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c om
u y
0.1: Physical Constants
u sin
x
H
Speed of light c 3 108 m/s Projectile Motion:
Planck constant h 6.63 1034 J s O u cos
hc 1242 eV-nm
R
Gravitation constant G 6.67 1011 m3 kg1 s2
Boltzmann constant k 1.38 1023 J/K
x = ut cos , y = ut sin 21 gt2
Molar gas constant R 8.314 J/(mol K)
6.023 1023 mol1 g
Avogadros number NA y = x tan 2 x2
Charge of electron e 1.602 1019 C 2u cos2
Permeability of vac- 0 4 107 N/A2 2u sin u2 sin 2 u2 sin2
uum T = , R= , H=
g g 2g
Permitivity of vacuum 0 8.85 1012 F/m
Coulomb constant 1
40
9 109 N m2 /C2
Faraday constant F 96485 C/mol 1.3: Newtons Laws and Friction
Mass of electron me 9.1 1031 kg
Mass of proton mp 1.6726 1027 kg Linear momentum: p~ = m~v
Mass of neutron mn 1.6749 1027 kg
Atomic mass unit u 1.66 1027 kg Newtons first law: inertial frame.
Atomic mass unit u 931.49 MeV/c2
Stefan-Boltzmann 5.67 108 W/(m2 K4 ) Newtons second law: F~ = d~
p
dt , F~ = m~a
constant
Rydberg constant R 1.097 107 m1 Newtons third law: F~AB = F~BA
Bohr magneton B 9.27 1024 J/T
Bohr radius a0 0.529 1010 m Frictional force: fstatic, max = s N, fkinetic = k N
Standard atmosphere atm 1.01325 105 Pa
2.9 103 m K v2 v2 +tan
Wien displacement b Banking angle: rg = tan , rg = 1 tan
constant
mv 2 v2
Centripetal force: Fc = r , ac = r
2
mg
a ~b
~ ~b
Cross product:
k
~
a
1.4: Work, Power and Energy
~a ~b = (ay bz az by ) + (az bx ax bz ) + (ax by ay bx )k
Work: W = F~ S
~ = F S cos , F~ dS
~
R
W =
|~a ~b| = ab sin
p2
Kinetic energy: K = 12 mv 2 = 2m
Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.: Ugravitational = mgh, Uspring = 21 kx2
~vav = ~r/t, ~vinst = d~r/dt Work done by conservative forces is path indepen-
~aav = ~v /t ~ainst = d~v /dt dent and depends only on initial and final points:
F~conservative d~r = 0.
H
Work-energy theorem: W = K
Motion in a straight line with constant a:
Mechanical energy: E = U + K. Conserved if forces are
v = u + at, s = ut + 12 at2 , v 2 u2 = 2as
conservative in nature.
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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om
1 2
2 mr m(a +b )
2 2
1.5: Centre of Mass and Collision mr 2 1
2 mr
2 2
3 mr
2 2
5 mr
2 1
12 ml
2 mr 2
12
P R
Centre of mass: xcm = Pxi mi , xcm = R xdm b
mi dm a
ring disk shell sphere rod hollow solid rectangle
CM of few useful configurations:
m1 r m2
Ik Ic
1. m1 , m2 separated by r: C Theorem of Parallel Axes: Ik = Icm + md 2
d
m2 r m1 r
m1 +m2 m1 +m2 cm
h z y
2. Triangle (CM Centroid) yc = 3 h Theorem of Perp. Axes: Iz = Ix + Iy
C x
h
3
2r p
3. Semicircular ring: yc =
C
2r Radius of Gyration: k = I/m
r
~ = ~r p~,
Angular Momentum: L ~ = I~
L
4r
4. Semicircular disc: yc = 3 C 4r
r 3 y
~ P ~
Torque: ~ = ~r F~ , ~ = dL
dt , = I F
r ~
r x
5. Hemispherical shell: yc = 2 C r O
r 2
~ ~ext = 0 = L
Conservation of L: ~ = const.
3r
6. Solid Hemisphere: yc = 8 C 3r
r 8 P~
F = ~0, ~ = ~0
P
Equilibrium condition:
7. Cone: the height of CM from the base is h/4 for
Kinetic Energy: Krot = 12 I 2
the solid cone and h/3 for the hollow cone.
