TASK#37TheFirstIndustrialRevolution 1. WhendidtheIndustrialRevolutionbegin?


 __________________________________________________
TheIndustrialRevolutionwasthegreatincreaseinproductionthatbeganinEnglandduringthe 2. BeforetheIndustrialRevolution,howweregoodsmade?
18thcentury(1700s).BeforetheIndustrialRevolution,peoplemademostgoodsbyhand.By _______________________________________________
themiddleofthe1700s,moreandmoregoodsweremadebymachines. 3. HowdidtheIndustrialRevolutionbegin?_____________


TheIndustrialRevolutionbeganwithanagriculturalrevolution.Intheearly1700s,large __________________________________________________
landownersinBritainboughtmuchlandthathadbeenownedbypoorerfarmers.The __________________________________________________
landownerscollectedtheselandsintolargefieldsclosedinbyfencesandhedges.Thesefields 4. Whatisanenclosure?____________________________
werecalledenclosures.Manyofthepoorfarmerswholosttheirlandsbecametenantfarmers. __________________________________________________
Othersgaveupfarmingandmovedtothecities. 5. Whathappenedtothepoorfarmersaftertheylosttheir

farms?_________________________________________
Newfarmmethodsmadefarmersmoreproductive.Forexample,JethroTullinventedaseed __________________________________________________
drillthatmadeplantingmoreefficient.Farmersalsopracticecroprotation.Croprotationisthe 6. WhatisJethroTullknownfor?_____________________
practiceofplantingadifferentcropinadifferentfieldeachyear. __________________________________________________


Theincreaseinfarmoutputmademorefoodavailable.Peopleenjoyedbetterdiets.The 7. Whatiscroprotation?____________________________
populationofBritaingrew.Fewerfarmerswereneededtogrowfood.Morepeoplebeganto __________________________________________________
makegoodsotherthanfood.Thegrowthinthenumberofpeopleincitiestoworkinfactories 8. Whatimpactdidincreasefarmoutputhave?_________
helpedcreatetheIndustrialRevolution. __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________
Forseveralreasons,Britainwasthefirstcountrytoindustrialize.Industrializationistheprocess
__________________________________________________
ofdevelopingmachineproductionofgoods.
__________________________________________________
1.GreatBritainhadalltheresourcesneededforindustrialization.Theseresourcesincluded
__________________________________________________
coal,water,ironore,rivers,harbors,andbanks.
9. Whichcountrywasthefirsttoindustrialize?
2.BritainalsohadallthefactorsofproductionthattheIndustrialRevolutionrequired.These
__________________________________________________
factorsofproductionincluded
10. WhatresourcesdidGreatBritainhavethathelped
a. Land:actuallandforindustry&thenaturalresourceslikecoalandironore
industrialization?________________________________
mentionedabove.
__________________________________________________
b. Labor:workerstoworkinindustry.Thankstotheearlieragriculturalrevolution,
11. Whatarethefourfactorsofproduction?_____________
fewerworkerswereneededtogrowfood.Nowtheseworkerscouldworkin
__________________________________________________
factories,coalmines,ontherailroads,etc.
12. Whatdoeslandreferto?________________________
c. Capital:moneytoinvestinindustry.Forindustrytowork,youneedtobuyland,
__________________________________________________
naturalresources,tools,andpayworkers.Allofthisrequirescapital.
13. Whatdoeslaborreferto?________________________
d. Entrepreneurs:someonewithcapitalwhopaysworkerstocreategoodsusing
__________________________________________________
purchasedtoolsandresources.Thankstotheearlieragriculturalrevolution,Britain
14. Whatdoescapitalreferto?______________________
wasquitewealthyandhadmanyindividualswillingandabletoinvestinindustry.
__________________________________________________

