01 FO - BT1104 - E01 - 1 LTE Air-Interface Key Technologies-Updated PDF

LTE Air-Interface Key
Technologies
Objectives
Know the key technologies applied in LTE

Master the LTE system principle
Contents
OFDM
MIMO
AMC
HARQ
Channel Scheduling and Fast Scheduling
ICIC
LTE Technologies
OFDM-based uplink and

downlink multi-access and signal
modulation
OFDMA in the downlink
SC-FDMA in the uplink
Radio network self-interference
elimination
More flexible resource allocation
Higher modulation scheme:

64QAM
The peak spectrum is up to 6 bps/Hz.
ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

OFDM Principle
Compared with traditional Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM), the

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OMFM) sub-carriers
can be overlapped, and the orthogonality between sub-carriers
can be guaranteed.

OFDM Principle
OFDM divides a high-speed data flow to N parallel low-speed
data flows, and the N data flows are transmitted on N sub-
carriers at the same time. The data symbols on the N sub-carriers
constitute an OFDM symbol.

OFDM Principle

Multi-Access Technology Overview
OFDMA is used in the downlink
Frequency
..
domain Sub- . Time
Channel
QAM modulation carrier .. insert domain
coding/interleavi S/P .. mappi . IFFT CP
ng/scrambling
(QPSK/16QAM/64QAM) . ng
OFDM modulation
DFT-S-OFDM or SC-FDMA is used in the uplink
Frequency
Time domain
domain
Channel Sub- .. Time
QAM modulation .
coding/interlea DFT .. carrier Insert domain
QPSK/16QAM/64QAM . IFFT
ving/scrambling mappin CP
g ..
.
DFT-SOFDM modulation

OFDMA Parameters
Sub-carrier interval
15 kHz, for unicast and MBSFN
7.5kHz, for MBSFN applied on standalone carriers only
Frequency-domain parameters
Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Number of sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200
Number of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100
Time-domain parameters Configuration NCP,l

The CP length values of different
OFDM symbols in the same time 160 for l = 0
Normal CP f=15KHz
slot are different. 144 for l = 1, 2, , 6
The CP type determines the f=15KHz 512 for l = 0, 1,, 5
Extended
number of OFDM symbols in a CP f=7.5KHz 1024 for l = 0, 1, 2
time slot
OFDMA Parameters ( Cyclic Prefix)

OFDMA Parameters ( Cyclic Prefix)

SC-FDMA Parameters
Sub-carrier interval
15kHz
Frequency-domain parameters
Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Number of sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200
Number of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100
Time-domain parameters
The CP length values of different SC-OFDM symbols in the same time slot are
different. NCP,l
Configuration
160 for l = 0
Normal CP
144 for l = 1, 2, , 6
Extended CP 512 for l = 0, 1, 2

OFDMA in the Downlink
OFDMA cos(2f 1t )
The OFDM technology combines the

Re{s1 }

modulation and multi-user sub-
Im{s1 }

sin(2f 1t )
carrier allocation technologies User 1
b1 , b2 ,..., bN Modulati s , s ,..., s
1 2 M
on S/P
Time-frequency resources are used to

mapping
cos(2f M t )
carry user data, and the bandwidth

Re{s M }

for each user is flexible.
Im{s M }

sin(2f M t )
y (t ) x(t )
Inter-symbol interference, inter- Insert
CP
subcarrier interference, and multi- cos(2f k t )
user interference are avoided.

Re{s1 }

Im{s1 }

With a higher peak-to-average ratio, sin(2f k t )
b1 , b2 ,..., bN Modulati s1 , s 2 ,..., s M
which is not suitable for mobile User M
on S/P
mapping
terminals. cos(2f N t )
Re{s M }

Im{s M }

sin(2f N t ) IFFT

Downlink Resource Allocation for Users
With OFDMA, downlink resources are divided into blocks (sub-
carriers in the frequency domain and symbols in the time
domain).

