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Piping Systems
Piping Stress Analysis
Piping Stress analysis is a term applied to calculations, which
address the static and dynamic loading resulting from the effects
of gravity, temperature changes, internal and external pressures,
changes in fluid flow rate and seismic activity.
Codes and standards establish the minimum requirements of
stress analysis.
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Piping Stress Analysis
Interrelated with Piping layout and support design
Layout should take care of sufficient flexibility for
thermal expansion, and simplified supports
Pipe section properties to be suitable for intended
service, temperatures, pressures and anticipated
loadings.
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The Stress-Strain curve (1/3)
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The Stress-strain curve (2/3)
The stress-strain curve characterizes the behavior of the material
tested.
It is most often plotted using engineering stress and strain measures,
because the reference length and cross-sectional area are easily
measured.
Typical regions that can be observed in a stress-strain curve are:
Elastic region
Yielding
Strain Hardening
Necking and Failure
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Stress-strain curves for structural steel
(ASTM A36) at elevated temperatures (3/3)
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Failure Theories
The two theories commonly used are
Maximum principal stress theory
Maximum shear stress theory
Maximum principal stress theory forms basis of B31
series codes.
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Stress Categories
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Secondary Stresses
Piping system must satisfy an imposed strain pattern rather than
be in equilibrium with imposed forces.
Local yielding and minor distortions tend to relieve these
stresses.
Therefore, secondary
stresses are self limiting.
Only ductile materials with
a well defined minimum
yield points are used in
piping wherever thermal
stresses are encountered
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Classifications of Loads
Sustained loads: present throughout normal plant
operations (pressure, weight etc.)
Occasional loads: infrequent intervals during plant
operations e.g. earthquake, wind, transients e.g.
water hammer, relief valve discharge
Expansion loads
thermal expansions,
seismic anchor
movements, thermal
anchor movements,
building settlements.
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B31.3-2008 Process Piping Code
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Stresses due to sustained loads
The sum of longitudinal stress SL due to pressure, weight, and
other sustained loads must not exceed Sh (basic allowable stress
at maximum temperature).
SL Sh
SL = P D / 4 t + Sb
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Stresses due to occasional loads
The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to
pressure, weight and other sustained loads and of
the stresses produced by occasional loads such as
earthquake or wind shall not exceed 1.33Sh
Earthquake and wind loading need not be
considered as acting simultaneously.
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Stress range due to expansion loads
The displacement stress range SE shall not exceed SA
SE SA
Where SE = (Sb2 + 4 St2)1/2
Sb resultant bending stress psi = [(ii Mi)2 + (io Mo)2]1/2 /
Z
Mi in-plane bending moment in-lbs
Mo out of plane bending moment in-lbs
ii = In plane stress intensification factor
io = out of plane stress intensification factor
St = torsional stress, psi = Mt / (2Z)
Mt = torsional moment in-lbs
For definition of SA, see next slide
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Allowable Displacement Stress Range SA
[Refer ASME B 31.3-2008, 302.3.5(d)] (1/2)
The computed displacement stress range SE shall not
exceed allowable displacement stress range.
SA = allowable displacement stress range
= f (1.25 Sc + 0.25 Sh)
when Sh > SL
SA = f [1.25 (Sc + Sh) SL],
Sc = basic allowable stress at minimum metal
temperature, psi
Sh = basic allowable stress at maximum metal
temperature, psi
f = Stress range factor = 6.0 (N)-0.2 fm
fm = maximum value 1.2 for ferrous materials with
SMTS < 517 MPa (75 ksi), metal temp 371 C (700
F), otherwise fm = 1.0
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Allowable Displacement Stress Range SA
[Refer ASME B 31.3-2008, 302.3.5(d)] (2/2)
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Stress Range Factor f
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Stress Intensification Factor (SIF)
A Stress Intensification Factor (SIF) is defined as the ratio between the
peak stress and average stress in a given component:
SIF = Actual Peak Stress / Nominal Stress in Part
A. R. C. Markl and his team (1950s) developed the original SIFs still
used in ASME piping Codes today.
