Coordinates: 17h 57m 48.

5s, +04 41 36

Barnard's Star
Barnard's Star /brnrd/ is a very-low-mass red dwarf about
Barnard's Star
6 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Ophiuchus.
It is the fourth-nearest known individual star to the Sun (after the
three components of the Alpha Centauri system) and the closest
star in the Northern Celestial Hemisphere.[16] Despite its
proximity, with a dim apparent magnitude of +9.5, the star is
invisible to the unaided eye; it is much brighter in the infrared
than in visible light.

The star is named after the American astronomer E. E. Barnard.

He was not the first to observe the star (it appeared on Harvard The location of Barnard's Star , ca. 2006 (south is up)
University plates in 1888 and 1890), but in 1916 he measured its
Observation data
proper motion (which is a function of its close proximity to
Epoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0
Earth, and not of its actual space velocity) as 10.3 arcseconds per
Constellation Ophiuchus
year, which remains the largest proper motion of any star relative
to the Sun.[17] This is likely to be the fastest star, as its close Pronunciation /brnrd/
proximity to the Sun, as well as its high velocity make it unlikely Right ascension 17h 57m 48.49803s[1]
any faster object remains undiscovered. In 2016, the International
Declination +04 41 36.2072[1]
Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names
Apparent magnitude (V) 9.511[2]
(WGSN)[18] to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars.
The WGSN approved the name Barnard's Star for this star on 1 Characteristics
February 2017 and it is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Spectral type M4.0V[3]
Star Names.[19]
Apparent magnitude (U) 12.497[2]
Barnard's Star is among the most studied red dwarfs because of Apparent magnitude (B) 11.240[2]
its proximity and favorable location for observation near the Apparent magnitude (R) 8.298[2]
celestial equator.[9] Historically, research on Barnard's Star has
Apparent magnitude (I) 6.741[2]
focused on measuring its stellar characteristics, its astrometry,
and also refining the limits of possible extrasolar planets. Apparent magnitude (J) 5.24[4]
Although Barnard's Star is an ancient star, it still experiences star Apparent magnitude (H) 4.83[4]
flare events, one being observed in 1998.
Apparent magnitude (K) 4.524[4]
The star has also been the subject of some controversy. For a UB color index 1.257[2]
decade, from the early 1960s to the early 1970s, Peter van de BV color index 1.713[2]
Kamp claimed that there were one or more gas giants in orbit
Variable type BY Draconis
around it. Although the presence of small terrestrial planets
around Barnard's Star remains a possibility, Van de Kamp's Astrometry
specific claims of large gas giants were refuted inthe mid-1970s. Radial velocity (Rv) 110.6 0.2[5] km/s
Proper motion () RA: 798.71[1] mas/yr
Dec.: 10337.77[1] mas/yr
545.62 0.2[6] mas
Contents Parallax ()
Distance 5.978 0.002 ly
1 Overview
(1.8328 0.0007 pc)
2 Claims of a planetary system
2.1 Refining planetary boundaries Absolute magnitude (MV) 13.21[2]
 3 Exploration Details
3.1 Project Daedalus
Mass 0.144[7] M
4 1998 flare
5 Environment
Radius 0.196 0.008[8] R

6 See also Luminosity (bolometric) 0.0035[9] L

7 Notes and references Luminosity (visual, LV) 0.0004[9] L
7.1 Notes
Temperature 3,134 102[9] K
8 External links
Metallicity 1032% Sun[10]
Rotation 130.4 d[11]

Overview Age 10 billion [12] years

Barnard's Star is a red dwarf of the dimspectral type M4, and it is Other designations
too faint to see without atelescope. Its apparent magnitude is 9.5. "Barnard's Runaway Star", "Greyhound
of the Skies",[13] BD+043561a,
At 712 billion years of age, Barnard's Star is considerably older
GCTP 4098.00, Gl 140-024, Gliese 699,
than the Sun, which is 4.5 billion years old, and it might be
HIP 87937, LFT 1385, LHS 57,
among the oldest stars in the Milky Way galaxy.[12] Barnard's
LTT 15309, Munich 15040, Proxima
Star has lost a great deal of rotational energy, and the periodic
Ophiuchi,[14] V2500 Ophiuchi, Velox
slight changes in its brightness indicate that it rotates once in 130
Barnardi,[15] Vyssotsky 799
days[11] (the Sun rotates in 25). Given its age, Barnard's Star was
Database references
long assumed to be quiescent in terms of stellar activity. In 1998,
astronomers observed an intense stellar flare, showing that SIMBAD data
Barnard's Star is a flare star.[20] Barnard's Star has the variable ARICNS data
star designation V2500 Ophiuchi. In 2003, Barnard's Star
presented the first detectable change in the radial velocity of a star caused by its motion. Further variability in the radial velocity of
.[21]
Barnard's Star was attributed to its stellar activity

The proper motion of Barnard's Star corresponds to a relative lateral speed of

90 km/s. The 10.3 seconds of arc it travels annually amount to a quarter of a degree
[22]
in a human lifetime, roughly half the angular diameter of the full Moon.