SC-FDMA in the Uplink
s1
SC-FDMA is used in the uplink. s2
Modulati s , s ,..., s
With a higher peak-to-average ratio, User 1 b1, b2 ,..., bM
on
1 2 M
S/P
M-point
DFT
mapping
which causes lower PA efficiency, the x1 (t )
M-point Insert
OFDMA used in downlink is not sM IFFT CP
suitable for the uplink. 0
In the uplink, signals are processed by

DFFT and OFDM-modulated on
continuous sub-carriers to lower the
0
0
peak-to-average ratio. Meanwhile,
both multi-path interference and
multi-user access interference are
avoided. s1
0
M-point Insert xM (t )
IFFT CP
s2
User M b1, b2 ,..., bM Modulati s1, s2 ,..., sM

M-point
on S/P
DFT
mapping
sM

Uplink Resource Allocation for Users
Non-overlapped sub-carriers in one transmission interval are
allocated to different users.
Different sub-carriers can be allocated in different transmission
intervals can be allocated to one user.

Comparison Between OFDMA and SC-FDMA

OFDM Summary
Advantages:
OFDM itself does not provide processing gains, but provides a degree
of freedom in frequency domain by partitioning the wideband channel
into multiple narrow flat-fading sub-channels.
Channel coding is mandatory for OFDM to combat frequency-selective
fading.
Efficiently combating multi-path propagation in term of cyclic prefix
OFDM receiver (frequency domain equalizer) has less complexity than
that of Rake receiver on wideband channels.
OFDM characterizes flexible spectrum expansion for cellular systems.
Drawbacks: high peak-to-average ratio.
Sensitive to frequency offset, hence to Doppler-shift as well
Contents
OFDM
MIMO
AMC
HARQ
ICIC
MIMO Modes
MIMO: multiple input multiple output
SISO: single input single output
SIMO: single input multiple output
MISO: multiple input single output
Modes: downlink 2 x 2 MIMO, uplink 1 x 2 SIMO, 4 x 4 MIMO (R8/9), and 8 x
8 MIMO (R10)

Different MIMO configuration.
Single Input Single Output (SISO) Multiple Input Single Output
Simplest form, no diversity and no additional processing
(MIMO)
required.
Also termed as transmit diversity, here same data is
Limited in its performance , more impact by Interference
transmitted redundantly from two transmitter antennas and
and fading then other.
receiver receive the optimum one.
Bandwidth is limited by Shannons law and Throughput
Multiple antennas and redundancy coding/processing transfer
being dependent upon channel bandwidth and SNR.
to the transmitter and also advantages in terms of space for
antennas and reducing the level of processing.
SISO - Single Input Single Output MISO - Multiple Input Single Output
Multiple Input Multiple Output
Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO)
Also known as receive diversity, it has number of independent
(MIMO)
source to combat the effect of fading. More than one antenna at either end of radio link,
Relatively easy to implement but processing is required in the improvements in both channel robustness as well as channel
receiver. throughput.
Applications- Where the label of processing may be limited by Coding is necessary to separate the data from different paths.
size, cost and battery drain, such as cellphone handset. Key advantage: additional channel capacity due to MIMO
Two forms of SIMO 1) Switched diversity SIMO spatial Multiplexing.
2) Maximum ratio combining SIMO
MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output

SIMO - Single Input Multiple Output
MIMO in LTE
TM1 Single antenna port (port 0) Complies single-antenna configuration. The
BCH, PHICH, and PDSCH are transmitted in this
TM2 Transmit diversity mode.
TM3 Open-loop space multiplexing

Improves the peak throughput.
TM4 Closed-loop space multiplexing
TM5 Multi-user MIMO Improves the cell throughput.
TM6 Code book (R = 1)

Enlarges the cell coverage radius.
TM7 Single-stream beamforming (port 5)
TM8 Double-stream beamforming (R9)

Improves the cell throughput.
TM9 Up to 8 x 8 transmission (R10)
TM10 CoMP Improves the cell-edge-user throughput.
LTE-A MASSIVE MIMO Improves the cell throughput in a large scale.