15. Whatdoesentrepreneurreferto?_________________
Sourcemodifiedfrom:GlencoeWorldHistory:ModernTimes,Glencoe,2003
__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________
41
TASK#38EnglandsCottonIndustry Source#3AgeofWorksinCottonMillsin 1. HowdidtheCottonIndustrydevelopin
Cotton(awhitefibroussubstancescomposedofthe Lancashirein1833 England?_______________________________
hairssurroundingtheseedsofthecottonplant)was __________________________________________
Age Males Females 2. BasedonthedatafromSource#1,between
firstimportedtoEnglandinthe16thcentury.By1750
somepurecottonclothswerebeingproducedinBritain. under11 246 155 1794and1804,whathappenedtocotton
TheCottonIndustrydevelopedinthreemaindistricts: 11 16 1,169 1,123 production?Pleasecalculatetherateofthat
NorthWestEngland,centeredonManchester;the change.(Yes,IamaskingyoutodoMath)
17 21 736 1,240 __________________________________________
Midlands,centeredonNottingham;andtheClydeValley
22 26 612 780 __________________________________________
inScotland.Bythe1780stheindustrywasbecoming
moreconcentratedinLancashire,withaconsiderable 27 31 355 295 3. BasedonthedatafromSource#2,bytheearly
numberofmills.Bytheendofthe1700s,alarge 1800s,whathadchangedaboutthenumberof
32 36 215 100 workersworkinginthecottonindustryin
proportionofthepopulationofLancashirewas
37 41 168 81 Lancashire?Byhowmuchwasthatchange?
dependentonthecottonindustry.By1802theindustry
accountedforbetween45%ofthenationalincomeof 42 46 98 38 __________________________________________
Britain.By1812therewere100,000spinnersand __________________________________________
47 51 88 23 4. BasedonthedatafromSource#3,which
250,000weaversworkingintheindustry.By1830more
52 56 41 4 groups(maleandfemale)workedinthecotton
thanhalfthevalueofBritishhomeproducedexports
consistedofcottontextiles. 57 61 28 3 mills?_________________________________
__________________________________________
 5. Whydoyouthinksofewpeopleovertheage
Source#1:ExportofBritishCottonGoods, Source#4:WagesinLancashirein1830 of50workedinthesemills?
1784to1836 WorkerAge MaleWages FemaleWages __________________________________________
Date (thousands) %totalexports __________________________________________
under11 2s3d. 2s.4d. __________________________________________
178486 766 6.0
1116 4s.1d. 4s.3d. __________________________________________
179496 3,392 15.6
6. BasedonthedatafromSource#4,which
180406 15,871 42.3 1721 10s.2d. 7s.3d.
groups(maleandfemale)madethemost
181416 18,742 42.1 2226 17s.2d. 8s.5d. money?________________________________
182426 16,879 47.8 2731 20s.4d. 8s.7d. __________________________________________
7. BasedonthedatafromSource#4,which
183436 22,398 48.5 3236 22s.8d. 8s.9d. groups(maleandfemale)madetheleast
 3741 21s.7d. 9s.8d. money?________________________________
Source#2:EmploymentintheLancashire __________________________________________
4246 20s.3d. 9s.3d. 8. Pleasenotethedisparityofpaybetweenmale
CottonIndustry,1801to1831
4751 16s.7d. 8s.10d. andfemalewages.Whydoyouthinkthereisa
Date #ofworkers %ofworkingpopulation disparity?______________________________
5256 16s.4d. 8s.4d.
1801 242,000 35.9 __________________________________________
5761 13s.6d. 6s.4d. __________________________________________
1811 306,000 36.9
__________________________________________
1821 369,000 35.0 Note:s.=shilling(~8cents)andd.=pence(~1.5cents)
 __________________________________________
Sourcemodifiedfrom:SpartacusEducational(SpartacusEducational) __________________________________________
1831 427,000 31.9
http://spartacuseducational.com/Textiles.htm
42
TASK#39EverydayImpactofIndustrialization 1. Whatisurbanization?_____________________________
 __________________________________________________
IndustrializationbroughtmanychangestotheBritishpeople.Morepeoplecouldusecoaltoheattheir 2. Whatwerehouseslikeinthecities?_________________
homes,eatbetterfood,andwearbetterclothing.Anotherchangewasurbanizationcitybuildingand
__________________________________________________
themovementofpeopletocities.Forcenturies,mostpeopleinEuropehadlivedinthecountry.Bythe
1800s,moreandmorepeoplelivedincities.
__________________________________________________
 3. Whatwerethestreetslikeinthecities?______________
LivingconditionsearlyintheIndustrialRevolutionwerebadincrowdedcities.Manypeoplecouldnot __________________________________________________
findgoodhousing,schools,orpoliceprotection.Therewerenobuildingstandardsorregulations,so __________________________________________________
mosthomeswerenobetterthancrumblingsheds.MostcitiesintheearlyIndustrialRevolutiondidnot
4. Whatdoesthetableontheleftrevealaboutlivinginthe
haveanundergroundsewagesystem.Therefore,humanwaste,filth,andgarbagecoveredthestreets
andpollutedthelocaldrinkingwater.Therefore,sicknesswaspartoflifeintheslums.Onaverage,a
cityversuslivinginthecountryside?Whichwouldyou
personinacitycouldexpecttolive17years.Inthecountryside,apersoncouldexpecttolive38years. prefer?________________________________________
 __________________________________________________
LifeExpectancyTable
__________________________________________________
Averageageofdeathinselectedareas,somecitiessomecountryside.ThesefigureswerepublishedinEdwin
ChadwicksreportTheSanitaryConditionoftheLabouringPopulationin1842. __________________________________________________
 Tradespeople(farmers) Factoryworkers __________________________________________________
Bolton(city) 23 18 5. Howmuchdidanaverageworkerwork?
Liverpool(city) 33 15 _________________________________________________
Manchester(city) 20 17 6. Whatwasitlikeworkinginatextilefactory?
Kendal(countryside) 39 34 __________________________________________________
Rutland(countryside) 41 38 __________________________________________________
Sourcemodifiedfrom:EdwinChadwick(EdwinChadwick)http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/edwin_chadwick.htm

__________________________________________________
Workingconditionswerealsobad.Theaverageworkerspent14hoursadayonthejob,6daysaweek. 7. Whatwerechildrenusedforintextilefactories?
JobsintheTextileIndustrywereparticularlyhardforworkerstoendurelonghoursoflabor.Thenature __________________________________________________
oftheworkbeingdonemeantthattheworkplacehadtobeveryhot,steamenginescontributingfurther ________________________________________________
totheheatinthisandotherindustries.Machinerywasnotalwaysfencedoffandworkerswouldbe 8. Whatnewsocialclasswascreated?
exposedtothemovingpartsofthemachineswhilsttheyworked.Childrenwereoftenemployedtomove _________________________________________________
betweenthesedangerousmachinesastheyweresmallenoughtofitbetweentightlypackedmachinery. 9. Whowasincludedinthisnewsocialclass?
Thisledtothembeingplacedinagreatdealofdangerandmortality(deathrates)werequitehighin __________________________________________________
factories. ________________________________________________


Somepeoplesliveswereimprovedintheneweconomy.TheIndustrialRevolutioncreatednewwealth 10. Whatwaslifelikeforthisnewsocialclass?

foranewsocialclass:themiddleclass,whichincludedskilledworkers,professionals,businesspeople, __________________________________________________
andwealthyfarmers.Peopleinthemiddleclassenjoyedcomfortablelivesinpleasanthomes.Thisclass __________________________________________________
begantogrowinsize.Somepeoplegrewwealthierthanthenobleswhohadbeenincontrolformany _______________________________________________
centuries.TheIndustrialRevolutionhadmanygoodeffectslateron.Itcreatedwealth.Itcreatedjobsfor 11.WhatwerethreegoodeffectsoftheIndustrial
workersandovertimehelpedmanyofthemlivebetterlives.Itproducedbetterdiets,betterhousing,
Revolution?________________________________________
andbetterclothingatlowerprices.
 __________________________________________________
Sourcemodifiedfrom:"Chapter9."ModernWorldHistory:PatternsofInteraction.Evanston,Illinois:McDougalLittell,1999.Print. __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________43
TASK#40CholeraintheIndustrialRevolution 1. HowdiddiseaseimpactIndustrialcities?
Diseaseaccountedformanydeathsinindustrialcitiesduringthe ____________________________________________
IndustrialRevolution.Withachroniclackofhygiene,littleknowledgeof ____________________________________________
sanitarycareandnoknowledgeastowhatcauseddiseases(letalone 2. Whatischolera?__________________________
curethem),diseasessuchascholera,typhoidandtyphuscouldbe ____________________________________________
devastating.Asthecitiesbecamemorepopulated,sotheproblemgot ____________________________________________
worse. 3. Describetheimpactofthecholeraoutbreaksin
 the1800s._______________________________
Cholerawasagreatlyfeareddisease.Causedbycontaminatedwater,it ____________________________________________
couldspreadwithspeedandwithdevastatingconsequences.Notfor ____________________________________________
nothingdidthediseasegetthenickname"KingCholera".Industrial ____________________________________________
Britainwashitbyanoutbreakofcholerain183132,184849,1854and 4. Whichsocialclasswasmostimpactedbythe
1867.Thecausewassimplesewagewasbeingallowedtocomeinto outbreakofcholera?_______________________
contactwithdrinkingwaterandcontaminatingit. ____________________________________________

