- PORT BY LAWS -

I Pre-reading questions

1 .When do you think a ship is allowed to enter a harbour?

2 .What kind of environment laws is a ship required to obey when in territorial waters of
a country?

II Read the port rules and try to answer the questions:

1. No vessel will be allowed to dock without a permit from the Harbour Master's
Office.
2.Any vessel, not loading or unloading, or finished activities in the harbour is obliged to
leave her berth upon the request of the Harbour Master .
3.Vessels are expressly prohibited to lie at the loading or unloading dock if their engines
are dismantled or without steam.
4.The ships movements in port are forbidden without a pilot on board.
5.It is forbidden to dump overboard the dirty ballast or pollute with her loading or
unloading in the territorial waters of the Republic of Romania.

1. Answer the following questions:

a)Why is it forbidden to dump the dirty ballast into the territorial waters of a country?
b)Why do you think the port rules exist?
c)What do you think "territorial waters" means?
d)When do you think a ship can leave the harbour?
e)Is it necessary for a ship to have a pilot? Why?
f)How can you separate the oil from water?
g)When a ship arrives in the harbour and the crew wants to go on shore, whose
permission must they have?
h)What kind of decisions can a harbour master office make?

2. Where would you be likely to see the following ships or boats?

river canal lake sea ocean harbour underwater

a barge
a cargo boat
a ferry
a liner
a rowing boat
a submarine
a yacht
3. Choose the correct answer
1. The river is so .............here that you cannot use even a little boat.
a-flat b-narrow c-shallow d-straight
2. In spite of the storm, the captain...........the ship safely into port
a-directed b-drove c-managed d-steered
3.There was a toy boat floating on the...........of the water.
a-bottom b-flat
4.He stood on the ............ of the river, looking down into the water.
a-bank b-beach c-border d-coast
5.Hold on .......... to your lifebelt, otherwise you'll sink.
a-firm b-steady c-strong d-tight
6. There was a terrible storm at sea last night and one of the boats.....
a-dived b-drowned c-floated d-sank
7. The route into the harbour was marked by a line of .....
a-buoys b-compasses c-lightships d-sign posts
8.There were a number of fishing boats.......in the harbour.
a-attached b-fixed c-moored d-roped
9.We're going to ..........a cruise on the river next weekend.
a-go b-sail c-take d-travel
10.The crew.......... the sinking ship as fast as they could.
a-abandoned b-escaped c-quit d-surrendered
11.Keep........!Don't panic! You will soon be rescued!
a-brave b-calm c-firm d-happy
12.We have been unable to make ............with the ship by radio for last two days.
a-communication b-connection c-contact d-link

4. Which of the following ships or boats would have funnels, guns, masts, oars,
passengers?

funnels guns masts oars passengers

a barge
a cargo boat
a ferry boat
a liner
a rowing boat
a submarine
a oil tanker
a yacht

5.Choose the correct answer:

1.I'm always seasick when the sea is..........

a-calm b-rough c-unsteady d-wild
2.The "Anna Maria" ...........from Constantza at 11:00 tomorrow.
 a-embarks b-leaves c-sails d-steams
3.The passengers amused themselves playing games on the upper...........of the ship.
a-deck b-dock c-floor d-platform
4.We saw ships from all over the world in the ...........
a-beach b-harbour c -pier d-shelter
5.You must keep .........in the boat otherwise it will overturn
a-balanced b-stiff c-still d-straight
6.The boat turned over and sank to the...........
a-base b-basis c-bottom d-ground
7.In spite of the terrible storm, the ship was.........
a-unbroken b-undamaged c-unhurt d-uninjured
8.During the twenty-day cruise, ten will be spent......... sea, and ten in port.
a-at b-by c-in d-over
9.Although he shouted. his words were...........in the wind.
a-drowned b-killed c-lost d-stopped

6.Choose the correct answer:

1."Do you row?" "I used to, but I haven't used a pair of............for years.
a-oars b-paddles c-poles d-rows
2.The sea was so..........that some of the passengers in the pleasure boat felt seasick.
a-breezy b-choppy c-runny d-wavy
3.They moored the boat to a tree........and left it by the river bank.
a-branch b-log c-pole d-stump
4.They loaded the ........... for the voyage onto the ship.
a-food b-meals c-portions d-rations
5.The ship ran ........on the beach near the harbour.
a-aback b-adrift c-afloat d-aground
6.That boat has an ..........engine at the back.
a-outboard b-outgoing c-outside d-outward
7.At first sight the island seemed to be bare and..........of any kind of vegetation.
a-absent b-devoid c-minus d-vacant
8.The cargo in the hold of the ship..........many times in the storm.
a-changed b-floated c-shifted d-switched
9.The sea is too far out; we can't swim till the ..........comes in.
a-current b-stream c-tide d-water
10.A lot of driftwood was washed up on to the .............
a-coast b-coastline c-seaside d-shore
11.The sea was so rough that the little boat...........
a-bent b-capsized d-inverted d-reversed
12.Swimming is dangerous here because of the strong...across the bay.
a-current b-jet c-motion d-shore
13.The boat just .........out to sea.
a-drifted b-sailed c-strayed d-wandered
14.After the storm the.....of a small ship was thrown up on the shore.
a-breakage b-ruin c-wastage d-wreckage
15.The ship was not allowed to unload its..........
a-burden b-cargo c-freight d-load
16.When the ship docked at Hamburg, they found a..........in the hold.
a-gate-crasher b-interloper c-stowaway d-trespasser
17.I..........with the captain to abandon the ship before it was too late.
a-appealed b-begged c-claimed d-pleaded
18.Due to the weather conditions, the lifeboat crew were asked to .... in case of
emergency.
a-stand away b-stand by c-stand in d-stand up
19.He had a ......... escape when his boat was capsized by a sudden gust of wind.
a-close b-narrow c-near d-sudden
20.The waves gently ........against the shore.
a-bit b-chewed c-lapped d-licked
21.We managed to grab a piece of wood that was floating nearby and we hung on
for.......life.
a-dear b-gentle c-kind d-precious
22.The air-sea search operation is continuing, although hopes of finding survivors
are.......
a-dim mining
b-dissolving
c-fading d-reducing

IV. 1.Fill in the following form:

Pilot Ticket

the vessel: flag type

shifting required date and hour
data and hour of ticket
shipping agency signature
length breadth draught fore aft
ship's list
particulars
data and hour movement effected
wind direction
on the river flow speed water level
the masters of
the vessel

2.With the following expressions, make up a dialogue that should be made when
embarking a pilot:

a)rig the pilot ladder on port side/starboard side........meters

 above water
b)the pilot ladder is rigged on port side/starboard side.
c)stand by pilot ladder
d)you must rig another pilot ladder
e)the pilot ladder is unsafe.

V. Fun Time

A Russian crew is in the middle of the ocean, and they discover that they run out of
fuel so they decide to refuel with vodka.
II 2. a barge-canal, sea, river, harbour ; a rowing boat-river, canal, lake

a cargo boat-canal, sea, ocean, harbour; a submarine-underwater, harbour

a ferry-river, canal, lake; an oil tanker-canal, sea, ocean, harbour

a liner-canal, sea; a yacht-canal, sea ocean, harbour

3. 1-c 2-d 3-c 4-a 5-d 6-d 7-a 8-c 9-c 10-a 11-b 12-c

4. a barge-masts, oars a rowing boat-oars, passengers

a cargo boat-masts, funnels, a submarine-guns
a ferry boat- funnels, passengers an oil tanker-masts, funnels
a liner-funnels ,masts ,passengers a yacht-masts, passengers

