Unit 2.

Water Distribution System Design Criteria and

Planning

Contents:
1. Types of distribution systems and Network Configurations
2. Water Supply and demand
3. Useful models for water distribution system design (WaterCad)
4. Exercise
5. References
 Types of distribution systems
The most common types are:
1. Gravity supply: The source of supply is at a sufficient elevation above
the distribution area (consumers)
No energy costs.
Simple operation (fewer mechanical parts, independence of
power supply, .)
Low maintenance costs.
No sudden pressure changes

2. Pumped supply: Used whenever:

The source of water is lower than the area to which we need to distribute water
to (consumers). The source cannot maintain minimum pressure required.

Complicated operation and maintenance.

Dependent on reliable power supply.
Precautions have to be taken in order to enable permanent supply:
Stock with spare parts
Alternative source of power supply .
3. Combined Supply (pumped-storage supply): Both pumps and storage
reservoirs are used.
This system is usually used in the following cases:

a) When two sources of water are used to supply water

b) In the pumped system sometimes a storage (elevated) tank is connected
to the system.
When the water consumption is low, the residual water is pumped to the tank.
When the consumption is high the water flows back to the consumer area by
gravity

c) When the source is lower than the consumer area

A tank is constructed above the highest point in the area,
Then the water is pumped from the source to the storage (reservoir).
And hence the water is distributed from the reservoir by gravity.
 Distribution Systems (Network Configurations )
In laying the pipes through the distribution area, the following
configuration can be distinguished:

Serial, Branching system (Tree), Grid system (Looped) and

Combined system

Serial network looped

network

Branched-tree
Connected parallel

Branched parallel combined

network
 Water Supply

Water can be supplied to the consumers by the following two systems:

Continuous system.

Intermittent system.

v Continuous system

In this system of supply, water is supplied to the consumers all the twenty- four
hours.

This system is possible only when there is sufficient quantity of water available
from the source.

Advantages of continuous system:

Consumers dont have to store water, since it is continuously available at the tap.

Water always remains available for fire fighting.

v Intermittent system

In this system, water is supplied only during certain fixed hours of the day, which
are normally morning and evening hours.

This system is provided when the quantity of available water from the source is
not sufficient to meet the demands of continuous supply.

Disadvantages of intermittent supply

Consumers have to store water for non- supply hours.

A large number of valves and other fittings will have to be installed.

During hours of non-supply, the pressure in the mains falls below atmospheric
pressure, this creates partial vacuum in the pipe.

At the time of fire breakout, it is possible that water may not be available at the
fire hydrants. This may cause huge damage before the supply could be turned
on.
 Design of Water Distribution Systems

A properly designed water distribution system should fulfill the following requirements:

Main requirements :
Satisfied quality and quantity standards
Additional requirements:
To enable reliable operation during irregular situations (power failure, fires..)
To be economically and financially viable, ensuring income for operation,
maintenance and extension.
To be flexible with respect to the future extensions.

The design of water distribution systems must undergo through different studies
and steps:
Preliminary Studies
Network Layout
Hydraulic Analysis
 Preliminary Studies:
Must be performed before starting the actual design:
Topographical Studies:
1. Contour lines (or controlling elevations).
2. Digital maps showing present (and future) houses, streets, lots, and so on.
3. Location of water sources so to help locating distribution reservoirs.
Master plan
 Water Demand Studies
It is defined as the amount of water drawn of within a certain period of time; the demand
is usually expressed as a flow in m / h, l/s, or l/c/d. Water

consumption is ordinarily divided into the following categories:

Domestic demand.
Industrial and Commercial demand.
Agricultural demand.
Fire demand.
Leakage and Losses.
 Factors affecting water demand

Climate - Size of the city - Habits of people - Cost of water - Quality of water -
System of supply etc

Domestic demand
It is the amount of water used for Drinking, Cocking, Gardening, Car Washing,
Bathing, Laundry, Dish Washing, and Toilet Flushing.

The average water consumption is different from one population to another.