5. Howdoesthecartoonontheleftreflectthe
Asmanypeopleusedriverwaterastheirsourceofdrinkingwater,the healthissuesfacingcitydwellersduringthis
diseasespreadwithease.Anattackofcholeraissuddenandpainful time?___________________________________
thoughnotnecessarilyfatal.InLondonitisthought7000peoplediedof ____________________________________________
thediseaseinthe183132outbreakwhichrepresenteda50%death ____________________________________________
rateofthosewhocaughtit.15,000peoplediedinLondoninthe1848 ____________________________________________
49outbreak.Thediseaseusuallyaffectedthoseinacityspoorerareas, ____________________________________________
Thecartoonaboveisfromamagazinepublishedin
thoughtherichdidnotescapethisdisease. ____________________________________________

 1866.Thecaptionofthecartoonsays'Death's
    Sourcemodifiedfrom:DiseasesinindustrialcitiesintheIndustrialRevolution ____________________________________________
Dispensary Open to the poor for free.' http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/diseases_industrial_revolution.htm ____________________________________________

 ____________________________________________
Whileyouread,pleaseremembertomarkthetext(makeobservations,askquestions,underlinepatterns,drawconnections,circleunknown 6. HowdoesProfessorFaradaydescribehis
words,startheauthorsclaim,andmarktheevidence)
 steamboatjourneyontheThamesRiver?
Intheexcerptbelow,ProfessorMichaelFaraday(renownedforhisscientificdiscoveriesintheareaofElectromagnetism)sentaletterentitled ____________________________________________
ObservationsontheFilthoftheThamestotheEditorof"TheTimes"NewspaperonJuly7,1855.

____________________________________________
ItraversedthisdaybysteamboatthespacebetweenLondonandHangerfordTheappearanceandthesmellofthewater ____________________________________________
forcedthemselvesatonceonmyattention.Thewholeoftheriverwasanopaquepalebrownfluid....Thesmellwasvery ____________________________________________
bad,andcommontothewholeofthewaterthewholeriverwasforthetimearealsewerIdonotthinkIcouldhavegone ____________________________________________
ontoLambethorChelsea,andIwasgladtoenterthestreetsforanatmospherewhich,exceptnearthesinkholes,Ifound ____________________________________________
muchsweeterthanthatontheriver. 7. WhydidProfessorFaradaywritealettertothe
 newspaper?
Ihavethoughtitadutytorecordthesefacts,thattheymaybebroughttotheattentionofthosewhoexercisepoweror ____________________________________________
haveresponsibilityinrelationtotheconditionofourriver;thereisnothingfigurativeinthewordsIhaveemployed,orany ____________________________________________
approachtoexaggeration;theyarethesimpletruth....surelytheriverwhichflowsforsomanymilesthroughLondon ____________________________________________
oughtnottobeallowedtobecomeafermentingsewer
____________________________________________

____________________________________________
Sourcemodifiedfrom:PrimarySourceDescriptionofRiverThamesinLondon(1855)
http://webs.bcp.org/sites/vcleary/ModernWorldHistoryTextbook/IndustrialRevolution/PSLondon.html
____________________________________________
44
TASK#41IndustrialRevolutionandChildLabor Context(Who?)
1. WhatdidParliamentsetupinApril1832

andwhy?___________________________
AcheapandreadilyavailablesourceoflaborduringtheIndustrialerawaschildren.However,astimewenton,manypeople
becameconcernedwiththeharmfuleffectsofchildlabor.OnsuchindividualinEnglandwasMichaelSadler,amemberofthe ____________________________________
HouseofCommons(Parliament).OnMarch16,1832MichaelSadlerintroducedaBillinParliamentthatproposedlimitinghours ____________________________________
inallmillsto10forpersonsundertheageof18.AftermuchdebateitwasclearthatParliamentwasunwillingtopassSadler'sbill. 
However,inApril1832itwasagreedthatthereshouldbeanotherparliamentaryinquiryintochildlabor.Sadlerwasmade Content(What?)
chairmanandforthenextthreemonthstheparliamentarycommitteeinterviewed48peoplewhohadworkedintextilefactories 2. WhatdoesDr.SamuelSmithclaimabout
aschildren. theeffectsofchildlabor?______________