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Analysis of Integral welded
attachments (IWA)
Used to support piping systems
Local stresses are evaluated using Welding
Research Council (WRC) Bulletin #107.
WRC #107 approach has limitations on attachment
parameter (0.01 b 0.5) and shell parameter (5 g
300)
Shell parameter g = Dm / (2T), where Dm = Do-T
Attachment parameter b = 0.875 (do/Dm) for circular
attachments or b1 = C1/Dm an b2 = C2/Dm for
rectangular attachment
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Add figure
WRC 107
Nomenclature applicable
to Cylindrical shells
Vc Concentrated shear load in the circumferential direction, lb
VL Concentrated shear load in the longitudinal direction, lb
Mc external overturning moment in the circumferential direction with
respect to the shell lb
ML external overturning moment in the longitudinal direction with
respect to the shell lb
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WRC Bulletin 107
LOCAL STRESSES IN SPHERICAL AND
CYLINDRICAL SHELLS DUE TO EXTERNAL
LOADINGS
K. R. Wichman, A. G. Hopper, and J. L. Mershon
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WRC Bulletin 198
SECONDARY STRESS INDICES FOR INTEGRAL
STRUCTURAL ATTACHMENTS TO STRIAGHT PIPE;
STRESS INDICES AT LUG SUPPORTS ON PIPING SYSTEMS
W.G. Dodge; E.C. Rodabaugh, W.G. Dodge and S.E. Moore
WRC Bulletin 297 presents methods and data for treating two normally
intersecting cylindrical shells, i.e., cylindrical nozzles radially attached
to cylindrical vessels (shells).
Stresses in both the nozzle and vessel can be determined, and the
range of vessel diameter-to-thickness ratio covered is increased over
that in Bulletin 107.
The analytical method used was derived and developed by C.R. Steele
on the basis of the thin shell theory.
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Shear Stresses
Formula for Shear Stress calculations (WRC 107)
VL t = VL / (2C2T) t = 2 VL / (doT)
VC t = Vc / (2C1T) t = 2 VC / (doT)
MT t = MT / F t = 4MT / [2(do)2T]
F = larger of T [Cmax + Cmin] (Cmin/2) or
[1.57 + 0.093 (Cmax/Cmin)] (Cmin)2 (Cmax/8)
Where Cmax = maximum of C1 and C2, Cmin = minimum of C1 and C2
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Expansion Joints
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Expansion Joints
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Types of Pipe Loading Conditions(1/9)
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Types of Pipe Loading Conditions(2/9)
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Types of Pipe Loading Conditions(3/9)
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Types of Pipe Loading Conditions(4/9)
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Types of Pipe Loading Conditions(5/9)
Seismic anchor movements (SAM)/ Support
settlements
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Types of Pipe Loading Conditions(6/9)
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Types of Pipe Loading Conditions(7/9)
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Types of Pipe Loading Conditions(8/9)
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Types of Pipe Loading Conditions(9/9)
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Computer Programs
CAESAR II
Autopipe
Triflex Windows
Ansys
CAEPIPE (prounounced "K-pipe")
SIMFLEX
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ASME B 31.3-2008 302.3
Allowable Stress and Other Stress limits
Basic allowable stress in tension for metals and design stresses
for bolting materials as per Table A-1 and A-2
Bolting materials design stress 1/4 x minimum tensile strength or
2/3 minimum yield strength
For materials except Bolting, CI, malleable iron etc. basic
allowable stress is
Lower of 1/3 ST or tensile strength at temperature.
Lower of 2/3 of SY or 2/3 of yield strength at temperature
For Aus SS and Ni alloys, lower of 2/3 of SY and 90% of Yield
strength at temperature.
Other criteria for creep rate and stress for rupture as per code
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Equipment & piping
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Allowance for thermal expansion
Using Figure, find the approximate expansion from 15C, of 100 metres of carbon steel pipework used to
distribute steam at 265C Temperature difference is 265 - 15C = 250C.
Where the diagonal temperature difference line of 250C cuts the horizontal pipe length line at 100 m,
drop a vertical line down. For this example an approximate expansion of 330 mm is indicated.
