Amos 1

Unit V
Advanced topics in bending of beams
Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

1
Dept. of Civil Engg., SVCE
Unit V Advanced topics in bending of beams
Contents
Unsymmetrical bending of beams of symmetrical
sections
Unsymmetrical bending of beams of unsymmetrical
sections
Shear Centre
curved beams Winkler Bach formula.

2
Advanced topics in bending of beams
References
Rajput R.K. "Strength of Materials (Mechanics of Solids)",
S.Chand & company Ltd., New Delhi, 2010.
William A .Nash, Theory and Problems of Strength of

Materials, Schaums Outline Series, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing company, 2007.
Punmia B.C."Theory of Structures" (SMTS) Vol 1&II, Laxmi

Publishing Pvt Ltd, New Delhi 2004.

3
Unsymmetrical bending of beams
Unsymmetrical bending of beams:

While using the well known simple flexure formula = , it is

assumed that the neutral axis of the cross section of the beam is
perpendicular to the plane of loading.
This condition implies that the plane of loading or plane of

bending, is coincident with or parallel to a plane containing a
principal centroidal axis of inertia of the cross section of the beam.
If however, the plane of loading or that of bending doesnt lie in

(or parallel to ) a plane that contains the principal centroidal axis
of the cross section, the bending is called unsymmetrical bending.
In the case of unsymmetrical bending, the direction of neutral axis

is not perpendicular to the plane of bending.
4
Unsymmetrical bending of beams
Reasons for unsymmetrical bending:

(i) The section is symmetrical (viz. rectangular, circular, I-section)
but the load line is inclined to both the principal axes.
(ii) The section itself is unsymmetrical (viz. angle section or channel

section vertical web) and the load line is along any centroidal axes.

5
Stresses due to unsymmetrical bending
Stresses due to
unsymmetrical bending:
=Mcos Y
Figure 1 shows the cross V M
section of a beam under the = Msin
action of a bending moment M N P (u,v) U
dA
acting in plane YY. u v

X G X
G = Centroid of the section,
U A
XX, YY are coordinate axes
passing through G.
Y V
UU, VV are Principal axes Figure 1
inclined at an angle to XX
and YY axes respectively.
6
Let us determine the stress distribution over the section. The
moment M in the plane YY can be resolved into its components in
the planes UU and VV as follows.
Moment in the plane UU, =Msin ,

Moment in the plane VV, =Mcos
The components and have their axes along VV and UU

respectively.
The resultant bending stress at the point p(u,v) is given by,

= +

sin . cos .
= +

7
cos sin
=M +

At any point the nature of will depend upon the quadrant in

which it lies. In other words the signs of u and v will have to be
taken into account while determining the resultant bending stress.
The equation of the neutral axis (N.A.) can be found by finding the
locus of the points on which the resultant stress is zero.
Thus the points lying on neutral axis will satisfy the condition that
=0,
cos sin
i.e., M + =0


8
Or, cos sin

+ =0

sin
=-
cos

Or, = - tan

This is an equation of a straight line passing through the centroid G
of the section and inclined at an angle with UU where,

tan = - tan


9
Worth noting points:
(i) The maximum stress will occur at a point which is at the
greatest distance from the neutral axis.
(ii) All the points of the section on one side of the neutral axis will
carry stress of the same nature and on the other side of its
axis, of opposite nature.
(iii) In the case where there is direct stress in addition to the

bending stress, the neutral axis will still be straight line but will
not pass through G (Centroid of section). This is obvious from
the fact that from finding the equation algebraic sum of direct
and bending stresses will be equated to zero.

10
Deflection of beams due to unsymmetrical bending
Deflection due to unsymmetrical
bending:
Figure 2 shows the transverse =Wcos Y
section of the beam with centroid
V W
G. = Wsin
XX and YY are two rectangular co-

N U
ordinate axes and UU and VV are
the principal axesinclined at an
angle to the xy set of coordinate X
X
axes.
W is the load acting along line YY U
A
on the section of the beam. The
load W can be resolved into the
following two components: Y V
(i) Wsin ----along UG
(ii) Wcos ------ along VG Figure 2

11
Let, = Deflection caused by the component W sin along the
line GU for its bending about VV axis, and
= Deflection caused by the component Wcos along the line
GV due to bending about UU axis.
Then depending upon the end conditions of the beam, the values
of and are given by,
( sin ) 3
=

( cos ) 3
and =

Where, k= A constant depending on the end condition of the
beam and position of the load along the beam and = length of
the beam.

12
The total or resultant deflection can then be found as follows:

= 2 + 2
3 sin 2 cos 2
= +

3 sin 2 cos 2
= +

The inclination of the deflection, with the line GU is given by

tan = = tan


13
=Mcos Y =Wcos Y
V M V W
= Msin = Wsin
P (u,v) U U
N dA N
u v
G
X G X X X

U A U A
Figure 1 Figure 2
Y V Y V
The magnitudes of and are the same and are measured from
perpendicular lines (GU and GV) in the same direction as shown
in figure1 and figure 2.
Thus the deflection will be in a direction perpendicular to the
neutral axis.
14
Unsymmetrical beams - Problems
Problem:
A beam of T-section (flange: 60 mm x 10 mm , web 100 mm x 5
mm) is 3 m length and is simply supported at the ends. It carries a
load of 4 kN inclined at 200 to the vertical and passing through
centroid of section.
If E= 200 GN/m2, calculate (i) Maximum tensile stress,
(ii) Maximum compressive stress (iii) Maximum bending stress
(iv) Deflection due to the load, (v) Position of neutral axis.