In Gaza strip the average consumption is 70 L/capita/day which is very low

compared with other countries.

For example, it is 250 L/c/day in United States, and it is 180 L/c/day for population
live in Cairo (Egypt).

The average consumption may increase with the increase in standard of living.

The water consumption varies hourly, daily, and monthly

 The current and the planned future domestic
Water Consumption in Gaza Strip Public Demand
Domestic Water Purpose Consumption
Year
Consumption l / c / d
Schools 10 l / c / d

2007 110 Hospitals 300 l / bed / d

Public Offices 40 l / employee / d
2010 120 Restaurants 70 l / c / d
Social centers 10 l / c / d
2015 135 Gardens 25 m3 / Donume / week
Cafeterias 35 l / c / d
2020 150 Mosques 15 l / c / d

( )
2025 150

Source : Consultancy service for Gaza

Governorate Water Facilities Master planning.
 Tourist water demand

Accommodation l/c/d

Touring caravan and camping site 68

Unclassified hotels 113

Gust houses 130

1 and 2 star hotels 168

3, 4, and 5 star hotels 269

 Daily demand Pattern
Los Anglos-USA Freetown-Sierra Leone

Fes- Morocco Hodeidah-Yemen

 Water Demand Pattern in the Gaza Strip

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2
Multiplier

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

hour
The 24-hour Maximum Day Peaking Pattern considered for Gaza Strip
Time ( hr ) Multiplier Time ( hr ) Multiplier
1 0.55 13 1.525
2 0.4 14 1.7
3 0.3 15 1.5
4 0.4 16 1.25
5 0.35 17 1.225
6 0.53 18 1.175
7 0.85 19 1.3
8 1.1 20 1.05
9 1.3 21 0.95
10 1.575 22 0.75
11 1.575 23 0.7
12 1.5 24 0.55
Source : Consultancy Services for the Gaza Governorate Water Facilities Master Planning Report
 Water demand calculation

Daily demand pattern

Simultaneity diagram
example
Max. peak factor

peak factor
No. of consumers

Weekly demand Yearly demand

Pattern Pattern
peak factor

peak factor

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun. Jan feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
 Water demand calculation- continue

When the consumption patterns as shown in the previous figures are available,
the demand flow can be calculated from the following formula:

Q* Pf o
a
Q d =
L
(1 ) * f c
100
Qd = water demand of certain area at certain moment
Qa = average water demand
Pfo = overall peak factor. This is combination of peak factor values from the daily (or
simultaneity), weekly and yearly demands. Thus Pfo=pfh*pfd*pfm
L = leakage expressed as percentage of water production
fc = unit conversion factor (if fc 24 h/d, the demand will be expressed as L/h)

Average water demand (Qa) = number of inhabitants x consumption per capita.

Qa = population density x area of the distribution x coverage of the area x consumption per capita.
Qa = area of the distribution x coverage of the area x consumption per unit area.
 Water demand calculation- continue
a) Pfh = 1, pfd = 1, pfm = 1: Qd can be understood as hourly demand at average
hour of average day if expressed as volume per hour, or as daily consumption of
average day if expressed as volume per day, etc. This is total average whatever
is the observed period: day, week or year

b) Pfh = max, pfd = 1, pfm. = 1: Qd is hourly demand at max. peak hour of

average day (in one year) expressed as volume per hour.

c) Pfh = 1, pfd = max, pfm = max: Qd can be understood as hourly demand at

average hour of the day of max. daily consumption in one year (as volume per
hour), or as daily consumption of the same day.

d) Pfh = max, pfd = max, pfm = max: Qd is hourly demand at max. peak hour of
the day of max. daily consumption in one year.

