Professional Documents
Culture Documents
0,7% 0,2%
0,005%
0,7% 0,1%
Stickstoff
Nitrogeno (N2)
(N2)
13,1%
Dioxido de carbono(CO2)
Kohlendioxid (CO2)
Agua (H2O)
Wasser (H2O)
Kohlenwasserstoffe
Hidrocarburos (HC)(HC)
71,5% Stickoxide
Oxidos de(NOx)
nitrgeno (NOx)
Slidos
Feststoffe
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Gases de escape Gasolina
2,5
1,5 NOx
1 HC
CO
0,5
0 CO
HC
Euro 1
Euro 2 NOx
1992 Euro 3
1996 Euro 4
2000 Euro 5
2005 Euro 6
2009
2014 UE-I y UE-II NEFZ: Medicin realizada 40 segundos
Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro 6
despus del arranque.
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2014
CO 2.72 2.20 2.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 UE-III NMEFZ: Medicin realizada sin 40 segundos de
HC 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 calentamiento. Valor de CO mas alto que en UE-II debido
NOx 0.15 0.08 0.06 0.06 a que la medicin se realiza ahora tambin durante el
arranque.
Datos representados en g/Km
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Gases de escape Gasolina
Europa NEFZ: Con 40 segundos de calentamiento
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Gases de escape Gasolina
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Gases de escape Gasolina
Diagnstico de a bordo II (OBD II / EOBD)
El sistema de diagnstico de a bordo OBD II est integrado en la unidad de control del motor del
vehculo y vigila continuemente los componentes y sistemas relevantes para las emisiones de
escape. Surge por la necesidad de controlar y reducir de forma considerable las emisiones
contaminantes de los vehculos autopropulsados. Si se presenta una irregularidad, se indica al
conductor a travs de un testigo luminoso de advertencia MIL (Malfunction Indicator Lamp).
Simultaneamente la irregularidad se almacena en la memoria de averas de la unidad de control del
motor y, adems, se puede leer y borrar con cualquier aparato de diagnstico comn (Generic Scan
Tool).
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Gases de escape Gasolina
Motores diesel desde 2003 en los nuevos modelos de turismo y desde 2004 en todos los modelos de
turismo.
Rige para todos los turismos y vehculos industriales ligeros con una masa total admisible de hasta 2.500
Kg y como mximo 9 plazas.
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Gases de escape Gasolina
Acceso de datos
Aparato de diagnstico:
El acceso a los datos OBD de la unidad de control
del motor debe ser posible a travs de cualquier
aparato de diagnstico comn (Generic Scan Tool).
Interfaz de datos:
Los datos OBD se transmiten en ambas direcciones (bidireccional) a travs de una interfaz serial o
una interfaz CAN.
El sistema de diagnstico de a bordo utiliza la interconexin CAN de la unidad de control del motor con
otras unidades de control en vehculo.
As se pueden registrar p.ej. Irregularidades en el cambio automtico. Esto exige, el control mutuo de
las unidades de control intercomunicadas y, en caso de fallar una unidad de control, se memoricen los
correspondientes cdigos de averas.
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Gases de escape Gasolina
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Gases de escape Gasolina
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Gases de escape Gasolina
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Gases de escape Gasolina
Funcin del catalizador de 3 vias
Campo de regulacin lambda ( ventana del catalizador )
Antes del post-
tratamiento del U
catalizador
NOx
Ecuaciones de las reacciones en el catalizador de 3
vias
HC Oxidacin:
CO 1. 2 CO + O2 2 CO2
2. 2 C2H6 + 7 O2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O
Despus del post- U
tratamiento del Reduccin:
catalizador NOx
3. 2 NO + 2 CO N2 + 2 CO2
CO
4. 2 NO2 + 2 CO N2 + 2 CO2 + O2
HC
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Gases de escape Gasolina
4
4. Electrodo interior
5. Lamina canal aire referencia
5
6. Capa aislante
7 5 6
7. Calefactor
V 7 8. Capa aislante
6 9. Lmina de sensor
8
1. Gases de escape 4. Voltimetro 10. Contactos de conexin
2. Capa de cermica porosa 5. Resistenca calefactada 9
3. Canal de aire de referencia 6. Alimentacin resistencia
10
7. Clula de medicin
Modo funcional Estructura
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distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Gases de escape Gasolina
7 t
Evaluacin de la sonda lambda (OBD)
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Gases de escape Gasolina
15
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distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Gases de escape Gasolina
Pump currentIp
+ UP
Sealing URef
0
-1
2
-2
Housing
0,7 1 2 3 4
Sensor 6 7 8 9 10 Air factor
element
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Gases de escape Gasolina
NTK
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distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Gases de escape Gasolina