5. 1-b 2-c 3-a 4-b 5-c 6-c 7-b 8-a 9-c

6. 1-bow 2-funnel 3-anchor 4-mast 5-stern 6-propeller 7-rudder
7. 1-a 2-b 3-d 4-a 5-d 6-a 7-b 8-c 9-c 10-d 11-b 12-a 13-a 14-d
15-b 16-c 17-d 18-b 19-b 20-c 21-a 22-c

Pilot Ticket

tulip English cargo

11:00am 12-02-2005
12-03-2005 13:00pm john
289m 200t 450t
it has a green colour;2cranes 14-05-2005 16:00am
N-E
3bends 20m
John smith
 - CARGO HANDLING -

I.Pre-reading Questions

1. What kind of goods did the ancient Greeks and Romans use to carry by their sailing
ships?
2. Why were the Vikings not able to transport much cargo on their fast ships? Speak
about what their ships looked like.
3. What types of goods are shipped nowadays?

II. Post-reading Tasks

1.Read the following excerpt and then do the exercises :

Owners Responsibility Clause

Ship owners are to be responsible for loss or damage to the goods or for delay in
delivery of the goods only in case that the loss, damage or delay have been caused by the
improper or negligent stowage of the goods (unless the stowage was performed by
shippers/charters or their stevedores or servants) or by personal want of due diligence on
the part of the Owners or their Manager to make the vessel in all respects supplied or by
the personal act of default on behalf of the Owners or their Manager. And the Owners are
responsible for any loss or damage or delay arising from any other cause whatsoever,
even from the neglect or default of the captain or crew, or some other person employed
by the owners on board or ashore to handle the goods, but they are also responsible, for
the on sea worthiness of the vessel on loading or commencement of the voyage or at any
time whatsoever. Ship owners do not bear responsibility for the damage caused by the
contact with : leakage from other goods already packed in containers, or with the smell,
evaporation of nearby goods or the damage caused by inflammable, explosive goods
because of insufficient packaging if they are not due to improper or negligent stowage
on board the ship.

2. Match the words below with their right definition:

a) to delay
b) delivery
c) stowage
d) stevedore
e) default
f) diligence
 g) on sea worthiness
h) leakage

1) a person employed at a dock to load or unload goods from ships.

2) not in a good condition to sail.
3) to make someone or something late or slow.
4) the accidental admission or escape of a fluid or gas through a hole or crack.
5) a periodical distribution of letters or goods.
6) failure to fulfil an obligation.
7) placing goods in a receptacle for storage.
8) hard work done with care and effort.

3. Answer the following questions :

a) What are ship owners responsible for, when shipping cargo?

b) Under what circumstances cannot they bear the same responsibility?
c) When can the commander and his crew be made responsible in case of the
safety of the goods they carry?

III. Writing
1. Fill in the form with the information acquired so far :

Loading Permit

Berth______________________________________

Loading ___________________________________

Draught when leaving________________________

Begun at___________________________________

Kind of cargo_______________________________

From ashore : from warehouse or from the quay__

Transhipment from__________________________

Quantity loaded_____________________________

Finished (date and hour) _____________________

Shipper____________________________________

Manifest nr. ________________________________

Starboard/Port______________________________

Ship Commander , ____________________

Unloading Permit

Berth_____________________________________

Unloading_________________________________

Draught when entering______________________

Begun at___________________________________

Kind of cargo_______________________________

From ashore : to warehouse or to the quay ______

Transhipment to_____________________________

Quantity unloaded___________________________

Finished (date and hour) ______________________

Detonator_________________________________

Custom permit nr. ___________________________

Heeling angle_______________________________

Port Agent , __________________

2. With the following words and phrases, make up a dialogue asking for
permission to load or unload cargo ship

a) Loading capacities and quantities

1. What is the deadweight of the vessel ?
1.1 The deadweight is tones.
2. What is the hold / bale / grain capacity of vessel ?
2.1 The hold / bale / grain capacity is cubic metres.
3. What is the container capacity of the vessel ?
3.1 The container capacity is
4. How many 20 / 40 containers will the vessel load?
4.1 The vessel will load 20 / 40 containers.
5. How many cubic metres of cargo space are required?
5.1 cubic metres of cargo space are required.
6. How many tonnes / cubic metres can the vessel still load ?
6.1 The vessel can still load tones / cubic metres.
7. What is the size of the hatch openings ?
7.1 The size of the hatch openings is by metres.