15
60 mm
Solutioin: Y, V
To find the centroid: 10 mm
30 mm
60105 + 100560
=
6010 + 1005 X, U X, U
= 30 mm (from top)
100 mm
60103
Now = = + 60 10 30 5 2
12
51003
+ + 100 5 80 50 2
12
4 4
= (38 10 ) + (86.67 10 ) Y, V
= 1.25 106 mm4

= 1.25 106 4

16
60 mm
Y, V
10 mm
30 mm
X, U X, U
10603 10053
100 mm
Now = = +
12 12
= 181041.67 mm4
= 0.181 106 4
Y, V

17
60 mm
Y, V
W=4 kN
Components of W: A
B
10 mm
= W sin20 = 4sin20 = 1.368 kN 200
30 mm
= Wcos20 = 4 cos20 = 3.759 kN
X, U X, U
Bending moment:
1.368 3
100 mm
= = = 1.026 kNm
4 4
3.758 3
= = = 7.82 kNm
4 4
C D
Y, V
will cause maximum compressive stress at B and D and tensile
stress at A and C
will cause maximum compressive stress at A and B and tensile
stress at C and D
18
(i) Maximum tensile stress: 60 mm
W=4 kN
2.5103 80103 A Y, V
At C, = + B
10 mm
200
30 mm
1.0262.5103 2.8280103
= +
0.181106 1.25106 X, U X, U
= 14171.27 + 180480
= 194651.27 /2
100 mm
= 194.651 MN/2
(i) Maximum Compressive stress :
30103 30103
At B, = +
C D
Y, V
1.02630103 2.8230103
= +
0.181106 1.25106
= 170055.25 + 67680
= 237735.25 /2
= 237.735 MN/2
19
60 mm
(iii) Deflection due to the load, : Y, V
W=4 kN
A
B
10 mm
3
2 2 200
= +
30 mm

X, U X, U
1
k= for a beam with simply supported ends
48
100 mm
and carrying a point load at its centre.
2
3
= 2 + 2

C D
Y, V
1 4 103 33
=
48 200 109 1.25 106
2
1.25 106
2 20 6
+ 2 20
0.181 10
20
60 mm
=9 103
2.542 A Y, V
W=4 kN
= 0.02287 B
10 mm
200
= 22.9
30 mm
X, U X, U
(iv) Position of neutral axis:

100 mm
tan = tan

1.25106
= tan 20
0.181106
C D
Y, V
= 68.30

21
Problem:
A Cantilever of I-section, 2.4 m long is subjected to a load of 200 N
at the free end as shown in Figure. Determine the resulting bending
stress at corners A and B, on the fixed section of the cantilevers.
600 N
2.5 mm
200
45 mm
2.5 mm
30 mm
22
Solutiion:
A Cantilever of I-section, 2.4 m long is subjected to a load of 200 N at
the free end. 200 N Y, V
= 1.8 .
2.5 mm
Since I-section is symmetrical about XX 200
and YY axes, therefore XX and YY are the
principal axes UU and VV. 2 mm
Moment of inertia, X,U X,U 45 mm

30503 28453
= = = 99875 4
12 12
= 9.99 10 4
8
2.5 mm
2.5 303 45 23 Y, V 30 mm
= = 2 +
12 12
= 1.128 108 4
23
Maximum bending moment, M=wl= 200 2.4 = 480 .
Components of M,
= M sin20 = 480 20 = 164.17 200 N
Y, V
= M cos 20 = 480 20 = 451 . B
A
2.5 mm
200
will cause tensile stresses at points
2 mm
A and C and compressive stresses at points
B and D. X,U X,U 45 mm
will cause tensile stresses at points A and B

and compressive stresses at points C and D. 2.5 mm
C Y, V 30 mm D

24
Now, resultant bending stresses on A and B
are as follows.
15 103 25 103 200 N Y, V
= +
A
B
2.5 mm
164.1715103 45125103 200
= +
1.128108 9.99108
= 218.31 + 112.86 2 mm
= 331.17 MN/2 X,U X,U 45 mm

15 103 25 103
= +

164.1715103 45125103
= + 2.5 mm
1.128108 9.99108
C Y, V 30 mm D
= 218.31 + 112.86
= 105.4 MN/2
25
Unsymmetrical bending of beams - Problems
Problem:
A 80 mm x 80 mm x 10 mm angle section shown in Figure is used as a
simply supported beam over a span of 2.4 m. It carries a load of 400 N
along the line YG, where G is the centroid of the section.
Calculate: 10 mm
V Y U
(i) Stresses at the points A,B and C
of the mid section of the beam.
80 mm
(i) Deflection of the beam at mid
section and its direction with the 450
X X
load line.
10 mm
(i) Position of the neutral axis.
Take E=200 GN/2 U 80 mm V
Y
Solution:
Let (, ) be the co-ordinates of centroid G, with respect to the
rectangular axes B1 and B1 .
801040 + 70105 1
Now = = = 23.66 mm
8010 + 7010 10 mm
A Y U
Moment of inertia about xx axis, V
80 103
+ 80 10 23.66 5 2
80 mm
= 12
10 703
+ + 70 10 45 23.66 2 450
12 X G X
10 mm

= 889833 4 U B 80 mm V 1
Y
= 8.898 105 4 = (since it is an equal angle section)
If is the inclination of principal axes with GX, passing through G then,
2
tan 2 = = =tan 90

2 = 90
i.e., 1 = 450 and 2 = 90 + 45 = 1350 are the inclination of the
principal axes GU and GV respectively.
1
Principal moment of inertia, 10 mm
A Y U
1 1 V
= + + ( )cos 90
2 2
80 mm
sin 90 (At 1 = 450 ) 2
1 450
= 8.898 + 8.898 105 + 0 X G X
10 mm

2 1
5.2266 105 = 14.1246 105 4 B 80 mm V 1
U
Y
Co-0rdinates of 1 = 40 23.66, 23.66 5 = 16.34, 18.66

Centroid of 2 = 23.66 5 , 45 23.66 = 18.66, 21.34
Product of inertia, = [80 10 16.34 (18.66)]+

[7010 (18.66) (21.34)]
= 243923.5 278743 = 522666 4 1
10 mm
5 4
= 5.2266 10 V
A

Y U
80 mm
(Product of inertia about the centroidal axes 2
is zero because portions 1 and 2 are 450
X G X
10 mm
rectangular strips)
1
U B 80 mm V 1
Y
Also + = +
= +
= 2 8.898 105 14.124 105
= 3.67 105 4
Stresses at the points A, B and C:

Bending moment at the mid section, 1
10 mm
400 2.4 103 5
A Y U
= = =
2.4 10 V
4 4
80 mm
The components of bending moment are:
2
= M sin = 2.4 105 sin 45 450
= 1.697 105 Nmm X G X
10 mm