75 125
-25 +25
1 2
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distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Gases de escape Gasolina
Deteccin de carga
2 3 4
5
Sugrohrdr
ucksensor 6
(MAP) 1
Sensor de presin en Very high Low Very high low
7
colector de admisin CO Vol% O2 Vol% HC ppm CO2 Vol%
(MAP)
1. Carcasa con toma de sensor de 5. Substrato cermico
Fallo sensor MAP (depsitos en el sensor, la mezcla es
presin 6. trica rica) (solo diagrama esquemtico, los valores que se
2. Conexin 7. Sensor NTC muestran varan en funcin del estado del catalizador
etc)
3. Cubierta 4
3
4. Sensor 1. soporte
5 6 2. Sensor de masa de aire
2 3. Cubierta canal medicin
1 4. Cubierta circuito hbrido
5. Circuito hbrido
6. Conector
7 7. Junta trica
8
Medidor masa de aire (HFM) 8. Sensor de temperatura de aire
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Gases de escape Gasolina
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distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Gases de escape Gasolina
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distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Gases de escape Gasolina
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distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Gases de escape Gasolina
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distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Gases de escape Gasolina
1. Aire
2. Sensor de presin
3. Gases de escape
4. Vlvula EGR
5. Conducto EGR
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Gases de escape Gasolina
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distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Gases de escape Gasolina
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distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Gases de escape Gasolina
vacio [mmHg]
3 5
1 2 3
7 t (s)
Vlvula de ventilacin
del depsito
8
Shut-off valve
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Gases de escape Gasolina
Corriente de bomba
B. corriente depsito sellado
C. Corriente con una fuga en B
el depsito < 0.5mm A
C
D. Corriente con una fuga en D
depsito >0.5mm
Alto Bajo Alto Ligeramente alto
CO Vol% O2 Vol% HC ppm CO2 Vol%
Posibles valores de gases de escape con vlvula de ventilacin del depsito inestanca, la mezcla es
rica. (diagrama nicamente esquemtico, los valores que se muestran depende del estado del
catalizador etc.) t (s)
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Gases de escape Gasolina
Ignition
1 + + 4 15 + + 4
1 5 a a
5
3 1 4 1 4
0 - - b b
30 - -
15 1 2
Alto Alto Muy altos Bajo
31 3
1 CO Vol% O2 Vol% HC ppm CO2 Vol%
Bobina de doble chispa
Principio de funcionamento Fallos de encendido (mezla rica) (diagrama
esquemtico los valores mostrados dependen del
estado del catalizador etc.)
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GASES DE ESCAPE GASOLINA
Los fallos de encendido, las inyecciones defectuosas y la prdida de compresin dan como resultado una
combustin deficiente y, por tanto, un empeoramiento de los valores de emisin. La deteccin de fallos detecta el
tiempo del segmento (tiempo de una combustin a la siguiente), en ralent para cada cilindro. Si el tiempo de
segmento aumenta en comparacin con los otros cilindros indica un fallo de encendido o prdida de compresin.
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Gases de escape Gasolina
1 2
1. Conector
2. Cuerpo del inyector
3
3. Bobinado
4 4. Muelle
5 5. Armazn solenoide
6. Aguja
Vlvula de
inyeccin 6
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Gases de escape Gasolina
bar
1 b
Fuel pressure
Intake manifold pressure
a Ambient pressure (atmospheric)
a=b
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Gases de escape Gasolina
Rampa de inyeccin
Saddle
Saddletank
tank
Sensor de presin de
combustible
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GASES DE ESCAPE GASOLINA
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Aire
78% Nitrgeno (N2)
21% Oxgeno (O2) 0.09% total de contaminantes,
1 % Gases nobles (Ar, de los cuales
75% N2 0.043% CO
Xe)
15% O2 0.034% NOx
agua (H2O)
7.1% CO2 0.005% HC
Combustible 2.6% H20 0.008% PM
Hidrocarburos (HC) 0.001% otros
Azufre (50ppm)
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Comprobacin vlvula neumtica EGR
Prueba neumtica aprox 0.4 bar, la EGR est abierta (en ralent) Prueba solo con KTS(valor real) (ralent)
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
9
8
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
5 6
6
1. Vlvula 4
4 2. Asiento de vlvula
3. Muelle de retorno 1. Legend 1
4. Motor DC 2. Legend 2
3
5. Sensor de posicin 3. Legend 3
6. conector 4. Legend 4
2
7. Filtro 5. Legend 5
1
7
1
Vlvula EGR Alfa, Fiat
Vlvula EGR Mercedes-benz
La vlvula EGR es controlada directamente por la unidad de control EDC a travs de una seal PWM.