b) Preparing for loading / unloading

1. Prepare the vessel for loading / unloading.

2. Unlock the hatch covers.
3. Rig the hatch rails in no hold(s).
4. Give notice of readiness to load / unload by local time.
5. Is the cargo list available and complete ?
5.1 Yes, the cargo list is available and complete.
5.2 No, the cargo list is not available and complete (yet).
5.3 The cargo list will be available and complete in minutes.
6. Complete the stowage plan.
7. Make the stability calculation.
8. Are the holds clean / dry / free of smell ?
8.1 Yes, the holds are clean / dry / free of smell.
8.2 No, the holds are not clean / dry / free of smell (yet).
8.3 The holds will be clean / dry / free of smell in minutes / hours.
8.3.1 Clean the hold(s) / deck(s).
9. Fill the double bottom tank(s) / ballast tank(s) before loading the heavy
lifts.
10. What is the maximum loading rate / unloading rate ?
10.1 The maximum loading rate / unloading rate is tones per hour
10.1 Do not exceed the loading rate / unloading rate of tones per hour.
 Answer Key To Exercise 2 from Postreading tasks :

c) -------- 3
d) -------- 5
e) -------- 7
f) -------- 1
g) -------- 6
h) -------- 8
i) -------- 2
j) -------- 4
 THE DEATH OF A SHIP

I.
1) Read the text and point out the main ideas expressed by the three paragraphs:

At 2:17 a.m., according to the various investigations after the disaster, the Titanic began
to go under, her lights blazing in the cold of the sub-Arctic night and with more than
1,500 people still on board. With a rumbling, crashing noise, the bow of the ship sank
deeper into the water and the stern rose into the air.

The stern section remained motionless and high out of the water for 30 seconds or more.
The hull fracture was described as the sound of breaking chinaware, but as it continued, it
was like a loud roar. A minute later, her lights flickered and then went out.

Then, at 2:20 a.m., the stern settled back into the water. Following a series of explosions,
the submerged forward section began to pull away from the stern. As the forward section
began its long descent, it drew the stern almost vertical again. Once this began, the
Titanic picked up speed as she sank below the surface of the pond-still waters of the
North Atlantic. Some of the survivors on the stern stated that it was almost perpendicular
as it slid silently and with hardly a ripple beneath the surface.

Believing that the Titanic was invincible, many passengers were willing to board
lifeboats only after the bow began to sink below the water's surface.

2)Put the next events in their right order:

a)The ship hits the iceberg

b)The Titanic leaves harbour for the first time
c)She begins to sink
d)Her lights flickered and then went out
e)The stern was almost perpendicular.

3)With the knowledge acquired during the navigation and marine classes try to give an
accurate definition of the word to sail.

4)Which of the words or phrases from the text may suggest:

a)without motion
b)lights on and off
c)below the ocean level
d)to sink
e)underwater section of the ship
f)slowly going down

5)Read the following extract :

When our boat had rowed about half a mile from the vessel, the Titanicwhich was
illuminated from stem to sternwas perfectly stationary, like some fantastic piece of
stage scenery

a)Whose words might they be?

b)Is the description of the ship before or after the impact with the iceberg?

IV. Writing tasks:

1)Match the following words with their appropriate definitions:
a)rumble 1)a series of waves
b)chinaware 2)small area of still water
c)ripple 3)a long deep loud sound ,like that made by a lion
d)pond 4)fine porcelain
e)roar 5)to make a deep heavy continuous sound ,like thunder.

