University of Engineering and Technology

Electrical Machines Lab

Report 1: Single-phase transformer test

Group members:

Cuba Falla, Jos Eduardo

Colque Castilla, Jose Luis
Daz Carpio, Piero Andrs
Flrez Peraltilla, Diego Csar

Lab 1.05

Teacher:

Lei Zhang

Week 2

Deadline: September 9th of 2017

2017 II
 1. Objectives
To find out the transformer parameters and operation characteristics thought
short-circuit and open circuit test for single phase transformer .

2. Equipment and measurement instruments

Lucas Nulle-ST8008 POWER SUPPLY (6B-4F-3J-4M) (0-400Vac;0/250Vdc)
Lucas Nulle-CO3636 TRANSFORMER TRAINER (6B-4F-3J-4M)
Lucas Nulle-CO5127-1Z ANALOG-DIDITAL MULTIMETER

3. Test Content
4.1. Ratio measurement test
4.2. Open circuit test
4.3. Short circuit test

4. Test report requirements

5.1. Ratio measurement test

Test Uax (V)

UAX (V)
k = UAX/Uax

1.2 UN 137.8 430.3 3.123

UN 115.0 360 3.130

0.5 UN 57.5 180.1 3.132

UN =115 V
Transformation ratio : k = UAX/Uax
The average of the transformation ratio is k = (3.123 + 3.13 + 3.132)/3 = 3.128
 5.2. Open circuit test

Figure 1. Wiring to the Open circuit test

Test measurements Calculated data

Test U0 (V) I0 (A) P0 (W) U0 *=U0 /UN I0*=I0 /IN cos *=P0 /PN
1.2 UN 138.8 0.08 5.5 1,006 0,09199 0,4950

1.1 UN 126.4 0.07 4.6 0,999 0,08049 0,5100

UN 114.8 0.06 3.8 0,998 0,06889 0,5517

0.9 UN 103.2 0.05 3.2 0,997 0,05749 0,6201

0.8 UN 92.1 0.04 2.6 1,001 0,04599 0,7057

0.7 UN 80.6 0.04 2.1 1,001 0,04599 0,6513

0.6 UN 69.4 0.03 1.6 1,006 0,03449 0,7684

0.5 UN 57.8 0.03 1.2 1,005 0,03499 0,6920

0.4 UN 45.2 0.03 0.8 0,983 0,03499 0,5899

PN = 100 VA
IN =PN /UN =0.8696 A

Figure 2. Nominal Data of the transformer

Open-circuit characteristics curve and calculate excitation parameters

Figure 3

The graph in Figure 3, shows the Current vs. Voltage plotted and approximated by Excel. The
data plots are shown in blue dots and the approximation of the curve, by the red line. This
graph is similar to the magnetization curve due to the relationship between voltage and flux.
In no-load conditions, the induced force is almost the same as the voltage that is apply by the
power supply. So, we can say that the relationship between the voltage and the flux is given
by the following formula from Faradays Law.
d
v 1 e1 = N 1 dt
Now, the flux can be written as
= max Sin(t)
So
e1 = N 1 max Sin(t 90)

As a result, the difference between the voltage and the flux is just 90 and the amplitude, but
they are proportional in a direct way. Thats why, the graph of Current vs. Flux is similar to
the graph of Current vs. Voltage.

However, the graph doesnt shows a perfect curve because the instruments are not so
accurate, so they doesnt give the exactitude needed for measuring small currents. Thats why
there are many repeated currents, even though one value of voltage must give a single value
of current. Even though, the data is not exact, we can see that, at lower voltage and current, a
small increment on the current makes a big increment in the voltage. Another important point
is that, at greater currents, a small increment in the current makes a small increment in the
voltage. More data is needed to be plot and to show a better graph than the one shown in
Figure 2.1

For calculating the open-circuit parameters, first we need to calculate the rate parameters.
From the data, it is known that v H rated = 400V , v L rated = 115V and S = 100 V A . So, the
current can be deduced as follows.
iH rated = v S = 0.25 A
H rated

iL rated = v S = 0.87 A
L rated

5.3. Short circuit test

Figure 4. Wiring to the short-circuit test

Test measurements Calculated data

Test I1k (A) U1k (V) P1k (W) Ik (A) Uk (V) cos k
1.1 I1N 0,26 106,4 19,9 1,04 0,266 0,7193
I1N 0,25 101,5 18,1 1 0,253 0,7133
0.9 I1N 0,23 93,2 15,3 0,92 0,33 0,7138
0.7 I1N 0,17 70,4 8,8 0,68 0,176 0,7353
0.5 I1N 0,13 53,2 5 0,52 0,13 0,723
Make the short-circuit characteristic curve and calculate excitation parameters
According to the open-circuit and short- circuit test result data, the equivalent circuit is like
this:

Equivalent circuit of the open-circuit test:

S 100
U
= 400
= 0.25 A
I 2 R = 3.8 = (0.25)2 R
Rm = 60.8
400
Z= 0.25
= 1600

X m = Z 2 + R 2 = (1600) 2
+ (289.6)2 = 1601
 Equivalent circuit of the short- circuit test :

S 100
U
= 400
= 0.25 A
I 2 R = 18.1 = (0.25)2 R
R = 289.6
R = r1 + r2
400
Z= 0.25
= 1600

X = Z 2 + R 2 = (1600) 2
+ (289.6)2 = 1626
X = x1 + x2

5. Comments
Due to the resistance in the windings and some leakage flux, there is some loss
in voltage, thats why the transformation ratio 3.128 is lower than the nominal
transformation ratio 3.478.
Short-Circuit Test: If we do the short-circuit test from the low tension side at
the moment we supply current to transformer, measures like voltage and
current that we want to register on the panel can't be easily controlled than we
supply from the high tension side. Also if we would do this process the values
we will obtain be wrong.
There are many repeated currents, even though one value of voltage must give
a single value of current because the instruments are not so accurate.

6. Conclusions
a. Ratio Measurement Test:
Transformation ratio is used to know the relation between the EMF in the
secondary coil to that in the primary coil.
 Transformation ratio is a constant on each transformer, no matter the
voltage in the primary or secondary coil.
b. Open Circuit Test:
The difference between the voltage and the flux is just 90 and the
amplitude, but they are proportional in a direct way
At greater currents, a small increment in the current makes a small
increment in the voltage.
The open circuit test on transformer is used to determine core losses in
transformer and parameters of the equivalent circuit of transformer.
c. Short Circuit Test:
The short circuit test on transformer is used to determine copper loss in
transformer at full load and parameters of approximate equivalent circuit
of transformer
The short circuit test on transformer is recommended supply the low
tension side because it is easy to change the voltage in order to do the test
than high tension side because the measurements we will obtain be wrong.
The short circuit test on transformer P 1k determine core loss in the
transformer and it is increased proportional to excitation current.

7. Bibliography
Stephen J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 4th ed. New York,
USA: McGraw-Hill Series in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2005.