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Printedon:October27,2016
AncientMiddleEast:WhoBuiltthePyramids?NowWeKnow!
BeforeReadingPoll
SomemythssaythatslavesbuilttheGreatPyramidsofGiza.Now,scientistsbelievethatthepyramidswere
builtbypaidworkers,notslaves.Whatdoyouthink?
Mythsareusuallywrong.
Agree
Disagree
Explainwhyyouvotedthewayyoudid.
Amythisastorywhichcallsofstrangeandimaginarypersons,butsometimesthesecharacters
correspondtoanidealhumanoroneperfectmodel.
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Article
PART1
CAIRO,Egypt(Achieve3000,June20,2011).Egyptianarchaeologists
havediscoveredasetoftombs.Thesetombsarebelievedtobelongto
workers.ExpertsbelievetheworkersdiedbuildingtheGreatPyramidsof
Giza.TheGreatPyramidshousethemummiesofEgyptiankings.
Accordingtopopularmyth,thesepyramidswerebuiltbyslaves.But
expertssaythisiswrong.TheysaythatEgypt'sancientpyramidswere
builtbypaidworkers.Theysaythenewlydiscoveredtombsareproofthat
thisideaiscorrect.
ArchaeologistsfoundthetombsintheshadowsoftheGreatPyramids.
Thetombscontainadozenskeletons.Theboneswereperfectlypreserved Photocredit:AP/AmrNabil
bydrydesertsand.Theskeletonswerefoundsurroundedbypotsand
Scientistsfoundthebonesof
jars.Thesecontainerswereoncefilledwithsuppliesfortheafterlife. workerswhobuilttheGreat
Thesesuppliesincludedfoodanddrinks.ZahiHawassisanexperton PyramidsinEgypt.
ancientEgypt.AccordingtoHawass,thetombsareover4,000yearsold.
Archaeologistsbelievethetombsbelongtoworkers.TheybelievetheseworkersbuilttheGreatPyramids.Thetombs
aremadeofmudbrick.AccordingtoHawass,itwasnormalforworkers'tombsfromlongagotobemadeofmudbrick.
Archaeologistsbelievethetombscouldnothavebelongedtokings.Thetombsdidnothavegoldorotherprecious
materials.Also,thebodieswerenotmummified.
Accordingtopopularbelief,thebuildersoftheGreatPyramidswereslaves.Formanyyears,however,expertshave
calledthisamyth.Hawasspointedtothelocationoftheworkers'tombs.This,hesays,provestheideawrongonce
andforall.
"Thesetombswerebuiltbesidetheking'spyramid.[Thisshows]thatthesepeoplewerenotbyanymeansslaves.If
theywereslaves,theywouldnothavebeenabletobuildtheirtombsbesidetheirking's."
Sowheredidthemythcomefrom?Expertshaveseveralideas.
SomeexpertssuspecttheideacamefromHerodotus.HerodotuswasanancientGreekhistorian.Hesaidthepyramid
builderswereIsraeliteslaves.Thismythwaslaterspread,expertssay,byHollywoodmovies.
Thetombssupporttheideathatthepyramidbuilderswereindeedfreecitizens.Slavesornot,however,thepyramid
buildersdidworkhard.Theskeletonsshowsignsofthis.Theirlowerbackbonesshowlivespassedindifficulty.
"Theirbonestellusthestoryofhowhardtheyworked,"saidAdelOkasha.Okashaoversawtheunburyingofthe
tombs.
Theworkers'workwashighlyrespected,Hawasssaid.Theworkersweregivenagreathonor.Theywereburiednear
thepyramids.
"Nowaywouldtheyhavebeenburied[withsuchhonor]iftheywereslaves,"Hawasssaid.
InformationforthisstorycamefromAP.
