Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
PLANT BIOLOGY
ENGLISH SPANISH
DICTIONARY
OF
PLANT BIOLOGY
including
PLANTAE, MONERA, PROTOCTISTA, FUNGI
and
INDEX OF SPANISH EQUIVALENTS
Conditions of sale
ISBN 1 898326 97 5
This husband and wife field botanist team have more than 30 years of plant
identification and collecting experience in the rainforests of Mexico, Belize,
Guyana, Honduras, Micronesia, and Hawaii.
Their academic credentials are from six U.S. and U.K. institutions,
including the University of Texas (Austin), Lamar University, Texas College,
Chadron State, St. Augustines (Kent), and Walden University. In addition,
Mrs. Morris is a Maya Indian medicine woman, traditionally trained in the
identification and use of medicinal plants.
Most recently, their Latin American fieldwork has been in the Yucatan
region of Mexicos newest state, Quintana Roo. Project funding was provided
by a U.S. government Fulbright grant, a Carlos Robles grant from the
government of Mexico, state government funds from Nebraska, and
corporate assistance from the Polaroid Corporation.
The authors are curators of the herbarium at the American Indian
Museum of Plants and Healing, located in Jasper, Texas, U.S.A. The Museum
serves as an international center for identifying, collecting, and preserving
the plants and practices of indigenous peoples of North, South and Central
America.
E
e-. e-. A Latin prefix that means, with- ecesis. ecesis. The adaptation of a
out or out of. species to a new habitat by ger-
-eae. eae. In plant taxonomy, the minating, growing, and reproduc-
ending or suffix used to indicate ing successfully; the third stage in
a tribe. a series of six steps in plant suc-
ear. espiga. On cereal plants, the struc- cession. See sere.
ture that bears flowers from which echinate. aguijonado. Having prickles
grains develop, as corn, wheat, and or spines, as an echinate pericarp;
barley (Poaceae); spike. prickly.
eared. See auriculate. echinulate. aguijnulado. Having a
early. precoz. variedad precoz. A covering of small prickles or spines.
variety that germinates and fruits eciliate. sin cilios. Having no cilia,
before others of the same kind. or hair-like growth which is found
earlywood (spring wood). lea tempr- on the underside of some leaves.
ano. lea de primavera. The less eco-. eco-. A prefix that means, of
dense part of the growth ring made the environment.
of cells with thinner walls; hav- ecocline. ecolina. A gradation from
ing a greater radial diameter and one ecosystem to another when there
shorter length than those formed is no sharp boundary between the
later in the year. two systems.
ebeneous. ebeneo. Black as ebony. ecocrine. ecocrino. See ectocrine.
ebenaceous. ebenceo. Pertaining to ecodeme. ecodeme. A group of plants
Ebenaceae, the ebony family found in a specific, unique habitat. See
mostly in the tropics. deme.
ebracteate. ebracteado. Without ecological. ecolgico. Pertaining to
bracts, as an ebracteate flower. the environment of an organ or
ecalcarate. ecalcarado. Without spurs. organism; having to do or pertaining
ecarinate. sin quilla. Without a keel. to ecology.
eccentric. excntrico. Off-center; not ecological amplitude. amplitud ecolg-
located directly on the central axis; ico. A species tolerance range;
having a trunk not regularly shaped; those with a narrow range are of-
also, having fatty droplets lying to ten used as an ecological indica-
one side of a globular structure. tor species.
ecdysone. ecdisona. A steroid hor- ecological backlash. reaccin violenta
mone occurring in some ferns ecolgico. The unexpected and
(Filicopsida), conifers (Coniferae), harmful consequences of an envi-
and flowering plants; the signifi- ronmental modification (e.g.
cance and function in plants, is not hydroelectric dam construction)
clearly understood. which may outweigh the gains ex-
ecological efficiency 123 ecospecies
pected from the change. in local populations and distrib-
ecological efficiency. eficiencia uted over a large geographical area.
ecolgica. A ratio, expressed as ecological succession. sucesin ecolg-
a percentage, of energy flow meas- ica. The sequential replacement
ured at different points in a food of one vegetative community by
chain. another through a series of stages
ecological energetics. energticos ending in a climax community.
ecolgico. The study of energy ecological system. sistema ecolgico.
transformations within an ecosys- See ecosystem.
tem. ecologically. ecolgicamente. Per-
ecological factor. factor ecolgico. taining to ecology.
Anything in the environment which ecologist. eclogo. A person who stud-
affects the growth, development, ies organisms in terms of their re-
and distribution of plants and lationships with other organisms
thereby determines the character- and with their environment; envi-
istics of the plant community. ronmentalist.
ecological genetics. gentica ecolg- ecology. ecologa. A subdivision of
ico. The study of genetics with a biology that studies the organic
particular emphasis on geographic diversity of life forms and their in-
or global variations. teractive relationships with each
ecological indicator. indicador ecolg- other and with their physical and
ico. A species or group of species chemical environment; the study
that indicate a particular type of of organisms in relationship to their
environment, as lichens detecting environment.
air pollution or fossils indicating ecophene. ecofeno. The range of phe-
conditions of the past. notypes produced by one genotype
ecological isolation. aislamiento (or closely related genotype) within
ecolgico. The separation of groups a particular habitat; also, a group
of species as a result of changes of plants essentially, of the same
in their environment. genetic constituion, with members
ecological niche. nicho ecolgico. The differing in appearance and repro-
functional position a species oc- ductive vigor, due to the influences
cupies in its environment; composed of their varying environments.