Dr.SamuelSmithwasoneofthosewhogaveevidencetoSadler'scommittee:"Uptotwelveorthirteenyearsofage,thebonesare ____________________________________
sosoftthattheywillbendinanydirection.Thefootisformedofanarchofbonesofawedgelikeshape.Thesearcheshaveto ____________________________________
sustainthewholeweightofthebody.Iamnowfrequentlyinthehabitofseeingcasesinwhichthisarchhasgivenway.Long ____________________________________
continuedstandinghasalsoaveryinjuriouseffectupontheankles.ButtheprincipleeffectswhichIhaveseenproducedinthisway 3. WhatdoesElizabethBentleyclaimabout
havebeenupontheknees.Bylongcontinuedstandingthekneesbecomesoweakthattheyturninwards,producingthatdeformity theeffectsofchildlabor?______________
whichiscalledknockkneesandIhavesometimesseenitsostriking,thattheindividualhasactuallylosttwelveinchesofhisheight
____________________________________
byit."
 ____________________________________
ElizabethBentley,whocamefromLeeds,wasanotherwitnessthatappearedbeforethecommittee.Shetoldofhowworkingin 4. Whathappenedtoworkerswhotestified
thecardroomhadseriouslydamagedherhealth:"Itwassodusty,thedustgotupmylungs,andtheworkwassohard.Igotso beforeSadlerscommittee?_____________
badinhealth,thatwhenIpulledthebasketsdown,Ipulledmybonesoutoftheirplaces."Bentleyexplainedthatshewasnow ____________________________________
"considerablydeformed."Shewentontosay:"Iwasaboutthirteenyearsoldwhenitbegancoming,andithasgotworsesince."
 5. WhatdoesWilliamDoddclaimaboutthe
OnJuly9,1832MichaelSadlerdiscoveredthatatleastsixoftheseworkershadbeensackedforgivingevidencetothe effectsofchildlabor?__________________
parliamentarycommittee.Sadlerannouncedthatthisvictimizationmeantthathecouldnolongeraskfactoryworkerstobe ____________________________________
interviewed.Henowconcentratedoninterviewingdoctorswhohadexperiencetreatingpeoplewhoworkedintextilefactories. ____________________________________
Severalofthesedoctorsexpressedconcernedaboutthenumberoftextileworkerswhoweresufferingfromphysicaldeformities.
 ____________________________________
WilliamDoddwasoneofthosewhobecamedeformedbecauseofhisworkasachildinafactory:"Inthespringof1840,Ibegan 
tofeelsomepainfulsymptomsinmyrightwrist,arisingfromthegeneralweaknessofmyjoints,broughtoninthefactories.The CriticalConclusions(What?)
swellingandpainincreased.ThewristeventuallymeasuredtwelveinchesroundandIwasworndowntoamereskeleton.Ientered 6. IfyouworkedinParliamentduringthistime
St.Thomas'sHospitalandon18thJuly,Iunderwenttheoperation.Thehandbeingtakenoffalittlebelowtheelbow.Ondissection, periodandheardthistestimony,what
thebonesoftheforearmpresented wouldyourecommend?
averycuriousappearance
somethingsimilartoanempty
____________________________________
honeycombe,themarrowhaving ____________________________________
totallydisappeared." ____________________________________
 7. Whicharticle(s)oftheUNsUniversal
Photo:Crippledchildlaborersin DeclarationofHumanRightsdoeschild
theyardofchildren'shomein laboragreeorconflictwith?
London. ____________________________________
 ____________________________________
Sourcemodifiedfrom: ____________________________________
SpartacusEducational
http://spartacuseducational.com/IRdeformities.htm
____________________________________
45
TASK#42CommunistManifestobyKarlMarxandFriedrichEngels Context(Who?)
 1. Whowrotethispamphlet?______________
Inthefirsthalfof1800s,thepitifulconditionscreatedbytheIndustrialRevolutiongave ________________________________________
risetoamovementknownassocialism.Socialismisasysteminwhichsociety,usually 2. Whatcompelledthewriterstowritethis
throughgovernment,ownsandcontrolssomemeansofproduction(factoriesandutilities, pamphlet?___________________________
forexample).Earlysocialismwasprimarilytheideaofintellectualswhobelievedinthe ________________________________________
equalityofallpeopleandwhowantedtoreplacecompetitionwithcooperationin ________________________________________

industry. Content(What?)


Tosomepeople,theIndustrialRevolutiononlyseemedtocausegreaterseparation 3. AccordingtoMarx,whohavestoodin
betweentheclasseswhilefactoryownersmadegoodprofits,workerssunkintopoverty. constantoppositiontooneanother?
KarlMarx&FriedrichEngels,tworadicalthinkersfromGermany,attackedthecapitalist ________________________________________
systemtheybelievedcausedthisinequality.In1848,theywroteTheCommunist ________________________________________
4. Whathasthemodernbourgeoisdoneto
Manifesto,a23pagepamphletthateventuallywouldtriggercommunistrevolutionsaroundtheworld.Pleaseread
classantagonisms?_____________________
andmarktheexcerptbelowandanswerthequestionsontheright.
________________________________________

Sourcemodifiedfrom:"Chapter9."ModernWorldHistory:PatternsofInteraction.Evanston,Illinois:McDougalLittell,1999.Print.
________________________________________
 ________________________________________
 5. Whatishappeningmoreandmoreinthe
Whileyouread,pleaseremembertomarkthetext(makeobservations,askquestions,underlinepatterns,draw epochofthebourgeoisie?_______________
connections,circleunknownwords,startheauthorsclaim,andmarktheevidence) ________________________________________
 ________________________________________
Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles.Freeman&slave, ________________________________________

patrician&plebeian,lord&serf,guildmaster&journeyman,inaword,oppressor&
CriticalConclusions(Sowhat?)
oppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother
 6. Whathashappenedtotheworkerinthis
Intheearlierepochsofhistorywefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementof newepoch?__________________________
societyintovariousordersInancientRomewehavepatricians,knights,plebeians,slaves; ________________________________________
inthemiddleages,feudallords,vassals,guildmasters,journeymen,apprentices,serfsThe ________________________________________
modernbourgeoishasnotdoneawaywithclassantagonisms.Ithasbutestablishednew ________________________________________
classes,newconditionsofoppression,newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones. ________________________________________
 ________________________________________
Ourepoch,theepochofthebourgeoisieismoreandmoresplittingupintotwogreat 7. Howwouldyoutrytosolvetheproblem
hostilecamps,intotwogreatclassesdirectlyfacingeachother:Bourgeoisie[themiddle facingworkersduringthisindustrialera?
classemployersandowners]andProletariat.[theworkers,wagelaborers]... ________________________________________