P Dynamics:
Motion of the CM: M = mi
~cm = Icm
~, F~ext = m~acm , p~cm = m~vcm
F~ext
P
mi~vi
~vcm = , p~cm = M~vcm , ~acm = 1 2 1 2
K = 2 mvcm + 2 Icm , L ~ = Icm
~ + ~rcm m~vcm
M M
Impulse: J~ = F~ dt = ~
R
p
1.7: Gravitation
Before collision After collision
Collision: m1 F F m2
m1 m2 m1 m2 Gravitational force: F = G mr1 m
2
2
v1 v2 v10 v20 r
Momentum conservation: m1 v1 +m2 v2 = m1 v10 +m2 v20
2
Elastic Collision: 12 m1 v1 2+ 12 m2 v2 2 = 12 m1 v10 + 12 m2 v20
2 Potential energy: U = GMr m
Coefficient of restitution: GM
Gravitational acceleration: g = R2
(v10 v20 )
1, completely elastic
e= = 2h
v1 v2 0, completely in-elastic Variation of g with depth: ginside g 1 R
h
Variation of g with height: goutside g 1 R
If v2 = 0 and m1 m2 then = v1 . v10
If v2 = 0 and m1 m2 then = 2v1 . v20 Effect of non-spherical earth shape on g:
Elastic collision with m1 = m2 : v10 = v2 and v20 = v1 . gat pole > gat equator ( Re Rp 21 km)
d m 2 R cos
Angular velocity: av = t , = dt , ~ ~r
~v = mg
mg0 = mg m 2 R cos2
d
Angular Accel.: av = t , = dt , ~ ~r
~a = R
= 0 + t, = t + 21 t2 , 2 0 2 = 2 q
GM
Orbital velocity of satellite: vo = R
mi ri 2 , r2 dm
P R
Moment of Inertia: I = i I= q
2GM
Escape velocity: ve = R
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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om
vo
1.9: Properties of Matter
Keplers laws:
a F/A P F
Modulus of rigidity: Y = l/l , B = V V , = A
First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus.
1
~
Second: Areal velocity is constant. ( dL/dt = 0). Compressibility: K = B = V1 dV
dP
2 3 2 4 2 3
Third: T a . In circular orbit T = GM a . D/D
lateral strain
Poissons ratio: = longitudinal strain = l/l
1
1.8: Simple Harmonic Motion Elastic energy: U = 2 stress strain volume
Total energy: E = U + K = 12 m 2 A2
Bernoullis equation: p + 21 v 2 + gh = constant
Torricellis theorem: vefflux = 2gh
q
l dv
Simple pendulum: T = 2 g l Viscous force: F = A dx
F
q
I
Stokes law: F = 6rv
Physical Pendulum: T = 2 mgl
v
Volume flow pr 4 r
q Poiseuillis equation: time = 8l
I l
Torsional Pendulum T = 2 k
2r 2 ()g
Terminal velocity: vt = 9
1 1 1
Springs in series: keq = k1 + k2
k1 k2
~
A
~2
A
Superposition of two SHMs:
~1
A
x1 = A1 sin t, x2 = A2 sin(t + )
x = x1 + x2 = A sin(t + )
q Visit www.concepts-of-physics.com
A = A1 2 + A2 2 + 2A1 A2 cos to buy IIT JEE Physics (1978-2016:
A2 sin 39 Year) Topic-wise Complete Solu-
tan = tions. Foreword by Prof HC Verma.
A1 + A2 cos
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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om
2 Waves
q
2 T
4. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: 1 = 2L
q
2.1: Waves Motion 5. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics: 2 = 3 T
2L
2 2
y 1 y
General equation of wave: x2 = v 2 t2 . 6. All harmonics are present.
1 2 2
T = = , v = , k= String fixed at one end: N A
A N
/2
Progressive wave travelling with speed v:
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0
y = f (t x/v), +x; y = f (t + x/v), x q
2. Allowed Freq.: L = (2n + 1) 4 , = 2n+1
4L
T
, n =
y 0, 1, 2, . . ..
A q
x 1 T
3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: 0 = 4L
Progressive sine wave: 2
q
3 T
4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: 1 = 4L
y = A sin(kx t) = A sin(2 (x/ t/T ))
q
5 T
5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: 2 = 4L
x
Standing Waves: A N A N A
Standing longitudinal waves:
/4
p1 = p0 sin (t x/v), p2 = p0 sin (t + x/v)
y1 = A1 sin(kx t), y2 = A2 sin(kx + t) p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos kx sin t
y = y1 + y2 = (2A cos kx) sin t
n + 21 2 , nodes; n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
x=
n 2 , antinodes. n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
L
Closed organ pipe:
L
/2 1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
2. Allowed freq.: L = (2n + 1) 4 , = (2n + 1) 4L
v
, n=
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0 and at x = L
q 0, 1, 2, . . .