of the habitat, the periods of time ecorticate. ecorticado. Lacking a cor-
during which it is active, and the tex, expecially seaweeds.
resources available to it. ecoscience. ecociencia. See environ-
ecological pyramid. pirmide ecolg- mental science.
ico. A graphic depiction developed ecospecies. ecospecie. A category of
by Dr. Charles Elton of the trophic variant individuals capable of ge-
structure and function of an eco- netic recombination with other simi-
system; sometimes referred to as lar groups, often resulting in a re-
the Eltonian pyramid. duction in fitness or fertility; al-
ecological race. estirpe ecolgico. A though interfertile, they either do
race or group of many similar vari- not cross with other ecospecies or
ants of the same species occurring produce progeny with reduced vigor.
ecosphere 124 ectostroma
Approximates the taxonomic spe- ing decomposition that effects other
cies. organisms; ecocrine.
ecosphere. ecosfera. A whole planet, ectoenzyme. ectoenzima. An enzyme
steady-state ecosystem with inter- that exists on the outside of a cell;
acting biotic and abiotic compo- exoenzyme.
nents; biosphere. ectogenesis. ecogenia. Variations due
ecosystem. ecosistema. A complete to conditions ouside the plant.
ecological system of an area, ectogenic. ectogenico. Describes the
including plants, animals, and effect of pollen on the tissue of the
environmental factors; also, an female organs of a flowering plant;
interacting group of organisms that also, bacteria living on the outside
relate to each other and their physi- of a body.
cal and chemical environment by ectomycorrhiza. ectomicorriza. A type
being self-sustaining, balanced, and of mycorrhiza where the fungal
self-perpetuating; also, an equili- hyphae do not enter the root cells,
brated biotic system formed by the but do cover the root and grow
balance of environoment influences between the root cells, especially
with interdependent organic life; in forest trees.
first used in 1935 by A.G.Tansley. ectone. ectono. A well defined tran-
See biome. sition zone between two or more
ecotone. ecotono. A transition area different plant communities.
between two communities, usually ectoparasite. ectoparsito. When re-
with characteristics of both as well ferring to a plant, a parasite which
as its own. feeds from the inside the host, but
ecotope. ectopo. A biome and its the bulk of the plant body and re-
habitat; biogeoc(o)enosis. productive organs are outside the
ecotype. ecotipo. A genetic variant host.
of a species which has adapted to ectophlocodal. ectoflocodal. Living
a specific area within its overall on the outside of bark.
distribution, yet remains infertile ectophloic. ectoflico. Refers to stems
with all other members of the spe- with the phloem on the outside of
cies; variant type. the xylem.
ecrustaceous. ecrustaceo. Said of li- ectophyte. ectofito. A plant parasite
chen without a well-defined thal- living on the outside parts of a host
lus. plant.
ecto-. ecto-. A Greek prefix that ectoplasm. ectoplasma. The semiclear,
means,to, out of or on the out- somewhat rigid outer part of the
side, as ectoenzyme. cell cytoplasm; ectosarc; exoplasm.
ectoascus. ectoasco. An outer ascus. ectosarc. ectosarc. See ectoplasm.
ectocarp. epicarpo. exocarpo. The ectospore. ectospora. A spore devel-
outer layer of the pericarp of a fruit oped on the outside of a hyphae;
or ripened ovary of a plant, as the formerly, a term for basidospore.
skin on a mango (Mangifera). ectostroma. ectostroma. The part of
ectocrine. ectocrino. Refers to a chemi- the stroma formed on the surface
cal substance that is released dur- of the bark, beneath, or within the
ectothecal 125 eglandular
periderm, commonly only fungus fluence of two bordering commu-
tissue; epistroma. nities on the types and numbers of
ectothecal. ectotecal. Of ascomycetes, plants and animals in their adjoining
not having the hymenium covered. fringes.
ectotrophic. ecttrfo. Obtaining nour- edged. marginado. bordeado. The
ishment from outside, as some fungi margin of a flower or other struc-
that live on the outside of roots. ture that may have a different color
ectotrophic infection. infecin ecttr- than the main body; bordered.
ofo. Pertaining to root-infecting edulis. edulis. A Latin term that means,
fungi growing on the surface of the edible.
root but sending infection hyphae efficiency index. indice de eficiencia.
into the host tissue below; also hy- The rate at which dry matter ac-
phae running between the epider- cumulates in plants.
mal cells. effigurate. efigurado. Having a defi-
ectotrophic mycorrhiza. micorriza nite shape.
ecttrofo. A mycorrhizal associa- effigurations. efiguracins. Out-
tion where the bulk of the fungus growths from the receptacle.
covers the root, with hyphae grow- efflorescence. floracin. The pro-
ing into the intercellular spaces. duction of flowers; also, the pe-
ectrotropic. ectrotrfico. Curving out- riod of flowering; flowering.
ward. effuse. efuso. Spreading out loosely
edaphic. edfico. More influenced or in an unrestrained, or indefinite
by soil composition rather than by manner, as effuse flowers.
climate, as an edaphic plant. egg. huevo. The middle of three hap-
edaphic climax. clmax edfica. A loid cells at the micropylar end of
climax that is primarily produced the embryo sac which becomes a
by soil conditions, such as moist, zygote when fertilized; a nonmo-
dry, or acid. tile female gamete; a rudimentary
edaphic factor. factor edfica. Any embryo.