PART2
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DigDeeper
Somepeopleliketothinkthatwithhardworkandgoodluck,peoplecan"strikeitrich."InancientEgypt,thatwasn't
so.Peoplewereseparatedintoclasses,anditwashardtomovefromoneclasstoanother.Royaltymadeupthetop
class.Therulingclass,whichincludedmembersoftheking'sfamily,priests,andleaderswhohelpedtheking,came
next.Soldierswerenext.Theywerefollowedbyscribes,whokeptrecords.Merchants,whocouldbecomewealthyin
business,werenext.Artisanshadspecialskills.Theymadejewelry,pottery,tools,andothergoods.Artisansrankeda
littlelowerbecausetheyworkedwiththeirhands.Still,theycouldmakemoneybysellingtheirgoods.Forthisreason,
theywereusuallyricherthanthepeoplebelowthem.Farmers,servants,andslaveswereatthebottom.
Thearticle"WhoBuiltthePyramids?NowWeKnow!"saysthatthepyramidbuildersweren'tslaves.Sowhatclassdid
theycomefrom?It'spossiblethattheycamefromthelowerclasses.InancientEgypt,farmersdidn'tjustgrowcrops
andraiseanimals.Theywerealsooftencalledupontodigoutstoneandbuildmonuments.Theworkerswhobuiltthe
pyramidsmighthavecomefromthisclass.Farmersweren't"owned"likeslaves.Theymighthaveworkedforsomeone
fromahigherclass,though.Oneauthorsuggeststhattheselaborjobsweresometimesboughtandsold.Soit's
possiblethatifanupperclasspersonwantedtobuildamonument,hecouldbuytheworkofthosepeopleforhisown
use.Thismighthavebeenthekindoflaboryoureadaboutinthearticle.
Dictionary
archaeologist(noun)someonewhostudiesthebuildings,tools,andotherobjectsofpeoplewholivedinthepast
belief(noun)whatsomeonethinksistrue
monument(noun)somethingthatisbuilttoremembersomeoneorsomething
pyramid(noun)atriangleshapedbuildingusedinancientEgyptkingsandotherimportantpeoplewereburiedinside
pyramids
slave(noun)apersonwhoisforcedtoworkfornomoney
tomb(noun)aplacewherepeopleareburied
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Activity
PART1
Question1
Basedonthearticle,whichfitsbestintheemptyboxabove?
Archaeologistsfoundmanytombsintheshadowsofkings'pyramids.
Archaeologistsbelievethetombsareover4,000yearsold.
Archaeologistsbelievethetombscouldnothavebelongedtokings.
Archaeologistsfoundmanythingsinthenewlydiscoveredtombs.
Question2
Thinkaboutthenewsarticle.Sincetheworkers'workwashighlyrespected,then__________.
Theywereburiedwithpotsandjars.
Theywereburiednearthepyramids.
Theyweremovedtothepyramids.
Theyweregiventheirownslaves.
Question3
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Thearticlestates:
ZahiHawassisanexpertonancientEgypt.AccordingtoHawass,thetombsareover4,000yearsold.
Whichistheclosestantonymforthewordancient?
Regular
Popular
Modern
Natural
Question4
Basedonthearticle,whichismostlikelytohappennext?
Archaeologistswillcontinuetostudythebonesoftheworkers.
Archaeologistswillmovetheworkers'bonestothepyramids.
Thetombsofslaveswillbediscoverednexttothepyramids.
TheGreatPyramidswillbetakenapartsotheycanbestudied.
Question5
Thearticlestates:
SomeexpertssuspecttheideacamefromHerodotus.
Whichwouldbetheclosestsynonymforthewordsuspect?
Defend
Blame
Mention
Suppose
Question6
Thenewsarticlesaysallofthefollowingexcept__________.
TheGreatPyramidshousethemummiesofkings.
TheGreatPyramidsweremadeofmudbrick.
AdelOkashaoversawtheunburyingofthetombs.
ZahiHawassisanexpertonancientEgypt.
