)

REQUIRED READINGS AND TEXTBOOKS:

Karen Armstrong, Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (New York: Ballantine, 1996).
New Oxford Annotated Bible, with Apocrypha (NRSV with Apocrypha and New
Testament).
ANE 10W Documents (download from Course Website under Week 3)
Diana Hacker, Writers Reference (6th edition; New York: Bedford, 2009).
Selected readings from the Quran (course website).
Thomas A. Tweed, Space, Material Religion 7/1 (2011), 117123. (Course website)
Other required readings found on the course website (see course schedule below).

TEACHING ASSISTANTS:
Scott Abramson scottabramson@hotmail.com Discussion Section 1A
Renata Stauder restauder@g.ucla.edu Discussion Section 1B
Rosanna Lu ralu@ucla.edu Discussion Section 1C
Anas Mahafzah amahafzah@ucla.edu Discussion Section 1D
Elizabeth VanDyke evandyke@g.ucla.edu Discussion Section 1E
William Jordan Stalls wistalls@ucla.edu Discussion Section 1F
Aaron Samuels awells27@ucla.edu Discussion Section 1G
Adam DiBattista adibattista@ucla.edu Discussion Section 1H

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COURSE REQUIREMENTS
1) Course attendance, participation, and quizzes (10%). Students are expected to
attend and participate in lectures and discussion sections. Participation in this
course is worth a minimum of 10%. However, per the terms outlined below
attendance is worth considerably more; excessive unexcused absences will
detrimentally affect your grade. The course instructor will make determinations
regarding excused absences. The following terms are non-negotiable. There will
be several announced and unannounced quizzes in discussion section. These
quizzes will derive from the weekly readings and from lecture.
a. Grading. Please remember that students must maintain a C in order to
fulfill the Writing II requirement.
b. Lecture Attendance. Lectures provide both content regarding the course
themes and writing instruction.
q Power Points of lectures will NOT be posted and your TA is not
responsible for providing you with notes for a missed class. Get
notes from a fellow student.
q Students will be dropped from their sections if they miss the first
two section meetings of the course.
c. Discussion Section Attendance. Since there are a limited number of
discussion sections in which TAs can work with students to improve their
writing:
q TAs will take attendance for each discussion section.
q Each unexcused absence will result in a 5% reduction in final
course grade.
q Two unexcused absences from sections constitute a FAILING
GRADE for the course. Students needing two or more excused
absences from discussion sections will be encouraged to withdraw
from the course. If this is not possible, make-up assignments will
be required.
q Failure to participate in peer review during week 8 will result in a
one-letter grade reduction in the students paper.
q If students are late to discussion section on more than two
occasions, the instructor will reduce the students overall grade.
d. Individual Appointments with TA. It is strongly suggested that students
meet with their TA for individual appointments at least once during the
session.

2) Written Assignments (2 papers: 70%).

a. Submissions and Due dates.
q Papers (First Drafts and Revised) turned in at any point after the
beginning of class are considered late.
1. A hard copy must be turned in at the beginning of class on
the date due.
2. Any draft of a paper more than one week late will not be
accepted (will receive a 0 grade).

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 3. Both drafts and any requested documentation (e.g., cover
sheets) must be submitted to be considered for a full grade.
4. Late papers will be marked down 5% per day (beginning in
class).
q A completed cover sheet provided by your TA must accompany
each hard copy of a draft.
1. Final grades on papers with missing cover sheets will be
reduced 5%.
2. Cover sheet requirements must be met for paper to be
considered for full grade.
q All drafts of papers will be turned in using Turnitin.com. To
access turnitin.com, students should first login into their
myucla.edu account, then click on classes. The turnitin.com link
will appear directly under the class name on myucla.edu.
1. Final grades on papers with missing cover sheets will be
reduced 5% for each draft not submitted to Turnitin.com.
2. DO NOT include your cover sheet with the digital version
you submit online.
q Illness must be grave and will require a signed doctors note, while
a family death or tragedy will require a plane ticket or comparable
proof for any consideration of an exception to this rule.
q To log into the turnitin.com site, go to myucla.edu and then click
on the Study List Page and then the link for Jerusalem: The Holy
City and then you will see a link for turnitin.com.
b. Revisions. Final drafts of papers that do not meet minimum revision
expectations will receive a failing grade.
q Any student who does not pick-up their first draft in class when
they are returned as part of the revision process will receive a
failing grade for the assignment.
q Revisions of second drafts that incorporate only those suggestions
made by the TA will receive a failing grade for the assignment.
Minimum revisions must include:
1. TA suggested revisions.
2. Your own revisions after incorporating the TAs
suggestions.
q Tip: Have a fellow student review your paper after incorporating
the TAs revisions. Then incorporate your peers remarks and
suggestions.
c. Minimum page requirements are for complete pages of text, NOT
including bibliography.
q A 4 to 5 page paper, for example, will include a minimum of four
COMPLETE pages of text, followed by bibliography.
q A 10% deduction will be issued for each page less than the
minimum on both the draft and the revised copy.
d. Plagiarism. Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to, the use of anothers
words or ideas as if they were ones own; including, but not limited to