soil factor which affects the organ- egg apparatus. aparato de ovular. Usu-
ism that grows in or on it. ally three cells in an embryo sac,
edaphology. edafologa. The study one is the egg and the other two,
of plants and their relationship to synergids.
the soil. egg cell. clula de huevo. ovoclula.
edaphon. edafn. The plants and ani- vulo. In angiosperms and gym-
mals living in a soil that affect the nosperms, the female reproductive
nitrogen content. cell that becomes a zygote after
edema. edema. A large mass of un- fertilization. See egg.
healthy parenchyma; also, an ab- egg sac. saco ovgero. A membrane
normal swelling of large areas of or covering around an egg.
tissue due to excess water; oedema. egg-shaped. obovado. obovoide. ob-
edentate. sin dientes. Without teeth. voide. A three-dimensional struc-
edge. borde. Margin, as the margin ture that has the oblong shape of
or edge of a leaf; border. a birds egg.
edge effect. efecto de borde. The in- eglandular. eglandular. Without
eisodal aperature 126 electrophysiology
glands. charged particle that is one of the
eisodal aperature. orificio eisodal. The three units (electrons, protons, neu-
enlargement of the stomata pore trons) that make up an atom.
nearest to the surface of the leaf. electron carrier. (trans)portador de
ejaculation. eyaculacin. The forci- electrones. A chemical compound
ble expulsion of spores from a spo- that serves as an acceptor and do-
rangium, or seeds from a fruit. nor of electrons and/or protons in
ejection. eyeccin. See ejaculation. an electron transport system.
ektexine. ectexina. The outer layer electron transport. transporte de
of the exine of a pollen grain; usu- electrones. The carrying of an elec-
ally has projections on it. tron from one substrate to another,
elaioplast. elaioplasto. eleoplasto. involving the oxidation of one and
cuerpo oleoso. A plastid that con- the reduction of the other, e.g.
tains stored oil. HA + B = HB + A. The enzyme
elaiosome. eleosoma. An outgrowth bringing about such a transfer is
containing fats or oils from the termed an electron carrier; also, a
surface of a seed which often at- sequence of chemical activity in-
tracts ants that may aid in seed- volving the transfer of electrons
dispersal. from one energy level to another
elaminate. elaminado. Without a blade. in which the energy is made avail-
elastic growth. crecimiento elstico. able to the cell.
The part of a cell wall extension electron transport chain. cadena
that is reversible. transportadora de electrones. A
elater. elter. One of four filaments system of electron carriers, present
curled once or twice around spores in mitochondria, which sequentially
in Equisetaceae; a spiral filament transport electrons and or protons
which is used in the dispersion of from glycolysis, the citric acid cycle,
spores, as in liverworts (Hepaticae); and other metabolic reactions; also
also, in bryophytes, an elongated, a system of electron transport in
spirally thickened cell derived from metabolic pathways, as photosyn-
the sporangenous tissue, and some- thesis; respiratory chain.
times aiding in spore-dispersal; in electron transport particle, ETP.
some Lycoperdales, a spirally thick- partcula transportadora de
ened structure in the fruit body. electrones, PTE. The morphologi-
elaterophore. elaterforo. A tissue cal site of the enzymes involved
that bears the elaters; also, a cen- in electron transport.
tral column-like mass of sterile tis- electrophoresis. electroforesis. The
sue in the spornagium of the movement of charge particles in a
Jungermanniales. stationary liquid under the influ-
electrolyte. electrolito. electrlito. ence of an electric field; the rate
A substance that ionizes in solu- varying according to the charge on
tion, i.e. conducts electricity when the particle, its size, and shape.
in solution, by the movement of electrophysiology. electrofisiologa.
ions. The study of the relationship be-
electron. electrn. A negatively tween living organisms and elec-
electropism 127 embryology
tricity. emasculation. emasculacin. A step
electropism. electrotropismo. The in the hybridization process that
curving of plant growth due to involves removing a plants
slight electrical currents. anther(s) to avoid self-pollination.
electrotaxis. eclectrotaxis. The move- Embden-Meyerhop-Parnas sequence.
ment of cells or organisms in re- secuencia de Embden Meyerhop-
sponse to electric currents. Parnas. The second phase in gly-
element. elemento. A substance com- colysis during aerobic respiration.
posed of atoms that are chemically A molecule of hexose diphosphate
alike and which cannot be sepa- is formed into two molecules of
rated in to simpler parts by any triose phosphate. Two energy-rich
known chemical means. phosphates are released. ADP is
eleutheropetalous. eleuteropetalo. converted to ATP and DPN is re-
Polypetalous. duced, with the formation of pyruvic
eligulate. sin ligula. Without a ligule; acid.
without the strap-shaped portion embracing. abrazador. abrazado.
of the perianth or a ray or ligulate Clasping or enwrapping.
corolla. embryo. embrin. The undeveloped
ellipsoid. elipsoide. A solid body or rudimentary plant developed
which is elliptic in the long sec- from an ovum sexually or asexu-
tion and circular in the cross sec- ally and, in seed plants contained
tion. within the seed.
elliptic. elptico. With the widest axis embryo sac. saco embrional. saco
at midpoint of the structure and with embrionario. The female repro-
margins symmetrically curved, as ductive organ usually consisting of
in the leaves of the Ficus macro- the egg cell, three antipodal cells,
phylla; narrow and tapering at each two polar nuclei, and two synergids;
end. the female gametophyte of flow-
elongate. alargado. Long and nar- ering plants. The embryo sac arises
row, as certain leaves; extended; from the megaspore by successive
drawn out. mitotic divisions.