Owingtotheextensiveuseofmachineryandtodivisionoflabor,theworkofthe ________________________________________
________________________________________
proletarianshaslostallindividualcharacter,and,consequently,allcharmfortheworkman.
________________________________________
HebecomesanappendageofthemachineModernindustryhasconvertedthelittle
________________________________________
workshopofthepatriarchalmasterintothegreatfactoryoftheindustrialcapitalist.Masses
________________________________________
oflaborers,crowdedintofactories,areorganizedlikesoldiersNotonlyaretheytheslaves ________________________________________
ofthebourgeoisclass,andofthebourgeoisState,theyaredailyandhourlyenslavedbythe ________________________________________
machine 46
TASK#43CommunistManifestoConstructedResponse Inthespacebelow,writeaconstructedresponseinwhichyouanswer
Althoughitatfirsthadlittleornoimpactonthewidespreadandvariedrevolutionarymovementsofthe thefollowingquestion:HowdoestheCommunistManifestorepresentsa
mid19thcenturyEurope,theCommunistManifesto(1848)wastobecomeoneofthemostwidelyread shiftinpoliticalpowerfromthefewtothemany?
anddiscusseddocumentsofthe20thcentury.Marxsoughttodifferentiatehisbrandofsocialismfrom Claim:
othersbyinsistingthatitwasscientificallybasedintheobjectivestudyofhistory,whichhesawasbeing ____________________________________________________________
acontinuousprocessofchangeandtransformation.Justasfeudalismhadnaturallyevolvedinto ____________________________________________________________
mercantilismandthencapitalism,socapitalismwouldinevitablygivewaytoitslogicalsuccessor, ____________________________________________________________
socialism(atermwhichinMarx'susageincludesitsmostadvancedform,communism)asthenecessary ____________________________________________________________
resultofclassstruggle. HistoricalContext:
 ____________________________________________________________
Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles.Freeman&slave,patrician& ____________________________________________________________
plebeian,lord&serf,guildmaster&journeyman,inaword,oppressor&oppressed,stoodinconstant ____________________________________________________________
oppositiontooneanother ____________________________________________________________


Intheearlierepochsofhistorywefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementofsocietyinto ____________________________________________________________
variousordersInancientRomewehavepatricians,knights,plebeians,slaves;inthemiddleages,feudal ____________________________________________________________
lords,vassals,guildmasters,journeymen,apprentices,serfsThemodernbourgeoishasnotdoneaway ____________________________________________________________
withclassantagonisms.Ithasbutestablishednewclasses,newconditionsofoppression,newformsof Evidence:
struggleinplaceoftheoldones. ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________
Ourepoch,theepochofthebourgeoisieismoreandmoresplittingupintotwogreathostilecamps, ____________________________________________________________
intotwogreatclassesdirectlyfacingeachother:Bourgeoisie[themiddleclassemployersandowners]
_______________________________________________________
andProletariat.[theworkers,wagelaborers]...
 _______________________________________________________
Owingtotheextensiveuseofmachineryandtodivisionoflabor,theworkoftheproletarianshaslostall_______________________________________________________
individualcharacter,and,consequently,allcharmfortheworkman.Hebecomesanappendageofthe _______________________________________________________
machineModernindustryhasconvertedthelittleworkshopofthepatriarchalmasterintothegreat EvidenceAnalysis): 
factoryoftheindustrialcapitalist.Massesoflaborers,crowdedintofactories,areorganizedlikesoldiers
______________________________________________________
Notonlyaretheytheslavesofthebourgeoisclass,andofthebourgeoisState,theyaredailyandhourly
______________________________________________________
enslavedbythemachine
 ______________________________________________________
Inshort,theCommunistseverywheresupporteveryrevolutionarymovementagainsttheexistingsocial ____________________________________________________________
andpoliticalorderofthings. ____________________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
Inallthesemovementstheybringtothefront,astheleadingquestionineachcase,theproperty ______________________________________________________
question,nomatterwhatitsdegreeofdevelopmentatthetime. ______________________________________________________
Finally,theylaboreverywherefortheunionandagreementofthedemocraticpartiesofallcountries. Relevance:
 ______________________________________________________
TheCommunistsdisdaintoconcealtheirviewsandaims.Theyopenlydeclarethattheirendscanbe ____________________________________________________________
attainedonlybytheforcibleoverthrowofallexistingsocialconditions.Lettherulingclassestrembleata ____________________________________________________________
Communistrevolution.Theproletarianshavenothingtolosebuttheirchains.Theyhaveaworldtowin. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Workingmenofallcountries,unite! 47
TASK#44OrganizingtheWorkingClasses 1. Whatdidmoderatereformerswant?____________________
 _______________________________________________________
Thetransitiontoanindustrializedsocietywasveryhardonworkers.Ittookmanydecadesfor _______________________________________________________
workerstohaveahigherstandardofliving.Reformersduringthistimewereopposedto 2. Whatdidradicalreformerswant?_______________________
industrialcapitalism.Moderatereformerswerewillingtoworkwithinthesystemforgradual _______________________________________________________
changes.Other,moreradical,reformerswantedtoabolishthecapitalistsystementirely. _______________________________________________________
 3. WhoinventedSocialism?_____________________________
SocialistpartiesemergedbasedonthetheoriesofKarlMarx,oneofthemostinfluentialwriters 4. WhatwastheCommunistManifestoabout?______________
supportingthisradicalview.In1848,MarxandFriedrichEngelspublishedTheCommunist _______________________________________________________
Manifesto,inwhichtheyblamedthesystemofindustrialcapitalismforthesepoorworking _______________________________________________________
conditions.Theyproposedanewsocialsystem.OneformofMarxistsocialismwaseventually _______________________________________________________
5. WhatwerethetwoclassesMarxwroteabout?
calledcommunism.
 _______________________________________________________
KarlMarxbelievedthatindustrializedsocietiesweresplittingupintotwogreatclasses.One ______________________________________________________
groupofpeople,theoppressors,ownedthemeansofproduction(land,rawmaterials,money, 6. Whydidtheoppressorshavethepowertocontrol
governmentandsociety?______________________________
andsoforth).Thisgavethemthepowertocontrolgovernmentandsociety.Theothergroup,
_______________________________________________________
theoppressed,dependedontheownersofthemeansofproduction.Thebourgeoisie(the _______________________________________________________
middleclass)weretheoppressors.Theproletariat(theworkingclass)weretheoppressed. _______________________________________________________
Marxpredictedthatthestrugglebetweenthetwogroupswouldfinallyleadtoanopen 7. WhatdidMarxcalltheworkingclass?
revolutionwheretheproletariatwouldviolentlyoverthrowthebourgeoisie. _______________________________________________________