e) Pfh = min, pfd = min, pfm = min: Qd is hourly demand at min. peak hour of the
day of min. daily consumption during year.
Obliviously, case d) and e) will produce extreme demands and pressure in the
system during one year. Therefore their analysis is important for design
purposes.
Storage and balancing reservoir volume
Clear water storage facilities are part of any sizable water supply system.
Storage serve two main purposes:
- meeting variable in water demand
- providing a reserve supply in emergency situations.
With respect to their elevation, storage can be classified as:
a. Underground
b. Ground level
c. Elevated
Selection of the optimal storage elevation for particular situation depends
upon topography, pressure situation in the system, economical aspect,
climate condition, security, etc.
The volume of the storage is related to the size of the distribution area,
period, magnitude of water demand variation, and requested reserve.
Most of reservoirs is designed to meet demand variations during 24-hours,
thus the balancing volume should be determined from the daily demand
pattern taking into account the shape of the curve (daily demand pattern)
 Storage volume usually equals 10-30% of total daily consumption.
The storage capacity needed for emergency reserve depends upon the danger
of interruption of water supply and the length of time necessary to make repairs
About 5% of daily demand can be planned for each hour of emergency supply.
Some reserve has to be considered for fire fighting based on municipality
estimation of potential risk.
For larger system this capacity can be shared between few smaller reservoirs.
The water towers are almost always designed with considerably smaller volume
capacity for balancing of sudden, short changes only and not as daily
accumulations.
This changes could normally be met by additional pumping capacity but unless
switch-on and off very frequently the pump will produce substantial waste of
energy.
Therefore, the water towers are very often constructed as surge tanks of
pumping stations.
Example: Gaza City has a total population of 700,000 inhabitants. The
proposed water demand per capita is 100 l/c/d. Use the water demand pattern
to determine the storage capacity of the main reservoir to serve the whole
population assuming average pumping at 24 hours.

Solution:
The total daily consumption = 700,000 X 100 l/c/d = 70,000 m3/d
The average hour pumping = 70,000/24 = 2917 m3/hr.
Time ( hr ) Multiplier Time ( hr ) Multiplier Water Demand Pattern in the Gaza Strip
1 0.55 13 1.525
1.8
2 0.4 14 1.7
1.6

3 0.3 15 1.5 1.4

1.2
4 0.4 16 1.25

Multiplier
1
5 0.35 17 1.225
0.8

6 0.53 18 1.175 0.6

0.4
7 0.85 19 1.3
0.2
8 1.1 20 1.05
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
9 1.3 21 0.95
hour
10 1.575 22 0.75
11 1.575 23 0.7
12 1.5 24 0.55
Total storage based on demand pattern curve
Storage time start from 21 hour (9 evening) till 8 in the morning.
The total storage required = 13,900 m3.
The percentage of storage volume to the total demand = 13,900/ 70,000 = 20%
Time- hours
 Population Estimation
Many methods are used to forecast the population in the future. Each method
has its own assumptions
1. Arithmetic increases method: Assumption: The rate of change is constant

dp Pt t
= K

(P = population t, =time)
dt
dp = K dt Pt = P0 + Kt
Po 0 Pt = population after time (t).
Po= present or initial population

90000

85000 Population Projection

80000 Arithmatic increase method
Validity: valid only if the 75000

curve is close to the real 70000

Population

growth of the population 65000

in previous years 60000

55000

50000

45000

40000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Time (year)
2. Uniform percentage of increase: ( Geometric Increase ): Assumption: Uniform
rate of increase

dp
= K /P ln Pt = ln P + K / (t t )
Pt = P0 (1+ k)n
By integration
dt 0 0
/
Where, K = ln(1 + k) , (t t 0 ) = n , (number of years), and k,
population growth rate.

120000
115000
Population Projection 110000 Population Projection
Geometric increase method (Equation 1) 105000 Geometric increase method
100000
Equation 2
95000
Population (Ln Pt)

90000

Population
85000
80000
75000
70000
65000
60000
55000
50000
45000
40000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Time (year) Time (year)
3. Curvilinear method:
It is a method of comparison of the city under consideration with similar cities
lager in size.

4. Saturation method:
In this method, the maximum possible density of population is estimated
according to the number of apartments and stories per unit area and the
maximum family members.
 Industrial and Commercial demand
It is the amount of water needed for factories, offices, and stores.