elongation. elongacin. A lengthening embryogenesis. embriognesis. The
of some parts; the growth of a cell formation and development of an
by an increase in length. embryo.
emarginate. emarginado. Lacking a embryogeny. embriogenia. The proc-
distinct margin; also, the rounded ess leading to the formation of an
lobe of a leaf or petal with a shal- embryo.
low notch at the apex; also refers embryoid. embrioide. Resembling
to a fungal gill with a notch near- an embryo, as embryoids developing
est the stipe. inside pollen grains, eventually
emasculate. emascular. To remove emerging as root and stem
the anthers from a bud or flower meristems.
before pollen is shed; a normal embryology. embriologa. The branch
preliminary step in hybridization of study that deals with the for-
preventing self-pollination. mation and development of em-
embryonal 128 endemic
bryos. (Nymphaeaceae).
embryonal. embrional. Related to an empty glume. gluma estril. Sterile
embryo. glume.
embryonic. embrionario. Pertaining emulsin. emulsina. An enzyme that
to embryos. breaks down gluosides to give a
embryonic axis. axn embrionario. sugar and an aromatic group.
The main root-shoot body of a seed- emulsion. emulsin. A collodial sus-
ling; hypocotyl. pension of one liquid in another.
embryonic tissue. tejido embrionario. enation. enacin. An abnormal growth
A tissue made up of actively di- of an organ or an excrescence on
viding cells. the surface of any part of the plant;
embryoniform. embrioniforme. Shaped also, tissue flaps growing out from
like an embryo. the stem, possibly the origin of
embryophytes. embrifitas. embri- microphylls.
fitos. Any plants that develop em- enatiostylous. enacioestilo. Refers
bryos, as mosses (Musci), ferns to a flower which has the style(s)
(Filicopsida) and flowering plants. projecting from one side.
embryostega. embriostegio. In some enchylema. enquilema. The more fluid
seeds, a cap that covers a portion constituents of the cytoplasm.
of the embryo before germination encircle. encerrar. Surround.
and pushed off by the growth of enclosed. envuelto. Surrounded.
the radicle; a disk-like callus on a encrustation. encrustacin. Adcrust-
seed. ation.
emergence. emergencia. Various encystment. encistamiente. enquist-
outgrowths that come from the tis- amiento. The formation of a walled,
sue beneath the epidermis, such as non-motile body from a swimming
thorns on a rose bush (Rosa). spore.
emergence marsh. marisma de endangered species. especie amen-
emergencia. The upper zone of a azada. A living species that is in
salt marsh from the general mean danger of becoming extinct because
high water level to the mean high of small population sizes, poor re-
water level of spring tides; usu- production, reduced available habi-
ally with sharply limited periods tat, or combinations of two or more
of continuous submergence. of these factors.
emergents. emergentes. Individual endarch. endarchar. The direction
trees or group of trees that stand of differentiation of the xylem when
strikingly higher than the top of a it is cut off from the cambium to-
continuous canopy of low land wards the center of the axis. The
tropical rain forests. protoxylem develops outward to the
emersed. salir. Standing out of sur- edge nearest the center of the axis,
rounding water, as part of an aquatic as an endarch stele.
plant. endecandrous. endecandro. Having
emersed leaf. hoja emergida. An eleven stamens.
aquatic plant leaf standing out of endemic. endmico. Species that are
the water, as some water lilies native to a particular environment
endemism 129 endogenous spore
or geographic locality; not intro- it is later expelled.
duced or naturalized. Applied endocytosis. endocitosis. Cellular in-
strictly when the element has not gestion where the cell membrane
yet attained maximum area. folds inward to enclose and incor-
endemism. endemismo. A situation porate foreign substances, as bac-
where a species or whole taxonomic teria.
group is limited to a particular geo- endodermal pressure. presin endo-
graphic region due to isolation, soil dermal. Root pressure.
composition, or climate; as to the endodermis. endodermis. The cyl-
region. inder of cells surrounding the vas-
endergonic. endergnico. A chemi- cular bundle of a root. The radial
cal reaction showing a net gain in walls are thickened by the Casparian
energy, but does require an energy strip so that substances entering
input, as it is never spontaneous. or leaving the vascular bundle have
endergonic reaction. reaccin enderg- to pass through the protoplasm of
nico. A reaction that needs en- the endodermal cells; also, a layer
ergy put into the system for it to of cells delimiting the cortex from
take place. the stele.
endo-. endo-. A Greek prefix that endoenzyme. endoenzima. An enzyme
means, within, inside, or in- that responds or exists within the
ner. cell in which it originated; endo-
endoascus. endoasco. An inner as- cellular enzyme.
cus. endoform. endoforma. Of the Ured-
endobasidial. endobasidial. Said of inales where the teliospores are like
a lichen sporophore having a sec- the aeciospores in form.
ondary sporing branch. endogamy. endogamia. The pollination
endobasidium. endobasidio. A basid- of a flower by another flower of
ium developing inside the fruit body. the same plant; also, the union of
endobiotic. endobitico. Growing in- two related gametes; also, the un-
side a living organism, as a para- ion of two sister gametes, both fe-
site. male.