= M cos = 2.4 105 cos 45 1
= 1.697 105 Nmm U B 80 mm V 1
Y
u,v co-ordinates:
Point A, = 23.66, = 80 23.66 = 56.34
= cos + sin = 23.66 cos 45 + 56.34 sin 45 = 23.1
= cos sin = 56.34 cos 45 (23.66 sin 45) = 56.56
Point B, = 23.66, = 23.66

= cos + sin = 23.66 cos 45 + (23.66 sin 45) = 33.45
= 23.66 cos 45 (23.66 sin 45) = 0 1
10 mm
A Y U
V
Point C, = 80 23.66 = 56.34, = 23.66
80 mm
= 56.34 cos 45 + (23.66 sin 45) = 23.1
2
= 23.66 cos 45 56.34 sin 45 = 56.56
450
X G X
10 mm

1
U B 80 mm V C 1
Y
Stresses at Various points:
1.697105 23.1 1.697105 56.56
Point A, = + = +
3.67105 14.1246105
= 17.47 N/2
1.697105 (33.45) 1.697105 0 1

Point B, = + 10 mm
3.67105 14.1246105 A Y U
V
= 15.47 N/2
80 mm
2
450
1.697105 (23.1) 1.697105 (56.56) X G
Point C, = + X
10 mm
3.67105 14.1246105
1
= 3.88 N/2 U B 80 mm V C 1
Y
Deflection of the beam :
3 2 2
= 2 +
2
1
k= for a simply supported beam with a point load at its centre.
48
W=400N, l=2.4 m, E=2.4 103 N/2 , =14.1246 106 4 , = 3.67
105 4 1
3 3
1 400 2.4 10 A
10 mm
=
Y U
48 200 103 V
80 mm
sin 452 cos 452
+ 2
3.67 105 2 14.1246 106 2
450
X G X
10 mm

1
= 1.146
U B 80 mm V C 1
Y
The deflection will be inclined at an angle clock wise with the line
GV, given by
14.1246 106
tan = tan = 5
tan 45 = 3.848
3.67 10
= 75.430
Thus the deflection is at 75.43 - 45=30.430 clockwise with the load line
Gy
1
Position of the neutral axis: 10 mm
A Y U
V
The neutral axis will be at 90- 30.43 =59.570
80 mm
Anticlockwise with the load line, because the
2
Neutral axis is perpendicular to the line of 450
X G X
10 mm
deflection.
1
U B 80 mm V C 1
Y
Problem:
A beam of rectangular section, 80 mm wide 120 mm deep is subjected
to a bending moment of 20 kNm. The trace of the plane of loading is
inclined at 450 to the YY axis of the section. Locate the neutral axis of
the section and calculate the bending stress induced at each corner of
the beam section.

35
Curved beams
Curved beams Introduction:

The bending equation, = = was derived assuming the beam

to be initially straight.
The simple flexure formula may be used for curved beams for
which the radius of curvature is more than five times the depth of
the beam.
The simple bending formula, however is not applicable for deeply

curved beams where the neutral and centroidal axes do not
coincide. To deal with such cases Winkler-Bach theory is used.

36
Curved beams
Stresses in curved bars (Winkler Bach theory):
M
A
E dA
dy
B M y
H G
F
D G B
C F
G
R C
R

O
Fig. Bending of a curved bar
O Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
37
Curved beams
M
Figure shows a bar ABCD initially in A
Its unstrained state. E
B M
H
Let ABCD be the strained position of the F
D G B
bar. C F
G
R C
R
Let, R= Radius of the curvature of the
centroidal axis HG.
O
y= Distance of the fibre EF from the dA
O dy
centroidal layer HG, y
G
R=Radius of curvature of HG
y=Distance between EF and HG after straining.
38
Curved beams
M=Uniform bending moment applied M A
to the beam (assumed positive when E
B M
H
tending to increase the curvature) F
D G B
C F
G
= Original angle subtended by the R C
R
centroidal axis HG at its centre of
curvature O.
O

O
= Angle subtended by HG (after bending)
at the centre of curvature O.

39
Curved beams
Assumptions made in the analysis:
M
1. Plane sections (transverse sections) A
remain plane during bending. E
B M
H
F
D G B
2. The material obeys Hookes law (limit of C F
G
proportinality is not exceeded) R C
R
3. Radial strain is negligible.

O

O
4. The fibres are free to expand or contract
without any constraining effect from the
adjacent fibres.

40
Curved beams
For finding the strain and stress normal
to the section, consider the fibre EF at a M A
distance y from the centroidal axis. E
B M
H
F
D G B
Let be the stress in the strained layer EF C F
G
under the bending moment M and e is the R C
R
strain in the same layer.

O
( + ) (+)
Strain, = = , O
(+)
( + )
or = 1
(+)
( + )
1+ = --------------(1)
(+)
41
Curved beams
Also strain in the centroidal layer i.e., when y=0
M
A
0 = 1
E
B M
H
1 + 0 = -------(2) F
D G B
C F
( + ) R C
G
1+ ( + )
+ 1 +
= = = R
1 + 0 + 1 +
O

1+ O
= 1 + 0
1
1+

0 + + 0
or, =
1+

42
Curved beams
According to assumption (3) i.e., radial strain is zero.
M
= A
E
0 + + 0 B M
= H
1+ F
D G B

Adding and subtracting the term 0 , we get C F
R
G
C

0 +0 + 0 +0 0 R
=

1+
O
1 1 1 1
0 1+ + + 0
=
O
1+
1 1
1+0

= 0 + -------------(3)
1+


43
Curved beams
From Figure, it is obvious that for the given bending moment the
layers above the centroidal layer are M
A
in tension and layers below the centroidal E B M
layer are in compression. H
F
D G B
C F
1 1 G
1 + 0 R C

= = 0 + (4) R
1+
O

(Where, E=Youngs modulus of the material)

O
Total force on the section, = .