Transmit Diversity
TM1 Single antenna port (port 0)
TM2
TM2 Transmit diversity Transmit diversity
TM5 Multi-user MIMO
TM10 CoMP
MASSIVE MIMO

Space Multiplexing and Transmit Diversity
Space
Multiplexing
Space multiplexing:
Multiple data flows are transmitted to one

terminal through multiple antennas.
eNode B
Multiple receiving antennas are required.
UE
Transmit
Diversity
Transmit diversity:
The same data flow is transmitted to one

terminal through multiple antennas.
eNode B
UE

Transmit Diversity
Method Advantage
CDD The multi-path signals are combined to

obtain the diversity gain, compensate
SFBC
signal fading, and decrease the BER
without changing the receiving signal
power.

Space Multiplexing
TM2 Transmit diversity
TM4 Closed-loop space multiplexing Space multiplexing
TM5 Multi-user MIMO
TM6 Closed-loop code book (R = 1)
TM9 Up to 8 x 8 transmission (R10) Space multiplexing
TM10 CoMP
LTE-A MASSIVE MIMO

Space Multiplexing
Upon receiving the training sequence, the system selects the best pre-code matrix from the
existing code sets. The selected matrix and related SNR are transmitted to the terminal.
Closed-loop SM is used in the scenarios where the channel condition changes slowly, for
example, indoor environment and slow-moving terminals, to improve the throughput per MHz
and spectrum efficiency.
Closed-loop SM
The system does not need to feed back channel Open-loop SM

When RI = 1, SFBC is used.
When RI > 1, CDD pre-coding (DD) is used. y1 h11 h12 x1 v1

Open-loop SM is used in the scenarios where y2 h21 h22 x2 v1
mobiles move fast.
H
h11 MIMO Channel Model used for SM
x1 y1
h12
Two stream
h21
of single
user
x2 h22 y2
MIMO
TX RX

Space Multiplexing
Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD)
Multiple antenna elements are used to introduce additional versions of the signal
that are cyclically delayed
UE perceives these signals as additional multi-paths
Assuming low correlations between TX antennas created multi-paths fade
independently source of diversity
CDD simulates multi-path propagation
No modification in RX signal processing - UE sees single antenna transmission in
dispersive environment

Space Multiplexing
Simply put, in CDD... one antenna is transmitting the original copy of data and the
other antenna is transmitting the cyclic shifted version of the original data as
illustrated below (see how the yellow part to represent the cyclic shift)

Space Multiplexing
Space-Frequency Block Codes (SFBC)

Uses Space-Frequency Block Codes (SFBC) for 2 or more antenna ports
Special encoding (SFBC) makes the channel matrix unitary (full rank) Reference
symbols are used to estimate and invert channel matrix
In SFBC conveys same symbol multiple times using two or more antennas.
SFBC transmits two symbols on two different frequencies but at a same time.

Multi-user MIMO or (MU-MIMO)
MU-MIMO is an enhanced form of MIMO where multiple independent radio
terminals are enabled for enhancing the communication capabilities with
scheduling multiple users.
Spatial sharing of the channels, it can be achieved by addition of the hardware
filters and antennas but does not expense of additional bandwidth.
Advantages
Directive gain base station antenna
employed
Channel correlation might not a major issues for
multi user diversity.
With-out multiple antenna system spatial
multiplexing gain achieved.
Addition of hardware and channel state
information.

Uplink Capacity Improved by UL MU-MIMO
UL MU-MIMO improves the uplink throughput by 70%-87%

Multiple users use the same time-
frequency resources. UL Throughput Without Load UL Throughput With Load
(Mbps) (Mbps)
MU-MIMO needs coordination
between users. UL UL UL UL
MU_MIMO MU_MIMO MU_MIMO MU_MIMO
Uplink throughput is efficiently disabled enabled disabled enabled
improved.
Throu
Used for cell-center users. ghput 18.44 34.49 18.15 30.88
UL SU-MIMO UL MU-MIMO

Beamforming
TM5 Multi-user MIMO
TM6 Closed-loop code book (R = 1)
TM7 Single-stream beamforming (port 5) Beamforming
TM10 CoMP
LTE-A MASSIVE MIMO

Downlink Beamforming
Codebook beamforming (DL TM6)

The terminal reports the PMI recommended by the
system to the base station.
The cell-specific reference signal (CRS) is used, while
the UE-specific reference signal is not used.
Non codebook beamforming (DL TM7)