endocarp. endocarp(i)o. In fruit, the endogelatin. endogelatina. A gelati-
inner area of the pericarp, if the nous layer on the inner wall of the
texture is different from the outer macrosporangia of some brown
layer, as with peaches (Amygdalus) seaweeds (Fucales). When wet,
or mangoes (Mangifera). it swells, forcing out the macro-
endocarpous. endocarpico. Having spores.
the mature hymenium covered over. endogenic. endgeno. See endo-
endocellular enzyme. enzima endo- genous.
celular. An enzyme which func- endogenous. endgeno. Growing from
tions within the cell in which it was within, as endogenous spores.
formed. endogenous spore. espora endogno.
endoconidium. endoconidio. An A spore formed within a sporan-
asexual spore of fungi, formed in- gium.
side a cell or coenocyte, from which endogenous thallus. talo endogno.
endogenous thallus 130 endoscopic
Describes a lichen thallus in which essarily as a parasite.
the alga predominates. endoplacodial. endoplacodial. Having
endogonidium. endogonidio. A gonid- the ostiolar disk developed from
ium developing inside a recepta- the endostroma.
cle. endoplasm. endoplasma. The inner
endolithic. endolitico. Growing in a part of cell cytoplasm.
stone, as the thalli of some lichens. endoplasmic reticulum. retculo endo-
endomitosis. endomitosis. Producing plsmico. A group submicro-
a polyploid by the doubling of chro- scopic, double layer membranes,
mosomes in a non-dividing nucleus; consisting of canaliculi and cister-
can be repeated many times in a nae, that permeate the cytoplasm
single nucleus. of the cell; sometimes there are mi-
endomycorrhiza. endomicorriza. A crosomal particles, usually ribo-
type of mycorrhiza where the fungus somes, associated with them and
hyphae enter the cells of roots. serve as a tubular system of the
endonuclease. endonucleasa. An en- colorless cytoplasm in the cell. This
zyme that catalyzes a break at some association is responsible for the
point within the DNA molecule. major biosynthesis to the cell.
endoparasite. endoparsitico. endos- endopleura. endopleura. The inner
ito. parsito internal. A para- seed coat of the Cycadaceae.
sitic plant or animal living in the endosmosis. endosmosis. The move-
tissues or cavities of a plant. ment of a fluid inward through a
endopeptidase. endopeptidasa. An membrane toward a solution of
enzyme that speeds the hydroly- greater concentration.
sis of proteins and peptides; in par- endorhizal. endorizal. Monocotyle-
ticular, the interior peptide bonds; donous.
proteinase. See exopeptidase. endorhizoid. endorizoide. A rhiz-
endoperidium. endoperidio. In some oid formed at the base of the seta
terrestrial fungi (Gasteromycetes), of a bryophyte and penetrating the
the inner, palisade-like layer of a gamotophyte.
double layered peridium. endosperm. endospermo. endo-
endophelloderm. endofelodermo. sperma. The nourishment or nu-
endofeloderma. endofelodermis. tritive tissue that surrounds the
Cells cut off from the inner face embryo of a seed; formed from the
of the phelloderm. fusion of a haploid sperm nucleus
endophytic mycorrhiza. micorriza with the two haploid polar nuclei
endfitico. Endotrophic mycorrh- in the ovule of angiosperms.
iza. endosaprophytism. endosaprofitismo.
endophyllous. endofilo. Pertaining The destruction of the lichen alga
to a plant member developing in by the fungus.
the shelter of a sheathing leaf; also, endosclerotium. endosclerotio. A
said of a parasite living inside a sclertotium of an endogenous spore.
leaf. endoscopic. endoscopico. Of a plant
endophyte. endfito. A plant that grows embryo, which divides transversely
inside another plant, but not nec- at the first division, the inner daugh-
endosome 131 enol form
ter cell being thebembroyonic one endotrophic. endotrfico. endtrofo.
and the outer one the suspensor, Obtaining nourishment from within,
i.e. the embryo points to the base as some fungi that live inside plant
of the archegonium. roots; also, having hyphae enter-
endosome. endosoma. Karyosome. ing the cells.
endosperm. endosperma. endospermo. endotrophic mycorrhiza. endotrfico
The nutritive material developed micorriza. A mycorrhiza in which
in the embryo sac of flowering the fungus is growing almost com-
plants from the fusion of one fe- pletely internally within the cor-
male nucleus with one or more oth- tex of the root.
ers, or with a male nucleus, or with endozoic. endozoico. Living inside an
both. animal; also, a method of seed dis-
endospermous. albuminoso. Relating persal where plant seeds are swal-
to the nourishing material that sur- lowed by an animal and voided
rounds the embryo of a seed. unharmed in the feces.
endospore. endspora. The inner coat energid. enrgida. A volume of pro-
of some spores; also, a type of rest- toplasm which is controlled by the
ing cell that develops inside a veg- enclosed nucleus.
etative cell under some conditions energy. energia. The capacity for doing
and is quite resistant to adverse work; may be chemical, electrical,
environmental conditions; also, a mechanical, thermal, or nuclear, but
spore formed within a cell of some always a measure of the work done.