44
Curved beams
Consider a small strip of elementary area dA, at a distance y from the
centroidal layer HG, we have M
A
E
B M
1 1 H
1 + 0
= 0 dA + E dA D G
F
B
1+ C F
G
1 1 R C
= 0 dA + E 1 + 0
dA R
1+

O

1 1 O
= 0 A + E 1 + 0 dA ----(5)
1+
Where, A=Area of cross section of the bar,

45
Curved beams
M
The total resisting moment is given by, A
E
B M
= H
F
D G
1 1 2 B
1 + 0 C F
G
= 0 +
R C
1+ R

1 1 2 O
= 0 0 + 1 + 0
1+
O
(since = 0)
1 1 2
= 1 + 0
1+

46
Curved beams
2 M
2 A
, = A -------------(6)
1+ E
B M
Where 2 = H
F
D G B
C F
1 1
= 1 + 0 2 ----------(7) R C
G

R

, = dA
1+ + O

2 2 O
= dA =
+ +
1 2
=0 dA
1+

1 2 1 2
= dA = A (8)
1+ 1 + Dept. of Civil Engg.,SVCEProfessor,
Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate
47

Curved beams
M
1 2 A
= A (8) E
1+ B M
H
1 1 F
= 0 A + E 1 + 0 dA ---(5)D G B
1+ C F

G
R
Hence equation (5) becomes C
R
1 1 2
= 0 A E 1 + 0 -(9)
O
Since transverse plane section remain plane
O
during bending , = 0.
1 1 2
or 0 = 0 A E 1 + 0

1 1 2
or, 0 A = E 1 + 0

1 1 2
or, 0 = 1 + 0
Dr.P.Venkateswara
Dept. of Civil
rao, Associate Professor,
Engg., SVCE
48
Curved beams
1 1 M
or, 0 2 = 1 + 0 ---------(10). A
E
1 1 B M
Substituting the value of 1 + 0 in H
F
D G B
Equation (7), we get C F
G
= 0 2 2 = 0 EAR R C
R

or, 0 = 11
O
1 1
1 + 0
O
= 0 + (4)
1+

Substituting the value of 0 in equation (4), we get

= + 0 2
1 +
49
Curved beams
M
A
= + 0 2
1+ E
B M
H
F
= +
2
0
D G B
1+ C F
R
G
C
R
= + 2
1+
O

1
= + `
1 +
O
2

2
= 1+ 2 12 Tensile
+

50
Curved beams
M
On the other side of HG, y will be negative, A
and stress will be compressive E
B M
2 H
= 1 2 13 D G
F
C
B
F
G
R C
R

O
When the bending moment is applied in such
O
a manner that it tends to decrease the curvature,
then the equation (13), tensile.

51
Curved beams
M
A
Position of neutral axis: E
B M
H
At the neutral axis, = 0 F
2 D G B
1+ 2 =0 C F
+ R C
G
2 R
2
= 1
+
O

2 y= 2 + = R2 2 y O
2 + 2 = R2

=
+
Hence neutral axis is located below the centroidal axis.
52
Curved beams
M
A
Values of 2 for various sections E
B M
H
1 2
We know, 2 = dA D G
F
B
1+
C F
2 R
G
= dA C
+ R
2
O
= +
+ O
2
= 0 +
+

=
+ Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
53
Curved beams
Value of 2 for Rectangular section: B
Y
Figure shows the rectangular section with centre
dA
of curvature O lying on YY-axis and XX-axis is dy
D y
the centroidal bending axis. X X
G
Consider an elementary strip of width B and
depth dy at a distance y from the centroidal
Y
Layer.
R
Area of the strip dA=Bdy
Area of the section, A=BD

, = O
+
3 /2

2 = 2
/2 + Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,
54
Curved beams
B
3 /2
2
Y
= 2 dA
/2 + dy
3 D y
/2
= log + 2 X G X
/2
+ Y

=
R

55
Curved beams - Problems
Problem:
Figure shows a frame subjected to a load of 2.4 kN.
18 120 2.4 kN
48
1 2
48
Dimensions in mm 2.4 kN
Find (i) The resultant stresses at points 1 and 2.

(ii) Position of the neutral axis.

56
Solution: 18 120 2.4 kN
Area of section at 1-2, 48
= 48 18 106 = 8.64 104 2 1 2

48
Bending moment,
= 2.4 103 120 + 48 103
= 403.2 .
M is taken as ve because it tends to decrease the curvature.

57
(i) Resultant stresses at points 1 and 2: 18 120 2.4 kN
2.4103 48
Direct stress, = 106
8.64104
1 2
= 2.77 MN/2 (tensile) 48
3
2
2 +
= log 2
2
Here, = 48 = 0.048 ,
= 48 = 0.048
3
2
0.048 2 0.048 + 0.048
= log 0.0482
0.048 2 0.048 0.048
= 0.0482 log 3 1 = 2.27 104 2
58
18 120 2.4 kN
48
1 2
48
Bending stress due to M at point 2,

2 Dimensions in mm 2.4 kN
2 = 1 2

403.2 0.0482 0.024
= 1 106 MN/2
8.64 104 0.048 2.27 104 0.048 0.024
2 = 9.722 1 10.149
= +88.95 MN/2 ( tensile)
59
18 120 2.4 kN
48
1 2
48
Bending stress due to M at point 1,

2 Dimensions in mm 2.4 kN
1 = 1+ 2
+
403.2 0.0482 0.024
= 1+ 106 MN/2
8.64 104 0.048 2.27 104 0.048 + 0.024
= 42.61 /2 = 42.61 MN/2 (Comp.)

60
18 120 2.4 kN
48
Resultant stress at point 2,
1 2
2 = + 2 = 2.77 + 88.95 48
= 91.72 MN/2 (tensile).
1 = + 1 = 2.77 42.61
= 39.84 MN/2 (Comp.)

61
18 120 2.4 kN
48
1 2
48
Position of neutral axis:
2
We know, = 2 2
+ Dimensions in mm 2.4 kN
0.0482.27104
=
0.0482 +2.27104
= 0.00435 = 4.35
Hence, neutral axis is at a radius of 4.35 mm below the centroidal axis.