Al sustituir la vlvula EGR hay que restablecer los valores de adaptacin.
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GASES DE ESCAPE GASOLINA
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
1
4
6
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Acelerando
EGR inactivo
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Chapaleta bypass
cerrada
(sin vaco)
Radiador
Mdulo de refrigeracin EGR. Fiat, Opel
Principio de funcionamiento
(Pierburg)
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Control lambda
1
2
1. inyector
2. Medidor masa de aire
3 5
3. Vlvula de mariposa
4 4. turbocompresor
5. Sonda lambda
6. Sonda lambda tipo:
LSU 4.9
7. Vlvula EGR
6
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
5 1. Zona Bypass
4
2. Elemento sensor
3
3. Placa base
4. Circuito de evaluacin
2
5. Alojamiento del conector del sensor
6. sensor de temperatura NTC
(opcional)
7. Borde deflector
6
1
7 1.Cul es la diferencia entre el HFM5 y el HFM6?
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
TM
Mass
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Frecuencia (Hz)
9000
Resistencia ()
8000 40000
7000 35000
6000 30000
5000 25000
4000 20000
3000 15000
2000 10000
1000 5000
-60
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Masa de aire (Kg/h)
Seal de salida digital Temperatura (C)
Electrnica
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
1. Resistencia de temperatura
2. Masa
3. No ocupado
4. Alimentacion (12V)
5. Seal digital de salida
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Posicin de reposo
Activado
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
9 10
Cicln separador de aceite motor Cicln separador de
encendido aceite motor parado
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distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Actuador de mariposa
1. Conexin por enchufe
2. Mdulo de control del actuador de mariposa con sensor de posicin
2 3. carcasa
4. Vlvula de mariposa
3
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distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Partculas de holln
1. Carbono
2. Hidrocarburos
Oil derivative; 25% 3. SO4 (sulfato)
Oilderivat; Sonstigen;
Others; 11%
4. Azufre y xidos
25% 11% metlicos
SO4;
SO4; 14%
14% 5. Agua (H2O)
HC; 7%
HC; 7%
Asche; 13%
Ash; 13%
Russ;
Soot; 41%
41% 3
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
g/km
0,180
0,160
0,140
0,120
0,100 EU 1
0,180
g/km
0,080
0,060
EU 2
0,080
0,040
EU 3
EU 5 EU 6
EU 4
0,020 0,050
0,005 0,005
0,025
0,000
1993 1997 2000 2005 2008 2014 Jahr
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
4
1. Que problemas tienen los filtros de partculas?
Se obstruyen con partculas y cenizas
1. Sensor de presin
diferencial 2. Que metodos de regeneracin existen?
2. Catalizador oxidacin Post-inyection, DEPARTRONIC, aditivacin (Eolys),
3. Fitro de partculas
recubrimiento cataltico.
4. Sensor de temperatura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Filtro de partculas
1 2 1 2
duracin.
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distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Filtro de partculas
Catalizador de
oxidacin
Catlaizador
de oxidacin
Filtro de partculas
Filtro de partculas
Catalizador y filtro DPF unidos. Catalizador y filtro DPF separados (Ford 2.0)
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Catalizador principal
Depsito
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Regeneracin 1. preinyeccin
2. Inyeccin principal
Fase 1 3. Postinyeccin
4. Intervalo antes de
la postinyeccin
1
2 3 3
1
4
t
4
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Regeneracin
Oxidacin en convertidor cataltico
Catalizador de oxidacin
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Sistema de aditivo (PSA)
Depsito de aditivo con vlvula de inyeccin activada elctricamente (e.g. Peugeot 607)
5 1. Depsito de aditivo
2. Mdulo dosificador
3. Sobrante
4. Ventilacin o linea de relleno.
5. Bomba de rodillos
6. Vlvula anti-retorno
6 7. Inyector de aditivo y regulador de
1 presin
4
8. Regulador de presin
9. Conexin elctrica
10. Inyector de aditivo
3 7
2
8
9
10
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
2 3
1. Puesta en presin atmosfrica
1 2. Entrada de llenado de aditivo
3. Racor de llenado (postventa)
5
4. Puesta en presin atmosfrica
5. Racor de llenado (en fbrica)
6. Bomba de aditivo de carburante
7. Conector
6
8. Salida hacia la vlvula de
inyeccin de aditivo.