2)Choose from the list below the words that meet the requirements:

a)kinds of ships
b)parts of ships
c)things found on a ship
d)people found on a ship

1.charts 7.stern 13.stewards 19.rudder

2.crew 8.bunks 14.warships 20.captain
3.liner 9.deck-chairs 15.cabins 21.cranes
4.navigator 10.galley 16.compass 22.seamen
5.bow 11.mate 17.gang-way
6.freighters 12.rope 18.life-jacket

3)Fill the blanks in the next paragraphs with one of the following words:

rope warships vessels moored docks stormy

waves liner loaded freighter cranes fleet
seasickness harbour life-jacket overboard knots wreck
bow lighthouses stern cliffs rudder voyage
cruise captain galley gangway deck-chairs navigator
compass navigate latitude board charts crew
bunks hold mate seamen embark stewards
coast cabins

When a ship goes out to sea it leaves the .....1..... or port .The speed of a ship is
measured in .....2..... .The foremost part of the ship is .....3..... .The name of a ship is
often painted on the back .This part of the ship is called the .....4..... . A ....5.... is used to
steer the ship .The goods are stored in the ....6.... .

The man in command on board is the ....7.... .The first ....8.... is responsible for
navigation .The ....9.... a ship sailors need maps ,a ....10.... and other instruments .Sea-
maps are called ....11.... .A ....12.... knows where they are at sea by finding the longitude
and ....13.... .All the people who work on board are ....14.... .Together they are called
the ....15.... of the ship .The crew sleep in ....16.... ,or berths.

A holiday-trip by ship is a ....17.... .When passengers go on to a ship we say that

they ....18.... or board the ship .When you want to leave or ....19.... the ship you have to
use the gang-plank ,or ....20.... .Holidaymakers on board can sit in ....21.... .They sleep
in ....22.... .Passengers are served food by the ....23.... . The food is prepared in
the ....24.... .

Sometimes the ....25.... can be dangerous ,especially when the coast consists of
steep rocks called ....26.... .Along the more dangerous part of the ....27.... there are usually
....28.... used for warning ships at sea.

If a ship runs into rocks ,it becomes a ....29.... .If your ship is wrecked you have to
jump ....30.... .Then you should wear a ....31.... .
When its ....32.... weather the surface of the water begins to move .These movements of
the water are called ....33.... .When the waves are very high many people suffer
from ....34.... .

Ships are ....35.... and repaired in ....36.... .They are loaded and unloaded
by ....37.... .Ships which carry cargoes are called ....38.... and those which are used for
war purposes are ....39.... .A ship which is part of a commercial ....40....
is called a ....41.... .A general term for ships and boats is ....42.... .After a ship has sailed
into the harbour it is ....43.... .This is mostly done with a ....44.... or cable.
ANSWER KEY

Ex II / 2:b,a,d,c,e
II /4: apound-still; bflickered; cbeneath the surface; dto submerge; ehull;
fits long descent;
III "Presently, the gigantic ship began to sink by the bows ... suddenly the lights
went out, and an immense clamour filled the air. Little by little, the Titanic settled
down ... and sank without noise ... In the final spasm the stern of the leviathan stood in
the air and then the vessel finally disappeared."
IV 1) a-5 ;b-4 ;c-1 ;d-2 ;e-3
2) a) 3,6,14
b)5,7,10,15,17,19
c)1,8,9,12,16,18,21
d) 2,4,11,13,20,22

3) 1-harbor 15-crew 30-overboard

2-knots 16-bunks 31-life-jacket
3-bow 17-cruise 32-stormy
4-stern 18-embark 33-waves
5-rudder 19-board 34-seasickness
6-hold 20-gangway 35-loaded
7-captain 21-deck-chairs 36-docks
8-mate 22-cabins 37-cranes
9-navigate 23-stewards 38-freighters
10-compass 24-galley 39-warships
11-charts 25-voyage 40-fleet
12-navigator 26-cliffs 41-liner
13-latitude 27-coast 42-vessels
14-seamen 28-lighthouses 43-moored
29-wreck 44-rope
 -THE WORLD OF WORK-

2. Read the texts below and then do the following exercises:

Safety of Lives at Sea (SOLAS)

The story of Noahs Ark is well-known and the design and construction well documented
(from a numerical description rather than a set of scale drawings), being built to ensure continuity
of mans existence at the time when the world was engulfed by flood. Since that time there has
been much progress in design and construction methods.
As long as men go down to the sea there will always remain the possibility of dangers
unseen and unknown; such a possibility has always been accepted by the seafarer.