Uses the reciprocity of downlink and uplink channels.
Estimates the downlink transmit parameters by
using the uplink channel measurement result.
The base station calculates the weight of each
DL Beamforming

antenna array, controls the amplitude and phase of Equalizer
the signals transmitted on each antenna array, and

overlays the co-phase signals.
Both the cell-specific reference signal (CRS) and UE-
specific reference signal are used.
Decreases Improves Enlarges Improves signal Reduces

interference capacity coverage quality transmit power

R9 Key TechnologiesEnhanced Dual-Stream
Transmission
Enhanced dual-stream transmission
Beamforming improves the cell throughput, and especially improves the

cell-edge signal quality.
LTE Rel-8 supports single-stream beamforming based on UE-specific RS.
Multi-stream beamforming is introduced in LTE Rel-9.
Enhanced radio link technologies in LTE
Both LTE TDD and FDD support single-user dual-stream beamforming

based on UE-specific RS.
Both UE-specific DMS RS and mapping between physical channels to RBs
are backward compatible with LTE-A.
The feedback mechanism uses the reciprocity of downlink and uplink
channels.

Beamforming
Channel
MOD MUX
coding
Beamforming
Code layer
mapping
Channel
MOD MUX
coding
Same time-
frequency resource
DRS VA-PA(MS BF)
Single-user beamforming

Beamforming
SDMA based on
dual-stream
beamforming
Channel
MOD MUX
coding
Beamforming
Code layer
mapping
Channel
MOD MUX
coding
Same time-frequency
resource
DRS VA-PA(MS BF)
Multi-user beamforming

LTE-A Evolution
TM5 Multi-user MIMO
TM10 CoMP
LTE-A evolution
LTE-A MASSIVE MIMO

Massive MIMO Background: Capacity Improvement
Higher spectrum efficiency
Lowest-cost capacity improving
5X
New MIMO technology
Rare frequency
resources
Expensive frequency
resources
HetNet
3X-5X
300m-500m
Macro More bandwidth
800M-900M 2.3G-2.6G 3.5G 5G 50G
Small Cell
Existing Spectrum
40X 470M-790M 1.8G-2.1G
20m-50m
Dense
nodes Increased inter-cell interference
More access nodes Increased network deployment cost

Massive MIMO Advantages
Reduced
Single-user interference
performance
Increased Dozens of users are multiplexed (>=10)

multiplexing users
Existing MIMO Massive MIMO

MIMO Requirements of LTE-A
Technologies for LTE evolution to LTE-A
Single-stream and dual-stream beamforming

4 x 2MIMO and 4 x 4MIMO
SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO
Downlink 8 x 8 MIMO and uplink 4 x 4 MIMO
CoMP
Beamfo 2x2 4x2 4x4 TM8 TM8 DL 8x8 UL 4x4

Antenna
rming MIMO MIMO MIMO SU-MIMO MU-MIMO MIMO (R10) MIMO (R10)
2-antenna N Y N N N N N N
4-antenna Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y
8-antenna Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

LTE-A Technologies for 8T
8T MU MIMO increases the LTE-A
capacity by 60%, while by about TM9 MU-MIMO
20% for 4T.
8T is better than 4T both at BF

gain and algorithm, 8T will be
more probably used in LTE-A.
UL MU-MIMO
The difference of BF gain

Beam Forming CoMP
between 8T and 4T is 6 dB in
urban areas and 2-3 dB in
dense urban areas.
BF+CoMP achieves better

system performance,
especially in the cell edge.

Contents
OFDM
MIMO
AMC
HARQ
ICIC
Link Adaptive Technology
The link adaptive technology can be realized by two methods:

power control and data speed control.
Normally, the link adaptive technology is data speed control. In
LTE, the Adaptive Modulation and Coding technology is used.
AMC can make eNode B duly adjust modulation mode (QPSK,
16QAM, and 64QAM) and coding rate in accordance with the
channel status that is fed back by UE.
For the long-delay packet data,
AMC can improve the system capacity
without interference to neighboring cells.

