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Introduction:
CAM Definition: - CAM is the term which means computer aided manufacturing. It can be
defined as the use of computer system to plan, manage, and control the operations of a
manufacturing plant through direct or indirect computer interface with the production
resources of the plants.
CNC Definition:
CNC (Computer Numerical Control) is the general term used for a system which controls the
functions of a machine tool using coded instructions processed by a computer.
CNC Manufacturing Process:
The sequence below shows the main stages involved in producing a component on a CNC
system:
1) A part program is written, using G and M codes. This describes the sequence of operations
that the machine must perform in order to manufacture the component. This program can be
produced off-line, i.e., away from the machine, either manually or with the aid of a
CAD/CAM system.
2) The part program is loaded into the machines computer, called the controller. At this stage,
the program can still be edited or simulated using the machine controller keypad/input
device.
3) The machine controller processes the part program and sends signals to the machine
components directing the machine through the required sequence of operations necessary to
manufacture the component.
Definition of Programming:
Programming is the process of creating a set of commands such as cutter movement,
feed rate and spindle speed, in order for the machine to perform some operations.
Main Programs are written using I.S.O. address codes listed below: -
Addresses: -
N - Refers to the block number.
G - Refers to the G code (Preparatory function).
X - Refers to the absolute distance traveled by the slide tool in the X axis direction.
U - Refers to the incremental distance traveled by the slide tool in the X axis direction.
Z - Refers to the absolute distance traveled by the slide tool in the Z axis direction.
W - Refers to the incremental distance traveled by the slide tool in the Z axis direction.
F - Refers to the feed rate.
M - Refers to the M code (Miscellaneous function).
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dimensions describing the required component profile are required. The CNC control will
then generate the roughing cuts needed to make this component profile, from within its own
memory. A G71 command is written in the following format:
G71 U (1) R--- ;
G71 P ns Q nf U (2) W-- F -- ;
Where: -
P - Starting Block
Q - end Block
U1 - Depth of cut
U2 - finishing allowance along X axis
W - finishing allowance along Z axis
R - Retraction
F - Feed Rate
G72 (Stock Removal in Facing)
The G72 code commands a multiple repetitive cycle, sometimes referred to as a canned
cycle. The G72 cycle is similar to the G71 cycle except that the cut is applied in the Z axis.
Canned cycles are used within a CNC program to simplify programming, since only the
dimensions describing the required component profile are required. The CNC control will
then generate the roughing cuts needed to make this component profile, from within its own
memory. A G72 command is written in the following format:
G72 W (1) R--- ;
G72 P ns Q nf U --- W (2) F -- ;
G73 (Pattern Repeating)
The function of the G73 canned cycle is to permit the cutting of a programmed profile
repeatedly. It is mainly used for machined parts where the rough shape has already been
formed by either rough machining, forging or casting.
A G73 command is written in the following format: G73 U (1) -- R --- ;
G73 P ns Q nf U (2) -- W (2) -- F ;
The definitions of P ns, Q nf, U (2), W (2) and F are the same as those in the G71 and G72 code.
U (1) = (D-d)/2;
R = No.of cuts required = (U (1) / Depth of cut) + 1;
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stop button on the machine control panel is turned on. When the button is turned off, this
function is ignored.
M02 - End of program: - When machine completed all operations.
M03 - Spindle turns on and rotates in clockwise direction.
M04 - Spindle turns on and rotates in anti-clockwise direction.
M05 - Spindle rotation Stop.
M06 - Auto Tool Change: - It is used for changing tool when executed. Select the required tool
before using this function. Example: - M06 T01
M07 - Blown air or mist coolant is applied.
M08 -Coolant on: - Flood coolant is supplied.
M09 - Coolant off: - Cancel M07 and M08.
M19 - Oriented Spindle Stop: - When using this function, the spindle rotates and Stops at a
predetermined position. It is mainly used in Auto tool change and Boring processes.
M30 - End of program and rewind: - It has the same function as M02 but it will search for the
head of the program (rewind) after completed all operations.
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G & M CODES FOR MILLING OPERATION (XL MILL -Three axes X, Y & Z):
G Codes:
G01, G02 and G03 are same as it is used in XL turning operation.
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M Codes:
M70 (Mirror in X On): -
This code changes the sign of X within a program around the datum.
For example, G01 X25.5;
M70
G01 X25.5; (Tool would move to X-25.5).
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