4
7
8
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
4
5 2
2 1 6
2 5
2. Prueba de fugas del sistema 3. Prueba de fugas de la linea 4. Prueba de la vlvula de inyeccin
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
approx. 15
approx. 150 k
Interruptor (reed-contact) Imn
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Aditivo EOLYS
Aditivo usado en PSA:
1 Generacin DPX 42
2 Generacin 176 (El aditivo EOLYS 176 es reemplazado por el de 3 generacin cuando se agoten las existencias).
3 Generacin EOLYS POWERFLEX o INFINEUM F7995
Hasta nmero ORGA 9492 Todos DPX 42 Eolys DPX42 Eolys powerflex
Entre 9492 y 12110 o 12166 dependiendo de Todos EOLYS 176
la versin.
!! Precaucin !!
Es absolutamento necesario observar las Fuente : PSA
Sujeto a cambios
especificaciones actuales del fabricante.
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Fuente : PSA
Sujeto a cambios
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
1 2
4
1. Conexin de llenado
2. Conexin de ventilacin
3. Conector
4. Kit de relleno
!!Atencin!!
Despus de cargar o rellenar el depsito de aditivo , es necesario realizar las adaptaciones con el KTS.
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Aditivo
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
2
13
1. Catalizador previo
CAN 12 2. Catalizador oxidacin
3. Sensor de temperatura 1
1 4. DPF
5. Sensor de temperatura 2
11 6. Sensor de presin diferencial
7. Sensor de contrapresin gases de escape
8. Inyector
3 9. Actuador del turbo
10 10. Actuador EGR
6
11. Vlvula de mariposa
12. Instrumento combinado
13. EDC-ECU
4
9
5
8
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
1
8
2
3 4
1. Catalizador oxidacin
2. Sensor de temperatura 1
Sensor resistance []
3. Sensor de temperatura 2 5 7
4. Presin gases de escape 1 6
5. Conexiones al sensor de presin diferencial
6. DPF
7. Presin gases de escape 2
8. Silencioso trasero
Temperature [C]
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Seal voltage
b.
a.
1. Membrana con elementos piezoelctricos
2. Seal para EDC-ECU
a. Presin delante del filtro de partculas (DPF)
b. Presin detrs del filtro de partculas (DPF) Presin diferencial
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
a. b.
Estado de Carga baja
p delante DPF = p detrs DPF
2
1
a. b.
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Para cumplir con las actuales legislaciones OBD que exigen un mayor control
de la funcionalidad del DPF, son necesarios nuevos sensores adems del
sensor de presin diferencial. Los nuevos sensores necesitan detectar
directamente la emisin de holln despus del DPF.
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
1. Catalizador SRC
2 2. Unidad sensor de partculas
3 3. Sensor de partculas
EL sensor de partculas de holln est ubicado detrs del filtro del catalizador SCR.