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ASME B31.3:2006 319.4
Flexibility Analysis (Sht 1 of 3)
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ASME B31.3:2008 319.4
Flexibility Analysis (Sht 3/3)
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Example (Sht 1 of 2)
Dy
K1 ,
(L U )2
Given that: Formal Analysis not required
5 SA
Pipe material: Carbon Steel, C 0.3% K 1 2.0810 (mm / m) 2
Ea
Pipe Size: 8" sch 40
SA = f (1.25 Sc + 0.25 Sh), Assume f = 1
Temperature range: 30C to 400C
(Range F: 86 F to 752 F)
Ea at 21 C (70 F) 2.95 x 107 psi (Refer B31.3 Table C6)
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Expansion Loops
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Min. Leg length Z
Z-Shaped
Expansion
Compensator
Minimum leg
length of Z-
shaped
pressfit piping
temperature
expansion
loops are
indicated in
the diagram
below.
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http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pressfit-pipes-expansion-loops-d_1169.html
Min. Leg length, U
U-Shaped
Expansion
Compensator
Minimum leg
length of U-
shaped pressfit
piping
temperature
expansion loops
are indicated in
the diagram
below.
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Pipe Stress Analysis
CAESAR II (1/6)
Why carry out stress analysis?
The reasons one does a pipe stress analysis on a piping system are as
follows
to comply with legislation
to ensure the piping is well supported and does not sag or deflect in an
unsightly way under its own weight
to ensure that the deflections are well controlled when thermal and
other loads are applied
to ensure that the loads and moments imposed on machinery and
vessels by the thermal growth of the attached piping are not excessive
to ensure that the stresses in the pipework in both the cold and hot
conditions are below the allowables
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Pipe Stress Analysis
CAESAR II (2/6)
How to carry out piping stress analysis?
The piping system is modelled using analysis software such as
CAESAR II, available from COADE Software.
The model is constructed from piping general arrangement
drawings, piping isometric drawings and piping and valve
specifications.
Once the system is accurately modelled, taking care to set the
boundary conditions, comprehensive stress analysis calculations
are done, modifications to the model are made to ensure
compliance with the above requirements.
The modifications may include one or more of the following tools
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Pipe Stress Analysis
CAESAR II (3/6)
Restraints
A device which prevents, resists or limits the free thermal
movement of the pipe. Restraints can be either directional,
rotational or a combination of both.
Anchors
A rigid restraint which provides substantially full fixity, i.e., ideally
allowing neither movements nor bending moments to pass
through them.
True anchors are usually difficult to achieve. A seemingly solid
gusseted bracket welded to a house column does not qualify as
an anchor if the column does not have the strength to resist the
loads applied to it.
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Pipe Stress Analysis
CAESAR II (4/6)
Expansion Loops
A purpose designed device which absorbs thermal growth; usually used
in combination with restraints and cold pulls.
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Pipe Stress Analysis
CAESAR II (5/6)
Cold Pull or Cold Spring
This is used to pre-load the piping system in the cold condition in the
opposite direction to the expansion, so that the effects of expansion are
reduced. Cold pull is usually 50% of the expansion of the pipe run
under consideration. Cold pull has no effect on the code stress, but can
be used to reduce the nozzle loads on machinery or vessels.
Spring Hangers
Used to support a piping system that is subjected to vertical thermal
movements. Commercially available single coil spring units are suitable
for most applications. Supplier's catalogues adequately cover the
selection of these springs.
According to Hooke's law, the spring's supporting capacity will vary in
direct proportion to the amount of displacement the spring undergoes
due to thermal movement. This variation between cold and hot should
be between 25 and 50% of the hot loaded condition.
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Pipe Stress Analysis
CAESAR II (6/6)
Solid Vertical Support
In places where vertical thermal movement does not
create undesirable effects, or where vertical
movement is intentionally prevented or directed,
solid supports in the form of rollers, rods or slippers
are used.
It is important that free horizontal movement of the
pipe is not impeded unless horizontal restraint is
desired. Slippers and rollers must be well designed
and lubricated.
