Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LA R SILENCIOSA
R + VOCAL = /R/................ CHILDREN
R + CONSONANTE = /R/.... SURNAME
R + NADA = /R/ .................. MOTHER
ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS
MY ............................ MI MIS
YOUR......................... TU,SU (DE USTED O DE USTEDES) VUESTRO A OS AS
HIS............................ SU,SUS,(DE EL)
HER.......................... SU, SUS (DE ELLA)
ITS........................... SU SUS (DE ELLO)
OUR ......................... (NUESTRO,A,OS,AS
THEIR.................... THEIR SU,SUS (DE ELLOS O DE ELLAS)
ADJETIVOS DEMOSTRATIVOS
THIS........................ ESTE,A,O
THAT..................... ESE,A,O, AQUEL,LLA,LLO
THESE.................. ESTOS,AS
THOSE................. ESOS,AS, AQUELLOS,AS
Cuando solo hay UNO de algo (El Sol, La Luna, La Oficina de Correos)
We looked at the Moon
Si esta CLARO que t estas hablando sobre eso.
She opened the door and went into the flat
NO usamos THE
Traffic
Weather
Accommodation
Health
Scenery
Rubbish
Work
Politics (y otras palabras terminadas en ics)
SIEMPRE NECESITAN UN VERBO EN SINGULAR
NO LLEVAN S FINAL
NO USAN ARTICULO A / AN
There was terrible traffic this morning
LOS SIGUIENTES NOMBRES COMUNES SON TAMBIEN INCONTABLES:
IRON....UNCONTABLE : EL METAL
IRON.......CONTABLE : LA PLANCHA
NOMBRES PLURALES
Possessive S
MY HUSBANDS NAME IS MARTIN
THATS ANDREAS, DICTIONARY
PAST TENSES
TENSE TO
PAST CONTINUOUS A PROGRESS SHE WAS WORKING SHE WASNT WHAT WAS SHE DOING?
ACCTION IN THE WORKING
WAS/WERE+ING PAST
A PAST ACCTION I HAD FINISHED WORK I HADNT FINISHED WHEN HAD YOU FINISHED
THAT AT 6.00 WORK AT 6.00 WORK?
PAST PERFECT HAPPENED
BEFORE
HAD + P.P
ANOTHER PAST
ACCTION
FRECUENCY ADVERBS
ADVERBS ORDER
Present simple
Present continuous
Present perfect
Formacin. Se forma con el presente del verbo to have y el participio del verbo
que se conjuga:
I have worked we have worked
you have worked you have worked
he/she/it has worked they have worked
Formacin. Se forma con el presente del verbo to have, el participio del verbo
to be (been) y el gerundio del verbo que se conjuga:
Past simple
Formacin. Se utiliza la misma forma para todas las personas: infinitivo + -ed
para los verbos regulares
I worked we worked
you worked you worked
he/she/it worked they worked
Past continuous
Formacin. Se forma con el pasado del verbo to be y el gerundio del verbo que
se conjuga:
I was working we were working
you were working you were working
he/she/it was working they were working
Past perfect
Formacin. Se forma con el pasado del verbo to have y el participio del verbo
que se conjuga:
I had worked we had worked
you had worked you had worked
he/she/it had worked they had worked
La voz pasiva
PREPOSITIONS
NO ARTICLES
COSAS EN GENERAL
ES ESENCIAL PARA PONER EN LOS TEXTOS Y/O USAR CORRECTAMENTE LOS TIEMPOS
CADA FRASE.
EJEMPLOS :
(HAVE). WITH THE SUNDAY TIMES, WHICH HAS AT LEAST TEN SECTIONS. (3 PERSONA)
(WORK). THE TIMES HAS WORKED FOR THE TIMES SINCE 1980.(SIEMPRE QUE VA
FOR/SINCE,SE PONE EL VERBO EN PRESENT PERFECT (HAVE + 3 PERSONA)
(TRY). AND NOW WE ARE TRYING(ESTAMOS INTENTANDO,PRESENTE CONTINUOUS, TO BE
+ VERB+ ING)
SOME / ANY
ORACIONES AFIRMAT.
PLURALES
SOME
NUMEROS INDEFINIDOS ORACIONES NEGATIV. PLURALES
ANY
PREGUNTAS PLURALES
RESPUESTAS
WITH PREPOSITIONS
ALONG A LO LARGO
THROUGH ATRAVESAR
PREPOSICIONES Y EXPRESIONES DE
MOVIMIENTO
ESTOY: ES:
ED=COMO NOS SENTIMOS. ING = COMO ES ALGO.
PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS
DEMOSTRATIVOS
(MASCULINO,FEMENINO Y NEUTRO)
THIS /THAT/ THESE/ THOSE/
CAN...PRESENTE WAS......PASADO
COULD... PASADO WERE .......PASADO
CAN
FORMA AFIRMATIVA:
SUJETO + CAN + VERBO PRINCIPAL
I CAN DANCE
FORMA NEGATIVA:
CANNOT (+FORMAL)
I,YOU,WE...+ CAN + CAN NOT + VERBO EN
INFINITIVO
CANT (+INFORMAL)
FORMA INTERROGATIVA:
POSITIVO EN PASADO
I COULD YO PUDE
YOU COULD TU/VOSOTROS PUDISTEIS
HE/SHE /IT COULD EL/ELLA/ESTO/ PUDO
WE COULD NOSOTROS PUDIMOS
THEY COULD ELLOS PUDIERON
NEGATIVO EN PASADO
I COULDNT YO NO PUDE
YOU COULDNT TU/VOSOTROS NO PUDISTEIS
HE/SHE/IT COULDNT EL/ELLA/ESTO NO PUDO
WE COULDNT NOSOTROS NO PUDIMOS
THEY COULDNT ELLOS NO PUDIERON
INTERROGATIVO EN PASADO
COULD I? YO PUDE?
COULD YOU? TU/VOSOTROS PUDISTEIS?
COULD HE/SHE/IT? EL/ELLA/ESTO PUDO?
COULD WE? NOSOTROS PUDIMOS?
COULD THEY? ELLOS PUDIERON?
+ INFINITIVO SIN TO
CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO
PASADO
Although the restaurant was very full, we were able to get a table
CAN Y COULD
La formas negativas de can y could son can't y couldn't, pero en
contextos formales o enfticos se suele usar cannot y could not.
Cuando expresan la idea de posibilidad o permiso, y en oraciones
interrogativas en las que se pide un favor, can equivale a puedo,
puedes, etc. y could puede equivaler a poda, podas, etc., pude,
AFIRMATIVO ? / NEGATIVO ?
I cant stop
CAN BE ABLE TO +INFINITIVE
PRESENT CAN
AM/IS/ARE ABLE TO
SIMPLE - WILL BE ABLE TO
FUTURE (WILL) COULD WAS/WERE ABLE TO
PAST SIMPLE - HAS/HAVE BEEN ABLE TO
P. PERFECT - (TO) BE ABLE TO
INFINITIVE - BEING ABLE TO
GERUND
SUGERENCIAS
LETS....
WHY DONT WE....?
HOW ABOUT...?
EN CASO
In case (Por si acaso)
In case it rains, take an umbrella
TIME EXPRESSIONS
MONTHS
YEAR
IN PART OF THE DAY
SEASONS
CENTURIES
DAYS
ON DATES
WEEKENDS
TIME
AT WEEKENDS
NIGHT
NMEROS ORDINALES:
THE FIRST
THE SECOND
THE THIRD
THE FOURTH
THE FIFTH
THE SIXTH
THE SEVENTH
THE EIGHTH
THE NINTH
THE ELEVENTH
THE TWELFT
THE THIRTEENTH
THE TWENTIETH
THE FOURTIEH
CONNECTORS
un sujeto + verbo
I didnt get the job although I had all the necessary qualifications
1- un nombre
2- un verbo en ing form
3- The fact that + sujeto + verbo = more formal
I didnt get the job in spite of the fact (that) I had all the necessary
qualifications
EVEN INCLUSO
FOR EXAMPLE POR EJEMPLO
THEREFORE POR CONSIGUIENTE
AT LEAST POR LO MENOS
SPECIALTY ESPECIALMENTE
ALSO TAMBIEN
SO ASI QUE
BECAUSE PORQUE
NEARLY CERCA
ONLY SOLO
BUT PERO
OF COURSE POR SUPUESTO
HOWEVER SIN EMBARGO
EITHER TAMPOCO
ENOUGH PRETTY BASTANTE BONITO
BECAUSE OF A CAUSA DE
ACTUALLY ACTUALMENTE/DE HECHO
MEANWHILE MIENTRAS TANTO
AFTER ALL DESPUES DE TODO
AS WELL TAMBIEN
LINKERS
But / Sino
Despite / A pesar de
LINKERS (II)
Obediently / Obedientemente
Also / Tambien
In conclusion / En conclusion
in conclusion...
Since / Desde
Furthermore / Ademas
LINKERS (III)
To summarise / En resumen
The theatre was packed,the audience was happy,
to summarise ie has been a huge success
Consequently / En consecuencia
Our shares have gone down a 45 % consequently,the competition
is buying
To conclude / Para terminar
To conclude I can only say that he is innocent
In brief /Resumiendo
In brief, this is what happened
OBSERVAR:
ESTO ES.....:
AM / IS......WAS
ARE.....WERE
HAVE / HAS.....HAD
CAN....COULD
WILL / WONT....WOULD
DOES / DO.....DID
LIKE...LIKED
GO....WENT
ETC.ETC...