8. WhatdidMarxpredict?________________________________
Aftertheirvictory,theproletariatwouldformadictatorship(governmentinwhichapersonor _______________________________________________________
grouphasabsolutepower)toorganizethemeansofproduction.Marxbelievedthatthefinal _______________________________________________________
revolutionwouldultimatelyproduceaclasslesssociety.Intime,workingclassleadersformed _______________________________________________________
socialistpartiesbasedonMarxsideas. 9. Whatwouldthefinalrevolutionproduce?_________________
 _______________________________________________________
In1889,leadersofthevarioussocialistpartiesjoinedtogetherandgroupsthatwouldfight 10. WhatdidpureMarxistswant?__________________________
againstcapitalismworldwide.Marxistpartiesweredividedovertheirgoals.PureMarxists _______________________________________________________
wantedtooverthrowcapitalismbyaviolentrevolution.OtherMarxists,calledRevisionists, _______________________________________________________
disagreed.Theybelievedthatworkersmustcontinuetoorganizeinmasspoliticalpartiesand 11. WhatdidRevisionistswant?____________________________
evenworkwithotherpartiestogainreforms. _______________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________
Anothermovementtoimproveworkersrightsfocusedonthetradeunion,orlaborunion.In 12. Whatmovementhelpedtoimproveworkersrights?
GreatBritain,unionswontherighttostrikeinthe1870s.(Astrikeisaworkstoppagecalledby _______________________________________________________
membersofauniontopressureanemployerintomeetingtheirdemands.)Workersinfactories 13. Whatisastrike?______________________________________
organizedintotradeunionssothattheycouldusestrikestoachievereforms.By1914,trade _______________________________________________________
unionsinEuropehadmadeconsiderableprogressinbetteringthelivingandworkingconditions 14. Whydidworkersorganizertrade/laborunions?
_______________________________________________________
oftheworkingclasses.
_______________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________
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48
TASK#45TheSpreadofIndustrialization 1. Whichcountrywastheworldsfirstandrichest
 industrialnation?____________________________
Bythemidnineteenthcentury,GreatBritainhadbecometheworldsfirstandrichestindustrial 2. Whywasitsosuccessful?_____________________
nation.Itproducedonehalfoftheworldscoalandmanufacturedgoods.TheIndustrial
_____________________________________________
RevolutionspreadtotherestofEuropeatdifferenttimesandspeeds.Thefirstcountriestobe
3. WhichcontinentalEuropeancountrieswerethefirst
industrializedincontinentalEuropewereBelgiumandFrance.Industrializationcamelaterin
centralEuropebecausetheGermanstateswerenotunifieduntil1870. toindustrialize?_____________________________
 _____________________________________________
JapanwastheonlyAsiancountrytofollowtheWesternexample.In1853,Americanadmiral 4. WhendidGermanyfirstbecomeaunifiednation?
PerrydemandedthatJapantradewiththeUnitedStates.Japandecideditmustcopywestern _____________________________________________
technologytobecomeastrongnation.However,thesegovernmentswereveryactivein 5. WhichAsiancountryfollowedtheWestsexample
encouragingthedevelopmentofindustrialization. ofindustrialization?_________________________
 6. IntheUSin1800vs1860,whatportionofthe
AnIndustrialRevolutionalsooccurredinthenewnationoftheUnitedStates.In1800,sixoutof populationwerefarmers?_____________________
everysevenAmericanworkerswerefarmers.By1860,only50percentofAmericanworkers 7. Whichgroupmadeupthemajorityoftheworkers
werefarmers.LaborforthegrowingnumberoffactoriesintheNortheastcamemainlyfromthe
inlargetextilefactories?_____________________
farmpopulation.Manyoftheworkersinthenewfactorieswerewomen.Infact,womenand
8. WhatisRobertFultonknownfor?______________
girlsmadeupthemajorityoftheworkersinlargetextilefactories.
 _____________________________________________
TheUnitedStateswasalargecountryinthe1800s.Atransportationsystemtomovegoods 9. WhatwasthemostimportantpartoftheAmerican
acrossthenationwasvital.Thousandsofmilesofroadsandcanalswerebuilttolinkeastand transportationsystem?_______________________
west.RobertFultonbuiltthefirstpaddlewheelsteamboatin1807.By1860,therewerea _____________________________________________
thousandsteamboatsontheMississippiRiver.Therailroadwasthemostimportantpartofthe 10. HowmanymilesofrailroadtrackdidtheU.S.have
Americantransportationsystem.By1860,about30,000milesofrailroadtrackcoveredthe by1860?__________________________________
UnitedStates. 11. WhatimpactdidtheIndustrialRevolutionhaveon
 thesociallifeofEuropeandtheworld?_________
TheIndustrialRevolutiondrasticallychangedthesociallifeofEuropeandtheworld.By1850, _____________________________________________
thepopulationofEuropehadalmostdoubledto266million.Thekeytothisgrowthwasa
12. WhydidthepopulationofEuropealmostdoubleby
declineindeathrates,wars,anddiseases.Becauseofanincreaseinthefoodsupply,more
1850?_____________________________________
peoplewerebetterfedandresistanttodiseases.
 _____________________________________________
FaminedisappearedfrommostofwesternEurope.Citiesandtownsgrewdramaticallyinthe 13. Whydidpeoplemovefromthecountrysidetothe
firsthalfofthenineteenthcentury.Thegrowthwasdirectlyrelatedtoindustrialization.People city?______________________________________
movedfromthecountrytothecitiestofindworkinfactories.Therapidgrowthofcitiesledto 14. Whatwerelivingconditionsinthesecitieslike?
pitifullivingconditionsformanypeople,however. ______________________________________________
 ______________________________________________
Sourcemodifiedfrom:Chapter12.GlencoeWorldHistory:ModernTimes,Glencoe,2003.Print. ______________________________________________
49
TASK#46Romanticism&Realism 1. WhatdidtheEnlightenmentstress?______________________
 _____________________________________________________
Attheendofthe18thcentury,anewintellectualmovement,knownasRomanticism,emerged.Itwasa _______________________________________________________
reactiontotheideasoftheEnlightenment.TheEnlightenmenthadstressedreasonasthechiefmeans _______________________________________________________
fordiscoveringtruth.Theromanticsemphasizedfeelings,emotion,andimaginationaswaysofknowing. 2. WhatdidRomanticsemphasize?_________________________
Romanticsalsovaluedindividualism,thebeliefintheuniquenessofeachperson. _______________________________________________________