2. Allowed Freq.: L = n 2 , = 2L
n T
, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .. 3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: 0 = v
4L
q
1 T 3v
3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: 0 = 2L 4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: 1 = 30 = 4L
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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om
5v
5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: 2 = 50 = 4L S1 P
dy y
Path difference: x = D d
6. Only odd harmonics are present.
S2 D
2
Phase difference: = x
A
1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
n, constructive;
v
Allowed freq.: L = n 2 , = n 4L , n = 1, 2, . . . x =
n + 21 , destructive
v
2. Fundamental/1st harmonics: 0 = 2L
2v Intensity:
3. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: 1 = 20 = 2L
p
4. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics: 2 = 30 = 3v I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos ,
2L p p 2 p p 2
5. All harmonics are present. Imax = I1 + I2 , Imin = I1 I2
I1 = I2 : I = 4I0 cos2 2 , Imax = 4I0 , Imin = 0
l1 + d
D
Fringe width: w = d
l2 + d
aE0 I0
Spherical Wave: E = r sin (t vr ), I = r2
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Youngs double slit experiment to buy IIT JEE Physics (1978-2016:
39 Year) Topic-wise Complete Solu-
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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om
3 Optics
h i
1 1 1
Lens makers formula: f = ( 1) R1 R2
I
Spherical Mirror: O
f 3.3: Optical Instruments
v
u
Simple microscope: m = D/f in normal adjustment.
1. Focal length f = R/2 Objective Eyepiece
1 1 1
2. Mirror equation: v + u = f
O
3. Magnification: m = uv Compound microscope:
u v fe
Astronomical telescope:
real depth d d0
Apparent depth: = apparent depth = d0 d I
O
A 3.4: Dispersion
Deviation by a prism: i0 Cauchys equation: = 0 + A
2 , A>0
i r r0
2 1 2 1 1 v
= , m=
v u R 2 u
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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om
x
Ratio of specific heats: = Cp /Cv
emissive power Ebody
Relation between U and Cv : U = nCv T Kirchhoff s Law: absorptive power = abody = Eblackbody
Q
Molar internal energy of an ideal gas: U = f2 RT , Stefan-Boltzmann law: t = eAT 4
f = 3 for monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic gas. dT
Newtons law of cooling: dt = bA(T T0 )
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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om
q +q
Coulombs law: F~ = 1 q1 q2
40 r 2 r q1 r q2 Parallel plate capacitor: C = 0 A/d
A A
d
~ r) =
Electric field: E(~ 1 q
40 r 2 r
~
E
q ~
r
r2
1 q1 q2
Electrostatic energy: U = 4 0 r Spherical capacitor: C = 40 r1 r2
q +q
r2 r1
r1
1 q
Electrostatic potential: V = 40 r
Z ~
r
~ ~r,
dV = E V (~r) = ~ d~r
E 20 l r2
Cylindrical capacitor: C = ln(r2 /r1 ) l
r1
p
~
Electric dipole moment: p~ = q d~ q +q
d A
Capacitors in parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2 C1 C2
B
1 p cos V (r)
Potential of a dipole: V = 40 r 2
r
1 1 1
p
~ Capacitors in series: Ceq = C1 + C2
C1 C2
A B
~ ~ = p~ E
Torque on a dipole placed in E: ~ Energy density in electric field E: U/V = 12 0 E 2
0 KA
~ U = ~
Pot. energy of a dipole placed in E: ~
pE Capacitor with dielectric: C = d
Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis: Resistance of a wire: R = l/A, where = 1/
1 qx a
EP = 40 (a2 +x2 )3/2 q ~
E Temp. dependence of resistance: R = R0 (1 + T )
x P
Ohms law: V = iR
E and V (of a uniformly charged sphere:
1 Qr Kirchhoff s Laws: (i) The Junction Law: The algebraic
40 R3 , for r < R E
E= 1 Q sum of all the currents directed towards a node is zero
40 r 2 , for r R O
r
( R i.e., node Ii = 0. (ii)The Loop Law: The algebraic
2
1 Qr sum of all the potential differences along a closed loop
V = 40 R3 , for r < R V
1 Q
for r R in a circuit is zero i.e., loop Vi = 0.
40 r ,
r
O R
1 1 1 A
E and V of a uniformly charged spherical shell: Resistors in parallel: Req = R1 + R2 R1 R2
B
0, for r < R E
E= 1 Q
40 r 2 , for r R O
r Resistors in series: Req = R1 + R2 R1 R2
R A B
(
1 Q
40 R , for r < R V
V = 1 Q R1 R2
40 r , for r R r G
O R Wheatstone bridge:
R3 R4
Field of a line charge: E = 20 r V
Balanced if R1 /R2 = R3 /R4 .