Question7
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Supposeyouwerewritingasummaryofthenewsarticle.Whichwouldbemostimportanttoincludeinasummary?
HollywoodmademoviesabouttheGreatPyramids.
ArchaeologistsdiscoveredtombsofworkerswhobuilttheGreatPyramids.
HerodotuswasanancientGreekhistorian.
Potsandjarswereoncefilledwithfoodanddrinksfortheafterlife.
Question8
Thearticlestates:
HerodotuswasanancientGreekhistorian.HesaidthepyramidbuilderswereIsraeliteslaves.
Theauthorprobablywrotethesesentencestohelpthereaderknow__________.
WhyIsraeliteslavesbuiltpyramids
WhyHerodotusbecameanhistorian
Howtheworkersbuiltthepyramids
Howthemythmayhavebeenstarted
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RESULTS
1.
()
Basedonthearticle,whichfitsbestintheemptyboxabove?()
2. Thinkaboutthenewsarticle.Sincetheworkers'workwashighlyrespected,then________
__.()
3. Thearticlestates:
ZahiHawassisanexpertonancientEgypt.AccordingtoHawass,thetombsareo
ver4,000yearsold.
Whichistheclosestantonymforthewordancient?()
4. Basedonthearticle,whichismostlikelytohappennext?()
5. Thearticlestates:
SomeexpertssuspecttheideacamefromHerodotus.
Whichwouldbetheclosestsynonymforthewordsuspect?()
6. Thenewsarticlesaysallofthefollowingexcept__________.()
7. Supposeyouwerewritingasummaryofthenewsarticle.Whichwouldbemostimportantt
oincludeinasummary?()
8. Thearticlestates:
HerodotuswasanancientGreekhistorian.HesaidthepyramidbuilderswereIsra
eliteslaves.
Theauthorprobablywrotethesesentencestohelpthereaderknow__________.()
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AfterReadingPoll
Nowthatyouhavereadthearticle,indicatewhetheryouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement.
Mythsareusuallywrong.
Agree
Disagree
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ThoughtQuestion
Whatfactsdidyoufindinthetextthatbackuptheideathatpaidworkers,notslaves,builttheGreatPyramidsofGiza?
Arethereenoughfactstomakeyouagree?Whatclaimsweremadeinthetextthatarenotbackedupbyfacts?Backup
youranswerwithfactsfromthelesson.
Typeyouranswerintheboxbelow.
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PollResults
OPINIONSTATEMENT:Mythsareusuallywrong.
BEFOREREADING AFTERREADING
HOWYOUVOTED
Agree Agree
Disagree Disagree
Youdidnotchangeyouropinionafterreadingthearticles.
Click here(javascript:void(0))toseetheresponseyouwrotebeforereading.
WORLDWIDERESULTS
28%changedtheiropinionafterreadingthearticle.
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Math
PART1
Foryears,peoplethoughtslavesbuilttheGreatPyramids.Studythepyramidinthepicturebelow.Forthiskindof
pyramid,Euler'sformulastatesthefollowing:
VE+F=2whereVisthenumberofvertices,Eisthenumberofedges,andFisthenumberoffaces
RearrangeEuler'sformulatosolveforF.
F=2+EV
F=2EV
F=2+E+V
F=2E+V
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RESULTS
1. Foryears,peoplethoughtslavesbuilttheGreatPyramids.Studythepyramidinthepicture
below.Forthiskindofpyramid,Euler'sformulastatesthefollowing:
VE+F=2whereVisthenumberofvertices,Eisthenumberofedges,andFisthe
numberoffaces
()
RearrangeEuler'sformulatosolveforF.()
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StretchArticle
PART1
CAIRO,Egypt(Achieve3000,June20,2011).Egyptianarchaeologists
havediscoveredasetoftombsthattheybelievetobelongtoworkerswho
diedduringtheconstructionoftheGreatPyramidsofGiza.TheGreat
PyramidshousethemummiesofEgyptiankings(orpharaohs).According
toexperts,thecenturiesoldburialchambersareconclusiveevidencethat
contrarytopopularmyth,Egypt'sancientpyramidswerebuiltbypaid
laborers,notslaves.