Varies from one city to another and from one country to another

Hence should be studied for each case separately.

However, it is sometimes taken as a percentage of the domestic demand.

In Gaza Strip, and according to the PWA studies, the industrial and
commercial demand is taken as 10 % of the domestic demand.

Agricultural demand

It depends on the type of crops, soil, climate

 Fire demand

To resist fire, the network should save a certain amount of water.

Many formulas can be used to estimate the amount of water needed
for fire.

Fire demand Formulas

QF =65 P (10.01 P )
QF = fire demand l/s
P = population in thousands

QF = 53 P QF = fire demand l/s

P = population in thousands

Q F = 320 * C A QF = fire demand flow m3/d

A = areas of all stories of the building
under consideration (m2 )
C = constant depending on the type of
construction;
 John R. Freeman's
P
Formula Q = 1136.5 + 10
5
Kuickling's Formula
: Q = 3182 P
The American Insurance Association Formula Q = 4637 P 1 + 0.01 P
Where:
Q = Fire Demand in l/m.
P = Population in thousands.

Buston's Formula Q = 5663 P Q = Fire Demand in l/d.

P = Population in thousands.

The above formulas can be replaced with local ones

(Amounts of water needed for fire in these formulas are high).
 Note
In Gaza Strip The Egyptian Code for water distribution systems
is used and it states that the fire demand should be 20 l /s from
each fire hydrant with the duration of fire of 2 hours.

It was considered that one fire hydrants will be use to cover

each fire demand.

The number of expected fires that may occur simultaneously is

calculated using the following formula :

P
No. of fires = ,
3
Where P is the population in thousands
 Example (Fire demand)

In Al-Awda city, the expected population in 2035 is around 36 thousand, so

36
No. of fires = 2 Fire
3
It is two fire for design.
So the total required quantity for the two fires = 2 ( 20 / 1000 ) 60 60 2
= 288 m3 / 2 hours, so there were two nodes have a fire demand of 72 m3 / h .
 Leakage and Losses

This is unaccounted for water (UFW)

It is attributable to:

Errors in meter readings

Unauthorized connections

Leaks in the distribution system

 Design Criteria
Are the design limitations required to get the most efficient and
economical water-distribution network.

The design criteria for water distribution system can be divided in non-
hydraulic and hydraulic design consideration.

One of the non-hydraulic criteria can be the ability to isolate part of the
system especially during emergency operation.

Hydraulic design criteria are primarily related to the flow and pressure in the
network. Moreover, criteria for minimum and maximum pipe capacities, flow
velocities, pressure fluctuations and pressure gradients are relevant factors.

Velocity Pressure Head Losses Design Period

Average Water Consumption
Pipe Sizes
 Velocity
Not be lower than 0.6 m/s to prevent sedimentation
Not be more than 2 m/s to prevent erosion and high head losses.
Commonly used values are 1 - 1.5 m/sec.
Instead of pressure gradient, the velocity can also be used as a design criterion
(both parameters are correlated by friction loss calculations).

Design Criteria ( Velocity ) Design Criteria ( Head Losses )

Diameter (mm) Velocity ( m/sec ) Diameter (mm) Head losses ( m/km )

100 0.9 100 7.7

150 4.8
150 1.21
200 3.4
250 1.52 250 2.6

400 1.82 300 2.1

350 1.7
Source: Standards Handbook 400 1.7
Source: Water Supply ( 4th Edition )
 Pressure
Pressure in municipal distribution systems ranges from 150-300
kPa in residential districts with structures of four stories or less
and 400-500 kPa in commercial districts.

Also, for fire hydrants the pressure should not be less than 150
kPa (15 m of water).

In general for any node in the network the pressure should not be
less than 25 m of water.

Moreover, the maximum pressure should be limited to 70 m of

water
The pressure criterion can be formulated as a min. /max. In general 5 mwc above
the highest tap is sufficient. For urban areas this means min. 20-25 mwc above
street level. In case of high building, internal posting system has to be installed.
As mentioned in the Standard Handbook, in multi-storied structures the following
pressures are satisfactory.