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 representing, either with the intent to deceive or by the omission of the
true source, part of or an entire work produced by someone other than the
student, obtained by purchase or otherwise, as the students original work;
or, representing the identifiable but altered ideas, data or writing of
another person as if those ideas, data or writing were the students original
work.from the UCLA Student Conduct Code (.pdf file), Fall 1998,
section 102.01c
e. Getting help.
q See your TAsactually meet with them.
q Bruin Success with Less Stress
http://www.library.ucla.edu/bruinsuccess a student-centered,
interactive, online tutorial designed to guide you through
information literacy topics including intellectual property, file
sharing, citing and documenting sources, project management, and
academic dishonesty.
q Writing Programs resources:
http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/wp/resources/index.html

3) Exams (20%). There will be a midterm exam worth 10% and a final exam
worth 10%. The midterm exam will be held on November 1st and the final
exam will be held on December 1st. The final exam will be cumulative.
Students who do not show up to an exam will receive a zero grade on the
exam.

Important Dates:
All Papers are Due at the beginning of lecture on the following dates:
Tuesday Oct 17 Paper #1 Draft
Tuesday Oct 31 Paper #1 Revision
Tuesday Nov 7 Midterm Exam
Thursday Nov 30 Paper #2 Draft
Thursday Dec 7 Final Exam
Wednesday Dec 13 Paper #2 Revision

Grading:
Discussion Section Attendance, Participation, and quizzes 10%
Midterm Exam 10%
Final Exam 10%
Paper #1 30%
Draft 10%
Revision 20%
Paper #2 40%
Draft 15%
Revision 25%

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 PAPER TOPICS
ALL PAPERS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITH A COVER SHEET STAPLED TO THE FRONT OF THE PAPER

Essay Topic #1: Analytical Writing

According to Thomas Tweeds essay Space, people conceive of and imaginatively

configure space as differentiated, kinetic, and interrelated. In your essay, you will
explain what Tweed means by these characterizations of space by doing a close reading
of several biblical texts (Genesis 22, 2 Samuel 57, 1 Kings 69, Psalms 4648, 122, and
Lamentations 1:122). The question that your essay should answer is: how do the
descriptions of the city of Jerusalem in these biblical texts illustrate Tweeds definitions
of religious space?

For further on how to complete a close reading, see:

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/616/01/

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/751/1/

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/618/01/

You will submit a complete draft of the paper, which will receive a grade and is worth
10% of the overall grade for the paper. Thereafter, you will submit a revised version of
the paper, which will also receive a grade and is worth 20% of the overall grade for the
paper.

This paper must be a minimum of 56 doubled-spaced pages in length. Be sure that the
paper has a cover-page stapled to the front. You may use the content that you submitted
in your Tweed summary towards the content of this paper (see Week 2 Discussion
Section). You may organize the paper around Tweeds definitions of space or around the
biblical texts. Goals: thesis writing, development of analytical and close reading skills,
critical reading of texts, and descriptive writing.

Essay Topic #2: Research Writing

Choose a religious space/building in the city of Jerusalem (Dome of the Rock, Church of
the Holy Sepulcher, etc.). Write a research paper on the space/building that explains how
the meaning of the building is experienced as both kinetic and interrelated. You might
think of writing the paper as if you were giving a tour of the space/building and
explaining how the significance of the space/building is understood in relation to its
historical development and relationship to other spaces/buildings in the city. A strong
paper will demonstrate an understanding of the different literary and archaeological
sources that pertain to the history of the space/building. In other words, your paper should
interact with both primary and secondary sources.