IntheshadowsoftheGreatPyramids,outsidepresentdayCairo,
archaeologistsfoundaseriesoftombs.Thetombscontainadozen
skeletons.Theboneswereperfectlypreservedbydrydesertsand.The Photocredit:AP/AmrNabil
skeletonswerefoundsurroundedbypotsandjarsoncefilledwithsupplies
Archaeologistsbelievetheyhave
fortheafterlife,includingfoodanddrinks.ZahiHawassisheadofEgypt's discoveredthetombsofworkers
SupremeCouncilofAntiquities.AccordingtoHawass,thenewly whobuilttheGreatPyramidsin
discoveredtombsareover4,000yearsold.TheydatetotheFourth Egypt.
Dynasty.Thistimeperiodspansfrom2575BCE(BeforetheCommonEra)
to2467BCE.Duringthistime,theGreatPyramidswereerected.
Archaeologistsbelievethetombs,whicharemadeofmudbrick,belongtolaborerswhobuilttheGreatPyramids.
AccordingtoHawass,itwastypicalforworkers'tombsfromtheFourthDynastytobemadeofmudbrick.
Archaeologistsbelievetherecentlydiscoveredtombscouldnothavebelongedtokingsorothersofhigherrank.Thatis
becausetheywerelackinggoldorothervaluables.Also,thebodieswerenotmummified.
Accordingtopopularbelief,thebuildersoftheGreatPyramidswereslaves.However,expertsonancientEgyptian
historyandculturecalledEgyptologistshavelongdismissedthenotionasmyth.Thelocationoftheworkers'
tombs,Hawasssays,provestheideawrongonceandforall.
"Thesetombswerebuiltbesidetheking'spyramid,whichindicatesthatthesepeoplewerenotbyanymeansslaves.If
theywereslaves,theywouldnothavebeenabletobuildtheirtombsbesidetheirking's."
Sowheredidthemythcomefrom?Expertshaveseveralideas.
DorothyResigisaneditorofBiblicalArchaeologyReview.Resigsuspectsthemythlikelyarosefromthebiblicalbook
ofExodus,whichsays:"SotheEgyptiansenslavedthechildrenofIsraelwithbackbreakinglabor[andthepharaohput
themtoworktobuildbuildings]."
HerodotuswasanancientGreekhistorian.HealsodescribedthepyramidbuildersasIsraeliteslaves.Thismythwas
laterspread,Egyptologistssay,byHollywoodfilms.
DieterWildungistheformerdirectorofBerlin'sEgyptianMuseum."Themythoftheslavesbuildingpyramidsisonly
thestuffoftabloidsandHollywood,"saidWildung.
"Theworldsimplycouldnotbelievethepyramidswerebuiltwithoutoppressionandforcedlabor,butoutofloyaltyto
thepharaohs."Wildungaddedthatitis"commonknowledgeinseriousEgyptology"thatthepyramidbuilderswerenot
slaves.ThepyramidswereconstructedhundredsofyearsbeforetheIsraelitesweresaidtobeinEgypt,hesaid.
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Thenewlydiscoveredtombssupportthenotionthatthepyramidbuilderswereindeedfreecitizens.Slavesornot,
however,thepyramidbuildersdidleadalifeofhardlabor.AdelOkashasupervisedtheexcavation.Okasha
commentedthattheskeletonsinthetombsdisplaysignsofarthritis.Inaddition,theirlowervertebraereveallives
passedindifficulty.
"Theirbonestellusthestoryofhowhardtheyworked,"Okashasaid.
Thelaborers'workonthepyramids,Hawasssaid,washighlyrespected.Thosewhodiedduringconstructionwere
bestowedthehonorofbeingburiednearthesacredstructuresbuiltforthepharaohs.