Manyromanticshadastronginterestinthepast.Theyrevivedmedievalarchitectureandbuiltcastles, _____________________________________________________
cathedrals,andotherpublicbuildingsinastylecalledneoGothic.Literaturealsoreflectedthisinterestin _______________________________________________________
thepast.Forexample,manyofthenovelsofWalterScottweresetinmedievalEnglandandother 3. HowdidRomanticsviewpoetry?________________________
historicalperiodsandbecamebestsellers.Theexoticandunfamiliaralsoattractedmanyromanticsand _____________________________________________________
gaverisetoGothicliterature.MaryShelleysFrankensteinandEdgarAllenPoesshortstoriesare _______________________________________________________
examplesofGothicliterature. _______________________________________________________
 4. WhowasWilliamBlake?_______________________________
TheRomanticsviewedpoetryasthedirectexpressionofthesoul.Romanticpoetrygaveexpressionto _______________________________________________________
oneofthemostimportantcharacteristicsofromanticismitsloveofnature.Thisisespeciallyevidentin _____________________________________________________
thepoetryofWilliamWordsworth.TheworshipofnaturecausedWordsworthandotherromanticpoets _______________________________________________________
tobecriticalofeighteenthcenturyscience.Theybelievedthatsciencehadreducednaturetoacold _______________________________________________________
objectofstudy.WilliamBlakewasapoetandartistwhousedthehumansoulasasourceofexpressing 5. HowdidtheRomanticsfeelaboutindustrialization?_________
himself.LikeBlake,manyromanticswereconvincedthattheemergingindustrializationwouldcause _______________________________________________________
peopletobecomealienatedfromtheirinnerselvesandthenaturalworldaroundthem. _____________________________________________________


ThevisualartsandmusicwerealsoaffectedbyRomanticism.Romanticartistsabandonedclassical _______________________________________________________
reasonforwarmthandemotion.Romanticartwasareflectionoftheartistsinnerfeelings.Eugne 6. WhatwerethechiefcharacteristicsofEugeneDelacroixs
DelacroixwasoneofthemostfamousromanticpaintersfromFrance.Hispaintingsshowedtwochief paintings?___________________________________________
characteristics:afascinationwiththeexoticandapassionforcolor.Romantictrendsdominatedmusic _______________________________________________________
duringthistime.Oneofthegreatestcomposersofalltime,LudwigvanBeethoven,wasthebridge _____________________________________________________
betweentheclassicalandromanticperiodsinmusic.Hisearlyworkwaslargelyclassical,buthismusic _______________________________________________________
alsoreflectedhisdeepestinnerfeelings. _______________________________________________________
 7. WhowasconsideredthebridgebetweenClassicaland
Manypeoplebelievedthattheworldshouldbeviewedrealistically.Thisbeliefwascloselyrelatedtothe Romanticmusic?_____________________________________
scientificoutlook.Realismbecameamovementintheliteraryandvisualarts.Realistsrejected _____________________________________________________
romanticism.Realistwriterswantedtowriteaboutordinarypeoplefromrealliferatherthanromantic 8. HowdidRealismdifferfromRomanticism?
heroesinexoticsettings.Theyalsoavoidedemotionallanguageandusedprecisedescription.Therealist _____________________________________________________
novelwasperfectedbytheFrenchauthorGustaveFlaubert.AnotherimportantrealistwastheBritish _____________________________________________________
novelistCharlesDickens.HisnovelsfocusedonthelowerandmiddleclassesintheIndustrialAge. _____________________________________________________


Realismalsobecamedominantinartafter1850.Realistartiststriedtoshowtheeverydaylifeofordinary 9. WhatwerethechiefcharacteristicsofGustaveCourbets
peopleandnaturewithphotographicrealism.TheFrenchbecameleadersinrealistpainting.Gustave paintings?___________________________________________
Courbetwasthemostfamousartistoftherealistschool.Oneofhisfamousworks,TheStonebreakers, _____________________________________________________
showstworoadworkersbreakingstonestobuildaroad.ToCourbet,nosubjectwastooordinary,too _______________________________________________________
harsh,ortoougly. _______________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________
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TASK#47MaryShelleysFrankenstein;orTheModernPrometheus Context(Who?)
1. Whowrotethisstory?

________________________________________
In1816,anEnglishwomanstillinherteens,MaryShelley,conceivedthestoryofascientistobsessedwithcreatinglife.
2. Duringwhichperiodwasthisworkwritten?
Shelley'sscientist,VictorFrankenstein,succeeds.ButwhileFrankenstein'screaturecanthinkandfeel,heismonstroustothe ________________________________________
eye.Spurnedbyall,includingVictorFrankensteinhimself,theembitteredcreatureturnsintoasavagekiller. 

 Content(What?)
In1818,Shelley'sstorywaspublishedasFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus.Thisstorybothintheoriginalnovel 3. Whatisthisstoryabout?
andshapedintonewforms,suchasplays,films,andcomicshascaptivatedpeopleeversince,exposinghidden, ________________________________________
sometimesbarelyconsciousfearsofscienceandtechnology.Asscientistshavegainednewpowers,theFrankensteinstory ________________________________________
4. Howisthisworkrelevanttoday?
remains,likeawarningbeacon,throwingitsharsh,unsettlingbeamuponhumaneffortstopenetratethesecretsofnature.
 ________________________________________
MaryShelleysubtitledhernovel"TheModernPrometheus."AccordingtotheGreeks,Prometheusstolefirefromthegods. ________________________________________
Aspunishment,hewaschainedtoarock,whereaneagleeachdaypluckedathisliver.HaughtyPrometheussoughtfirefor ________________________________________
5. Inwhatwaysisworkamodernretellingofthe
humanbettermenttomaketoolsandwarmhearts.Similarly,MaryShelley'sarrogantscientist,VictorFrankenstein,
Prometheusmyth?
claimed"benevolentintentions,andthirstedforthemomentwhenIshouldputtheminpractice."Frankensteinenduresnot ________________________________________
onlybecauseofitsinfamoushorrorsbutfortherichnessoftheideasitasksustoconfronthumanaccountability,social ________________________________________
alienation,andthenatureoflifeitself.Thesepassagesilluminatesomeofthem. ________________________________________
 