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Example topics for the paper would be:
Solomons Temple
The City of David
Herodian Temple Mount
Church of the Holy Sepulcher
Nea Church
Dome of the Rock
Al-Aqsa Mosque
Western Wall

Tips:
This paper is different from the first paper because it does not require students to
do a close reading of literature, but rather the paper is descriptive of several
spaces in Jerusalem and should engage secondary scholarship on the topic and
synthesize it into the description of those spaces.
Be sure to include a few of the secondary sources in the bibliography of the
syllabus in your work on the paper.
Armstrong contains a helpful starting point for thinking about the historical and
spatial relationship between buildings in Jerusalem.
You do not need to cite the course website, but you might find the maps and other
visuals posted there to be helpful in developing your ideas and arguments for the
paper.

You will submit a draft of the paper, which will be graded and is worth 15% of the
overall grade on the paper. You will also submit a revision of the paper, which will also
receive a grade and will be worth 25% of the overall grade for the paper.

This paper must be a minimum of 78 double-spaced pages in length. Be sure that the
paper has a cover-page stapled to the front. The paper must interact with a minimum of 8
secondary sources on the topic. The textbooks and assigned readings may be used
towards this minimum. Please see the bibliography at the end of the syllabus for
additional resources along with http://www.jstor.org.

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 Syllabus Information -- UCLA Undergraduate Writing Center
Fall 2017

The Undergraduate Writing Center offers UCLA undergraduates one-on-one sessions on

their writing. The Center is staffed by peer-learning facilitators (PLFs), undergraduates
who are trained to help at any stage in the writing process and with writing assignments
from across the curriculum. PLFs tailor appointments to the concerns of each writer.

We open on Sunday, Oct. 2nd in Rieber 115 & Powell 238 Evening/Weekend
Locations & Monday, Oct. 3rd at all locations

Main Campus -- A61 Humanities
Social Science Satellite Powell 238
Rieber Hall 115 Evening/Weekend Location (for
on-campus residents)
Powell Library 238 Evening/Weekend Location
Mon. thru Thurs., 10am-6pm; Fri., 10am-3pm
Mon. thru Thurs., 10am-6pm; Fri., 10am-3pm
Sun. thru Thurs.., 7 pm 9 pm
Sun. thru Thurs.., 6 pm 9 pm

Scheduled appointments: Work in person with a Peer Learning Facilitator (PLF)

50-minute appointments in A61 Humanities & Powell 238 Evening/Weekend
Location
50- and 25-minute appointments in Social Science Satellite & Rieber 115

Walk-in appointments: Walk in to discuss a small issue or an entire paper

30-minute appointments available at all locations
first-come, first-served

Online Writing Center: Talk via Google Hangouts with a Peer Learning Facilitator (PLF)
50-minute appointments (during A61 Humanities location hours), using Google
Hangouts
submit your paper online, using Google Docs

What you should bring to the Writing Center:

A draft if you have one
Preliminary notes or writing if you dont have a draft
A copy of the assignment
Instructor or peer comments on your paper
Copies of readings or research related to the assignment.

The Undergraduate Writing Center

A61 Humanities & Social Science Satellite: Mon thru Thurs, 10am-6pm;
Fri, 10am-6pm
Rieber 115: Sun-Thurs, 7-9PM & Powell 238: Sun-Thurs, 6-9PM
Phone: 310-206-1320; e-mail: wcenter@g.ucla.edumailto:wcenter@g.ucla.edu
Book an Appointment: www.wp.ucla.edu/uwc

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 Tips for Developing your Writing Skills

As you are writing and revising your written assignments during the quarter, you should
consult the following resources for help:

The teaching assistants for the class are a resource for you to improve your writing. They are the
ones who will evaluate your papers and make suggestions for paper revisions; however, you
should not rely on them as your sole source for improvement. Remember that revisions of second
drafts that incorporate only those suggestions by the teaching assistants will receive a failing
grade for the assignment. Your teaching assistants feedback on your paper is therefore a great
starting place in the process of revision. If a papers quality requires it, the teaching assistants will
advise a student to seek further help in the Writing Center at UCLA (see below). The teaching
assistants role is not to read multiple drafts of a students paper; office hours are therefore
scheduled to discuss content presented in section, lecture and/or the readings that remain unclear.
Please do not email drafts of your paper for your teaching assistant to review. Rather, I would
encourage students to take the comments that their teaching assistants have made on their drafts
and work through them with the Writing Center or with a tutor.