El sensor registra la concentracin de las partculas de holln y deduce as la
eficacia del filtro de partculas. Las informacines enviadas por el sensor en forma
de tensin son recibidas por la unidad del sensor de partculas. Esta registra la
informacin y se la enva a la unidad de control de motor via CAN
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Electrodos
Portacermica
Calefactor
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Voltaje calefaccin
Seal sensor
Tiempo
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Trfico fluido
Carretera
secundaria
Autopista
Par motor
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Etapas de regeneracin del filtro de partculas diesel
Carga del filtro de partculas de holln en gramos
40g/75%Regeneracin forzada
Antes de la regenaracin
Despus de la regeneracin
Regeneracin pasiva
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
2. Introduccin de la regeneracin
- Activacin de la post inyeccin Temperatura de los
gases de escape
- Cierre de la vlvula de mariposa
on
- Control de los calentadores Post inyeccin
Combustin de Deteccin de cenizas
- Manteniendo cerrado el sistema EGR off partculas
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Departronic 2
1. EDC-ECU
2. Depsito de combustible
3. Bomba de engranajes
4. Filtro de combustible
5. Unidad dosificadora 1 4 3
6. Valvula inyectora 5
7. Circuito de refrigeracin
8. Sensor de temperatura 1
Sensores 2
9. Mezclador (optional)
10. sensor de temperatura 2
actuadores
11. Sensor de presin diferencial Engine CAN
Diagnostics CAN
6 7 11
8 10
OXI-catalytic DPF
9 converter
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Additional injector for HC-supported Regeneration (Reanult)
1
1. Filtro regenerado
2 2. Carga de holln aumento de presin diferencial
3. Regeneracin
4. Catalizador de oxidacin
5. Toma para la medicin de presin diferencial antes
3 6. Catalizador secundario
7. DPF
4 8. Sensor de temperatura detrs del DPF
5 9. Toma para la medicin de presin diferencial detrs
6
10.Sensor de temperatura (catalizador)
7 11.Sensor de temperatura delante del catalizador
12 11 12.Inyector adicional
8
10
9
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Mercedes
GL-Class Audi
Q7
Mercedes Audi
ML-Class A4
Mercedes BMW
R-Class X5
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Sensores
Actuadores
7
6 5
4
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Sensor
temperatura
Trayecto hidroltico:
El trayecto hidroltico comprende desde la vlvula dosificadora y el SRC. El amoniaco (NH3) necesario para la reduccin de los xidos de
nitrgeno est formado por la solucin acuosa de urea (AdBlue). En el trayecto hidroltico est ubicado el mezclador. Al inyectar el agente
reductor y por la accin del calor primero se evapora el agua del agente reductor, luego se produce una termlisis y una hidrlisis.
Thermolysis:
En la termlisis se descompone el agente reductor en amoniaco (NH3) y cido isocinico (HNCO).
Hidrlisis:
El cido isocinico (HNCO) reacciona con el agua (H2O) para formar dixido de carbono (CO2) y mas amonico (NH3). Al finalizar el trayecto
hidroltico, el agente reductor se ha disgregado y ha formado dixido de carbono (CO2) y amoniaco (NH3). ste ltimo es la sustancia que
reacciona con los xidos de nitrgeno en el catalizador de reduccin.
Reduccin en el catalizador:
La reduccin consiste en extraer el xigeno (O2) de los xidos de nitrgeno (NOx).
El amoniaco que se ha formado en el trayecto hidroltico reacciona con el xido de nitrgeno (NOx) y forma nitrgeno (N2) y agua (H2O).
Esta reaccin es catalizada en el SRC y como resultado los gases de escape estn compuestos principalmente por (CO2), (H2O), (O2) y
(N2).
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
SCR catalizador de
reduccin
mezclador
Inyector de AdBlue
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
1
8
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Lineas de sensores
Lineas actuadores
Calefactores
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
1 2
3
4
7
8
5
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Hacia el depsito de
AdBlue
Del depsito de Motor de
AdBlue bomba
1. Que ocurre en caso de fallo de la vlvula de inversin?
Fallo en posicin de entrega: el AdBlue se puede congelar en la
tubera y la vlvula a bajas temperaturas
Vlvula de 2/4
Fallo en posicn de vaciado: no se puede generar presin en el vas
circuito.
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Denoxtronic 5.x Bomba de suministro (bomba elevadora de membrana)
Suministro Vaciado
Bomba de suministro
Membrana elevadora
Membrana elevadora
Bomba de aspiracin
Conexin vlvula dosificadora
T.87 (+)
Conexin depsito Masa (-) Connection for Masa (-)
de AdBlue T.87 (+) AdBlue-Tank
Sensor de presin
Informa a la unidad de control del motor de la presin en la tubera de
alimentacin, mediante una seal de tension, esta seal vara linealmente
desde 1,5 v cuando no hay presin, hasta 4,5 v para una presin aproximada
de 8 bar.
Sensor de presin
AdBlue
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Sensor de nivel 5
1
6
7
2
4
9
4 3
3 2 1
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Los fabricantes debern velar por que el sistema de control de emisiones mantenga su funcin
como tal en todas las condiciones ambientales que se encuentran normalmente en la Unin
Europea, especialmente a baja temperatura ambiente. Ello incluye tomar medidas para evitar la
total congelacin del reactivo durante perodos de aparcamiento de hasta siete das a 258 K ( 15
C) con el depsito de reactivo lleno al 50 %. Si el reactivo se ha congelado, el fabricante se
asegurar de que est disponible para su utilizacin en los veinte minutos siguientes al arranque
del vehculo a 258 K ( 15 C) medidos en el interior del depsito de reactivo, a fin de garantizar el
correcto funcionamiento del sistema de control de emisiones.
