Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2
Motivating Questions
3
Approach
Emphasize dynamics
4
An Important Industry Problem
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What is Voltage Stability (Instability)?
Voltage stability is load stability
Angle (synchronous) stability is generator stability
Radial feed from large system to load pure
voltage stability concern v
Load
Mechanical
load torque
Electrical
torque
10
Short-Term Voltage Stability Example
140
120
100
Volts
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time - seconds 12
Short-Term Voltage Stability: Phoenix Area
Palo Verde nuclear power plant reactive power outputs (megavar)
13
Long-Term Voltage Stability
16
South Sweden/Denmark Blackout, 400/130-kV
Transformer Tap Changing at Simpevarp
Source: Gaji, Karlsson, Kockott, Advanced OLTC Control to Counteract Power System Voltage
Instability, ABB web site. 17
Voltage Stability Dynamics
State variables are slip (s), turns ratio (n), and load
conduction (G)
18
Load Dynamics/Region of Attraction
P, Q
V Tap changer dynamics
regulating low side voltage
VL
Induction motor Constant energy
dynamics M load dynamics
Other
loads
Load dynamics are basically first order
ds
2H = Po Pe Motor
dt
dn V
TT = Po Po L Tap changer
dt Vo
2
dG V
TE = Po Go L Constant energy
dt Vo 19
Load Dynamics Power System
P, Q
V Tap changer dynamics
regulating low side voltage
VL
Induction motor Constant energy
dynamics M load dynamics
Other
loads
P
Pre-disturbance curve
Power demand
PO 1
2 Final post-
disturbance curve
Disturbance curve
xs xu s, n, or G (state variable)
stable unstable 20
Exercise
Integrate both sides of one or more of the differential
equations and draw block diagram using integrators. One
block is the power system with state variable as input and
electrical power as output. Explain what happens for a
disturbance in the power system (short circuit for motor
load), including how equilibrium is reached. What
happens if tap changer limits are reached?
Compare previous figure with equal area diagram for
angle stability. What must balance for equilibrium?
The block diagram is similar to how an analog computer
is programmed, but also applies to numerical integration
used nowadays for time domain simulation.
21
Three Aspects of Voltage Stability
22
Voltage Instability Countermeasures
23
Further Voltage Instability Countermeasures
26
Voltage Stability Definitions
6 minutes
28
Voltage Security, Control Centers
31
Voltage Stability Simulation
32
P-V, S-V Curves
33
P-V Curves: Two Concepts (Van Cutsem)
Post-disturbance loadability
34
P-V (nose) Curve: Post-Disturbance Loadability
Post-contingency
Pmargin P
Pbase Pmax 35
P-V Curve: Secure Operating Limit
Binary search most efficient method:
Can use dynamic simulation for greater accuracy
Start
Stable (converged)
Unstable
Pmargin
P
Plim Pmax 36
Q-V, V-Q Curves
available reactive
Raver-Paul + power curve of the
1500
Centralia unit 2 shunt capacitor
banks.
Big Eddy-
1000 Ostrander
Neg. margin
500
2 shunt capacitor banks
0
0.900 0.950 1.000 1.050 1.100 1.150
Ostrander Voltage 38
Exercises: P-V Curves of Radial System
For P-V curves, describe relation between nose of curve and maximum
loadability. Can instability occur on upper side of curve? Can operation on
underside be stable? (Answers: yes, yes.)
Consider Examples 2-2 and 2-3, and Section 2-7 in my book.
39
References/Bibliography
1. C. W. Taylor, Power System Voltage Stability, McGraw-Hill, 1994. Available from cwtaylor@ieee.org.
2. T. Van Cutsem and C. Vournas, Voltage Stability of Electric Power Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
1998.
3. IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force on Stability Terms and Definitions, Definition and Classification of Power
System Stability, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 13871401, August 2004.
4. J. A. Diaz de Leon II, and C. W. Taylor, Understanding and Solving Short-Term Voltage Stability
Problems, Proceedings of IEEE/PES 2000 Summer Meeting.
5. T. Van Cutsem, C. Moisse, and R. Mailhot, Determination of Secure Operating Limits with Respect to
Voltage Collapse, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 327335, February 1999.
6. B. H. Chowdhury and C. W. Taylor, Voltage Stability Analysis: VQ Power Flow Simulation versus Dynamic
Simulation, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 13541359, November 2000.