For further help on getting started with the papers, how to do a close reading, and literary
analysis, students should consult the following:
Patricia Kain
How To Do A Close Reading
http://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/how-do-close-reading

The Purdue Owl

This site has some excellent short entries on and examples of a variety of issues related to the
writing that you will be doing in the class: General writing, the Writing Process, Grammar,
Mechanics, etc.):
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/1/

Email Policy and Office Hours:

Due to the large size of the class, the following rules should be followed when emailing me (or
your teaching assistant). I will not answer student emails that do not include: your name, student
ID number, and section number. Be polite and word your emails as you would in a professional
setting. When you have received a response from your TA or me, you should acknowledge this. I
will generally respond to emails within 24 hours during the week, but often I do not respond to
emails during the weekend. The syllabus is comprehensive and anticipates your questions about
the courses logistics. Consult the syllabus before you email your professor or your TA. If you
email me with a question that is answered in the syllabus, I will not respond. Any questions about
your papers or the logistics of the course should be addressed to your TA. If you have questions
about the papers, go to your TAs office hours. Address these questions to your TA. I will not
answer complex questions about the course content over email. For such matters, please make an
appointment to visit my office hours. I enjoy talking with students about the course materials in
office hours, but I find that attempting to do this over email often results in miscommunication. I
strongly encourage you to ask questions about the class content, assignments, and the syllabus in
class or just before or after lectures. Our conversations about the class should take place in person
rather than via email. I would hope that this policy would result in a better environment in which
to communicate and learn from one another.

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 COURSE SCHEDULE
*CW = Course website

Week 0: The Old City of Jerusalem

Sept 28 (Thurs) The Old City: An Introduction to Jerusalem

No Discussion Sections Week 0

Week 1: Jerusalem as Religious Space

Oct 3 (Tues) Jerusalem as Religious Space I: The Physical Environment

Armstrong, Introduction and 121
Bahat, The Topography of Jerusalem (CW)
Tweed, Space, 116123 (CW)

Oct 5 (Thurs) Jerusalem as Religious Space II: The Biblical Myths of

Jerusalems Founding
Cultural Contexts article (CW)
Hebrew Bible (New Oxford Annotated Bible=NOAB)/The
Book of Genesis chapters 23 and chapter 22; The Book of
Exodus chapters 1924

Discussion Section: Overview of the Hebrew Bible (NOAB Cultural Contexts

article)

Week 2: David and Solomons Jerusalem

Oct 10 (Tues) Davids Jerusalem: The Foundation of Zion

Hebrew Bible/The Book of Judges, chapters 1921; The Book
of 2 Samuel, chapters 57 and 24
Armstrong, 3747

Oct 12 (Thurs) Jerusalem and Solomons Temple

Hebrew Bible/The Book of 1 Kings, chapters 611
Armstrong, 4755

Discussion Section: Bring a two-page (double-spaced) summary of the article by

Thomas Tweed Space to discussion section. The summary will define the
following terms as Tweed uses them to explain religious space. This assignment
will be graded and count towards your section participation.

Week 3: Jerusalem Alone

Oct 17 (Tues) Jerusalem and the Assyrian Empire

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 Hebrew Bible/The Book of 2 Kings, chapters 1520
Sennacheribs Campaign to Judah (ANE 10W documents:
download this file from the course website and you will use it
throughout the rest of the quarter when a reading is marked
ANE 10W documents)
Armstrong, 5671

Paper #1 Draft Due at the beginning of lecture

Oct 19 (Thurs) Jerusalem Alone: Religious Orthodoxy

Hebrew Bible/The Book of Deuteronomy, chapter 12; The
Book of 2 Kings, chapters 1623

Discussion Section: Quiz #1 (the quiz will emphasize the reading from Bahat, the
first three weeks of lecture, and the timeline on page 13 of the syllabus);
discussion of Zion traditions in Kings 1820 and Psalms 46 and 48. Be sure that
you have read these passages as well as Sennacheribs Campaign against Judah
for section.

Week 4: The Fall of Jerusalem

Oct 24 (Tues) The Babylonian Destruction of Jerusalem

Hebrew Bible/The Book of 2 Kings, chapters 2425; The Book
of Lamentations; The Book of Ezekiel, chapters 811
Armstrong, 7990

Paper #1 Draft Returned at the end of lecture

Oct 26 (Thurs) Exile and Return

Hebrew Bible/The Book of Ezra 13; The Book of Nehemiah
8; The Book of Ezekiel 47
Armstrong, 90102

Discussion Section: Quiz #2 (the quiz will emphasize the reading from Armstrong
assigned in Week 4 and lectures); Revising Paper #1

Week 5: Jerusalem in the Second Temple Period

Oct 31 (Tues) Jerusalem becomes a Hellenistic City

Apocrypha/1 Maccabees, chapters 12, 46 (this reading is
found in the NOAB section of the Apocrypha)
Armstrong, 103124