Myxophyceae and bacteria. The energy flow. flujo de energia. flujo
spore wall is not fused to the wall energtico. The exchange and dis-
of the parent cell. persion of energy along the food
endostome. endstoma. The opening chains of the ecosystem.
at the top of the inner coat of an energy of activation. activacin de
ovule. energia. The energy required to
endosymbiosis. endosimbiosis. A con- render molecules capable of reac-
cept that some cellular organelles tion.
arose by the incorporation of a energy pyramid. pirmide de la
prokaryote into the cytoplasm of energia. See pyramid of energy.
a eukaryote; also, a type of sym- enfold. envolver. envolviendo. To en-
biosis where an organism lives in- wrap; to twine or coil around.
side another organism. enlarge. agrandar. To make bigger,
endothecial. endotecial. Of or per- as an area or hole.
taining to the endothecium. enlarge. dilatar. To make bigger, as
endothecium. endotecio. The inner a pore or vein.
lining of the cell or cell layer of enlarged. agrandado. Expanded or
an anther. swollen.
endotoxin. endotoxina. A compo- enlargment. dilatacin. Expanded pore
nent of the walls of Gram-nega- or vein.
tive bacteria; toxic to humans and enol form. forma enol. A cyclic mol-
animals, but not released until the ecule with an OH group on the
cell disintegrates. second carbon atom.
enolase 132 environmental science
enolase. enolasa. The enzyme catalyz- in entomfila. Pollination through
ing the formation of phosphoe- the activities of insects.
nolpyruvic acid from 2-phos- entoparasite. entoparsito. A para-
phoglyceric acid. site inside the host.
ennea-. enneo-. A Greek prefix that entostroma. entostroma. The part of
means, nine. the stroma within the host which
enneaphyllus. enneofilo. Having nine is composed of fungus and host tis-
leaves. sue.
enrichment. enriquecimiento. The re- entozoic. entozoico. Living inside an
placement of trees in a forest af- animal.
ter timber extraction. entrance cone. cono entrada. See fer-
enrolled. enrollado. Wrapped up or tilization cone.
surrounded. enucleation. enucleacin. The removal
ensiform. ensiforme. Having the shape of the nucleus of a cell by manipu-
of a sword, as an ensiform leaf; lation.
sword shaped; xiphoid. envelope. envoltura. Any surrounding
entangled. enmaraado. A confused or enclosing structure, as a calyx
mass of things such as branches or floral envelope.
or hair-like growths from certain environment. medio ambiente. All
vines; intertwine. the surroundings and conditions af-
entelechy. entelequia. A concept which fecting the growth and survival of
holds that evolution proceeds by various life forms.
the actualization of that which was environmental. ambiental. medio-
always potential. ambiental. Pertaining to the en-
enterotoxin. enterotoxina. A type of vironment.
poison produced by some bacte- environmental degradation. degradac-
ria which affects the function of in ambiental. The depletion or
the intestines of animals, causing destruction of a potentially renew-
diarrhea. able resource, such as a forest, by
entine. entina. The inner layer of a using it at faster rate than it is
pollen grain shell. naturally replenished. If such a
entire. entero. Without teeth, notching, process continues, the resource
undulations, or division; a smooth, becomes nonrenewable or extinct.
undivided leaf margin. environmental insults. insulto ambien-
entire leaf. hoja entera. A leaf with tal. Any environmental factor that
an unbroken, continuous leaf mar- hinders the growth or development
gin. of an organism.
ento-. ento. A Greek prefix than means, environmental resistance. resistencia
within. ambiental. resistencia del amb-
entomogenous. entomgeno. Living iente. The combined biotic and
on or in insects. abiotic factors which prevent a
entomophilous. entomfilo. A group population from reaching its biotic
of flowers that depend on insects potential.
for fertilization. environmental science. ciencias
entomophily. entomofilia. polinizac- ambientales. The holistic study
environmentalist 133 epicalyx
of the interactive factors associ- taxonomically.
ated with various environments; ephemeral. efmero. A plant that under
may include the physical, biological, favorable conditions, germinates,
social, cultural, and other academic blooms, and sets seed several times
disciplines; ecoscience. a year, as with certain desert plants;
environmentalist. ecologista. A person also, temporary, as vegetation that
working to identify and solve the completes its life cycle in a short
physical and societal factors causing time.
the degradation of the air, water, ephemeral movement. movimiento
soil, plant, animal, and human con- efimero. The movement of a part
dition; See ecologist. which cannot be repeated, as the
enzymatic. enzimtico. Of or pertain- opening of a bud.
ing to enzymes. epi -. epi-. A Greek prefix that means,
enzyme. enzima. A molecule, largely upon or on top of.
protein, functioning as a catalyst epiascidium. epiascidio. An abnor-
and control in cellular metabolism; mal funnel-shaped leaf with the up-
causes or accelerates chemical re- per surface of the leaf lining the
actions in other substances with- inside of the funnel; pitcher leaf.
out being changed itself. Many are epibasal cell. clula epibasal. One
linked with non-protein groups of the upper cells of the Bryophtya
(prosthetic) essential to function- or Pteridophyta embryo, which
ing, the coenzymes often of com- gives rise to the capsule and part
plex constitution. Components of of the seta, or to the stem and coty-
specific prosthetic groups are e.g. ledon.
heavy metals (iron, magnesium, epibasidium. epibasidio. A structure
manganese, zinc) and trace food that develops between the hypo-
accessories, as thiamine and ribo- basidium and the sterigmata.
favin. epibenthos. epibento. Plants and other
enzymology. enzimologia. The study organisms that live below the low-
of enzymes and the reactions they tide mark and above the 100 fathom
produce. line; also, organisms that live just
epaleate. sin plea. Without scales. above the sea floor.
epappose. sin paposo. Without a pap- epibiont. epibionte. A non-parasitic
pus, as with certain composite flow- organism living on the surface of
ers. another, as occurs with many li-
epetiolate. epeciolado. Without a peti- chens or mosses (Musci).