CriticalConclusions(Sowhat?)
ExcerptfromthebeginningofChapter5 6. WhyisthisworkconsideredRomantic?Please
 refertoboththetextofthestoryandthe
ItwasonadrearynightofNovemberthatIbeheldtheaccomplishmentofmytoils.Withan characteristicsofRomanticismthatyouhave
anxietythatalmostamountedtoagony,Icollectedtheinstrumentsoflifearoundme,thatI learnedaboutinpreviousTASKs.
mightinfuseasparkofbeingintothelifelessthingthatlayatmyfeet.Itwasalreadyoneinthe ________________________________________
morning;therainpattereddismallyagainstthepanes,andmycandlewasnearlyburntout, ________________________________________
when,bytheglimmerofthehalfextinguishedlight,Isawthedullyelloweyeofthecreature ________________________________________
open;itbreathedhard,andaconvulsivemotionagitateditslimbs. ________________________________________
 ________________________________________
HowcanIdescribemyemotionsatthiscatastrophe,orhowdelineatethewretchwhomwith ________________________________________
suchinfinitepainsandcareIhadendeavouredtoform?...... ________________________________________
...Ihadworkedhardfornearlytwoyears,forthesolepurposeofinfusinglifeintoan ________________________________________
inanimatebody.ForthisIhaddeprivedmyselfofrestandhealth.Ihaddesireditwithan ________________________________________
ardourthatfarexceededmoderation;butnowthatIhadfinished,thebeautyofthedream ________________________________________
vanished,andbreathlesshorroranddisgustfilledmyheart.UnabletoenduretheaspectofthebeingIhadcreated,I ________________________________________
rushedoutoftheroomandcontinuedalongtimetraversingmybedchamber,unabletocomposemymindtosleep.At ________________________________________
lengthlassitudesucceededtothetumultIhadbeforeendured,andIthrewmyselfonthebedinmyclothes,endeavouring ________________________________________
toseekafewmomentsofforgetfulness ________________________________________
 ________________________________________
Sourcemodifiedfrom:Frankenstein:PenetratingtheSecretsofNatureHome(U.SNationalLibraryofMedicine) ________________________________________
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/frankenstein/ ________________________________________
 ________________________________________
________________________________________
51
TASK#48HardTimesbyCharlesDickens Context(Who?)
 1. Whowrotethiswork?_________________________________
Manypeoplebelievedthattheworldshouldbeviewedrealistically.Realismbecamea 2. WhywouldthisworkbeconsideredpartoftheRealist
movementintheliteraryandvisualarts.Realistsrejectedromanticism.Realistwriterswanted movement?_________________________________________
towriteaboutordinarypeoplefromrealliferatherthanromanticheroesinexoticsettings. _______________________________________________________
Realistsalsoavoidedemotionallanguageandusedprecisedescription. 3. Howwerethisauthorsnovelsoriginallypublished?
 _______________________________________________________
TherealistnovelwasperfectedbyBritishnovelistCharlesDickens.EveryoneofCharles _______________________________________________________
Dickenssnovelswaspublishedinnewspapersandmagazinesseriallythatis,thenovels 
appearednotallatonce,butinpartsorinstallments,overaspaceoftime.Publishinghis Content(What?)
novelsinserialformexpandedDickenssreadership,asmorepeoplecouldaffordtobuyfiction 4. Whatdoesthisnoveldepict?
ontheinstallmentplan;publishers,too,likedtheidea,asitallowedthemtoincreasesalesand __________________________________________________
toofferadvertisementsintheserialparts.Thislargeraudiencemeantthathismessageabout __________________________________________________
5. Whatwordsorphrasesdoestheauthorusetodepictthe
thedangersofindustrializationreachedamuchbroaderaudiencethanitwouldhaveifhe
unpleasantcharacterofthistown?
publishedcompletenovelsallatonce.
 __________________________________________________
CharlesDickensdescribedthepoorlivingconditionsoftheIndustrialerainhisnovelHard __________________________________________________
Times.HisstoryissetinthefictitiousVictorianindustrialCoketown,agenericNorthernEnglish __________________________________________________
milltown.HerehedescribesthelivingconditionsofCoketown: __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Whileyouread,pleaseremembertomarkthetext(makeobservations,askquestions,underline
patterns,drawconnections,circleunknownwords,startheauthorsclaim,andmarktheevidence)
__________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________
Itwasatownofredbrick,orofbrickthatwouldhavebeenredifthe __________________________________________________
smokeandasheshadallowedit;butasmattersstood,itwasatownof __________________________________________________
unnaturalredandblacklikethepaintedfaceofasavage.Itwasatown __________________________________________________
ofmachineryandtallchimneys,outofwhichinterminableserpentsof __________________________________________________
smoketrailedthemselvesforeverandever,andnevergotuncoiled.It __________________________________________________
hadablackcanalinit,andariverthatranpurplewithillsmellingdye, __________________________________________________

andvastpilesofbuildingfullofwindowswheretherewasarattlingand CriticalConclusions(Sowhat?)
atremblingalldaylong,andwherethepistonofthesteamengine 6. Doesthisworkoffictionagreeordisagreewithother
workedmonotonouslyupanddown,liketheheadofanelephantina descriptionsofIndustriallifethatyouhavereadaboutinearlier
stateofmelancholymadness.Itcontainedseverallargestreetsallvery TASKs?Pleaseexplainyouranswer.______________________
likeoneanother,andmanysmallstreetsstillmorelikeoneanother, __________________________________________________
inhabitedbypeopleequallylikeoneanother,whoallwentinandoutat __________________________________________________
thesamehours,withthesamesounduponthesamepavements,todo __________________________________________________
thesamework,andtowhomeverydaywasthesameasyesterdayand __________________________________________________
tomorrow,andeveryyearthecounterpartofthelastandthenext __________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________
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