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Sistema de calentamiento (VW Passat Blue TDI)
Filamento de
calefaccin
Contactos calefactor
Elemento
Desde la bomba de alimentacin
calefactor
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Sistema de calentamiento (VW Passat Blue TDI)
Dado que el agente reductor (AdBlue) tiende a congelarse a temperaturas exteriores bajas, el sistema SRC est provisto de un
sistema de calefaccin. Esto permite que el sistema est operativo rpidamente cuando el AdBlue est congelado, y este se
descongele en todos los puntos de funcionamiento.
1. Temperatura exterior
2. Sensor temperatura AdBlue
3. Calefaccin para el depsito
4. Calefaccin para la bomba AdBlue
5. Calefaccin para la tubera
1 2 3 4 5
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
7
6
5
La razn por la que algunos fabricantes untilizan dos depositos es porque el AdBlue se congeal a -11 C. con este
Sistema el recipiente calentado es el pequeo pero el grade no, por lo tanto el volume totas de AdBlue suministrado
no necesita calentarse, ahorrando as energia. Si embargo, la cantidad es suficiente para recorrer largos tramos de
viaje.
El depsito calentado es el depsito activo [9] el Adblue se suministra al inyector a travs de la bomba [4].
A travs de la bomba de transferencia [7] se asegura que en el depsito activo siempre haya AdBlue.
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
El primer aviso por nivel bajo de El Segundo aviso por nivel bajo de El tercer aviso es el de deposito de
AdBlue indica 2400 kms de AdBlue indica 1000 kms de AdBlue vaco, cuando se active
autonoma, una vez que se activa se autonoma, una vez que se active habr que rellenar el depsito de
repite cada 100kms. se repite cada 50 kms. AdBlue o no ser possible la puesta
en marcha del motor.
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Gases de escape Diesel Tecnologa - Estructura
Metodos de llenado
Garrafa AdBlue
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Compressor (Diseo)
2
1. Acoplamiento magntico
1 7
2. Compresor
3. Recirculacin de aire
4. Admisin de aire
3
5. Aire de carga
6. Engranaje sincronizado
7. Rotor asimtrico 1
8 4
8. Rotor asimtrico 2
5
6
El compresor comprime la cantidad de aire necesario para la
7 combustin y por lo tanto aumenta la eficiencia volumtrica del
cilindro. Como resultado, el par motor y el rendimiento del motor
tambin aumentan.
El accionamiento lo efecta directamente el cigeal mediante una
correa trapezoidal nervada.
Este es un compresor helicoidal que trabaja segn el principio de
desplazamiento. Los dos rotores en sentido opuesto de 3 aletas ( con
un cruzamiento de 60) estn unidos mediante ruedas dentadas
engrasadas con aceite (engranaje sincronizador).
El volumen de aire de admisin se comprime al empequeecerse la
cmara de trabajo entre la carcasa y los dos rotores.
8
Source: Mercedes
117
Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Mechanical charger -Compressor (Function)
4
1. Linea de sobrecarga
1
3 2. Compresor
2 3. Compuerta aire en
circulacin
4. Linea de succin
5. Linea de recirculacion
5
6. Amortiguador de
8 presin
6
7. Linea de carga de aire
8. Refrigerador de
7 sobrecarga
Mxima presin de sobrealimentacin
Control de sobrealimentacin
Source: Mercedes
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Mechanical charger - Compressor (Testing with KTS)
Vehculo con la 3 marcha seleccionada con aprox. 3000-3500 RPM bajo plena carga. El valor de la
presin de sobrealimentacin (por encima de la presin atmosfrica) en el colector de admisin es de
max. 0,5-0,8 bar.
Ejemplo:
El valor real es de - 1.616 bar, esto significa:
Presin en el colector de admisin 1.616 bar = 1 bar presin atmosfrica + 0.616 bar presin de
sobrealimentacin.
La presin de sobrealimentacin se puede visualizar mejor observando los valores en un diagrama..