Link Adaptive TechnologyPower Control
Dynamically adjusts Tx power, maintains the receivers SNR, and consequently
guarantees link transmission quality.
When the channel condition becomes worse, the Tx power need to be increased.
When the channel condition becomes better, the Tx power needs to be
decreased. This mechanism can guarantee the invariable transmission data speed.
Power control can avoid inner-cell users interference
Tx Power
Channel Quality Data Speed

Link Adaptive TechnologyPower Control

Link Adaptive TechnologyAMC
SINR
Modulation mode Coding speed

UE 3
adaptive adaptive UE 2
UE 1
Makes the best channel condition to

transmit user data. TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI k TTI m
Time
Better Condition: uses higher speed

transmit user data SINR
Worse Condition: uses lower speed

UE 3
transmit user data UE 2
Time Domain-AMC UE 1
Frequency Domain -AMC SubBand 1 SubBand 2 SubBand 3 SubBand k SubBand m Frequency
Space Domain-AMC

Link Adaptive TechnologyAMC
To ensure that the link quality can be realized by modulation mode and
coding speed adjustment when the Tx power is not changeable.
When the channel condition is worse, the lower modulation mode and
data speed is selected.
When the channel condition is better, the higher modulation mode and
data speed is selected.
Data control can make the best of all

power
Tx Power Channel Quality Data Speed

Link Adaptive TechnologyLTE Uplink and
Downlink Adaptive CQI Modulation Coding speed x Efficiency
1024
0 Out of scale
The LTE uplink adaptive
1 QPSK 78 0.1523
technology is based on the
2 QPSK 120 0.2344
uplink channel quality tested 3 QPSK 193 0.3770
by BS, and straightly confirms 4 QPSK 308 0.6016
the modulation mode and 5 QPSK 449 0.8770
coding speed. 6 QPSK 602 1.1758
7 16QAM 378 1.4766
The LTE downlink adaptive
8 16QAM 490 1.9141
technology is based on the 9 16QAM 616 2.4063
CQI fed back by UE and 10 64QAM 466 2.7305
selects the corresponding 11 64QAM 567 3.3223
modulation mode and coding 12 64QAM 666 3.9023

13 64QAM 772 4.5234
speed from the pre-defined
14 64QAM 873 5.1152
table.
15 64QAM 948 5.5547

Contents
OFDM
MIMO
AMC
HARQ
ICIC
HARQ
The Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) technology is the

combination of FEC and retransmission ARQ. HARQ+AMC can
fine tune the rate for LTE HARQ processes.
Incremental Redundancy (IR) HARQ is used in LTE. Information
bits and some redundant bits are transmitted in the first time,
and extra redundant bits are used in retransmission. Extra
redundant bits decreases the coding efficiency, but increases the
decoding success rate. If retransmission fails again, more
redundant bits are transmitted to ensure that the information
can be corrected decoded.
HARQ is used for each Transport Block (TB).

HARQ Mechanism
Forward
Channel
FEC Coding FEC error check and verification
After receiving an ACK, transmits

After receiving a correct packet,
the next packet.
sends an ACK.
After receiving an NACK,
Otherwise, sends an NACK.
Retransmits the original packet. Reverse
Controller
Transmitter Receiver
HARQ combines the high reliability of ARQ and the high efficiency of
FEC

HARQTim Relation
Time between transmission and retransmission: synchronous HARQ and
asynchronous HARQ
Synchronous HARQ for LTE uplink: Retransmission occurs at the pre-defined
time, and process number is not required.
Determines the PUSCH subframe location in accordance with the PHICH subframe location.
The time relation is the same as that of PDCCH and PUSCH
Asynchronous HARQ for LTE downlink: Retransmission may occur at any time
after the last transmission, and the process number is required.