ole, the stalk by which a leaf is epibioses. epibioses. Living on the
attached, as with a sessile leaf. surface of the water.
epetiolulate. epeciolulado. Without epibiotic. epibitico. Growing on the
a petiolule, the stalk of a leaflet, surface of a living organism.
as with a sessile leaflet. epiblast. epiblasto. A small outgrowth
epharmonic convergence. convergente from a grass embryo.
de efarmonico. A likeness in ex- epicalyx. epicliz. calculo. A whorl
ternal appearance and structure in of sepal-like appendages which
plants that are not closely related resembles but is not a true calyx.
epicarp 134 epilittoral
epicarp. epicarp(i)o. The outer skin (Phaseolus); also, of germinating
of a fruit or ripened ovary; exocarp. seeds when the cotyledons are
epicormic. epicormico. Pertaining to brought above the surface of the
a branch developing from a dor- ground.
mant bud on the trunk of a tree epigean. epigeo. Occurring on the
which becomes active as a result ground.
damage or some other environmen- epigeic. epigeico. Pertains to a plant
tal abnormality. with stolons on the surface of the
epicormic shoot. vstago epicormico. ground.
A type of shoot that grows from epigenesis. epignesis. The develop-
dormant lateral buds on trunks ment of the embryo from the sub-
which have long and often vari- stance of the egg.
able internodal lengths or intervals; epigenetics. epigentica. The study
water shoots. of the processes by which genes
epicotyl. epictilo. epicotilo. In the produce their phenotypic effects.
embryo, the part of the stem that epigenous. epigeno. Said of a leaf
is above the attachment point of fungus which grows on the surface.
cotyledons and below the first true epigeous. epideo. See epigeal.
leaves. epigynous. epgino. Pertaining to the
epictesis. epictesis. The ability of living stamens, petals, and sepals that
cells to accumulate salts in a higher appear to be or are growing from
concentration than that in which the top of the ovary; also, said of
they occur in the surrounding so- a flower when the receptacle en-
lution. closes the carpel(s), so then the
epidermal excrescence. epidrmico other flower parts arise above the
excrecencia. Refers to various carpel(s); also, having the antherid-
types of surface outgrowths or se- ium arising above the oogonium.
cretions on plant parts or organs. epigyny. epignia. An arrangement
epidermal. epidrmico. Pertaining of flower parts where the ovary is
to the epidermis. embedded in the receptacle so that
epidermis. epidermis. A protective the other parts appear to come out
outer layer of cells, especially on from the top of the ovary.
the stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, epilimnion. epilimnion. The upper,
and seeds, but absent from the root warm, circulating water in a ther-
cap and on apical meristems. The mally stratified lake during the hot
outer wall may be thickened by summer months; commonly a very
the production of a cuticle and the shallow layer as compared to the
cells may be extended into hairs. hypolimnion.
epigeal. epigeo. Growing above ground; epilithic plant. planta rupestre. Plants
a type of seed germination in dicots that grow on or are attached to rocks
characterized by epigeal cotyledons and stones; rupicolous plant.
which are borne on an axis, above epilittoral zone. zona epilitoral. A
ground, and serve as true leaves; zone on the coast which is next to
epigeal germination occurs in the the zone occupied by plants which
sunflower (Asteraceae) and beans cannot withstand exposure to salt.
epilose 135 epithecium
epilose. glabro. Having no hair or fuzz. cospore formation; initially rich in
epimatium. epimatio. The ovuliferous glycogen, but later lost.
scale of conifers. epipterous. epiptero. Having a wing
epinastic. epinstico. The bending at the apex.
downward of a part or organ caused epirhizal. epirrizo. Growing on a root.
by a more rapid growth along the epirhizous. epirrizo. See epirhizal.
upper surface, as with many leaves. episepalous. epispalo. Attached to
epinasty. epinastia. Differential growth the sepals; used to describe sepals
of the upper part of a plant organ, fused to stamens or calyx.
involving auxin and ethylene; com- episodic evolution. evolucin episd-
monly seen in the rapid growth of ico. The fossil record reflects in-
a petiole, causing the leaf to bend termittent extinction events fol-
downward. lowed by succeeding phases of rapid
epipelic. epiplico. Growing on mud. evolutionary change.
epipetalous. epiptalo. Stamens fused episperm. episperma. The outer por-
with petals or corolla; attached to tion of a seed coat.
the petals, as epipetalous stamens. epispore. epispora. The thick, outer
epipetric. rupicola. Living on top of coat of a fungus zygote.
rocks, as some mosses and lichens. epistasis. epistasia. epistasis. Mask-
epiphloedal. epifloedal. Growing on ing, as when one gene has a masking
the surface of bark. effect on the expression of another
epiphoedic. epifoedico. See epiphlo- nonallelic gene; the former is said
edal. to be epistatic.
epiphragm. epifragma. The membrane epistatic. epistatico. Said of a char-
stretching across the top of a moss acter which is dominant to another
capsule and is bordered by the and is not an allelomorph.
peristome teeth; also, a membrane epistroma (pl. epistromata). epistroma.
over the young fruit body of the Ectostroma.