Comprobaciones diversas:
Control de la activacin del actuador del aire de recirculacin (Seal PWM):
Vlvula de recirculacin cerrada(max. presin de sobrealimentacin): 90-100 %
Vlvula de recirculacin abierta (min. presin de sobrealimentacin): 0-10%
Valores de comprobacin del acoplamiento magntico y activacin.
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Vacio
Presin atmosfrica
enfriador
Gases de
escape
Sensor temperatura
Pricipio de funcionamiento VTG turbocompresor con control gases de escape
neumtico VTG turbocompresor con control
elctrico
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Boost pressure control - VTG
1 2 Presin de
sobrealimentacin 1. Presin atmosfrica
3 2. Vaco
3. Electrovlvula
4. Cpsula de vaco
4
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
VTG-Exhaust gas turbocharger - electrical pressure setting
1. Conector 4. Solenoide
1
2. Electrnica Hbrida con sensor hall 5. Pin
3. Eje de ajuste 6. E-Motor
5
6
Dispositivo de diagnstico / adaptacin para el actuador del
turbocompresor de gas de escape elctrico.
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Turbocompresor - turbina de geometra variable (VST)
Primer paso abierto Ambos pasos abiertos Ambos pasos y Bypass abiertos
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Turbocompresor-Twin Scroll diseo
1 2 3 4
13
5 12
6
11
9
8 7
10 14
1. Cilindro
10. Vlvula de control de presin (Waste gate)
2. Canal 1-4 6. Rodete compresor
11. Rodete compresor
3. Canal 2-3 7. Aire de admisin
12. Vlvula de sobrepresin
4. Catalizador 8. Filtro de aire
13. Turbina
5. Turbina 9. Vlvula de mariposa
14. Doble entrada (Twin scroll)
En el caso de los turbocompresores de gases de escape convencionales, todos los canales del
colector de escape estn conectados por el mismo conducto a la turbina. En este, las dos corrientes
de gases de escape de los cilindros 1-4 y 2-3 fluyen por separado, dado que los dos canales estn
separados tambin dentro de la carcasa de la turbina. Con esto se evitan las interferencias entre
corriente de los gases de escape.
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Twin Scroll-Turbo charging - Function
p (exhaust) Funcionamiento base (un cilindro)
Si la vlvula de escape se abre, los gases calientes
fluyen hacia fuera del cilindro y se genera un impulso
Valve-overlapping de alta presin. La presin desciende muy rpido y
debido a las fluctuaciones se alcanza un valor negativo.
Si la vlvula de admisin tambin est abierta la
t(s) presin aumenta de nuevo, despus la vlvula de
escape se cierra y la presin de escape se estabiliza.
p (exhaust)
Firing sequence: 1-3-4-2
1 3 4 2
t(s)
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Turbocompresor Refrigeracin
1
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Exhaust gas turbocharger (ATL) - Combination of exhaust gas
turbochargers
Bi-Turbo
Dos turbocompresores relativamente pequeos estn conectados entre si en paralelo.
Los turbocompresores de gases de escape de menor tamao tienen la ventaja de que
al acelerarlos, debido al reducido momento de inercia de la turbina, se acelera una
menor masa, con lo que el rodete del compresor logra una mayor y mas rpida
presin de sobrealimentacin.
Sobrealimentacin doble:
Se combinan un compresor para baja carga-RPM y un turbocompresor de gases
de escapa para medios y altos rangos de potencia.
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Bi-Turbocompresor - Funcin 1. Unidad de control del motor
1 2. Convertidor electroneumtico
3. Calefaccin PTC-de gases (Blow-by)
2
3 11 4. Actuador de vlvula de descarga (Bancada 1 y 2)
5. Conducto de gases (Blow-by)
4 6 6. Recirculacin de aire bancada 1 y 2
5
7 7. Turbocompresor bancada 1 y 2
9
8 8. Sensor de presin del colector de admisin
9. Vlvula de recirculacin de aire por empuje
15 1
10.Filtro de aire
16 0
11.Conducto de aspiracin de aire
12.Tubo colector de aire de sobrealimentacin
13.Inter-cooler
11 9 6
7 14.Tubera a presin de aire de sobrealimentacin
4 15.Sensor de presin y temperatura
16.Trampilla de vlvula de descarga (waste gate bancada 1 y 2)
12 14
13
Compresor ejemplo BMW motor N54 Dos turbocompresores relativamente pequeos estn
conectados en paralelo entre s. Los cilindros 1, 2 y 3 accionan
el primer turbocompresor y los cilindros 4, 5, y 6 el segundo.