Discussion and closure in November 2001 issue.
7. U.S.Canada Power System Outage Task Force, Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United
States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations, April 2004.
8. P. Nedwick, A. F. Mistr, Jr., and E. B. Croasdale, Reactive Management: A Key to Survival in the 1990s,
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 10361043, May 1995.
9. S. Koishikawa, S. Ohsaka, M. Suzuki, T. Michigami, and M. Akimoto, Adaptive Control of Reactive Power
Supply Enhancing Voltage Stability of a Bulk Power Transmission System and a New Scheme of Monitor on
Voltage Security, CIGR 38/39-01, 1990.
10. S. Noguchi, M. Shimomura, and J. Paserba, Improvement to an Advanced High Side Voltage Control, IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 683692, May 2006.
11. S. Noguchi, M. Shimomura, J. Paserba and C. Taylor, Field Verification of an Advanced High Side Voltage
Control at a Hydro Power Station, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 693701, May
2006.
12. IEEE/PES Task Force on Recent Blackout Experience, Mitigation, and Role of New Technologies (Power
System Dynamic Performance Committee), Blackout Experiences and Lessons, Best Practices for System
Dynamic Performance, and Role of New Technologies, IEEE Special Publication 07TP190, 2007.
13. IEEE/PES 2008 General Meeting panel session on load modeling.
40
Extras
41
Basic Power Transmission
transmission
Es Vs line Vr Sr Er
~ ~
equivalent equivalent
sending end receiving end
system system
thvenin
or
delta-wye
Es I, S r Er 0
jX
~ ~
is load angle
Draw phasor diagram
42
Basic Power Transmission
Sr = Pr + jQr = Er I *
Es cos + jEs sin
= Er
j X
EsEr EsEr cos Er2
= sin + j
X X
E E
Pr = Ps = s r sin
X
EsEr cos Er2
Qr =
X
Es2 EsEr cos
Qs =
X
43
Basic Power Transmission
E sEr
P= sin = Pmax sin
X
Pmax E 2 Maximum power at 90
2Pmax
Q = Pmax (1 cos )
P, Q Es = Er
Angle - Degrees
0 90 180 44
Basic Power Transmission
45
Basic Reactive Power Transmission
VsVr cos Vr2 Vr (Vs Vr )
Qr =
X X
Vs2 VsVr cos Vs (Vs Vr )
Qs =
X X
47
Basic Reactive Power Transmission
Reactive
power - pu
2
Sending-end circles
Vr = 0.9 Vr = 0.95
1
Real Power - pu
-1 1 2 3 4
Vr = 0.95 Vr = 0.9
-1
Receiving-end circles
-2
Voltage collapse tends to occur when receiving
48
end must supply reactive power to network.
Transmission Losses
V X /2 R /2
R /2 X /2
~ ~
P, Q (average)
2 2
2 P + j Q P jQ P + Q
I = =
V V V2
2 P 2 + Q2
Ploss = I R = R
2
V
2 P 2 + Q2
Qloss = I X = X
2
V
Effect of reducing Q transfer?
Effect of voltage?
Real and reactive power losses dominated by P
transfer 49
Voltage Instability Phenomena
Transient Voltage Stability Longer-Term Voltage Stability
V P
Generation M
and n
transmission
system
Ghi = n 2G
G
51
Voltage StabilitySystem Characteristics
1.2
1
Post-disturbance
Voltage per unit
system characteristic
0.8 with generator
current limiting
0.6
Pre-disturbance
Post-disturbance system
system characteristic
0.4 characteristic
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
Power per unit
52
Load CharacteristicsHigh Motor Load
1.2
n = 1.0 n = 1.1
1
Post-disturbance
system characteristic
Voltage per unit
0.6
Post-disturbance Pre-disturbance
system system
0.4 characteristic characteristic
0.2
Summertime with air conditioning load
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
Power - per unit
0.6
Post-disturbance Pre-disturbance
system system
0.4 characteristic characteristic
0.2
Wintertime with electric space heating
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
Power - per unit
1.0
Voltage per unit
1.0
n = 1.1 w/G
Voltage per unit
0.8
Post-disturbance
system characteristic
with generator Post-disturbance
0.6 system characteristic
current limiting
with generator
0.4 current limiting and
shunt capacitor bank
insertion
0.2
Large capacitor bank
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Power per unit