Lifesaving Appliances
Personal equipment
Wearing a lifejacket will not itself ensure survival in water over an extended period as
other factors will influence the length of time a person can be immersed.
Lifejackets are, therefore, only part of the lifesaving system with which ships and
offshore structures are equipped, and includes lifeboats and life rafts capable of providing out-of-
the water support of all on board. Regulations govern the quantity and type of lifesaving
equipments to be carried in a vessel and laid down under international agreements.

Lifeboats
Most often the main lifesaving appliance is the lifeboat which is often referred to as
primary lifesaving equipment. Here again the revised IMO regulation renders a number of
novelties mandatory from July 1986.
All ships of 85 m. in length are required to have totally enclosed lifeboats on board. Some
passengers vessels have also semi-enclosed lifeboats. The totally enclosed lifeboat has already
been introduced for tankers and for offshore installation. It provides better protection against the
cold and the sea than does the open lifeboat. It has extra top buoyancy so that it is self-righting.
Some models are sprinkled to provide the mist of sea water around it if sailing through burning
oil. It should be able to resist the flames up to 8 minutes. Such models are equipped with internal
air supply.
Rescue boats
Another novelty to be installed on a number of ships from 1986 is the rescue boat. The
rescue boat is a boat designed to rescue persons in distress and to marshal survival craft. The
rescue boat also comes in several shapes and forms. One of them is the semi-rigid fast rescue boat
with a fibre glass hull and inflated rubber buoyancy chambers to provide extra stability. The
rescue boat or the man-over-board boat as it is often called is designed to be launched from the
ship within a few minutes, capable of retrieving persons from the water and able to marshal and
tow life rafts

Rescue Equipment
 A rescue at sea is always a matter of cooperation between two parties, namely those in
distress and those who are to rescue them. To make this cooperation
possible and to facilitate the rescue , a boat should be equipped with:
1 lifejacket per person
1 rescue quoits with 30 m line
1 sea anchor
1 whistle or other sound generator
1 boat compass
3-6 hand flares of approved type , or perhaps 1 signal pencil with nine read
signals
1 waterproof torch for signalling
1 first aid box
2-3 extra oars and rowlocks or paddles
1 bailer
1 knife
2 orange coloured hand flags
fire extinguisher
15 m towline
1 anchor or grapnel with 25 m of line, and if necessary spare fuel .
Most people will find that this is far too much equipment. This is of course a matter of
individual judgement. There is no statutory law about this , but the unwritten law of regard for
ones own , and more importantly other peoples safety is vital in the light of the many fatal
accidents that occur in small boats.
Survival at Sea After a Shipwreck

It has been said that to abandon a ship safely is only 50% of the complete survival
problem. Experience has shown there are three main causes of death amongst shipwreck
survivors .
1. Exposure to cold.
2. Dehydration due to lack of fresh drinking water.
3. Drinking sea water .
The motion of lifeboats and life rafts in a sea way is unpleasant and can soon induce
seasickness . This is distressing and can also cause dehydration which is dangerous. Take anti sea-
sickness pills as soon as practicable after boarding your lifesaving craft (or before if this is
possible!).
A guide to shipwrecked mariners written about 150 years ago contains much useful
advice and is still applicable today. It said that :
1. Hope and staying power are two of the most important qualities as they help to take away
a sense of hopelessness and increase confidence.
2. Much can be done to relieve suffering and distress by observing good behaviour and
being tactful.
3. Warm clothing can help to reduce the sensation of hunger and will prevent you from
getting cold.
4. If hungry or thirsty , try to think about something else to take your mind off it.
There are many recorded incidents which prove that survival depends to a large extent on
the degree of protection against the elements , the availability of drinking water and to a much
lesser extent of food . Perhaps most important of all is the will of life.