Los turbocompresores de menor tamao tienen la ventaja de
que para acelerarlos, debido al reducido momento de inercia de
la turbina, se acelera una menor masa, con lo que el rodete del
compresor logra una mayor y mas rpida presin de
sobrealimentacin.
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Turbocompresor - Regulacin en dos etapas(R2S)
1 2 3 4
1. intercooler
2. Bypass
3. Turbocompresor de
alta presin
4. Turbocompresor de
baja presin
5. Wastegate
5 Esquema de funcionamiento
A. Vlvula abierta
B. Vlvula regulada
C. Vlvula cerrada
C C C B A A
C C B
Hasta 1.500 rpm 1.500 a 3.250 rpm 3.250 a 4.200 rpm
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Sobrealimentacin doble. Ejemplo en VW sistema TSI diseo
El aire fresco es succionado a travs del filtro de aire. La posicin de la chapaleta de regulacin, la
cul es activada por la unidad de control, determina si el aire fresco pasa a travs del compresor y/o
directamente al turbocompresor de gases de escape.
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
1
2 1. Vlvula de recirculacin
2. Turbina
3 3. Colector de escape
6 4. Vlvula Waste gate
5. Actuador de vaco
6. Rodete del compresor
5
4
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
8
Compresor
El compresor mecnico est atornillado al bloque
debajo de la unidad de mariposa.. La
desmultiplicacin entre la polea del compresor y la del
7 cigeal permiten un regimen mximo de giro de
3 6
4 17.500 rpm. La mxima presin generada es 1,75 bar
5
(presin absoluta).
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Compresor Funcin
Cuando gira el compresor, los rotores, debido a su diseo aspiran el aire fresco, y lo comprimen hacia el
lado de presin, dado que el espacio entre ambos rotores se reduce. El aire comprimido es enviado
hacia el turbocompresor de gases de escape.
Compresor
Entrada de aire
Entrada de aire
Chapaleta de
regulacin Vlvula de control regulada.
Turbocharger Funcionamiento parcial del compresor
turbocompresor
Entrada de aire
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Throttle valve
Operacin aspirante estado de baja carga Operacin con compresor y turbocompresor carga alta hasta 2.400 rpm
La mariposa de regulacin es totalmente abierta. La mariposa de regualcin est cerrada en este rango. El compresor est
Es aire aspirado pasa por la mariposa de conectado a travs del acoplamiento electromagntico. El compresor aspira
regulacin hacia el turbocompresor, este ya est aire y lo comprime. El aire exterior comprimido es impelido por el compresor
impulsado por los gases de escape, pero con hacia el turbocompresor, donde es sometido a una mayor compresin. La
una energa muy baja por lo que se genera una presin de sobrealimentacin del compresor es medida por el sensor de
baja presin de sobrealimentacin. presin situado en el tubo de aspiracin antes del turbo y regulada por la
mariposa de regulacin. La presin de sobrealimentacin total es medida por
por el sensor de presin situado en el colector de admisin despus de la
mariposa. La presin mxima es de 2,5 bar (presin absoluta).
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Tcnicas de sobrealimentacin
Estado de funcionamiento en alta carga entre 2400 y 3500 Turbocompresor de gases de escape
RPM. A partir de aproximadamente 3500 rpm,el turbocompresor de
En este margen la presin de sobrealimentacin es generada escape es capaz de generar la presin de sobrealimentacin
solamente por el turbocompresor de gases de escape por ejemplo necesaria para cualquier punto de carga. La mariposa de
circulando a una velocidad constante. Pero si se acelera de forma regulacin se encuentra totamente abierta. La energa de los
intensa, el turbocompresor reaccionara demasiado lentamente, y gases de escape ahora es suficiente para generar la presin
se produciria el fenmeno llamado bache del turbo. Para evitarlo la de sobrealimentacin con el turbocompresor. La vlvula de
unidad de control conecta por un corto tiempo el compresor y mariposa se encuentra totalmente abierta y en el colector de
gestiona la apertura de la mariposa de regulacin para alcanzar la admisin existe una presin de sobrealimentacin de hasta 2
sobrealimentacin requerida. Esta presin ayuda al turbocompresor bar de presin absoluta. La presin de sobrealimentacin se
a gererar la sobrealimentacin necesaria. regula a travs de la vlvula limitadora.
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Le agradecemos la atencin prestada
y le deseamos una productiva aplicacin de lo
aprendido !
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