PETER SMOKES TOO MUCH -I WISH HE WOULDT SMOKE SO MUCH (or If only)
ESTILO DIRECTO/INDIRECTO
HES FINISHED THE BOOK A SHE SAID HE HAD FINISHED THE BOOK
IVE BEEN WAITING FOR AN HOUR A SHE SAID SHE HAD BEEN WAITING FOR
AN HOUR
I TRIED TO GET TICKETS FOR THE A SHE SAID SHE HADTRIED TO GET
EN
EN
CONTINUOUS
CAMBIOS
SHALL/WILL WOULD
CAN COULD
MUST MUST /HAD TO
SHOULD SHOULD
OUGHT TO OUGHT TO
MAY MIGHT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
I HE / SHE
WE THEY
MY HIS/ HER
OURS THEIRS
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
HERE THERE
THIS THAT
THESE THOSE
TODAY THAT DAY
YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE
LAST WEEK THE WEEK BEFORE
TOMORROW THE NEXT DAY
NOW THEN
AGO BEFORE
TONIGHT THAT NIGHT
THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW IN TWO DAYSTIME
THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY TWO DAYS BEFORE
DONT NOT TO
MARA: Pedro dijo que trabajaba alli (Peter said he worked there)
b) Existe una estrecha correlacion temporal entre este verbo y los de las
construcciones de estilo indirecto propiamente dicho.
AFIRMACIONES)
(REPORTED SPEECH : STATEMENTS)
Es usual que el tiempo del verbo en estilo directo se mueva un paso hacia el
Presente
(PREGUNTAS)
do/does/did.
USAMOS IF
(ORDENES
Statements (Afirmaciones):
Commands (Ordenes):
INFINITIVO
PETICIONES,
Commands (Ordenes):
Questions (Preguntas)
HES FINISHED THE BOOK A SHE SAID HE HAD FINISHED THE BOOK
IVE BEEN WAITING FOR AN HOUR A SHE SAID SHE HAD BEEN WAITING FOR AN HOUR
I TRIED TO GET TICKETS FOR THE THEATRE A SHE SAID SHE HAD TRIED TO GET TICKETS FOR THE
THEATRE
ILL BE GOING TO UNIVERSITY IN A FEW YEARS A SHE SAID SHE WOULD BE GOING TO UNIVERSITY IN A
FEW YEARS
CONTINUOUS
SHALL/WILL WOULD
CAN COULD
SHOULD SHOULD
OUGHT TO OUGHT TO
MAY MIGHT
llllll
I HE / SHE
WE THEY
MY HIS/ HER
OURS THEIRS
lllllll
HERE THERE
THIS THAT
THESE THOSE
NOW THEN
AGO BEFORE
DONT NOT TO
PASADO
HE SAID HE WAS GOING
TELL
PETICIONES ASK
VERBOS INTRODUCTORIOS
determinada por el sentido de la frase.Cuando esta recoge un hecho sin matices,el verbo
introductorio es SAY o TELL. La diferencia radica en que usamos TELL cuando se especifica el
JOHN: Peter said he worked there (casi nunca se dice Peter said to me)
QUESTIONS
En el primer caso la frase resultante es una interrogativa y en el segundo una disyuntiva con
Debe de prestarse especial atencin al hecho de que las interrogativas indirectas tienen
El complemento indirecto del verbo ASK puede aparecer o no aparecer,sin que ello introduzca
Cuando la frase en estilo directo expresa un RUEGO ir introducido en estilo indirecto por ASK
(Pedir).
ORDEN o MANDATO
Los verbos introductorios que acabamos de sealar son mas caracteristicos, pero hay otros
muchos que pueden aparecer esporadicamente tal como ponen de manifiesto los ejemplos
que siguen:
Otros:
I WOULD=Id
Id LIKE A DRINK
YOUd LIKE A DRINK
HEd LIKE A DRINK
SHEd LIKE A DRINK
ITd LIKE A DRINK
WEd LIKE A DRINK
THEYd LIKE A DRINK
SIN S FINAL
NOMBRES INCONTABLES SIN ARTICULO
MASA Y LIQUIDOS
CON S AL FINAL
NOMBRES CONTABLES CON ARTICULO
PUEDEN LLEVAR NMERO
EN FRASES AFIRMATIVAS
SOME CAN I HAVE? (PETICIONES INTERROGATIVAS)
WOULD YOU LIKE? (OFRECIMIENTOS INTERROG.)