62
Curved beams
for circular section:
b
Figure shows the circular section of diameter d
of a curved bar of radius of curvature of R dy
from the centre of curvature O upto the Y
centroid G of the section. G
2
Area of cross section, A=
4
Consider a strip of width b and a depth dy R
at a distance y from the centroidal layer as shown.
2

=2 2 O
2
Curved beams
for circular section (contd):
b
2
Area of strip, = . = 2 2 . dy
2 dy
3
Y
2 = 2
+ G
2

+/2 2 2
3 2
= dy 2 R
+
/2
+/2 2
83 2 2
4
= dy 2 O
2 +
/2
Curved beams
for circular section (contd):
b
+/2 2 2
8 3 2
4 2
= dy dy
2 + Y
/2
Equating the integral by binomial expression G
and then integrating, we get

= +
+
R
O
Curved beams
for triangular section:
Let + =
dy
d
= Y
Width of elementary strip, G

2 b
= 2

Area of elementary strip, 1
R
= = b . da
2
3
Now, 2 = 2
+ O
1 d b
2 2 - a ?
3
= 2

=
2
1
Curved beams
for triangular section (contd):
2
3 2
dy
2 = 2 Y d

1 G
3 2 2 b
= log 2 1 2 2
1
1
R
2
Since, 2 = R + d ; 1 = R
3 3
and 2 1 = d
O
2 2
3 R+ d R + 3d
2 = 3 log 2

R
3
Curved beams
for triangular section (contd):
2 2 dy
3 R + d R + 3d d
2
= 3 log 2
Y
G
R
3 b
2
23 3R + 2 3R + 2
= log 2 1
3 3R R
+ +
= O

Curved beams
for trapezoidal section : b
Consider an elementary strip of 2 dy
2
Y d
width b and depth dy at a distance y
from the centroidal axis. 1 G
2 B
Let + = 2
= 2
1
R

=b+ 2
1 + 2
O
Area of the strip,

= dy = b + 2 da
1 +2
Curved beams
for trapezoidal section (contd): b
2
3
2
dy
2 = 2 Y d
+
1 1 G
1
2
3 B
= + 2 2
1 + 2
1
1 2 1
R
3 2
= + 2
1 + 2
1 1
O
3 2 2
= log + 2 log 2 1 2
1 1 + 2 1
Curved beams
for trapezoidal section (contd): b
+ 2
log + 2
dy
3 1 Y d

2 = + 2 2
+ 2 log 1 G
1
2 B

Where,
+ 1
R
= d
2
+ 2
1 =
3 +
2 = d 1 O
Problem:
The curved member shown in Figure has a solid circular cross-section
0.10 m in diameter. If the maximum tensile and compressive stresses
in the member are not to exceed 150 Mpa and 200 Mpa respectively,
determine the value of load P that can safely be carried by the
member.
0.15 m P
0.05 m
P
Solution: 0.15 m P
Given d=0.10 m, R=0.10 m,
1 = 150 MPa = 150 MN/2 (tensile)
0.05
2 = 200 MPa = 200MN/2 (Comp.) m
Refer to Figure, Area of cross section,
2
= = 0.102 = 7.854 103 2
4 4
P
Bending moment, M=P(0.15+0.10)=0.25P
2 1 4
2 = +
16 128 2
0.102 1 0.104
= + = 7.031 104 2
16 128 0.102
Solution: 0.15 m P

Direct stress, = (comp.)

Bending stress at point1 due to M, 0.05 m
0.10 m
2 1 2
1 = 1+ 2 tensile
+
Total stress at point 1,
1 = + 1 P
2
150 = + 1+ 2 tensile
+

150 =
7.854 103
0.25 0.102 0.05
+ 3
1+
7.854 10 0.10 7.031 104 0.10 + 0.05
150 = 127.32 + 318.31 5.74 = 1699.78
150 150 103
= = kN = 88.25 kN (i)
1699.78 1699.78 0.15 m P
Bending stress at point 2 due to M,
2
2 = 1 2
0.10 m
0.05 m
1 2
Total stress at point 2,
2 = + 2
2
200 = + 1 2 P

200 =
7.854 103
0.25 0.102 0.05
+ 3
1
7.854 10 0.10 7.031 104 0.10 0.05
200 = 127.32 318.31 13.22 = 4335.38
200 200 103
= = kN = 46.13 kN
4335.38 4335.38 0.15 m P
= 46.13 .
Comparing (i) and (ii) values, the safe load
P will be lessor of these. 0.05 m
0.10 m 2
1
Hence, P= 46.13 kN.
P
Problem:
Figure shows a circular ring of rectangular section, with a slit and
subjected to load P.
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the force P if the maximum stress
along the section 1-2 is not to 9 cm P
exceed 225 MN/2 . G
6 cm
(ii) Draw the stress distribution

along 1-2.
1 2
G
Solution:
Area of section at 1-2, = 9 6 = 542 = 0.0054 2
Permissible stress, = 225 /2
Bending moment, = 16.5 102 = 0.165P Nm
9 cm P
M is taken as +ve because it tends 6 cm
G
to increase the curvature.
(i) Magnitude of the force P: 1 2

G
Direct stress, = =
0.0054
= 185.18 P N/2 (comp.)
3
2
2 +
= log 2 9 cm P
2 6 cm
G
Here, = 16.5 102 m = 0.165 m
= 9 = 0.09
1 2
3
2
0.165 2 0.165 + 0.09 G
= log 0.1652
0.09 2 0.165 0.09
= 0.0499 0.5596 0.1652 = 6.99 104

2
= + 1 2

0.165 0.1652 0.045
225 106 = 185.18P + 1
0.00540.165 6.99104 0.1650.045
= 83189 = 83.189 (. )
(ii) Stress distribution along the section 1-2: 9 cm P
6 cm
G
Stress distribution along G1:
1 2
Resultant stress at point 1, G
2
= + 1 + 2
+
83.189
1 =
0.0054
0.165 83.189 0.1652 0.045
+ 1+
0.0054 0.165 6.99 104 0.165 + 0.045
= 128.6 /2
(ii) Stress distribution along the section 1-2: 9 cm P
6 cm
G
128.6 MN/2 Hyperbolic
0
1 2
G
225 MN/2
Problem:
Figure shows a crane hook lifting a load of 150 kN. Determine the
maximum compressive and tensile stresses in the critical section of the
crane hook.
d=180
2 1
b=45 B=135
A B
G
A B
Dimensions in mm
150 kN
Solution: d=180
2 1
B=135 mm=0.135 m;
b=45 mm=0.045 m;
b=45 A B=135
d=180 mm; G B
P=150 kN
0.135+0.45
Area of section, = 0.18 = 0.0162 2
2
+ 2 0.18 0.135 + 2 0.045