HARQSelf-Adaptive HARQ and Non-Self-
Adaptive HARQ
Self-adaptive HARQ: Part or all of the properties can be modified
in retransmission, for example, MCS and resource allocation.
Extra signaling messages are required.
Non-self-adaptive HARQ: The modified properties in
retransmission are negotiated by the transmitter and receiver,
and no extra signaling messages are required.
Self-adaptive HARQ is used in LTE downlink.
Both self-adaptive HARQ and non-self-adaptive HARQ are
supported in LTE uplink.
Non-self-adaptive HARQ is triggered by the NACK on the PHICH only.
Self-adaptive HARQ is realized by PDCCH scheduling. If errors are detected,
the base station schedules retransmission parameters but does not feed back
NACK.
HARQHARQ and Soft Combination
In HARQ, error packets are discarded. However, if soft

combination is used, the error packets are saved in the memory
and combined with the retransmitted packets to increase the
decoding success rate. Two combination methods: Chase
Combine (CC) and Incremental Redundancy (IR). Two IR modes:
Partial Incremental Redundancy (PIR) and Full Incremental
Redundancy (FIR).
PIR: The parity bits in the first transmission and retransmission
are different, while the system bits are identical. The
retransmitted data can be independently decoded.
FIR: The parity bits are transmitted in prior, while the system bits
are not complete in retransmission. Therefore, the retransmitted
data cannot be independently decoded.
HARQ

HARQHARQ and Soft Combination
CC combination LTE supports IR-

combination HARQ, and
CC combination is
regarded as a special
case of IR combination.
IR combination

Contents
OFDM
MIMO
AMC
HARQ
ICIC
Channel Scheduling (1)
For one resource block, the eNodeB schedules the user with the
best channel transmission condition to maximize the system
throughput.
Multi-user diversity

Channel Scheduling (2)
LTE supports channel scheduling based on frequency domain.
Time domain decline

Time domain decline
Downlink: Based on common

reference signals
User#1 scheduling
Uplink: Based on test reference User#2 scheduling
signals

Fast Scheduling
Fast scheduling means packet scheduling and fast service.
Scheduling Principle
Round Robin (RR)
Max C/I
Proportional Fairness (PF)
Scheduling Methods: TDM, FDM, and SDM

Fast Scheduling
Each user is served one by one, and
has the same average server time. But
Polling based on time
the flux for each user is different due to
the diverse environment.
No matter what kind of environment the

user is located in, the user can be
Polling based on flux served one by one and be guaranteed
to get the same flux.
The system traces the wireless

channel C/I of each user, and confirms
Max C/I the users priority by C/I to ensure that
the served user at each moment has
the maximum C/I.
Integrates the methods above, satisfies
PF most users, and guarantees high
system throughput.

Contents
OFDM
MIMO
AMC
HARQ
ICIC
Requirement of Spectrum Efficiency
LTE requires high efficiency

of spectrum
Same-frequency
Networking
MIMO can easily increase the

Inter-cell interference (ICI) data rate of cell center, but it is
will affect the performance hard to enhance the
on the cell edge performance at cell edge.
With increase of antenna
Research for suppressing number, the performance at cell
inter-cell interference (ICI) edge will be more and more
inferior to that of cell center.

ICIC Concept
ICIC is Inter-cell interference coordination.

ICIC has the task to manage radio resources (notably the radio
resource blocks) such that inter-cell interference is kept under
control.
ICIC is located in the eNB.

General Categories
ICIC
Based on Scheduling
Based on Scheduling Period
Methods
Fractional Soft Full

Semi- Coordinat
Static Dynamic Frequency Frequency Frequency
static e
Reuse Reuse Reuse

Based on Scheduling Period - Definition
Based on Scheduling Period
Static: Radio resources are to be reconfigured by days with no

exchanged information between eNodeB.
Semi-static: Radio resources are to be reconfigured by seconds,
and the information of eNodeB are to be exchanged by the same
frequency.
Dynamic: Radio resources are to be reconfigured by ten or
hundred of milliseconds, and the information of eNodeB are to be
exchanged by the same frequency.
Coordinate: Radio resources are to be reconfigured by TTI.
Because of the latency on X2, eNodeB can not exchange real-time
information. This feature will be realized in LTE-advanced.

Based on Scheduling Period - Comparison
Coordinate
Dynamic
Semi-static
Static
Level of performance and complexity of design and implementation.