DID+SUBJET+INFINITIVO SIN TO
COMPARATIVES ADJECTIVES
FAST SLOW
SMALL BIG
CLEAN DIRTY
SAFE DANGEROUS
QUIET NOISY
OLD MODERN/YOUNG
HALTHY UNHEALTHY
FRIENDLY UNFRIENDLY
INTERESTING BORING
EXPENSIVE CHEAP
GOOD BAD
DISGUSTING
GOOD PERFECT, MARVELLOUS, SUPERB, WONDERFUL,
DIRTY FILTHY
FUNNY HILARIOUS
FRIGHTENED TERRIFIED
CLEVER BRILLIANT
PRETTY BEAUTIFUL
BIG ENORMOUS
SAD TRAGIC
TIRED EXHAUSTED
COLD FREEZING
HOT BOILING
HUNGRY STARVING
LITTLE TINY
ANGRY FURIOUS
SURPRISED AMAZED. ASTONISHED
SURE POSITIVE
MODIFICACIONES:
RESUMEN
(+) LESS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + THAN : MENOS ALTO QUE
(+) AS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + AS : TAN ALTO COMO
(-) NOT AS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + AS : NO ES TAN ALTO COMO
COMPARATIVES ADVERBS
ADVERBS COMPARATIVE
ADVERBS
REGULAR
HARD HARDER
FAST FASTER
WELL BETTER
BADLY WORSE
A LOT MORE
A LITLE LESS
ADJECTIVES SUPERLATIVES
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE SPELLING
TALL TALLER THE TALLEST +EST
HAPPY HAPPIER THE HAPPIEST
MODERN MORE MODERN THE MOST MODERN + THE MOST
EXPENSIVE MORE EXPENSIVE THE MOST EXPENSIVE
GOOD BETTER THE BEST IRREGULAR
BAD WORSE THE WORST
FAR FARTHER THE FARTHEST
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
BASTANTE
SHES QUITE TALL
VERY
RATHER
FAIRLY
Fairly, tambin se traduce por Bastante pero con un matiz menor que los
otros tres casos.
My parents live in a fairly large house
Mis padres viven en una casa bastante grande
AS...AS
(TAN/TANTO... COMO)
ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
ANY OFRECIMIENTOS Y FAVORES (EN INTERROGATIVO)
ORACIONES CON EL VERBO EN NEGATIVO
EJ.THERE ISNT ANYBODY
FORMA AFIRMATIVA!!
EVERYBODY
EVERY ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS EVERYTHING
EVERYWHERE
EXCEPCIONES:
SOME.....: CUANDO SE PREGUNTA POR ALGO
CUANDO SE OFRECE ALGO
(WOULD YOU LIKE SOME COFFEE ?)
ADVERBS COMPARATIVE
ADVERBS
REGULAR
HARD HARDER
FAST FASTER
WELL BETTER
BADLY WORSE
A LOT MORE
A LITLE LESS
ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVES
ADJECTIVE+ LY
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
HES A BAD PLAYER HE PLAYS BADLY
ADVERBS COMPARATIVE
ADVERBS
REGULAR
HARD HARDER
FAST FASTER
WELL BETTER
BADLY WORSE
A LOT MORE
A LITLE LESS
OPPOSITES
CLIMB UP A MOUNTAIN
CLIMB DOWN A MOUNTAIN
GET ON A BUS/PLANE/TRAIN
GET OFF A BUS/PLANE/TRAIN
GO DOWNSTAIRS
GO UPSTAIRS
GO UNDER A BRIDGE
GO OVER A BRIDGE
WHATS THE OPPOSITE OF...?
Adjectives Adjectives
OPPOSITES
MODEST IMMODEST ARROGANT
POLITE IMPOLITE RUDE
EXPENSIVE INEXPENSIVE CHEAP
FORMAL INFORMAL CASUAL
ATTRACTIVE UNATTRACTIVE UGLY
FASHIONABLE UNFASHIONABLE OUT OF DATE
HAPPY UNHAPPY SAD
INTELLIGENT UNINTELLIGENT STUPID
INTERESTING UNINTERESTING BORING
KIND UNKIND CRUEL
USUAL UNUSUAL RARE
TALK
SPEAK
SO and SUCH
Such people
GERUNDIO=VERB + ING
1. USAMOS EL GERUNDIO DESPUES DE LOS VERBOS
DE SENTIMIENTO
2.
LIKE / LOVE / HATE / ENJOY / MIND / PREFER
I DONT MIND COOKING BUT I HATE WASHING- UP
I LOVE SHOPPING
STATE VERBS
GERUND
1.DESPUES DE PREPOSICIONES
She left without saying goodbye
Im thinking of buying a flat
TO + INFINITIVE
1. DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS
Its difficult to learn a language
GERUNDIO O UN INFINITIVO
FORGET
Forget + Infinitivo
Forget + Gerund
Ill never forget talking my son to school for the first time
REMEMBER
Remember + Infinitive
Remember + Gerund
Hicistes algo.Mas tarde te acuerdas de lo que hicistes
TRY
Try + Infinitive
Try + Gerund
I dont know why my radio inst work. I tried changing the batteries,but theyre OK.
NEED
Need + Infinitive
Need + Gerund
INFINITIVO GERUNDIO
FORGET Te olvidastes de hacer algo. Hicistes algo y no lo olvidaras.
No lo hicistes
REMEMBER Recuerdas algo , Te acuerdas de haber estado
haciendo algo
luego lo hicistes
TRY Intentas hacer algo dificil Intentas hacer algo facil.
