Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

Communication Networks

Chapter 1 Introduction

Winter 2017/18 Communication Networks - 1. Introduction 1

Overview

1. Definitions
2. History of Telecommunications
Telegraphy
Telephony
Wireless Communications
The Internet
3. Trends in Telecommunications
Mobile Communications
Technical Communications: Machine to Machine
Ubiquitous Computing

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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

1. Definitions

Communication
Communication is the process of conveying information
from a sender
to a receiver
with the use of a medium
in which the communicated information is
understood by both sender and receiver
Communication requires that all parties
understand a common language
that is exchanged

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1. Definitions

Communication in Detail
Major dimensions to define communication:
content (what type of things are communicated)
source, emisor, sender or encoder (by whom)
form (in which form)
channel (through which medium)
destination, receiver, target or decoder (to whom),
purpose or pragmatic aspect

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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

1. Definitions

Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the
purpose of communication
In earlier times:
smoke signals
drums
semaphores
flags
heliographs

In modern times:
electronic transmitters such as telephone, television, radio or computer

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1. Definitions

Transmission System
Three basic elements:
a transmitter accepting information and converting it to a signal
a transmission medium carrying the signal
a receiver receiving the signal and converting it back into usable information

Transmitter Receiver

Transmission Medium

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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

1. Definitions

Abstract Model of a Telecommunication System

Sender Receiver

Service Service
Interface Access Point

Information

(Abstract) Medium

Spatial Distance
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1. Definitions

Telecommunication Network
Components
telecommunication links
nodes
end nodes
intermediate nodes
Task
forwarding of information from one end node to
another (over multiple links and intermediate nodes)
Examples
local computer network
public telephone network
Internet
http://www.looptelecom.com/upload/5f365ccacf89/842c4d64533d_640.jpg
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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

1. Definitions

Classes of Telecommunication Networks

According to size According to organization and
GAN, WAN, MAN, LAN, CAN, PAN, management
ad-hoc
According to provider
infrastructure
public
According to transported information
private
analog
According to physical medium digital
wired/wireline According to main application
wireless telephony/voice
automation
multimedia
data
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1. Definitions

Example of a Telecommunication Network

Backbone

LAN 1

Mobile
Users
URL Web Page

Wireless LAN 3
LAN 2
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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

2. History of Telecommunications

Telegraphy
Long-distance transmission of written messages
without physical transport of letters
Electrical telegraph developed and patented in the U.S.
in 1837 by Samuel F. B. Morse
Special encoding of message: Morse Code
Transatlantic telegraph cable completed
on July 18, 1866
Telegraph cable installed between London
and Calcutta in 1870
(length approx. 10,000 km)

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2. History of Telecommunications

Telephony

Philip Reis (1834 1874) Alexander Graham Bell (1847 1922)

Self-taught German scientist and inventor
First working telephone in 1860/61
(Reis telephone)
First public demonstration of the
telephone on October 26, 1861
Eminent scientist, inventor and innovator
Credited with the invention of the
telephone
Patent Number 174,465 issued to Bell on
March 7, 1876, by U.S. patent office

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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

2. History of Telecommunications

The Success of Telephony

Telegraphy was standard technique for telecommunication
telephony disliked by telegraphy companies
Telephony considered a toy
the first services offered the transport
of pieces of music or poems in 1880
Speech quality quite miserable in the beginning
Communication via telephony considered impersonal and unreliable
Telephony blamed for Black Friday in 1929

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2. History of Telecommunications

Wireless Telecommunications
Guglielmo Marconi (1874 1937)
father of mobile communications
applied the findings of the following scientists in practice
Heinrich Hertz (1857 1894)
demonstration of electromagnetic waves in a lecture
hall at University of Karlsruhe in 1988
Desir Edouard Branly (1844 1940)
development of a receiver for radio communication
Augusto Righi (1850 1920)
development of a sender for radio communication

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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

2. History of Telecommunications

Important Dates for Wireless Telecommunications

1896 Demonstration of wireless (digital) telegraphy by Guglielmo Marconi
long wave radio transmission with very high transmission power (> 200 kW)
1907 Commercial wireless transatlantic communication
large base stations (30 antenna masts, each 100 m high)
1915 Wireless telephony between New York and San Francisco
1920 Short wave radio brought forward by amateur radio operators
1926 Telephony in trains on the track from Hamburg to Berlin
1958 First cellular network (A-Netz) in Germany

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2. History of Telecommunications

Birth of the Internet

1957 USSRs launch of sputnik American sputnik crisis
1958 Foundation of Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to expand the
frontiers of technology and science
Communication networks at that time:
unreliable (star topology), proprietary and slow
Proposed solution:
robust and survivable packet
switching (as opposed to circuit switching)
1969 Demonstration of the Internet on August 30:
communication between UCLA and
Stanford Research Institute

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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

2. History of Telecommunications

The First Message over the Internet

Simply a LOGIN from the UCLA computer Leonard Kleinrock
to the SRI computer:
We sent an L - did you get the L?
YEP!
We sent an O - did you get the O?
YEP!
We sent a G did you get the G?
CRASH!!