Design Criteria ( Pressure )

No. of Floors Pressure Required ( kg / cm2 )

Up to and below 3 stories 2
3-6 2.1 - 4.2
6 - 10 4.2 - 5.27
Above 10 5.27 - 7
Source : Standards Handbook

Maximum pressure limitations are required to reduce the additional

cost of the pipe, strengthening necessary due to the high pressure.
 Pipe sizes
Lines which provide only domestic flow may be as small as 100 mm (4 in) but
should not exceed 400 m in length (if dead-ended) or 600 m if connected to
the system at both ends.

Lines as small as 50-75 mm (2-3 in) are sometimes used in small

communities with length not to exceed 100 m (if dead-ended) or 200 m if
connected at both ends.

The size of the small distribution mains is seldom less than 150 mm (6 in) with
cross mains located at intervals not more than 180 m.

In high-value districts the minimum size is 200 mm (8 in) with cross-mains at

the same maximum spacing. Major streets are provided with lines not less
than 305 mm (12 in) in diameter.
 General requirement for pipe network

1. Mains should be divided into sections and valves should be provided so that
any section may be taken out of operation for repair.

2. Dead ends are to be avoided. If a dead-end is must, a hydrant should be

provided for cleaning.

3. Air valves at summits and drains at the lowest point between summits should
be installed.

4. Mains should follow the general contour of the ground.

5. Pipe should not rise above the hydraulic gradient.

6. The minimum cover under roadway should be 90cm and under paths 75 cm.
 General requirement for pipe network (continue)

7. Proper installation and operation of water supply system requires that a number
of appurtenances be provided in the pipeline;

8. Gate valve: they are used at summits and to isolate a particular section.

9. Sluice gate: They are used in pipelines laid at steep grades or in openings into
wells

10. Check valves: (non return valve): to allow flow in one direction only.

11. Pipes constructed of steel and other flexible material must have valves that
automatically allow air to enter when the pipeline is emptied in order to prevent
a vacuum, which will cause the pipe to collapse.
Useful models for water distribution system design
Most distribution networks are now analyzed using digital computer programs.

In writing a computer program to solve network flow problems, the following

equations must be satisfied simultaneously throughout the network :

Q in = Qout

Or

Q = 0.0

For each complete loop: Loop h f = 0.0

For each pipe: h f = kQ x

There are some of the computer programs, used for hydraulic analysis for
water networks:

Loop- Alied- Flow- Wesnet- Epanet- WaterCAD- Piccolo.

Water distribution system simulation

A network simulation implies the calculation of all the network pressure heads
and flows together with reservoir levels, and for known pump and valve
controls and consumer demands.

Network simulations, which replicate the dynamics of an existing or proposed

system, are commonly performed in the following situations :

1. When it is not practical for the real system to be directly subjected to

experimentation, or for the purpose of evaluating a system before it is actually
built.

2. To predict system response to events under a wide range of conditions without

disrupting the actual system.

3. To anticipate problems in an existing or proposed system and solutions can be

evaluated before time, money and materials are invested.
Types of simulation

Steady State Simulation: It represents a snapshot in time and are used to

determine the operating behavior under static conditions. This type of analysis
can be useful in determination of the short-term effect of fir flows on the
system or the size of pipes in the network for the water demand required.

Extended Period Simulation ( EPS ): It is used to evaluate system

performance overtime. This allows the user to check if the used design criteria
is satisfied (Pressure, Velocity ) throughout the system in response to varying
demand conditions, model the tank filling and draining and regulate valves
opening and closing
Assembling a model
1. Reservoirs :

A reservoir represents a boundary node in a model that can supply or accept

water with such a large capacity that the hydraulic grade of the reservoir is
unaffected and remains constant.

It is an infinite source, which means that it can theoretically handle any inflow or
outflow rate for any period of time, without running dry or overflowing. In reality,
there is no such thing as a true infinite source.