NEED Tienes que hacer algo. Algo tiene que ser hecho
PRESENT CONTINOUS
FORMACION :
TERMINADOS EL INFINITIVO EN E:
CAMBIA E POR ING
SE FORMA AS:
AFIRMATIVO:
YOU ARE GOING TO...
NEGATIVO:
YOU ARENT GOING TO LEARN...
INTERROGATIVO
WHY IS SHE GOING TO LEARN... ?
TAMBIEN USAMOS GOING TO,CUANDO NOSOTROS PODEMOS VER
ALGO AHORA QUE SEGURAMENTE SUCEDER EN EL FUTURO:
PREGUNTAS RESPUESTAS
HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO PARIS? YES,I WENT THERE 10 YEARS AGO
HAVE YOU EVER BROKEN A BONE YES,I BROKE MY LEG LAST YEAR
YA EN FRASES INTERROGATIVAS
HAVE YOU FINISHED YET?..:HAS TERMINADO YA?
ALREADY:
JUST
EL ADVERBIO JUST,TIENE LOS SIGUIENTES SIGNIFICADOS Y
USOS PRINCIPALES:
EXACTAMENTE JUSTAMENTE
THATS JUST WHAT I WANTED:ESO ES EXACTAMENTE LO
QUE QUERA
SOLAMENTE
ACABAR DE
NO SE TRADUCE EN:
AS & LIKE
LIKE:
ES UNA PREPOSICION
AS:
ES UNA CONJUNCION
LAS PROFESIONES:
HE WORKED AS A WAITER FOR TWO YEARS
LIKE VERSUS AS
LIKE
SIGNIFICA:
AS
PERO EXPRESA:
MY DAUGHTER IS AS TALL AS ME
ANOTHER
1.USAMOS ANOTHER + NOMBRE EN SINGULAR
VERB + TO + INFINITIVE
AGREE
CHOOSE
DECIDE
EXPECT
FORGET
HELP
HOPE
MANAGE
PROMISE
REFUSE VERBS OF
TRY INTENTION
WANT
WOULD LIKE
WOULD LOVE
WOULD PREFER
NEED
OFFER
PLAN
LEARN
PHRASAL VERBS
LOS VERBOS FRASALES,SON VERBOS QUE VAN ACOMPAADOS DE UNA
PARTICULA (ON,OFF,DOWN,IN...ETC.) QUE ADQUIEREN UN NUEVO
SIGNIFICADO,
OBJECT OBJECT
GET AROUND THE BEST WAY TOGET AROUND IS BY CAR VIAJAR (POR LA
CIUDAD)
GET IN (TO) GET OUT (OF) GET INTO THE CAR.WERE LEAVING ENTRAR/SALIR DE
UN COCHE
GET ON/ FF GET OFF THE BUS AT THE NEXT STOP ENTRAR /SALIR
OCHE,BUS...
PUT OFF LETS PUT OFF THE MEETING UNTIL MONDAY POSPONER,ATRASA
R
SWITCH / TURN OFF PLEASE SWITCH /TURN OFF THE LIGHTS APAGAR/DESCONEC
TAR
TURN UP /DOWN CAN YOU TURN UP THE TV? I CANT HEAR IT SUBIR (EL
VOLUMEN)
VERBOS FRASALES
FED UP ALIMENTAR
FILL IN FIRMAR
GET BACK VOLVER
GET IN SUBIR EN UN COCHE
GET OUT SALIR DE UN COCHE
GET UP LEVANTARSE
GIVE UP IRSE
GO DOWN BAJAR
GO IN ENTRAR
GO ON VOLVER
GO OUT SALIR
GO UP SUBIR
HELD UP ESTAR ATRAPADO
KNOCK ON LLAMAR
LOOK AFTER VIGILAR
LOOK AT MIRA!
LOOK OUT! CUIDADO!
LOOK FORWARD TENER GANAS
LOOK UP BUSCAR INF.EN UN LIBRO
PUT ON VESTIRSE
RING UP TELEFONEAR
STAND UP PONERSE DE PIE
SWITCH OFF DESENCHUFAR
SWITCH ON ENCHUFAR
TAKE AWAY LLEVAR
TAKE CARE TENER CUIDADO
TAKE OFF DESVESTIRSE
THROW INTO IRRUMPIR
TURN DOWN BAJAR VOLUMEN
TURN DOWN BAJAR EL VOLUMEN
TURN UP SUBIR VOLUMEN
TURN UP SUBIR EL VOLUMEN
UP A) AUMENTO B) COMPLETAMENTE
DOWN A) PONER EN PAPEL B) DISMINUCION
B) C) PARAR COMPLETAMENTE
PHRASAL VERBS
LOOK FORWARD ESTAR ENCANTADO
BRING IN METER
BURST INTO IRRUMPIR EN
CATCH ON COGER
GO UP SUBIR
HELD UP QUEDAR ATRAPADO
KNOCK ON LLAMAR
LOOK AT ! MIRA !