1 = = = 0.075 m
3 + 3 0.135 + 0.045
A B
2 = 0.18 0.075 = 0.105 m
150 kN
R=0.105+0.075=0.18 m Dimensions in mm
+ 2 d=180
log +
3 1 2 1

2 = + 2 2
+ 2 log
1 b=45 A B=135
G B

By substituting the values ,
2 = 0.00256 2
Bending moment , = 150 103 0.18

= 27000Nm
A B
150103
Direct stress, = = 106
0.0162 150 kN
= 9.26 MN/2 (tensile) Dimensions in mm
Bending stress calculations, d=180
2 1
Bending stress at A,
2
= 1+ 2 = 52.43 MN/2 b=45
+ A G B
B=135
= 52.43 MN/2 (comp.)
Bending stress at B,
2
= 1 2 = 74.45 MN/2

= 74.45 MN/2 (Tensile.) A B
150 kN
Dimensions in mm
d=180
2 1
Stress at A,
= + = 9.26 52.43 = 43.17 MN/2
= 43.17 MN/2 (Comp.) b=45 A
G B
B=135
Stress at B,
= + = 9.26 + 74.45 = 83.71 MN/2
= 83.71 MN/2 (Tensile)
A B
150 kN
Dimensions in mm
Curved beams
Stresses in a ring:
Figure shows a circular ring under the action of an axial pull P.
P
(A) Stresses on a section taken along the line of
A
action of P,
(i) At outside ring, i.e., at point A,
2 2 2 B
= 1+ 2 (tensile)
2 + 2 + 2
D C
(ii) At inside ring, i.e., at point B,

2 2 1
= 2 2 1 2 (Comp. )
+ 1
P
Curved beams
Stresses in a ring (contd):
P
(B) Stresses on a section perpendicular to the line of
A
action of P,
(i) At outside ring, i.e., at point C,
2 2 22 2
= + 2 1 B
2 + 2 2 2 + 2 + 2
D C
+ (Comp. )
2
(ii) At inside ring, i.e., at point D,

2 2 22 1
= + 2 1 + (Ten. )
2 + 2 2 2 + 2 1 2
P
Problem:
A ring is made of round steel bar 30 mm diameter and the mean radius
of ring is 180 mm. Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses in the material of the ring if it is subjected to a pull of 12 kN.
Solution:
d=30 mm=0.03 m

= 0.032 = 7.068 104 2
4
30 mm
P=12 kN
12 kN
A
R=180 mm=0.18 m
B
2 1 4
2 = + D C
16 128 2
0.032 1 0.034
= + = 5.64 105 2
16 128 0.182
12 kN
Solution:
Stresses:
2 2 2
= 2 2
1+ 2 (tensile)
+ + 2
30 mm
103
12 0.182 12 kN
=
7.068 104 0.182 + 5.64 105 A
0.182 0.015 6
1+ 10
5.64 105 0.18 + 0.015 B
D C
= 243.7 MN/2 (tensile)
12 kN
Stresses:
2 2 1
= 2 2
1 2
+ 1
30 mm
103
12 0.182 12 kN
=
7.068 104 0.182 + 5.64 105 A
0.182 0.015 6
1 10
5.64 105 0.18 0.015 B
D C
= 276.3 = 276.3 MN/2 (Comp. )
12 kN
Stresses:
2 2 22 2
= + 2 1 + (Comp. )
2 + 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 2
12 103 106 0.182
=
7.068 104 0.182 + 5.64 105
0.182 2 0.182 0.015
+ 5 2 5
1
2 5.64 10 0.18 + 5.64 10 0.18 + 0.015
12 103 106 12 kN
+ 4
(Comp. ) A
2 7.068 10 30 mm
= 131.3 + 8.49 = 122.8 MN/2 B
D C
= 122.8 MN/2 (Comp.)
12 kN
Stresses:
2 2 22 1
= 2 1 + (Tensile)
2 + 2 2 2 + 2 1 2
12 103 106 0.182
=
7.068 104 0.182 + 5.64 105
0.182 2 0.182 0.015
5 2 5
1
2 5.64 10 0.18 + 5.64 10 0.18 0.015
12 103 106 12 kN
+ A
2 7.068 104 30 mm
B
= 166.99 + 8.49 = 175.48 MN/2 (tensile)
D C
Maximum tensile stress = 243.7 MN/2

Maximum compressive stress=276.3 MN/2
12 kN
Problem:
A steel ring has a rectangular cross-section, 75 mm in the radial
direction and 45 mm perpendicular to the radial direction. If the mean
radius of the ring is 150 mm and maximum tensile stress is limited to
180 MN/m2 . Calculate the tensile load the ring can carry.
Solution:
A steel ring has a rectangular cross-section,
75 mm in the radial direction and 45 mm perpendicular to the radial
direction.
If the mean radius of the ring is 150 mm
75 P
and maximum tensile 45 A
stress is limited to
180 MN/m2 .
Calculate the tensile load

All dimensions in mm
the ring can carry.
P
75 P
Area of cross section, = 0.075 0.045 45
= 0.003375 2
3 2 +
2
= log 2
2
0.153 2 0.15 + 0.075

2
= log 0.152
0.075 2 0.15 0.075
P
2 = 4.87 104 2
All dimensions in mm
75 P
Load P calculation: 45
The maximum tensile stress will occur at A.
= 180 106 N/2
2 2 2
, = 2 2
1+ 2
+ + 2
0.152
180 106 = P
0.003375 0.152 + 4.87 104
0.152 0.0375
1+
4.87 104 0.15 + 0.0375 All dimensions in mm
= 19440
= 19.44
Problem:
A curved bar is formed of a tube of 120 mm outside diameter and 7.5
mm thickness. The centre line of this beam is a circular arc of radius
225 mm. A bending moment of 3 kNm tending to increase curvature of
the bar is applied. Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses setup in the bar.
Solution:
105 mm 120 mm
2 = 120 mm
= 7.5
1 = 120 2 7.5 = 105
M