For modeling purpose however, there are situations where inflows and outflows
have little or no effect at all on the hydraulic grade at a node.

Reservoirs are used to model any source of water where the hydraulic grade is
controlled by factors other than the water usage rate. Lakes, groundwater wells
and clear wells at water treatment plants are often represented as reservoirs in
water distribution system models.

For a reservoir, the two pieces of information required are the hydraulic grade
(Water Surface Level) and the water quality. Storage is not a concern of
reservoirs, so no volumetric storage data is required.
2. Tanks:

A storage tank is also a boundary node, but unlike the reservoir, the hydraulic
grade line of the tank fluctuates according to the inflow and the outflow of water.

Tanks have a finite storage volume, and it is possible to completely fill or

completely exhaust that storage.

Storage tanks are present in most real-world distribution systems, and the relation
between a tank and its model counterpart is typically forward.

For steady-state runs, the tank is viewed as a known hydraulic grade elevation,
and the model calculates how fast water is flowing into or out of the tank given
that HGL.

In Extended Period Simulation (EPS) models, the water level in the tank is
allowed to vary over time.
3. Junctions:

At the term implies, one of the primary uses of a junction node is to provide a
location for two or more pipes to meet.

Junctions, however, do not need to be elemental intersections, as a junction may

exist in an end of a single pipe (Typically referred to as a dead-end).

The major role of a junction is to provide a location to withdraw water demanded

from the system or inject the inflows into the system.

Junction nodes typically do not directly relate to real-world distribution system

components, since pipes are usually joined with fittings and flow are extracted
from the system at any number of customer connections along the pipe.

Most water users have such small individual impact that their water withdrawal
can be assigned as a sum to nearby nodes without adversely affecting the model.
4. Pipes:

A pipe conveys flow as it moves from one junction to another in a network.

For modeling purposes, individual segments of pipe and associated fittings can all
be combined into a single pipe element.

A model pipe must have the same characteristics (size, material, etc) throughout
its length.

5. Pumps:

A pump is an element that adds energy to the system in the form of increased
hydraulic grade.

Since water flows "downhill" (that is, from higher energy to lower energy), pumps
are used to boost the head at desired locations to overcome piping head losses
and physical elevation differences.

Unless a system is entirely operated by gravity, pumps are an integral part of the
distribution system
6. Valves:

A valve is an element that can be opened and closed to different extents to vary its
resistance to flow, thereby controlling the movement of water through a pipeline.

7. Controls:

Operational controls, such as pressure switches, are used to automatically change

the status or setting of an element based on the time of the day, or in response to
conditions with the network.

For example a switch may be set to turn on a pump when pressure within the
system drop below a certain value.

Or a pump may be programmed to turn on and refill a tank in the early hours of the
morning.

Models can represent controls in different ways. Some consider controls to be

separate modeling elements, and others consider them to be an attribute of the
pipe, valve or pump being controlled.
 What is WaterCad?

WaterCAD is a program used to build and analyze the water distribution network.

Stand-Alone, Microstation and AutoCAD environments

Quick model building from any data source
Easy-to-use layout and editing tools
Unrivaled hydraulic analysis features
Stunning result presentation tools
 WaterCAD Features
Steady-State Analysis
Extended-Period Simulation (EPS)
Constituent-Concentration Analysis
Source Tracing
Criticality Analysis
Tank-Mixing Analysis
Water-Age Analysis
Fire-Flow Analysis
Variable-Speed Pumping
Pressure-Dependent Demands
Scenario Modeling-Based Unidirectional Flushing

Procedures
1. Layout the network and input required data for every component.
2. Analysis.
3. Browse the results of analysis.
 Network Elements
Nodes.
Pipes.
Valves
Tanks.
Reservoirs.
Pumps.
Reservoirs
Are modeled as constant water level sources
Can supply any demand!