Based on Scheduling Period - Comparison
Parameter Static Semi-static Dynamic

Complexity Low High High
Implementation Easy Not easy Hard
Overhead Low Moderate High
CAPEX Low Moderate High
OPEX High Low Low

Performance
Improvement
Small Better Best
Fit to varying
load
Not Slow Normal

According to Scheduling Methods - Definition
Based on Scheduling Methods
By setting different downlink transmit powers per PRB, it is possible

to dynamically configure different re-use patterns, including:
Full Frequency Reuse(Reuse Factor=1)
Full Frequency Reuse(Reuse Factor=3)
Fractional Frequency Reuse
Soft Frequency Reuse

Full Frequency Reuse
Power
Frequency
Reuse Factor = 1
All cells and sectors use the
same frequency band.
SE reaches highest level.
ICI is so high to become a
serious problem that will affect
performance and customer
experience at the cell edge.
Only care about SE, ICI is not
considered in design.

Divide Frequency Band (To 3 Sub-bands)
Power
Frequency
Power
f1 f2 f3 Frequency

Full Frequency Reuse(RF=3) - Scheme
Power
Sector1
f1 f2 f3 Frequency
Power
Sector2
f1 f2 f3 Frequency
Power
Sector3
f1 f2 f3 Frequency

Full Frequency Reuse(RF=3) - Networking
Reuse Factor = 3
Neighboring sectors are

allocated with orthogonal
frequency bands.
ICI is reduced compared
with Full Frequency Reuse
(RF=1).
SE is sacrificed a lot.
Only care about ICI, SE is
not considered in design.

Divide a Cell
Cell Center User
Lower transmitting power
Use frequency band with reuse factor 1
Higher transmitting power

Use frequency bands with reuse factor N
Cell Edge User

Divide Frequency Band (To 4 Sub-bands)
Power
Frequency
Power
f1 f2 f3 f4 Frequency

Fractional Frequency Reuse Subsets
Power
f1 f2 f3 f4 Frequency
Reuse Factor = 1
f4
Reuse Factor = 3
f1 f2 f3

Fractional Frequency Reuse Full Insularity
Power
Sector1 f1 f2 f3 f4 Frequency
f1 is first allocated to Cell edge user (CEU) . f4 is only used for Cell center user (CCU).
Power
Power

Fractional FR - Full Insularity - Networking
1 < Reuse Factor < 3
Neighboring sectors are

allocated with orthogonal
frequency bands, but the cell
centers are allocated with
same frequency band.
ICI is reduced compared
with full frequency reuse
solution, but is higher than
hard frequency reuse.
SE is lower than full
frequency reuse solution, but
is higher than hard frequency
reuse scheme.

Soft Frequency Reuse Frequency Bands
Power
Sector1
f1 f2 fccu f3 Frequency
f1 is first allocated to Cell edge user (CEU) . fccu is only used for Cell center user. Fccu=f2+f3.
Power
ff1
ccu f2 ff3
ccu Frequency
Sector2
Power
f1 fccu f2 f3 Frequency
Sector3

Soft Frequency Reuse Power
Power
Sector1
f1 fccu Frequency
Power
fccu f2 fccu Frequency

Sector2
Power
fccu f3 Frequency
Sector3

Soft Frequency Reuse - Networking
SFR
Advantage: SFR is easy to

implement and can fit various
bandwidths. It suppresses ICI
a lot.
Disadvantage: When the
performance is improved on
the cell edge, the throughput
of the whole cell is sacrificed
somewhat. And since the
reuse efficiency of spectrum is
limited on the edge of the
cell, so still, it cannot support
large numbers of users with
high data rate.

Soft Frequency Reuse 2 Frequency Bands
Power
Sector1 f1 f2 ff3
ccu f4 Frequency
f1 is first allocated to CEU. fccu is only used for CCU. fccu=f2+f3+f4. f4 is firstly allocated to CCU.
Power
Sector2 ff1
ccu f2 f3
f3 f4 Frequency
Power
Sector3 f1 fccu f2 f3 ff4

ccu Frequency

Soft Frequency Reuse 2 Power
Power
Sector1 f1 fccu Frequency
Power
Sector2 fccu f2 fccu Frequency
Power
Sector3 fccu f3 fccu Frequency

Soft Frequency Reuse 2 - Networking
SFR2
SFR2 has similar

characteristic of fractional-
frequency-reuse.
It can be regarded as a
combination of fractional-
frequency-reuse and SFR.