PICK UP RECOGER
PUT OFF APLAZAR
PUT ON PONER (ROPA)
TO BE IN ESTA EN
TO BE OFF SALIR
PHRASAL VERBS
Back up Respaldar
Bump into Encontrarse con
Call off Cancelar
Carry out Llevar a cabo
Cut down Reducir
Frown on Desaprobar
Get across Hacer entender
Knock down Atropellar
Leaf through Hojear
Live on Vivir de
Live up to Estar a la altura
Look down on Despreciar
Make out Distinguir
Pick out seleccionar
Pick up Recoger
Put off posponer
Rely on Confiar en
Rip off Timar
Run up acumular
Set off Encender
Set off Salir
Set up Montar un negocio
Stand out Destacar
Take on Coger un empleo
Take up Llevar / ocupar
Talk Sb into Convencer a alguien
Tie up Atar
Track down Localizar
Turn up Aparecer
SEPARABLES O INSEPARABLES?
ID RATHER ......PREFERIRIA
BORED OR BORING?
BORED FOR PEOPLE
BORING FOR THINGS
MODISMOS
SORRY I GOT HELD UP IN THE TRAFFIC. NEVER MIND ,COME AND SIT DOWN
JENNYS GOING TO OUT WITH PETE I DONT KNOW WHAT SHE SEES IN HIM
WHO WAS THAT I SAW YOU WITH LAST NIGHT?. MIND YOUR BUSINESS!!
IM HAVING NEXT WEEK OFF. O.K. THE BREAK WILL DO YOU GOOD
I SHOULD REST
I SHOULDNT DRIVE MY CAR
YOU SHOULD WEAR A TIE
YOU SHOULDNT
TO BE OBSSESED WITH...
ESTAR OBSESIONADO CON...
GO UP MORE
SALIR MAS
GET
RECEIVE (RECIBIR)
PHRASAL VERB
AUXILIARES
SO / NEITHER DO I
PARA FORMA R ORACIONES PARA ESTAR / NO ESTAR DE ACUERDO:
TO AGREE:
SO + AUXILIARY + SUJETO
CON ORACION AFIRMATIVA
NEITHER + AUXILIAR+SUJETO
CON ORACION NEGATIVA
SUJETO + AUXILIAR
SI NO ESTAS DE ACUERDO,ES LO CONTRARIO;LO
AFIRMATIVO A NEGATIVO Y LO NEGATIVO A AFIRMATIVO
NEITHER+AUX+SUBECT (ORAC.NEGATIV.)
AGREEE DISAGREE
GOING TO
THE PASSIVE
EL PRESENTE PASIVO
EL PASADO PASIVO
1 REGLA DE LA PASIVA:
2 REGLA DE LA PASIVA:
3 REGLA DE LA PASIVA:
OTRAS:
She bought a newspaper and then she had a coffee in a small caf
Usamos el PAST PERFECT para hablar acerca de algo que sucedi antes
del tiempo del cual estamos hablando
When she went to pay, she saw that they had made a mistake in the bill
Ella dej el caf es una accion mas corta que sucede en mitad de la
accion mas larga de continuo)
MUST / MUSTNT
USAMOS EL MUST / MUSTNT PARA CONSEJOS SERIOS Y
OBLIGACIONES
QUANTIFIERS
(CANTIDADES)
TOO + ADJETIVO
TOO MUCH +NOMBRE INCONTABLE
TOO MANY + NOMBRE CONTABLE
ENOUGH
PARA DECIR QUE TENGO TODO LO QUE NECESITO,USAMOS:
ENOUGH =SUFICIENTE
ONE / ONES
USAMOS EL ADJETIVO + ONE / ONES EN LUGAR DEL ADJETIVO + EL
NOMBRE:
BUYING CLOTHES
HAVE YOU GOT THOSE JEANS IN MY SIZE ?
WICH ONES ?
THE RED ONES
WHAT SIZE ARE YOU?
IM 42
LETS SEE. HERE YOU ARE
CAN I TRY THEM ON?
YES THERES A CHANGING ROOM OVER THERE
THEYRE A BIT TOO SMALL.HAVE YOU GOT A BIGGER SIZE?
THESE ARE A 44 ONES
YES,THESE ARE FINE .OK,ILL TAKE THEM
ANYTHING ELSE?
NO THANKS.HOW MUCH ARE THEY?