Paper #1 Revision due at the beginning of lecture

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Nov 2 (Thurs) Herods Jerusalem
Armstrong, 125142

Discussion Section: Quiz #3 (the quiz will emphasize the reading from Armstrong
assigned in Week 5); Midterm Exam Review

Week 6: Early Christian Jerusalem

Nov 7 (Tues) Midterm Exam

Nov 9 (Thurs) Images of Jerusalem in Early Christian Literature

New Testament/Gospel of Luke, chapters 2, 1924
New Testament/Gospel of Matthew, chapters 21, 24, 2628;
New Testament/The Acts of the Apostles, chapters 1, 3, 69
Armstrong, 142152

Discussion Section: No discussion sections week 6 due to Veterans Day Holiday

Week 7: Byzantine Jerusalem

Nov 14 (Tues) The New Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Early Byzantine Period
Armstrong, 153193
New Testament/The Book of Revelation, chapter 21
Ousterhout, The Temple, the Sepulcher, and the Martyrion of
the Savior (CW)

Nov 16 (Thurs) Jerusalem as the Fifth Gospel

Armstrong, 194216
The Creed of Chalcedon (CW)

Discussion Section: Quiz #4; Strategies for Writing Paper #2

Week 8: Umayyad Consecration of Jerusalem

Nov 21 (Tues) Early Islamic Jerusalem

Armstrong, 217244
Arjana, Nascent Pilgrimage Centers: Jerusalem, Mecca, and
Medina

Nov 23 (Thurs) No Class (Thanksgiving Holiday)

No Discussion Section due to Thanksgiving Holiday

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 Week 9: The Dome of the Rock

Nov 28 (Tues) The Dome of the Rock as Religious Space in Early Islam
Rabbat, The Meaning of the Dome of the Rock (CW)

Nov 30 (Thurs) The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Late Islamic Period
Call for the Crusades by Pope Urban II (CW)
Armstrong, 245294
In Praise of the New Knighthood (ANE 10W documents)

Paper #2 Draft due at the beginning of lecture

Discussion Section: Quiz #5 (the quiz will emphasize the readings assigned for
Weeks 78); Peer Review of Paper #2

Week 10: Modern Jerusalem

Dec 5 (Tues) Modern Jerusalem

Armstrong, 347430
Mark Twain, Innocents Abroad (ANE 10W documents)

Dec 7 Final Exam

(3:304:45 in lecture)

Paper #2 Draft returned at the beginning of lecture

No Discussion Section (individual appointments for Paper #2)

Paper #2 Revision due Wednesday December 13th by midnight (you will only submit an
electronic copy to turnitin.com)

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Timeline of Jerusalems History
Ancient Israel/Early Judaism
1200 Beginning of Iron Age
1000 King David captures Jerusalem
960 Solomon builds First Temple
930 Division of the United Monarchy
745612 Assyrian Period
722 Destruction of the northern kingdom of Israel
640 Beginning of the reign of King Josiah of Judah
597539 Babylonian Period
597 First Babylonian deportation
587 Destruction of the First Temple by Babylonians
539332 Persian Period
539 Edict of Cyrus
515 Rebuilding of temple in Jerusalem (Second Temple)
458 Ezra the priest institutes reforms in Jerusalem
33263 Hellenistic Period
332 Alexander the Great captures Jerusalem
16463 Maccabean/Hasmonean Period
164 Rededication of the temple by Maccabees
63 Roman general Pompey captures Jerusalem
20 BCE Herod beginning remodeling Second Temple

Early Christianity/Late Roman

4 BCE30 CE Life of Jesus of Nazareth
567 CE Life of Paul the Apostle
66 Beginning of First Jewish Revolt
70 Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem
132135 Roman emperor renames Jerusalem Aelia Capitolina
306337 Reign of Constantine I
313 Edict of Milan
325 Council of Nicaea
380 Theodosius declares Nicene Christianity official religion of empire
527565 Reign of emperor Justinian

Early Islam to the Modern Era

570632 Life of Muhammad
638 Caliph Umar captures Jerusalem
661750 Umayyad Islamic dynasty controls Jerusalem
692 Completion of the Dome of the Rock
705 Completion of Al-Aqsa Mosque
1009 Al-Hakim destroys Church of the Holy Sepulcher
1095 Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade
1099 Crusaders conquer Jerusalem
1187 Battle of the Horns of Hattin; Saladin captures Jerusalem
1250 Rise of Mamluk Dynasty
15171917 Ottoman Period