(Source: https://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/internet_first_words.html)

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2. History of Telecommunications

Evolution of the Internet

1970 First Internet: 4 Hosts
1971 Start of the first Internet backbone (ARPAnet) with 15 nodes
1974 New protocol suite: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
1988 Internet access from Germany:
EUnet-IRB Dortmund
XLink (eXtended Lokales Informatik-Netz) Karlsruhe
1989 Hypertext system created at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research at
Geneva, Switzerland) birth of WWW
1991 EBONE: European backbone
1995 HotJava Web Browser by Sun attractiveness of programming language Java
2014 30 years of electronic mail
2017 3,739,698,500 Internet users world-wide (in March), almost 50% of the population

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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

2. History of Telecommunications

Users of the Internet as of March 2017

World Population Penetration of Internet

8
Billions

7
6
5
4
3
2
1 Africa
0 Asia
Europe
Latin America / Caribbean
Middle East
North America
Oceania / Australia
Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
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2. History of Telecommunications

Mobile Data and Voice Traffic

Source:
https://mybroadband.co.za/
news/cellular/130652-
mobile-traffic-data-vs-
voice.html

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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

3. Trends in Telecommunications

Business Segments
Information Technology
Security mainframe Security
server
PC
pad/tablet
cell phone
software
Media
I authors
Telecommunication movie studios
fixed line network providers radio and TV broadcasts
mobile network providers music industry


cable TV providers
radio stations
T TIMES M

publishers
online games
satellite network providers databases/cloud
comm. equipment companies news / information services
protocol designers e-commerce
E
Entertainment
TV sets
set-top boxes
VCR
cameras
Security Hi Fi equipment Security
game consoles

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3. Trends in Telecommunications

Mobile Communications
Anybody Anytime Anywhere Mobile Communication Subscriber
Pacesetter: cellular mobile telephony Development
Subscribers [in Billions]

more mobile users 10

than fixed-line network users 8

more subscribers than persons 6

on Earth in 2015 4
Worldwide coverage 2
All kinds of communication 0 Year
2000

2002
1999

2001

2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

data
speech Source: http://www.icinsights.com/news/bulletins/
multimedia Worldwide-Cellphone-Subscriptions-Forecast-To-Exceed-
Worldwide-Population-In-2015/
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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

3. Trends in Telecommunications

Mobility and Globalization

worldwide wireless i-Mode
standardization multimedia WAP
anybody from global village
anywhere at anytime Internet in vehicles
PLMN (GSM, GPRS, EDGE, quality of service
UMTS, IMT 2000, 3G,
HSDPA, LTE, LTE+, 4G, 5G) digital broadcast
(DAB, DAB+, DVB-C/S/T)
wireless personal area networks
(Bluetooth, ZigBee) navigation

wireless local area networks location-based services

(IEEE 802.11, HIPERLAN) voice over IP
ubiquitous computing m-commerce
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3. Trends in Telecommunications

Technical Communications
Currently
human beings involved in communication
In the future
machines directly communicate with each other
Examples
remotely controlled factories, Industry 4.0
vehicular communication (C2C, C2X, V2X,)
home automation (smart home)

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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

3. Trends in Telecommunications

Ubiquitous Computing
Information Technology (IT) beyond the PC
tablets/smart phones
wearable devices wearable computing
Enhanced environments
access to information networks everywhere
smart homes/buildings
sensor networks
Ubiquitous computing
independent of a human user
self-acting
not perceptible pervasive computing

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3. Trends in Telecommunications

Eras of Computing

Mainframe Era PC Era Ubicomp Era

one processor, one processor, one user,

many users one user many processors

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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

3. Trends in Telecommunications

Revenues According to Mark Weiser

18

16

14

12
Revenue/ year

10
PC Mark D. Weiser
(one processor, Ubiquitous (July 23, 1952 April 27, 1999),
8 one user) Computing the father of ubiquitous computing
(many processors,
6 one user)
4
Mainframe
(one processor,
2 many users)

1995 t

2000

2005
1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

Source: http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html

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3. Trends in Telecommunications

Converging Networks

Speech Communication Entertainment

Mobile and wireline

communication
infrastructure

Technical
Internet
Communication

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Communication Networks Winter Term 2017/18

References

Halsall, Fred (2000): Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open

Systems. 4th edition, reprint. Harlow: Addison-Wesley (Electronic Systems
Engineering Series).
Kurose, James F.; Ross, Keith W. (2017): Computer Networking. A Top-Down
Approach. 7th edition. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson.
Peterson, Larry L.; Davie, Bruce S. (2012): Computer Networks. A Systems
Approach. 5th edition. Amsterdam: Morgan Kaufmann (The Morgan Kaufmann
Series in Networking).
Stallings, William (2014): Data and Computer Communications. 10th edition.
Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson.
Tanenbaum, Andrew S.; Wetherall, David J. (2011): Computer Networks. 5th
edition. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall.

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