THEYRE 49,96 $
THANK YOU
SPORTS
GO / PLAY / DO
GO + VERB+ ING..:
GO SAILING,GO DIVING,GO WINDSURFING
FOOTBALL PITCH
ELBOW PATCH
ROLLER SKATES
ICE SKATES
T.SHIRT
CAP
REFEREE
LONG JUMPER
LINESMAN
REFEREE:ARBITRO
PITCH:CAMPO
HELMET:CASCO
ELBOW PATCH:CODERA
BAIT:CEBO
SLALOM:CARRERA DE ESQU
HOOP : ARO
BALL BOY:RECOGEPELOTAS
UMPIRE:JUEZ DE SILLA
IM AGREE.....ESTOY DE ACUERDO
I GONNA= IM GOING TO
I WANNA= I WANT YOU
TO = HACIA (MOVIMIENTO)
HOME
WORK
UNIVERSITY
RESTAURANTES
CIUDADES
IN LUGARES GRANDES
PAISES
FUTURO
PRESENTE CONTINUO:
COSAS QUE VAN A SUCEDER INMEDIATAMENTE,POR
EJEMPLO LAS COSAS QUE SE APUNTAN EN UNA AGENDA:
IM MEETING HER TOMORROW
GOING TO:
FUTURO ALGO MAS LEJANO Y COSAS QUE VEMOS
AHORAY QUE VAN A SUCEDER:
IT GOING TO RAIN
WILL=IWILL=ILL:
ESPRESA UN FUTURO CON DECISION! ILL+INFINITIVO SIN
TO
ILL RAIN !
EL FUTURO DE INTENCION (GOING TO)
SE FORMA CON EL PRESENTE DEL VERBO TO BE SEGUIDO DE GOING
TO +UN INFINITIVO.
I AM GOING TO BUY
WHERE ARE YOU GOING TO SEE HER TOMORROW?
SHALL:
HES LOOKING FOR A JOB PRESENT CONTIN. HE ISNT LOOKING FOR A JOB
THEYRE OFTEN LATE FOR CLASS P.SIMPLE(TO BE) THEY ARENT OFTEN LATE...
SHE WAS TIRED LAST NIGHT PAST SIMPLE (BE) SHE WASNT TIRED LAST NIGHT
ED EN (+)
DID EN (-) (?)
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present simple Make Is made
Past simple Made Was made
Present continuous Is making Is being made
Past continuous Was making Was being made
Present perfect Has made Has been made
Past perfect Had made Had been made
Future (will) Will make Will be made
Future (going to) Is going to make Is going to be made
Infinitive (with to) To make To be made
TO PLAY
GERUND
JUGANDO
PLAYING
IMPERATIVE
JUEGA! JUGAD !
PLAY!
PRESENT
JUEGO,JUEGAS,JUEGA,JUGAMOS,JUGAIS,JUEGAN
I PLAY
PAST SIMPLE
JUGU,JUGASTE,JUG,JUGAMOS,JUGASTEIS,JUGARON
I PLAYED
FUTURE
JUGAR,JUGARS,JUGAR,JUGAREMOS,JUGAREIS,JUGARAN
ILL PLAY
SUBJUNCTIVE
JUEGUE,JUEGUES,JUEGUE,JUGUEMOS,JUGUEIS,JUEGUEN
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
JUGARA,JUGARAS.JUGARA,JUGARAMOS,JUGARAIS,JUGARAN
PRESENT PERFECT
HE JUGADO, HAS JUGADO, HA JUGADO,,HEMOS JUGADO,HABEIS
JUGADO HAN JUGADO
I HAVE PLAYED
PAST CONTINUOUS
JUGABA,JUGABAS,JUGABA,JUGABAMOS,JUGABAIS,JUGABAN
I WAS PLAYING
FIRST CONDITIONAL
USAMOS EL FIRST CONDITIONAL PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE
FORMACION:
IF + SUBJECT + PRESENT SIMPLE, AND...
WILL/WONT + INFINITIVE
POSITIVO
ILL MISS THE TRAIN.
YOULL MISS THE TRAIN.
IF IT RAINS,WELL STAY IN.
IF IT RAINS, WE WONT GO OUT.
NEGATIVO
I WONT CATCH IT.
YOU WONT CATCH IT.
INTERROGATIVO
WILL YOU TELL HIM?
YES I WILL/NO I WONT.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
EXPRESA UNA CONDICIN QUE YA NO SE PUEDE
CUMPLIR:
En este caso es IMposible que se cumpla la condicin
expresada.
If she had taken a taxi, she would have been here in ten minutes
She would have been here in ten minutes ,If she had taken a taxi
ZERO CONDITIONAL
if + two present tenses
if you boil water, it evaporates
cuando hierves agua,se evapora
EXPRESA UNA CONDICIN QUE SIEMPRE ES VERDAD.