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COURSE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Armstrong, Karen
1997 Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. New York: Ballatine Books.
Astour, Michael C.
1992 Shaveh, Valley of. In ABD, vol. 5, ed. D. N. Freedman, 1168. New York:
Doubleday.
Avigad, Nahman
1983 Discovering Jerusalem. 1st ed. Nashville: Nelson.
Bahat, Dan, and Hayim Rubinstein
1996 The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem. Festive Jerusalem 3000 ed. Jerusalem:
Carta Jerusalem.
Biger, Gideon
1994 An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British
Administration in Palestine, 19171929. New York: St. Martins.
Broshi, Magen
1974 The Expansion of Jerusalem in the Reigns of Hezekiah and Manasseh. IEJ
24:2128.
Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton, and D. S. Richards
1987 Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study. London: British School of
Archaeology.
Cahill, Jane M. and David Tarler
1992 David, City of (PLACE). In ABD, vol. 2, ed. D. N. Freedman, 5267. New
York: Doubleday.
Cline, Eric H.
2004 Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel. Ann Arbor,
MI: University of Michigan.
Coasnon, Charles
1974 The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. London: Oxford
University Press.
Davila, James R.
1992 Moriah. In ABD, vol. 4, ed. D. N. Freedman, 905. New York: Doubleday.
Eliade, Mircea
1959 The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. New York: Harper
& Row.
Freedman, David Noel et al., eds.
1992 The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 1st ed. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday.
Geva, Hillel, ed.
2000 Ancient Jerusalem Revealed. Reprinted and Expanded ed. Jerusalem:
Israel Exploration Society.
2003 Western Jerusalem at the End of the First Temple Period in Light of the
Excavations in the Jewish Quarter. In Jerusalem in Bible and
Archaeology: The First Temple Period, eds. A. G. Vaughn, and A. E.
Killebrew, 183208. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
Goitein, S.D. The Historical Background of the Erection of the Dome of the Rock,

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 Journal of the American Oriental Society 70/2 (1950) 104108.
Grg, M.
1992 Gihon. In ABD, vol. 2, ed. D. N. Freedman, 101819. New York:
Doubleday.
Grabar, Oleg. The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, Ars Orientalis 3 (1959)
3362.
Gray, John
1969 A History of Jerusalem. London: Hale.
Hayes, John H.
1963 The Tradition of Zions Inviolability. JBL 82:41926.
Hess, Richard S. and Gordon J. Wenham
1999 Zion, City of our God. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
Jeremias, Joachim
1975 Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus: An Investigation into Economic and
Social Conditions during the New Testament Period. Philadelphia:
Fortress.
Kenyon, Kathleen M.
1967 Jerusalem: Excavating 3000 Years of History. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1974 Digging Up Jerusalem. London: Ernest Benn.
Knott, Kim
2005 Spatial Theory and Method for the Study of Religion, Temenos 41/2
(2005), 153184.
Levenson, Jon D.
1985 Sinai and Zion: An Entry into the Jewish Bible. San Francisco: Harper.
1992 Zion Traditions. In ABD, vol. 6, ed. D. N. Freedman, 1098102. New
York:
Doubleday.
Levine, Lee I., ed.
1999 Jerusalem: Its Sanctity and Centrality to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
New York: Continuum.
2002 Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E.
70 C.E.). 1st ed. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
Lutfi, Huda
1985 Al Quds al-Mamlukiyya: A History of Mamluk Jerusalem Based on the
Haram Documents. Islamkundliche Untersuchungen 113. Berlin: K.
Schwarz.
Mazar, Amihai
1994 Jerusalem and its Vicinity in Iron Age I. In From Nomadism to Monarchy:
Archaeological and Historical Aspects of Early Israel, eds. I. Finkelstein,
and N. Naaman, 7091. Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society.
Metzger, Bruce M., and Roland E. Murphy, eds.
1991 The New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical
Books. New Revised Standard Version. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Meyers, Eric M., ed.

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 1997 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. 5 vols. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Naaman, Nadav
1992 Canaanite Jerusalem and Its Central Hill Country Neighbors in the Second
Millennium B.C.E. UF 24:27591.
Ousterhout, Robert. The Temple, the Sepulchre, and the Martyrion of the Savior,
Gesta 29/1 (1990) 4453.
______., Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy
Sepulchre, The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 48/1 (1989)
6678.
______., Architecture as Relic and the Construction of Sanctity: The Stones
of the Holy Sepulchre, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 62
(2003) 423.
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