The radial velocity of Barnard's Star towards the Sun is measured from its blue shift
to be 110 km/s. Combined with its proper motion, this gives a space velocity (actual
velocity relative to the Sun) of 142.6 0.2 km/s. Barnard's Star will make its closest
approach to the Sun around AD 11,800, when it will approach to within about
3.75 light-years.[7]

Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun at a position currently 4.24 light-years
Barnard's Star, showing position
distant from it. However, despite Barnard's star's even closer pass to the Sun in
every 5 years in the period 1985
11,800 AD, it will still not then be the nearest star, since by that time Proxima
2005.
Centauri will have moved to a yet nearer proximity to the Sun.[23] At the time of the
star's closest pass by the Sun, Barnard's Star will still be too dim to be seen with the
naked eye, since its apparent magnitude will only have increased by one magnitude to about 8.5 by then, still being 2.5 magnitudes
short of visibility to the naked eye.

Barnard's Star has a mass of about 0.14 solar masses (M),[7] and a radius 15% to 20% of that of the Sun.[9][24] Thus, although
Barnard's Star has roughly 150 times the mass of JupiterM
( J), its radius is only 1.5 to 2.0 times larger, due to its much higher density.
Its effective temperature is 3,100 kelvins, and it has a visual luminosity of 0.0004 solar luminosities.[9] Barnard's Star is so faint that
if it were at the same distance from Earth as the Sun is, it would appear only 100 times brighter than a full moon, comparable to the
brightness of the Sun at 80astronomical units.[25]
 Barnard's Star's has 1032% of the solar metallicity.[10]
Metallicity is the proportion of stellar mass made up of
elements heavier than helium and helps classify stars
relative to the galactic population. Barnard's Star seems to
be typical of the old, red dwarf population II stars, yet these
are also generally metal-poor halo stars. While sub-solar,
Barnard's Star's metallicity is higher than that of a halo star
and is in keeping with the low end of the metal-rich disk
star range; this, plus its high space motion, have led to the
designation "intermediate population II star", between a
halo and disk star.[10][21]

Claims of a planetary system

Distances to the nearest stars from 20,000 years ago until For a decade from 1963 to about 1973, a substantial
80,000 years in the future. number of astronomers accepted a claim by Peter van de
Kamp that he had detected, by using astrometry, a
perturbation in the proper motion of Barnard's Star
consistent with its having one or more planets comparable in mass with Jupiter. Van de Kamp had been observing the star from 1938,
attempting, with colleagues at the Swarthmore College observatory, to find minuscule variations of one micrometre in its position on
photographic plates consistent with orbital perturbations that would indicate a planetary companion; this involved as many as ten
people averaging their results in looking at plates, to avoid systemic individual errors.[26] Van de Kamp's initial suggestion was a
planet having about 1.6 MJ at a distance of 4.4AU in a slightly eccentric orbit,[27] and these measurements were apparently refined in
a 1969 paper.[28] Later that year, Van de Kamp suggested that there were two planets of 1.1 and0.8 MJ.[29]

Other astronomers subsequently repeated Van de Kamp's measurements, and two

papers in 1973 undermined the claim of a planet or planets. George Gatewood and
Heinrich Eichhorn, at a different observatory and using newer plate measuring
techniques, failed to verify the planetary companion.[30] Another paper published by
John L. Hershey four months earlier, also using the Swarthmore observatory, found
that changes in the astrometric field of various stars correlated to the timing of
adjustments and modifications that had been carried out on the refractor telescope's
objective lens;[31] the claimed planet was attributed to an artifact of maintenance
and upgrade work. The affair has been discussed as part of a broader scientific
Artist's conception of a planet in orbit
review.[32]
around a red dwarf

Van de Kamp never acknowledged any error and published a further claim of two
planets' existence as late as 1982;[33] he died in 1995. Wulff Heintz, Van de Kamp's
successor at Swarthmore and an expert on double stars, questioned his findings and began publishing criticisms from 1976 onwards.
[34]
The two men were reported to have become estranged from each other because of this.

Refining planetary boundaries

While not completely ruling out the possibility of planets, null results for planetary companions continued throughout the 1980s and
1990s, the latest being based on interferometric work with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1999.[35] By refining the values of a star's
motion, the mass and orbital boundaries for possible planets are tightened: in this way astronomers are often able to describe what
types of planets cannot orbit a given star.