Reuse Factors Comparison
Fractional Frequency Reuse

Soft Frequency Reuse
Reuse Factor = 3
1 < Reuse Factor < 3

Hard Frequency Reuse
Reuse Factor = 1
Note: With the increase of

reuse factors, SE decreases,
but ICI is suppressed more
Full Frequency Reuse and more.

ICIC Modes for LTE
Modes for Static ICIC

Type-1: FFR;
Type-2: SFR/SFR2.
Modes for Semi-Static ICIC

Type-1: Pro-active SFR/SFR2;
Type-2: Reactive SFR/SFR2.

Static ICIC in LTE-introduction
Static ICIC
No coordination between different eNodeBs;
Based on FFR/SFR/SFR2, i.e. , Try to allocate orthogonal cell edge resources
to neighbor cells. The frequency reuse factor target for cell edge is 3, and the
frequency reuse factor target for cell center is 1. i.e., both the cell edge
efficiency and system efficiency is under consideration in design.
Different resources allocation is allowed and power control is allowed for
interference mitigation. Such as FFR, SFR, SFR2.

Static ICIC - Frequency Allocation
FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse)

In FFR, one frequency band in a sector is indentified as used or prohibited.
The power allocated to different frequency band is the same. The systems
equivalent frequency reuse factor is within the range of [1, N].
System bandwidth divided into N orthogonal parts. Each sector edge use one
part orthogonal to neighbor sectors. Each sector center use the same part
with neighbor sectors.

Static ICIC - Frequency Allocation
SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse)

In SFR, one frequency band in a sector is not defined as used or not used, but
as how much power is allocated to the frequency used in a cell. The
systems equivalent frequency reuse factor is within the range of [1, N].
Main principle for SFR:
1. System bandwidth divided into N orthogonal parts. For each sector, select some
parts as main carriers, others as auxiliary carriers, The power of main carriers are
higher than auxiliary carriers ;
2. Main carriers for different neighbor sectors are orthogonal;
3. Main carriers can be used for overall sector, but auxiliary carriers can only be used in
cell center;
4. By Adjusting the proportionality between main carrier power and auxiliary carrier
power, SFR can adapt to the load distribution in cell edge and cell center.
SFR2(Combination of SFR and FFR)

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LTE Air-Interface Key

Know the key technologies applied in LTE

OFDM-based uplink and

Higher modulation scheme:

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Compared with traditional Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM), the

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OFDMA is used in the downlink

DFT-S-OFDM or SC-FDMA is used in the uplink

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Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Number of sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

Number of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100

Time-domain parameters Configuration NCP,l

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Number of sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

Number of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100

Extended CP 512 for l = 0, 1, 2

The OFDM technology combines the

Time-frequency resources are used to

carry user data, and the bandwidth

user interference are avoided.

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SC-FDMA is used in the uplink. s2

suitable for the uplink. 0

In the uplink, signals are processed by

User M b1, b2 ,..., bM Modulati s1, s2 ,..., sM

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MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output

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TM3 Open-loop space multiplexing

TM5 Multi-user MIMO Improves the cell throughput.

TM6 Code book (R = 1)

TM8 Double-stream beamforming (R9)

TM10 CoMP Improves the cell-edge-user throughput.

LTE-A MASSIVE MIMO Improves the cell throughput in a large scale.

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TM3 Open-loop space multiplexing

TM4 Closed-loop space multiplexing

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

TM6 Code book (R = 1)

TM7 Single-stream beamforming (port 5)

TM8 Double-stream beamforming (R9)

TM9 Up to 8 x 8 transmission (R10)

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Multiple data flows are transmitted to one

The same data flow is transmitted to one

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CDD The multi-path signals are combined to

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TM2 Transmit diversity

TM3 Open-loop space multiplexing

TM4 Closed-loop space multiplexing Space multiplexing

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

TM6 Closed-loop code book (R = 1)

TM7 Single-stream beamforming (port 5)