"Nowaywouldtheyhavebeenburiedsohonorablyiftheywereslaves,"Hawasssaid.
TheAssociatedPresscontributedtothisstory.
PART2
DigDeeper
IntheUnitedStates,someliketothinkthatwithhardworkandgoodluck,peoplecan"strikeitrich"andlivealifeof
ease.InancientEgypt,thatwasn'tthecase.Peoplewereseparatedintoclasses,anditwashardtomovefromone
classtoanother.Royaltymadeupthetopclass.Therulingclass,whichincludedmembersoftheking'sfamily,
priests,andtopofficialswhoassistedtheking,camenext.Soldierswerenext,followedbyscribes,whokepthistorical
andbusinessrecordsandthereforehadtobewelleducated.Merchants,whocouldbecomewealthyinbusiness,were
next.Artisanswithspecialskillsmadejewelry,pottery,tools,andotherusefulordecorativegoods.Artisansrankeda
littlelowerinsocietybecausetheyworkedwiththeirhands,buttheycouldalsomakemoneybysellingtheirgoods.For
thisreason,theywereusuallywealthierthanthepeoplewhorankedbelowthem.Farmers,servants,andslaveswere
atthebottomofthesocialscale.
"WhoBuiltthePyramids?NowWeKnow!"saysthepyramidbuildersweren'tslaves.Sowhatclassdidtheycome
from?It'spossiblethattheyweredrawnfromthelowersocialclasses.WeknowthatinancientEgypt,farmershadto
domorethanjustgrowcropsandtendlivestocktheywereoftencalledupontoquarrystoneandbuildmonuments.
Theworkerswhobuiltthepyramidsmighthavebeendrawnfromthisclass.Farmersweren'texactly"owned"like
slaves,althoughtheymighthavebeenrequiredtoworkforsomeonefromahigherclass.Oneauthorsuggeststhat
theselaborresponsibilitiesweresometimesboughtandsold,soit'spossiblethatifanoblemanwantedtobuilda
monument,hecouldbuylaborfrompeopletowhomitwasowedandusethatlaborforhisownpurposes.Thismight
havebeenthesourceofthelaboryoureadaboutinthearticle.
Thepeopleassembledtobuildroyaltombsoftenlivedintownsbuiltespeciallytohousethemduringthework.Many
livedinmultifamilydwellingslikeapartmentbuildings,whichweremadeofstone.Theyhadfewfurnishings,apartfrom
bedframesandafewbasketsforstorage,andpeoplesateitheronthefloororonlowstools.Onlysomehomeshad
tables.JustasitwasthroughoutEgyptiansociety,thericheryouwere,themorefurnishingsyouhad.Asyouread,
classdivisionsevenoutlastedlifeitself:Highrankingpeoplewereburiedinstonetombsfullofvaluables,whilepeople
oflowerclasseswereburiedintombsmadeofmudbrick.
Dictionary
bestow(verb)presentasagiftoranhonorconfer
conclusive(adjective)definiteconvincing
dynasty(noun)lineofrulerswhocomefromthesamefamily
excavation(noun)removingdirtfromasite,oftenwhereobjectsfromthepastmightbefound
oppression(noun)thestateofbeingdominatedoroverpoweredbysomeoneorsomething
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StretchActivity
PART1
Question1
Thebestalternateheadlineforthisarticlewouldbe__________.
NewlyDiscoveredTombsShedLightonPopularMyth
ArchaeologistsDiscoverTombsofSlavesWhoBuiltPyramids
ArchaeologistsFindLongLostPyramidsofFourthDynastyRulers
NewlyDiscoveredPyramidsFilledWithAntiques
Question2
Considerthisquotefromthearticle:
"Theworldsimplycouldnotbelievethepyramidswerebuiltwithoutoppressionandforcedlabor,butoutof
loyaltytothepharaohs."