If significa when o whenever (cuando)
INVERSION ( CONDICIONALES)
PRIMER CONDICIONAL
(NECESITAMOS EL AUXILIAR SHOULD PARA INVERTIR EL
CONDICIONAL)
B) If you should see him, beat him up (Posible Inversion para enfatizar)
SEGUNDO CONDICIONAL
TERCER CONDICIONAL
HARDLY/SCARCELY/BARELY.. APENAS..CUANDO/ANTES
WHEN/BEFORE
BASIC RULES
LOS ADJETIVOS NUNCA LLEVAN S
LOS ADJETIVOS SIEMPRE VAN DELANTE DEL
NOMBRE
VERB PATERNS(1)
Like
Love
Adore Doing
Enjoy
Cooking
Prefer
Hate Sightseen
Cant stand
Dont mind
Finish
Look forward to
Agreee
Choose
Dare
Decide
To do
Expect
Forget
To come
Help
Hope
To cook
Learn
Manage
Need
Offer
Promisse
Refuse
Seem
Want
Would like
Would love
Would prefer
Would hate
1- Help y Dare pueden se usados sin To .: We helped tidy the kitchen
2- Have to para obligaciones.....: I have to wear a uniform
3- Used to = costumbres pasadas .: I used to smoke but i gave up last
VERB PATERNS(3)
Verb +Somebody + To + Infinitive (They invited us to have a
Meal)
Advise
Allow
Ask
Beg To do
Me
Encourage (animar)
Expect To go
Him
Help
Need To come
Them
Invite
Order
Someone
Remind (recordar)
Tell
Want
Warn (+not) (avisar)
Would like
Would love
Would prefer
Would hate
Verb+ somebody+ infinitive (no To) Let us know if youre in the area
Let Her
Make Do
Help Us
VERB PATERNS(4)
Love Amar
Adore Adorar
Finish Acabar
Choose Escoger
Dare Desafiar
Decide Decidir
Expect Esperar
Forget Olvidar
Help Ayudar To do
Hope Esperar
Manage Poder
Need Necesitar To cook
Offer Ofrecer
Promisse Prometer
Refuse Negar
Seem Parecer
Want Querer
Allow Permitir
Ask Preguntar
Encourage) Animar
Expect Esperar
Help Ayudar
Need Necesitar Me
Invite Invitar To do
Remind Recordar To go
TIME EXPRESSIONS
AS MUCH AS TANTO
AS MANY AS TANTOS
WASNT IT ? NO FUE AS ?
DOES IT NO ES AS ?
REQUEST
RESUME
CAN I...?
CAN I HAVE...?
BECAUSE Y BECAUSE OF
SHALL..........: OFRECIMIENTOS
MIGHT / MAY
You havent decided if you really want to go to the party: I might go .Im not sure
Youre not sure if you want to go to the cinema tonight:I might see a film this evening
LA NEGACION
QUIZS NO
I might not go to work / Quizas no vaya a trabajar
Sue may not come to ... / Quizas Sue no venga a ....
MAY I ?
PUEDO?
May I smoke? / Puedo fumar?
May I sit here? / Puedo sentarme aqu?
Usamos MUST+ Inf para decir que estamos SEGUROS que algo (logicamente) es
verdad. El contrario es CANT BE
He must be out. All the lights are off.
Usamos MIGHT / COULD + inf para decir que algo es POSIBLEMENTE verdad.
BANKRUPT ARRUINADO
BROKE SIN UN DURO
CANT AFFORD NO PODERSELO PERMITIR
DEBT DEUDA
EXCHANGE RATE TIPO DE CAMBIO
FIRST CONDITIONAL
PARA HABLAR DE POSIBILIDADES FUTURAS Y SUS
CONSECUENCIAS
IF + PRESENT... FUTURE + INFINITIVE
SECOND CONDITIONAL
PARA HABLAR DE UN PRESENTE IMAGINARIO O UNA
SITUACION FUTURA Y SUS CONSECUENCIAS
IF + PAST...CONDITIONAL (WOULD / WOULDNT)+
INFINITIVE
PUNTUALIZACIONES
NO DEBER ,NO
TENER QUE
PERSONAL PROHIBITION
OBLIGATION
EXTERNAL ABSENCE OF
OBLIGATION OBLIGATION
ITS NO NECESSARY
CONSEJO
RECOMENDACION
EJEMPLOS
MUSTNT: PROHIBICION
You mustnt park here
RELATIVE CLAUSES
the boy who lives next door has gone into hospital
WHO/THAT...QUIEN /QUE
What was the name of the horse that won the race?
(Sujeto: you)
WHERE...DONDE
WHOSE...CUYO /CUYA
DEFINING RELATIVES
The film WHERE/IN WHICH the ceremony took place was in L.A.
WHO / WHICH SON OMITIDOS A MENUDO CUANDO EL VERBO DESPUES DEL PRONOMBRE RELATIVO
NON-DEFINING RELATIVES
Se usan para dar informacion extra sobre una persona , lugar o cosa.
QUE../SOBRE...
TRAVEL AROUND
TO TRAVEL
TRIP
FOTOS.ETC...
JOURNEY
VOYAGE
VIAJE EN BARCO
EL AUTOBUS TARDA: THE BUS ITS LATE / THE BUS TAKES A LONG TIME