M dwarfs such as Barnard's Star are more easily studied than larger stars in this regard because their lower masses render
perturbations more obvious.[37] Gatewood was thus able to show in 1995 that planets with 10 MJ were impossible around Barnard's
Star,[32] in a paper which helped refine the negative certainty regarding planetary objects in general.[38] In 1999, work with the
 Hubble Space Telescope further excluded planetary companions of
0.8 MJ with an orbital period of less than 1,000 days (Jupiter's orbital
period is 4,332 days),[35] while Kuerster determined in 2003 that
within the habitable zone around Barnard's Star, planets are not
possible with an "M sin i" value[39] greater than 7.5 times the mass of
the Earth (M), or with a mass greater than 3.1 times the mass of
Neptune (much lower than van de Kamp's smallest suggested
value).[21]

Even though this research has greatly restricted the possible

properties of planets around Barnard's Star, it has not ruled them out
completely; terrestrial planets would be difficult to detect. NASA's
Stars closest to the Sun, including Barnard's Star Space Interferometry Mission, which was to begin searching for
(25 April 2014).[36]
extrasolar Earth-like planets, was reported to have chosen Barnard's
Star as an early search target.[25] This mission was shut down in
2010.[40] ESA's similar Darwin interferometry mission had the same goal, but was stripped of funding in 2007.
[41]

Exploration

Project Daedalus
Barnard's Star was studied as part ofProject Daedalus. Undertaken between 1973 and 1978, the study suggested that rapid, unmanned
travel to another star system was possible with existing or near-future technology.[42] Barnard's Star was chosen as a target partly
because it was believed to have planets.[43]

The theoretical model suggested that a nuclear pulse rocket employing nuclear fusion (specifically, electron bombardment of
deuterium and helium-3) and accelerating for four years could achieve a velocity of 12% of the speed of light. The star could then be
reached in 50 years, within a human lifetime.[43] Along with detailed investigation of the star and any companions, the interstellar
[42]
medium would be examined and baseline astrometric readings performed.

The initial Project Daedalus model sparked further theoretical research. In 1980, Robert Freitas suggested a more ambitious plan: a
self-replicating spacecraftintended to search for and make contact with extraterrestrial life.[44] Built and launched inJupiter's orbit, it
would reach Barnard's Star in 47 years under parameters similar to those of the original Project Daedalus. Once at the star, it would
begin automated self-replication, constructing a factory, initially to manufacture exploratory probes and eventually to create a copy of
the original spacecraft after 1,000 years.[44]

1998 flare
In 1998 a stellar flare on Barnard's Star was detected based on changes in the spectral emissions on July 17 during an unrelated
search for variations in the proper motion. Four years passed before the flare was fully analyzed, at which point it was suggested that
the flare's temperature was 8000 K, more than twice the normal temperature of the star.[45] Given the essentially random nature of
flares, Diane Paulson, one of the authors of that study [20]
, noted that "the star would be fantastic for amateurs to observe".

The flare was surprising because intense stellar activity is not expected in stars of such age. Flares are not completely understood, but
are believed to be caused by strong magnetic fields, which suppress plasma convection and lead to sudden outbursts: strong magnetic
fields occur in rapidly rotating stars, while old stars tend to rotate slowly. For Barnard's Star to undergo an event of such magnitude is
thus presumed to be a rarity.[45] Research on the star's periodicity, or changes in stellar activity over a given timescale, also suggest it
ought to be quiescent; 1998 research showed weak evidence for periodic variation in the star's brightness, noting only one possible
starspot over 130 days.[11]
Stellar activity of this sort has created interest in using Barnard's Star as a proxy to
understand similar stars. It is hoped that photometric studies of its X-ray and UV
emissions will shed light on the large population of old M dwarfs in the galaxy. Such
research has astrobiological implications: given that the habitable zones of M dwarfs
are close to the star, any planets would be strongly influenced by solar flares, winds,
and plasma ejection events.[12]

Environment
Barnard's Star shares much the same neighborhood as the Sun. The neighbors of Artist's conception of ared dwarf
Barnard's Star are generally of red dwarf size, the smallest and most common star
type. Its closest neighbor is currently the red dwarf Ross 154, at 1.66 parsecs
(5.41 light-years) distance. The Sun and Alpha Centauri are, respectively, the next closest systems.[25] From Barnard's Star, the Sun
would appear on the diametrically opposite side of the sky at coordinates RA=5h 57m 48.5s, Dec=04 41 36, in the eastern part of
the constellation Monoceros. The absolute magnitude of the Sun is 4.83, and at a distance of 1.834 parsecs, it would be a first-
magnitude star, as Pollux is from the Earth.[46]

See also
Barnard's star in fiction
List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs
Stars named after people

Notes and references

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46. The Sun's apparent magnitude from Barnard's Star
, assuming negligible extinction: .

Notes

External links
"Barnard's Star". SolStation.
Darling, David. "Barnard's Star". The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight.
Schmidling, Jack. "Barnard's Star". Jack Schmidling Productions, Inc. Amateur work showing Barnard's Star
movement over time.
Johnson, Rick. "Barnard's Star". Animated image with frames approx. one year apart, beginning in 2007, showing
the movement of Barnard's Star.

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