Inlightofthemainideasofthisarticle,whatcausedDieterWildungtomakesuchapublicstatement?
Hisdesiretoexplainwhythemythofslavesbuildingthepyramidspersisted
HishopethattheworldwouldbetterunderstandoppressioninEgyptiantimes
HisfrustrationwiththeinaccuratewritingsandideasofhistorianssuchasHerodotus
HisneedtoprovethatBerlin'sEgyptianMuseumwasaheadofitstime
Question3
Whichistheclosestantonymforthewordconclusive?
Obvious
Accurate
Final
Unreliable
Question4
Basedoninformationinthearticle,thereadercanpredictthat__________.
EgyptologistswilltrytoremoveallmentionofHerodotusandhisbeliefsfromhistorical
documents.
EgyptologistswillconcludetheirresearchintoEgyptnowthatthisconclusiveevidencehasbeen
discovered.
Egyptologistswillseektospreadthenewsoftherecentlydiscoveredevidencethatpaidlaborers
builtthepyramids.
Egyptologistswillexplainwhythelongdebatedmythaboutthepyramidbuildersisaccurate.
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Question5
Thearticlestates:
Accordingtoexperts,thecenturiesoldburialchambersareconclusiveevidencethatcontrarytopopular
myth,Egypt'sancientpyramidswerebuiltbypaidlaborers,notslaves.
Whichwouldbetheclosestsynonymforthewordlaborers?
Citizens
Rulers
Scientists
Workers
Question6
Thisarticlecouldbeplacedinacategoryofnewscalled"History."Inwhichothercategorywouldthisarticlefitbest?
HollywoodRumors
TravelTips
MythbustingBeat
GalleriesandMuseums
Question7
Whichbestsummarizesthefirstparagraphofthearticle?
EgyptianlaborersdiedduringtheconstructionoftheGreatPyramids.
TheGreatPyramidsofGizahousethemummiesofEgyptianpharaohs.
ThenewdiscoveryofasetoftombsprovestheGreatPyramidswerebuiltbypaidlaborers.
Egyptianarchaeologistsrecentlydiscoveredasetofcenturiesoldburialchambers.
Question8
Theauthorprobablywrotethisarticleinorderto__________.
InformreadersabouttherecentdiscoveryofvaluableantiquesinEgypt'sGreatPyramidsand
nearbytombs
PointoutseveralmistakesinarecentlyreleasedHollywoodfilmaboutthepeoplewhobuilt
Egypt'spyramids
InformreadersaboutadiscoverythatprovesEgypt'sancientpyramidswerebuiltbypaidlaborers
PointoutthereasonswhyarchaeologistsnowbelieveEgypt'sGreatPyramidsdatetotheFourth
Dynasty
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RESULTS
1. Thebestalternateheadlineforthisarticlewouldbe__________.()
2. Considerthisquotefromthearticle:
"Theworldsimplycouldnotbelievethepyramidswerebuiltwithoutoppression
andforcedlabor,butoutofloyaltytothepharaohs."
Inlightofthemainideasofthisarticle,whatcausedDieterWildungtomakesuchapublic
statement?()
3. Whichistheclosestantonymforthewordconclusive?()
4. Basedoninformationinthearticle,thereadercanpredictthat__________.()
5. Thearticlestates:
Accordingtoexperts,thecenturiesoldburialchambersareconclusiveevidencet
hatcontrarytopopularmyth,Egypt'sancientpyramidswerebuiltbypaidlaborer
s,notslaves.
Whichwouldbetheclosestsynonymforthewordlaborers?()
6. Thisarticlecouldbeplacedinacategoryofnewscalled"History."Inwhichothercategory
wouldthisarticlefitbest?()
7. Whichbestsummarizesthefirstparagraphofthearticle?()
8. Theauthorprobablywrotethisarticleinorderto__________.()
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