= 0.122 0.1052 = 0.00265 2
4 O
= 3
M

1 = 0.1052 = 0.00866 2
4

2 = 0.122 = 0.01131 2
4
Bending moment, M=+3 kNm (tending to increase the curvature)

We know, for circular section,
2 4 105 mm 120 mm
1
2 = +
16 128 2
M
For inner tube,
2 4
1 1 1
1 2 = + 2 O
16 128
0.1052 1 0.1054
= + = 7.078 104 2
16 128 0.2252 M
For outer circle,

2 4
2 2 1 2
2 = + 2
16 128
0.122 1 0.124
= + = 9.32 104 2
16 128 0.2252
2 = 2 2 2 1 1 2
105 mm 120 mm
0.002652 = 0.01131 9.32 104
0.00866 7.078 104
2 = 0.00166 2 M
A B
Maximum tensile stress occurs at A.
O
2
= 1+ 2
+
M
3 103 0.2252 0.06

= 1+ 106
0.00265 0.225 0.00166 0.225 + 0.06
= 37.32 MN/2
105 mm 120 mm
Maximum compressive stress occurs at B. A B

2 O
= 1 2

M
3 103 0.2252 0.06

= 1 106
0.00265 0.225 0.00166 0.225 0.06
= 50.75
= 50.75 MN/2 (comp.)
Curved beams
for T-section:
1
Let + =
=
3 2 3
2
1
dy
= + 2
1 + 2 +
y
3 2 2 3
1
= + 2 G
1 2 2
3 2 3
= 2 log + 1 log 2 2
1 2
Where = 1 1 + 2 2 2 3
1
O
Curved beams
1
for I-section:
1
Let + =
= dy
3
3 y
3 2 3 4
2

= + + 2
1 + 2 + 3 + G
4
3 2 3
2 3 1
= + + 2 2
1 2
3 2 4
2 3
3 2 3 4
= 2 log + 3 log +1 log 2 1
1 2 3
Where = 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
O
Curved beams -Problems
:
20
A curved beam has a T-section (shown in Figure).
The inner radius is 300 mm. What is the
dy
Eccentricity of the section? 60
y
G
20
80
320 380
300
O
:
20
Area, = 1 1 + 2 2 = (60 20) + (80 20)
= 2800 2
dy
Centre of gravity of T-section, taking from O,
80 20 310 + 60 20 350 60 y
=
2800 G
= 327.14
20
3 2 3 80
2
= 2 log + 1 log 2
1 2
320 320 380
327.143 80 log 300 +
300
= 327.142
2800 380
20 log
320
2 2 O
= 512.08
Eccentricty, e=distance of the neutral axis
20
from the centroidal axis.
2
= 2 dy
+ 2 60
327.14 512.08 y
= 2
= 1.56 mm
327.14 + 512.08
G
20
-ve sign indicates that neutral axis is
located below the centroidal axis. 80
320 380
300
O
Curved beams
: 40
A central horizontal section of a hook is an 20
I-section with dimensions shown in Figure. dy

20
The hook carries a load P, the load line passing y 40
60 mm from the inside edge of the section,
G
and the centre of curvature being in the 30 mm
load line. Determine the magnitude of 60
the load P if the maximum stress in the 4
hook is not to exceed the permissible 2 3
stress of 108 N/2 . What will be the 60
maximum compressive stress in hook

O
for that value of load?
Curved beams
40
:
20
Permissible stress, = 105 /2
dy
Load P calculation: 20
Maximum compressive stress: y 40
G
30 mm
Area of cross section, A=1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
= 40 20 + 60 30 + 40 20 60
= 3400 2 . 4
2 3
60
To find c.g. of the section from O,

O
40 20 140 + 40 20 110 + 60 30 75
= = 98.5 mm.
3400
Curved beams
40
3 20
2 3 4
2 = 2 log + 3 log +1 log 2
1 2 3 dy
2
98.53 90 130 150 20
= 60 log + 20 log + 40 log 98.52 y 40
3400 60 90 130
2 = 810.14 2 . G
30 mm
60
4

Direct stress, = N/2
3400 2 3
60
Bending moment, = = 98.5 .
O
Curved beams
40
The bending stress at any point is given by
20
2
= 1+ 2
+ dy
20
98.5 98.52 y 40
= 1+
3400 98.5 810.14 98.5 +
G
30 mm
= 1 + 11.97
3400 98.5 + 60
Maximum bending stress (tensile) occurs at 4
Y=-38.5 mm 2 3
38.5 60
= 1 + 11.97
3400 98.5 38.5
2
O
= N/
508.9
Curved beams
40
,
20
= +
dy
108 = + 20
3400 508.9 y 40

108 =
442.65 G
30 mm
= 108 442.65 = 47806.2 = 47.8 60

4
2 3
60
O
Curved beams
40
Maximum compressive stress
Occurs at y = 2 = 51.5 , 20
= + dy
51.5 mm
20
= y 40
3400
51.5
1 + 11.97 G
3400 98.5 + 51.5 38.5 mm 30 mm
60
47806.2
= 4
3400
47806.2 51.5 2
1 + 11.97 3
3400 98.5 + 51.5 60
= 57.79 N/2 O
Shear centre
Shear Centre definition:
To avoid twisting and cause only bending, the transverse forces
must act through a point which may not necessarily coincide with
the centroid, but will depend upon the shape of the section. Such a
point is known as the Shear Centre.
The point of intersection of the bending axis with the cross section
of the beam is defined as shear centre.
Shear centre
Shear Centre definition:
The shear center always falls on a cross-sectional axis of symmetry.
If the cross section contains two axes of symmetry, then the shear
center is located at their intersection. Notice that this is the only
case where shear center and centroid coincide.
Shear centre is the point through which the resultant shear forces
acts.
Shear flows from tension side to compression side when looking on

section in the direction of increasing bending moment.
Shear centre
Shear Centre of thin walled open sections: Examples
Channel section:
b
Shear stress at a distance in the bottom
horizontal member AB as shown in C
1
Figure is given by ,
h
1 =
S G