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTION WHEN ENTERING THE LIFERAFT.

 1. Cut the release cord/painter using the knife and get away from the sinking ship .
2. Look out for and pick up other survivor using the rescue line and quoits .
3. Throw out the drogue and line .
4. Safety valve whistling . As soon as the overpressure has declined , close the safety valve
with the rubber plug hanging by the valve .
5. Read the instruction carefully .

Emergency pack and first aid equipment - An emergency pack is attached to buoyancy tubes
and the bottom of one side of the raft .The emergency pack contains , among other things , firs aid
kit with instruction for use . Paddles have been attached to the top of the emergency pack , and at
the side there are bags with bellows and repair kit

Survival at Sea

In a survival situation man is suddenly, and often without adequate warning

directly exposed to the elements. From the very fist moment all his efforts are concerned
with survival of himself and his comrades.
The threats are:
Drowning
Cold
Thirst
Hunger
Despair
Any of these might kill him within minutes or days depending upon the situation.
Everybody sailing should know how to fight these conditions and how to treat his
comrades.
The will to survive is the survivors best weapon and he should concentrate his
mind on how to improve his odds in every situation.
The fight to survive is not only a fight against the elements, it is a fight against
yourself and that part of yourself that wishes to give in.
NEVER GIVE UP-you can always do something to improve your situation-and
by doing so you are surviving.
If you are in the water:
Dont panic you can breathe.
Try to get out of the water if float some around, cling to it in order to
bring as much of your body as possible out of the water.
Do not swim unless it improves your situation when swimming you
will lose more heat.
Keep legs together arms close to the body in order to reduce heat loss.
Keep together if more survivors, keep together. If possible lock your
vests together. Some life vests have a special line for that.
2. Choose the right word (A,B,C,D)
a. An immersion suit is a protective suit which reduces the body heat-loss of a
person in
A Time
B Tea
C Water
D Difficulty
b. The free fall-boat is a special totally enclosed
A Lifeboat B Boat C Life raft D Canoe
c. On board a ship the free-fall boat is launched from the aft in . slide
launching arrangement.
A Normal B Horizontal C Special D Vertical
d. The free- fall boat is not a new ..
A Idea B Thing C Concept D Gadget

19
ANSWER KEY TO THE EXERCISES

2. 1.
a.-8 g.-6
b-10 h.-1
c-3 i.-4
d.-9 j.-5
e.-7
f.-2

4. Listening exercise: tape script

Survival at Sea
In a survival situation man is suddenly , and often without adequate warning directly
exposed to the elements. From the very fist moment all his efforts are concerned with survival
of himself and his comrades .
The threats are:
Drowning
Cold
Thirst
Hunger
Despair
Any of these might kill him within minutes or days depending upon the situation.
Everybody sailing should know how to fight these conditions and how to treat his comrades.
The will to survive is the survivors best weapon and he should concentrate his mind
on how to improve his odds in every situation.
The fight to survive is not only a fight against the elements, it is a fight against
yourself and that part of yourself that wishes to give in.
NEVER GIVE UP-you can always do something to improve your situation-and by
doing so you are surviving.
If you are in the water
Dont panic you can breathe.
Try to get out of the water if flotsam around, cling to it in order to bring as
much of your body as possible out of the water.
Do not swim unless it improves your situation when swimming you will
lose more heat.
Keep legs together arms close to the body in order to reduce heat loss.
Keep together if more survivors , keep together. If possible lock your vests
together. Some life vests have a special line for that.
4. 1.
a) is sinking; b) has been inflated; c) must be given ; d) can be launched; e) were ; left
2. a-C; b-A; c-C; d-C
3. 1-C; 2-A; 3-H; 4-E ; 5-D; 6-G; 7-B; 8-F

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