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Example
Example 1
Comparison between 4 Sch 40 (I = 7.23 in4) and 10 Sch 40
pipe (I = 160.8 in4), cantilever, length 4. The force required for an
end displacement of for each pipe will be
F = 3 E I / l3 D 3 x 29 x 106 I / (4 x12)3 x = 196.7 x I
For 4 pipe, force is 1,422 lbs (6325 N) while for 10 pipe 31,629
lbs (140,690 N) or 22.4 times for same deflection.
If the force 1,422 lbs is applied on 10 pipe, the deflection will be
0.0112 or 0.283 mm. F
Example 2
The force developed in a restrained 10 Sch 40 pipe subjected to
a temperature 200 F from an installation temperature of 70 F
shall be
F = E a A (metal area) = (29 x 106 psi) x (0.99 in/100ft / 12) x
(11.91 in2) = 284,946 lbs
Force F for 4 pipe (metal area 3.17 in2) = 109,213 lbs
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Nozzle loads - example
Example 3
Displacement of a 4 pipe from 70 F to 200
F is 0.99 x 4 / 100 = 0.0396or 1 mm. This
Nozzle
1 mm deflection of middle portion will give Nozzle
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AVEVA Pipe Stress Interface 11.6
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Piping Flexibility Analysis
NPS 4
CARBON STEEL
AMB to 315 C (600 F)
SG Contents 1.0
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Piping Flexibility Analysis
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ASME B31.3-2008 Appendix S
This was added in 2004 edition and Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3
further elaborated in 2006 edition, by
adding two more examples. Paragraph S301 S302 S303
The Index of the Appendix S is as under:
Example Description S301.1 S302.1 S303.1
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Appendix S: Piping System Stress Analysis Examples
1, 2, 3 figures
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ASME B 31.3-2008 APPENDIX P
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DESIGN CODES REQUIRE
SURGE ANALYSIS
B31.3 Ch. II Design, PAR 301.2 Design Pressure
PAR 301.2.1 (a) The design pressure of each component in a piping
system shall be not less than the pressure at the most severe
condition of coincident internal or external pressure and
temperature (minimum or maximum) expected during service, except
as provided in Para. 302.2.4
PAR 301.2.2 (b) Sources of pressure to be considered include ambient
influences, pressure oscillations and surges, improper operation,
decomposition of unstable fluids, static head, and failure of control
devices.
PAR 301.5 Dynamic Effects
PAR 301.5.1 Impact fores caused by external or internal conditions
(including changes in flow rate, hydraulic shock, liquid or solid
slugging, flashing, and gysering) shall be taken into account in the
design of piping.
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BSI BS EN 13480-3 Metallic industrial piping - Part 3: Design and calculation
- AMD 16050: December 17, 2005; CORR 16362: June 29, 2007 (1/2)
12.3 Flexibility Analysis
12.3.2 Stress due to sustained loads
The sum of primary stresses 1, due to calculation pressure, pc, and the resultant
moment, MA, from weight and other sustained mechanical loads shall satisfy the
following equation:
pc d o 0.75 i M A (12.3.2-1)
s1 fh
4 en Z
where
MA is the resultant moment from the sustained mechanical loads which shall be
determined by using the most unfavourable combination of the following loads:
weight of fluid;
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BSI BS EN 13480-3 Metallic industrial piping - Part 3: Design and calculation -
AMD 16050: December 17, 2005; CORR 16362: June 29, 2007 (2/2)
k=1 if the occasional load is acting for more than 10 % in any 24 h operating period,
e.g. normal snow, normal wind;
k = 1,15 if the occasional load is acting for less than 10 % in any 24 h operating period;
k = 1,2 if the occasional load is acting for less than 1 % in any 24 h operating period, e.g.
dynamic loadings due to valve closing/opening, design basis earthquake;
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The code may need to be studied in detail, once a copy is available.
Piping Stress Analysis
Where do I start?
Five factors influencing piping
Temperature
-200 F to
1000 F Pressure
Vacuum to
Weight High pr.
Live load/ Vibration
Dead load (mechanical/
acoustics) Force
Internal /
External
While analysis cannot create a good
design, it can confirm a good design
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Piping Stress Analysis
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Piping Stress Analysis
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Piping Stress Analysis
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