3 Diversity - Xpol Design

Diversity
Multipath propagation
Diversity principle
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
©Kathrein/Scholz 12/01
Diversity / Multi Path Propagation
signals especially in cities consists of the direct wave and a lot of reflections
the reflections differ in amplitude, phase and polarization
summarized signal level varies a lot within short distances
Rx1
Rx2
Diversity / Principle
unsymmetrical situation of downlink and uplink :

uplink (mobile) : limited power, small antenna
downlink (BTS) : high power, high antenna gain
Consequence : Diversity
the diversity concept bases on the idea to have two independent signals
available at the base station (two Rx antennas)
considering both signals results in avoiding nulls and improving the average
signal level (diversity gain)
Example for Combining
Diversity with two antennas Combined Signal
20
20
10
10
Sig n al L evel [d B ]
Signal level [dB]

0
0 Rx 2 1
-10
-10 1 Rx 1
-20
-20
-30
-30
-40
-40
Time
Time
Selection
SelectionCombining
Combining Maximal
MaximalRatio
RatioCombining
Combining
Amplitude
+ Phase
Logic
α
Switching between the two Both signals are permanently

signals and selecting the added with equalized amplitudes
better one and phase regarding
reachable diversity gain : maximum signal/noise ratio
3 - 4 dB reachable diversity gain :
6 - 7 dB 5
Diversity / Space Diversity
space diversity uses two vertical polarized Rx

antennas (Rxa and Rxb) with a horizontal
spacing of 12-15 λ
Omni base station

- 3 omni antennas
- Tx antenna on a higher level
> to achieve an ideal omni pattern
3m
> to reach the required isolation
between Rx and Tx (>30 dB) 3m
Sector base station

- 3 directional antennas per
sector
- all antennas at the same
level due to better isolation
compared to omnis
good diversity performance,

but big spacing required Without Duplexer
expensive support structures
duplexers reduces the number
of antennas but not the
applied spacing
raising problems to receive
permissions from the land
lords to install antenna
systems
With Duplexer
Diversity / H/V Polarization Diversity
polarization diversity uses two antennas Without Duplexer

of orthogonal polarization
horizontal and vertical radiating
elements are combined in a common
radome
interlocked dipoles, same size of a
single antenna
Disadvantages :
good diversity performance only in cities
horizontal polarization cannot be used
for Tx
With Duplexer
Diversity / X Polarization Diversity
instead of horizontal and vertical Without Duplexer

polarization the dipoles are slanted
+/- 45°
identical situation for both
terminations
equivalent diversity results
compared to space diversity either in
cities or in rural areas
both terminations are suitable for Rx
and Tx
Xpol is the technology for future

systems !!
With Duplexer
10
Diversity / X Polarization Diversity
instead of 9 resp. 6 antennas per base

station, only 3 Xpol antennas are
required
extremely reduced size
due to exellent isolation (> 30 dB for any
possible port combination), mounting on
a single pole mast with minimum
spacing
specific 3-panel brackets available
11
Xpol Design
antenna construction
polarization orthogonality
cross polar ratio
diversity performance
12
Xpol Design / Construction
100% symmetrical 65° half power beam width 90°

construction
90° beam width

rotating the single dipole +/-
45° ⇒ X shape
65° beam width

rotating the pair of dipole +/-
45° ⇒ rhomb shape
739 622 13
Xpol Design / Voltage Simulation
3D-simulation of an original
65° dipole for 800/900 MHz
Voltage (e-plane)
14
Xpol Design / Orthogonality
uncorrelation of the two

signals is achieved by
orthogonal polarizations
(90° angle in between)
slanted polarization can
be separated into a
vertical and a horizontal
component
equal amplitudes of V and
H results in a polarization
angle of 45° and
consequently in
orthogonal polarization
measurements in the far
field
15
Xpol Design / Orthogonality
Orthogonality is indicated by identical vertical and horizontal components of the

slanted polarization
16
Xpol Design / Cross Polar Ratio
Ratio between the co-polar and the cross-polar signal (opposite compared to
identical polarization)
Measure for the uncorrelation between two signals
CPR
17
Xpol Design / Cross Polar Ratio
CPR is important not only in main direction but within the whole sector
recommended values : main direction > 20 dB / sector +/-60° > 10 dB
Kathrein antennas provide much better values !
18
Xpol Design / Diversity Performance
Equal
vertical and
horizontal components
⇒ orthogonal polarizations
⇒ high cross polar ratio
⇒ excellent diversity performance
19

3 Diversity - Xpol Design

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Diversity

 the reflections differ in amplitude, phase and polarization

 summarized signal level varies a lot within short distances

 unsymmetrical situation of downlink and uplink :

 Example for Combining

Diversity with two antennas Combined Signal

Signal level [dB]

 Switching between the two  Both signals are permanently

 space diversity uses two vertical polarized Rx

 Omni base station

 Sector base station

 good diversity performance,

 polarization diversity uses two antennas Without Duplexer

 instead of horizontal and vertical Without Duplexer

 Xpol is the technology for future

 instead of 9 resp. 6 antennas per base

 cross polar ratio

 100% symmetrical 65° half power beam width 90°

 90° beam width

 65° beam width

 uncorrelation of the two

 Orthogonality is indicated by identical vertical and horizontal components of the

⇒ high cross polar ratio

⇒ excellent diversity performance

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the reflections differ in amplitude, phase and polarization

summarized signal level varies a lot within short distances

unsymmetrical situation of downlink and uplink :

Example for Combining

Switching between the two Both signals are permanently

space diversity uses two vertical polarized Rx

Omni base station

Sector base station

good diversity performance,

polarization diversity uses two antennas Without Duplexer

instead of horizontal and vertical Without Duplexer

Xpol is the technology for future

instead of 9 resp. 6 antennas per base

cross polar ratio

100% symmetrical 65° half power beam width 90°

90° beam width

65° beam width

uncorrelation of the two

Orthogonality is indicated by identical vertical and horizontal components of the