Field of an infinite sheet: E = 20
Electric Power: P = V 2 /R = I 2 R = IV
Field in the vicinity of conducting surface: E = 0
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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om
i ig G i ~
Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in B:
Galvanometer as an Ammeter: i ig U = ~B~
S
~
ig G = (i ig )S Bi l B
Hall effect: Vw = ned w
y
x
R G i d z
Galvanometer as a Voltmeter:
A ig B
VAB = ig (R + G)
5.6: Magnetic Field due to Current
R C
i ~
B
Charging of capacitors: ~ = 0 i d~l~
r
Biot-Savart law: dB 4 r 3
~
r
V d~l
h t
i
q(t) = CV 1 e RC
2
C
t Field due to a straight conductor: i
d ~
Discharging of capacitors: q(t) = q0 e RC q(t)
B
1
R
0 i
B= 4d (cos 1 cos 2 )
Time constant in RC circuit: = RC
0 i
Field due to an infinite straight wire: B = 2d
H Peltier heat
Peltier effect: emf e = Q = charge transferred . dF 0 i1 i2 i1 i2
Force between parallel wires: dl = 2d
e d
Seeback effect: T
T0 Tn Ti
a
P
1. Thermo-emf: e = aT + 12 bT 2 Field on the axis of a ring: i ~
B
d
2. Thermoelectric power: de/dt = a + bT .
0 ia2
3. Neutral temp.: Tn = a/b. BP = 2(a2 +d2 )3/2
4. Inversion temp.: Ti = 2a/b.
a
0 i
H Thomson heat Field at the centre of an arc: B = ~ i
Thomson effect: emf e = Q = charge transferred = T . 4a B
a
Faradays law of electrolysis: The mass deposited is
0 i
Field at the centre of a ring: B = 2a
1
m = Zit = F Eit
~ d~l = 0 Iin
H
Amperes law: B
where i is current, t is time, Z is electrochemical equiv-
alent, E is chemical equivalent, and F = 96485 C/g is Field inside a solenoid: B = 0 ni, n = N
l
Faraday constant. l
0 N i
5.5: Magnetism Field inside a toroid: B = 2r r
~
B Horizontal Bh
Angle of dip: Bh = B cos
Force on a current carrying wire: ~l
Bv B
~
F i
F~ = i ~l B
~
Tangent galvanometer: Bh tan = 0 ni
2r , i = K tan
Magnetic moment of a current loop (dipole): k
Moving coil galvanometer: niAB = k, i= nAB
~
~ A
~
~ = iA q
i I
Time period of magnetometer: T = 2 M Bh
~ ~ =
Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in B: ~
~ B
~ = H
Permeability: B ~
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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om
C R
5.7: Electromagnetic Induction 1
Z
RC circuit: i C
~ dS
~
H
Magnetic flux: = B
p
e0 sin t
1
R
+ L
e0 sin t
Z
Z= R2 + 2 L2 , tan = R
Motional emf: e = Blv l ~
v B
~
L C R 1
C Z 1
LCR Circuit: i C L
di
Self inductance: = Li, e= L dt
q
e0 sin t
L
1
R
i
L R Power factor: P = erms irms cos
e
e 0.63 R
t N1 e1 e1 N1 N2 e2
Transformer: = e2 , e1 i1 = e2 i2
S i L
R
N2
i1 i2
t
L/R
Decay of current in LR circuit: i = i0 e Speed of the EM waves in vacuum: c = 1/ 0 0
L R i
i0
0.37i0
t
S i L
R
di
Mutual inductance: = M i, e = M dt
h R i1/2 i2
1 T i0
RMS current: irms = T 0
i2 dt =
2
t
Energy: E = irms 2 RT
1
Capacitive reactance: Xc = C
Inductive reactance: XL = L
Imepedance: Z = e0 /i0
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to buy IIT JEE Physics (1978-2016:
39 Year) Topic-wise Complete Solu-
tions. Foreword by Prof HC Verma.
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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om
6 Modern Physics N0
N
Population at time t: N = N0 et N0
6.1: Photo-electric effect 2
O t1/2 t
Photons energy: E = h = hc/
mZ 2 e4 13.6Z 2 D
En = , En = eV Half Wave Rectifier:
80 2 h2 n2 n2 R Output
nh
Quantization of the angular momentum: l = 2
Grid
E2 E2
h h
Vp
E1
Emission
E1 Plate resistance of a triode: rp = ip
Absorption Vg =0
Wavelength of emitted radiation: for a transition Transconductance of a triode: gm =
ip
Vg
from nth to mth state: Vp =0
1 2 1 1 V
Amplification by a triode: = Vpg
= RZ 2 ip =0
n2 m
Relation between rp , , and gm : = rp gm
I K
K
hc
X-ray spectrum: min = eV
Ie Ic
Current in a transistor: Ie = Ib + Ic
min
Ib
Moseleys law: = a(Z b)
Ic
and parameters of a transistor: = Ie , =
X-ray diffraction: 2d sin = n Ic
Ib , = 1
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Formulae S he e t f o r P h ys i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om
c 2017 by Jitender Singh. Ver. 2017 1. Downloaded from www.concepts-of-physics.com (visit for more) 12