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(Selley, 1998)
Powers (1967) pointed out that there are two types of water in clays:
normal pore water and structured water that is bonded to the layers of
montmorillonitic clays (smectites).
When illitic or kaolinitic clays are buried, a single phase of water emission
occurs because of compaction in the first 2 km of burial. When
montmorillonitic-rich muds are buried, however, two periods of water
emission occur: an early phase and a second, quite distinct phase when
the structured water is expelled during the collapse of the
montmorillonite lattice as it changes to illite.
Further work by Burst (1969) detailed the transformation of
montmorillonite to illite and showed that this change occurred at an
average temperature of some 100 -110 C, right in the middle of the oil
generation window .
PRIMARY MIGRATION
PRIMARY MIGRATION
T=120-150 C
Oil window
T >150 C
Gas window
EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
EXPULSION EFFICIENCY
The exact flow paths generally require more detailed information about
stratigraphic variability, distribution of fractures, and permeability of faults than is
generally available to geologists.
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
BUYANCY AS DRIVING FORCE IN
SCONDARY MIGRATION .
BUOYANCY IS THE PRESSURE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POINT IN
THE PETROLEUM COLOUMN AND
THE SURROUNDING PORE WATER.
IT IS A FUNCTION OF A PETROLEUM-
WATER DENSITY DIFFERENCE AND
THE HEIGHT OF THE PETROLEUM
COLOUMN.
A LARGE BUOYANCY PRESSURE
MAY DEVELOP AT THE TOPS OF
LARGE, LOW DENSITY (GAS)
PETROLEUM COLOUMNS.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS AT
POINT TROUGHOUT THE ETROLEUM
COLOUMN DEFINE A PETROLEUM
PRESSURE GRADIENT
THIS INTERSECT THE HYDROSTATIC
GRADIENT AT THE PETROLEUM-
WATER CONTACT.
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
HYDROSTATIC CONDITION
BUOYANCY IS THE ONLY DRIVING FORCE
HYDRODYNAMIC CONDITION
1. COULD INHIBIT OR ASSIST SECONDARY MIGRATION
2. AFFECTING THE DIRECTION AND RATE OF MIGRATION
3. INCREASING OR DECREASING THE DRIVING PRESSURES AGAINST
VERTICAL OR LATERAL SEALS
4. TILTING PETROLEUM WATER CONTACTS AND DISPLACING PETROLEUM
ACCUMULATION (OFF THE CREST OF STRUCTURAL CLOSURE
BUOYANCY
FORCE
POTENSIAL PLANE
HYDRODYNAMIC
FORCE
HYDRODINAMIC
FLOW
HYDRODINAMIC TRAP
TILTING HC CONTACT
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
RESTRICTING FORCE IN SECONDARY MIGRATION
CAPILLARY PRESSURE
DISPLACEMENT PRESSURE
INJECTION PRESSURE
FUNCTION OF THE SIZE (RADIUS) OF PORE THROAT
INTERFACIAL SURFACE TENSION BETWEEN THE WATER AND PETROLEUM AND
WETTABILITY OF THE PETROLEUM-WATER-ROCK SYSTEM
Capillary pressure is defined as:
p c = p non-wetting phase p wetting phase {\displaystyle
p_{c}=p_{\text{non-wetting phase}}-p_{\text{wetting phase}}}
where:
p c {\displaystyle p_{\text{c}}}
is the capillary pressure
p non-wetting phase {\displaystyle p_{\text{non-wetting phase}}}
is the pressure of the non-wetting phase
p wetting phase {\displaystyle p_{\text{wetting phase}}}
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
RESISTANT FORCE IN
SECONDARY HYDROCARBON
MIGRATION.
HIGHER PRESSURE ARE
NEEDED TO FORCE
PETROLEUM GLOBULES
TROUGH SMALLER PORES
(AFTER PURCELL 1949 IN
SCHOWALTER 1976)
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
PORE SIZES ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT
ON SECONDARY MIGRATION AND
ENTRAPMENT
PORE SIZES CAN BE ESTIMATED
THIN SECTION
SEM
DISPLACEMENT PRESSUREMICP
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
CAPILLARY PRESSURE =2g (1/Rt-1/Rb)
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
Critical petroleum height = Ypc
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
MIGRATION PATHWAYS
DRIVING FORCE BUOYANCY
PETROLEUM MIGRATION DIRECTION STEEPEST SLOPE
PEPENDICULAR TO STRUCTURAL CONTOURS OR TRUE DIP DIRECTION
LINE DRAWN AT RIGHT ANGLES TO STRUCTURAL CONTOURS OF THE
TOP CARRIER BED/BASE SEAL HORIZON ORTHO CONTOURS
ORTHOCONTOUR MAP ILLUSTRATE HYDROCARBONS MIGRATION
PATHWAYS FROM ITS KITCHEN AREA
ILLUSTRATE FOCUSING AND DE-FOCUSING EFFECTS OF STRUCTURAL
FEATURES IN PROSPECT DRAINAGE AREA
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
MIGRATION PATHWAYS
LATERAL MIGRATION
SHORT DISTANCE
LONG DISTANCE
LONG DISTANCE MIGRATION PROSPECT S REMOTE FROM
AREA OF MATURE SOURCE ROCKS (KITCHENS AREA )
THE STRUCTURAL EFFECTS MAY STRONGLY INFLUENCE THE
PATTERN OF HYDROCARBON CHARGE
PETROLEUM FLOW CAN BE SPLIT WHEN ENCOUNTERING A LOW
AND CONCENTRATED ALONG REGIONAL HIGH
GEOMETRY OF THE KITCHEN EFFECT PETROLEUM CHARGE
VOLUMES
SECONDARY MIGRATION
TROUGH CARRIER BED TO TRAP
MIGRATION PATHWAYS
ORTHOCONTOURS ARE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE ACTUAL
TIME OF SECONDARY MIGRATION.
TRAP
FINAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE OPERATION OF ANN EFFECTIVE
PETROLEUM PLAY IS ATRAPS
TO ESTIMATE HC VOLUME
STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS:
DIVERSE GROUP, TRAP GEOMETRY INHERITAGEFROM THE ORIGINAL
MORPHOLOGY
DISCONTINUITIES IN THE BASIN FILL
DIAGENETIC EFFECTS.
COMBINATION TRAPS
COMBINATION OF STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY
HYDROCARBON TRAP
HYDROCARBON TRAP
HYDROCARBON TRAP