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Compression
N.A
Tension
As
Figure 2: Section with strain and stress diagram
Where;
h = overall depth of section = Factor defining strength = Factor defining the effective
height of compression zone
b= breadth of section fcc= Stress in concrete in compression z= Lever arm
x= neutral axis depth fyd= Design strength of steel *fck < 50N/mm2 : = 1 , = 0.8
cc= strain in concrete in s = Depth of stress block *50N/mm2 <fck < 90N/mm2 :
compression = 1-( fck-50)/200 ,
= 0.8-(fck 50)/400
st= strain in steel in tension
(1) The triangular stress distribution applies when the stresses are very nearly proportional to the
strains, which generally occurs at the loading levels encountered under working condition and
is, therefore, used at the serviceability limit state.
(2) The rectangular-parabolic stress block represents the distribution at failure when the
compressive strains are within plastic range, and it is associated with the design for ultimate
limit state.
(3) The equivalent rectangular stress block is a simplified alternative to the rectangular parabolic
distribution.
There is compatibility of strain in concrete and reinforcement. The steel strain, st in tension can be
determined from the strain diagram. The relationship between depth of neutral axis, x and the maximum concrete
strain and the steel strain are given by the following;
= ( ) . (1)
=( )(2)
1+
Hence to ensure the yielding of the tension steel at limit state, the depth of neutral axis must be <