= e T
2
2 d c

1 = 1 a b
1
0 A
B T+
u
1 =
2
0
Shear centre

1 =
2
0 b
2 2
= =
2 2 4 C
1
h
The shear force 1 is same in the top
S G
member also. O
e T
Shearing stress in the vertical member BC 2 d c

a b
at a distance from B (as shown in Fig.) 1
B A
2 = = 0 (since = 0) T+
u
2 = 0
Shear centre
Taking moments about O,
1 =
b
2
=
4 C
1

2 2 h

= S
G
4
e O
T
2 d c

a b
1
B A
T+ u

Shear centre
S G X
Y
Fig. Shear centre of an equal leg angle section
Shear centre
S S
S
S
Fig. Shear centres S of sections consisting of two intersecting narrow

rectangles
Shear centre
Shear centre of a semi circular section:

=

cos
R
= . cos = 2 t sin
0
O
e
= 2 dA = cos 2 .
0 0
3
=
2
2
= sin

Force acting on the area =

Shear centre
Shear centre of a semi circular section:
Moment of this force about O =
Total moment of the force due to shearing
cos
stress on the cross section R

= 2 = 2 O
0
e
0

2 2 4
= sin =

0
This must be equal to
4
=

4
= 1.27

Shear centre - Problem
Problem:
A channel section has flanges 12 cm x 2 cm and web 16 cm x 1 cm.
determine the shear centre of the channel.
Shear centre - Problem
Solution:
Flanges dimensions=12 cm x 2 cm
web dimension=16 cm x 1 cm. b

C
2 2 1
Shear centre, =
4
h
b= 12 cm, h=16 cm, t= 2 cm G
1 163 12 23 S
= +2 + e O
12 12 T
2 12 2 92 = 4245.33 2
2 d c

a b
122 162 2 1
= = 4.3413 cm A
4 4245.33 B T+ u

A.U. Question Paper Problems
A beam of rectangular section 20 mm x 40 mm has its centre line
curved to a radius of 50 mm. The beam is subjected to a bending
moment of 4x105 Nmm. Determine the intensity of maximum
stresses in the beam. Also plot the bending stress across the
section. (Nov/Dec 2014)
Problem:
A ring as shown in the following Figure is carrying a load of 30 kN.
Calculate the stresses at 1 and 2. (May/June 2013)
d=12 cm
30 kN
1 2
G
Problem:
A chain link made of steel is of 10 mm diameter. Its straight
portion is 300 mm in length and its ends are 50 mm in radius.
Determine the deflection of the link along the load line when
subjected to a load of 10 kN. E=200 Gpa.(Nov/Dec 2012)
Problem:
A curved beam of rectangular cross section is subjected to pure
bending with a moment of 400 Nm. The beam has width of 20
mm, depth of 40 mm and is curved in plane parallel to the depth.
The mean radius of curvature is 50 mm. Determine the position of
neutral axis and the ratio of maximum to the minimum stress.
May/June 2012)
Problem:
Figure shows a frame subjected to a load of 3.4 kN, find the
resultant stress at A and B. (Nov/Dec 2011)
18 120 3.4 kN
48
1 2
48
Problem:
A central horizontal section of hook is a symmetrical trapezium 60
mm deep, the inner width being 60 mm and the outer being 30
mm. Estimate the extreme intensities of stress when the hook
carries load of 30 kN, the load line passing 40 mm from the inside
edge of the section and the centre of curvature being in the load
line. (Apr/May 2011)
Problem:
Write a brief technical note on:
(a) Unsymmetrical bending of beams
(b) Curved beams
(c) Stress concentration
(d) Significance of shear centre. (Nov/Dec 2010)
Problem:
A curved bar of rectangular section, initially unstressed is
subjected to bending moment of 2000 Nm tends to straighten the
bar. The section is 5 cm wide and 6 cm deep in the plane of
bending and the mean radius of curvature is 10 m. Find the
position of neutral axis and the stress at the inner and outer face.
(Apr/May 2010)
2 marks Questions and Answers
1. Give the reasons for unsymmetrical bending.
2. Write Winkler Bach formula.

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Unit V

Advanced topics in bending of beams

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

curved beams Winkler Bach formula.

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

William A .Nash, Theory and Problems of Strength of

Punmia B.C."Theory of Structures" (SMTS) Vol 1&II, Laxmi

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

This condition implies that the plane of loading or plane of

If however, the plane of loading or that of bending doesnt lie in

In the case of unsymmetrical bending, the direction of neutral axis

Reasons for unsymmetrical bending:

(ii) The section itself is unsymmetrical (viz. angle section or channel

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Moment in the plane UU, =Msin ,

The components and have their axes along VV and UU

The resultant bending stress at the point p(u,v) is given by,

At any point the nature of will depend upon the quadrant in

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Or, cos sin

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

(iii) In the case where there is direct stress in addition to the

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

The total or resultant deflection can then be found as follows:

The inclination of the deflection, with the line GU is given by

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

= 1.25 106 mm4

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Moment of inertia, X,U X,U 45 mm

will cause tensile stresses at points A and B

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

= 331.17 MN/2 X,U X,U 45 mm

Co-0rdinates of 1 = 40 23.66, 23.66 5 = 16.34, 18.66

Product of inertia, = [80 10 16.34 (18.66)]+

Stresses at the points A, B and C:

Point B, = 23.66, = 23.66

1.697105 (33.45) 1.697105 0 1

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

The simple bending formula, however is not applicable for deeply

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

3. Radial strain is negligible.

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

(Where, E=Youngs modulus of the material)

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Where, A=Area of cross section of the bar,

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Find (i) The resultant stresses at points 1 and 2.

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

= 48 18 106 = 8.64 104 2 1 2

M is taken as ve because it tends to decrease the curvature.

Dr.P.Venkateswara rao, Associate Professor,

Bending stress due to M at point 2,