Tanks
Obey conservation of mass
Have a finite size
Water level moves up and down and thus pressures in system
change!
Need to define tank geometry
 Pumps
Require a Pump Curve (discharge vs. head)
Initial setting
Controls for extended time analysis

Water Distribution System

Reservoir - used to model a clear well.
Pump to lift water to elevated storage tank.
turns on and off based on water level in tank.
Tank feeds distribution grid.
Demands applied at junctions.
 Equations used by WaterCad
The friction can be calculated by:
1. Darcy-Weisbach.
2. Hazen-Williams.
3. Mannings.
Scenarios Management
Calculate multiple What if situations
Alternatives
Parent child relationship

Reporting Results
Reports
Tabular Reports w/ Flex Tables
Profiles
Contouring
Thematic Mapping
Property-Based Annotation
Property-Based Color Coding and Symbology
Exercise
Problem 1: Hydraulic performance of the following distribution system has to be
evaluated. The system is supplied by gravity from reservoir near node 2
(hydraulic losses between the reservoir and the node can be neglected).
Variation of water level in the tank is insignificant for pressure situation in the
network and fixed surface level of 50 msl can be assumed in all calculations.

15
7
supply

325
2 3
150
14
6
4
300 mm
200 mm
100 mm
5
Each node in the network supplies local area with average demand presented in
the following table.
Node Q (m3/h) Hg (msl) Node Q (m3/h) Hg (msl)
2 2.74 18.2 6 4.82 16.3
3 9.44 16.5 7 8.88 14.8
4 62.88 16.2 14 18.5 11.3
5 18.89 13.6 15 24.4 9.6

Typical consumption pattern during 24 hours is shown. Variation of the day

consumption during the week is within the range of 0.95-1.10 of average value
and week variation during year are between 0.90- 1.15 of average consumption.
The network is built of PVC pipes with average roughness of 1.0 mm that includes
effect of turbulence losses in the system. The leakage level is assumed to be 35%
of average water delivery into the system, at a constant rate.

a) Calculate average delivery in the system

b) Calculate delivery in the system on the max. hour of max. day consumption.
c) Calculate delivery in the system on the min. hour of min. day consumption.
d) Is the delivery on the max. hour of average day consumption greater than the delivery
on average hour of max. day consumption.
e) How many inhabitants are supplied from node 4 if the average consumption per capita
is 80 l/c/d.
f) The reservoir near node 2 is supplied from the pumping station by constant flow rate
equal to the average water delivery. Determine the required volume that can provide
balancing of the demand within 24 hours for present situation.
Solution:
a) From the table, the sum of average consumptions equals 150.85 m3/h. The
water delivery includes leakage as a percentage of water production. Thus
150.85
Qavg , avg = 35
= 232.08m3 / h
(1 )
100

b) Average consumption on max. day consumption equals:

Q avg , max = 150.85 *1.10 *1.15 = 190.83m3 / h
Maximum hourly consumption appears to be at 8 pm with peak factor 1.47.
Hence the maximum delivery on maximum delivery on maximum day
consumption is
190.83 *1.47
Q max, max = 35
= 431.57m3 / h
(1 )
100

150.85 * 0.95 * 0.90 * 0.50

c) Q min, min = 35
= 99.22m3 / h
(1 )
100
 150.85 *1.47
d) Q max, avg = 35
= 341.15m3 / h
(1 )
100

150.85 *1.10 *1.15

Qavg , max = 35
= 293.58m3 / h Yes
(1 )
100

62.88 * 24 *1000
e) N 4 = = 18864 inhabitant
80
 References

1. Water Distribution Handbook. Larry W. Mays, Editor in Chief Department of

Civil and Environmental Engineering Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona.
McGraw-Hill 1999.

2. Water supply and distribution. Institute for Infrastructure, Hydraulics and

Environment (IHE-2001Lecture notes).

3. Khalil El-Astal. Hydraulics lecture notes. Islamic University of Gaza. 2006

4. Palestinian Water Authority. Consultancy Services for the Gaza Governorate

Water Facilities Master Planning Report 2000.

6. WaterCad manual