Nidulariaceae. epistropha. epistrofa. The position-
epiphyllous. epiflo. Growing on leaves. ing in diffuse light of the chloro-
epiphysis. epifisis. A growth around plasts on the periclinal walls of the
the hilum of a seed. palisade cells.
epiphyte. epfito. Mosses (Musci) epithalline. epitalino. Growing on a
and various plants, such as orchids thallus; also, a falsely thalline
(Orchidaceae), that grow on other apothecial edge in lichens.
plants for physical support but draw epithallus. epitalo. The upper layer
nourishment from the air and rain of fungal hyphae in a lichen thal-
rather than from the host; especially lus.
common in tropical forests. epitheca. epiteca. The older outer
epiphytic. epiftico. Having the char- layer of the half-wall of diatoms
acteristics of an epiphyte. and dinoflagellates.
epiphytotic. epiftotico. A disease epithecium. epitecio. A layer of tis-
epidemic in a plant population. sue that covers the hymenium in
epiplasm. epiplasma. The residual cy- an ascocarp; also, the outer dark
toplasm left in an ascus after as- colored layer of a peridium; also,
epithelial layer 136 ergastoplasm
a thin, colored layer over the asci equatorial plane. plano ecuatorial. The
in an apothecium, particulary in li- plane midway between the two
chen, formed from the tips of the daughter nuclei of a dividing cell.
paraphyses. equatorial plate. placa ecuatorial. The
epithelial layer. estrato epitelial. A position of chromosomes in the
layer of elongated cells set end- equatorial plane during metaphase.
on to the endosperm in grass fruit, equilateral. equiltero. With halves
forming the border of the scutellum. or sides equal in shape and size;
epithelium. epitelio. A thin layer of often used when describing a par-
tissue covering structures that are ticular leaf.
protective, secretive, or perform a equilibrium. equilibrio. In population
variety of other functions. genetics, the condition when the
epithem. epitema. A group of cells forces that tend to change gene fre-
in the mesophyll of a leaf which quencies are counterbalanced so that
exude water. there is no net change in gene fre-
epithem hydathode. hidatodo epitema. quencies from one generation to
A hydathode which is directly con- the next.
nected to the vascular bundle in a equilibrium species. especie equilibrio.
leaf. A group of plants in which com-
epithet. epteto. The second (specific) petitive ability rather than dispersal
part of the scientific name that iden- ability or reproductive rate is the
tifies species or any other division principal method for survival.
of the genus, as cordifolia in Vitis equinoctial. equinoccial. Having flow-
cordifolia. ers that open and close regularly
epitrophic. epitrfico. Having buds at particular hours of the day or
on the upper side; also, growing night.
more on the upper than lower side. equitant. equitante. A two-ranked ar-
epitropous. epitropo. Hanging or pen- rangement of leaves with overlap-
dulous ovule; used to describe the ping bases, usually sharply folded
position of the ovule in locule. along the midrib.
epixylous. epixilo. Growing on wood. erect. erecto. Standing upright, not
epizoic. epizoico. An external para- spreading; also, set at right angles
site. to the organ from which it arises;
equal. igual. Evenly proportioned; also, of an ovule which is upright
not lop-sided. with its stalk at the base.
equational division. divisin ecuac- eremium. ermio. A desert formation.
ional. A nuclear division that eremophilous. eremfilo. deserticola.
maintains the same polyploidy level Pertaining to the trees and shrubs
of the cell. of the genus Eremophila that thrive
equatorial division. divisin ecua- in hot dry areas.
torial. During the metaphase of ergastic substance. sustancia ergastico.
mitosis or meiosis, the division of A non-living inclusion in cells,
each chromosome into two equal e.g.crystals, starch grains, etc.
halves which are then incorporated ergastoplasm. ergastoplasma. Endo-
into separate daughter nuclei. plasmic reticulum.
ergot 137 ethnobotany
ergot. cornezuelo. A spore-produc- escape. huida. To grow wild after slip-
ing fungus, Claviceps purpurea, ping away from a cultivated field;
found on grain crops, especially also, a cultivated plant that grows
rye (Poaceae); also, the sclerotium wild.
of this fungus which replaces the esculent. esculente. Edible.
seeds of the host and contain al- essential element. elemento esencial.
kaloids which cause ergotism in A chemical nutrient that is vital
animals and humans. for the growth, development, and
ericaceous. ericceo. Heather-like. maintenance of an organism.
ericetal. ericetal. Growing on moss. essential oils. aceites esencial. Highly
ericoid. ericoide. Having narrow, nee- volatile and aromatic oils formed
dle-like, rolled leaves, like heather. in special cells by some plants; prob-
erinose. erinoso. An abnormal devel- ably involved in the pollinator
opment of hairs, usually resulting attractionrepulsion of herbivores;
from mites, other pests, or diseases. volatile oils.
erio-. erio-. A Greek prefix that means, essential organs. rganos esencial. Sex
woolly. organs.
eriophorous. eriforo. Having a thick establishment. establecimiento. The
covering of cottony hairs. successful germination and growth
erose. eroso. Irregular leaf margin with of a plant, especially in a new area.
shallow teeth or lobes; appearing ester. ster. Any of a group of or-
gnawed. ganic compounds formed from the
erosion. erosin. The process of soil condensation (water removed) of
particles being worn away by wind an acid and an alcohol; fats and
or water with the effect of degrading oils of plants are esters.
the soil to a coarser, sandier, stonier estipulate. estipulado. Having no stip-
texture. ules; exstipulate.
erostrate. sin rostro. errostro. Irregular estival. estival. Refers to the sum-
leaf margin without sharp points. mer. See aestival.
erratic. errtico. Of lichens not fixed estivation. estivacin. See aestiva-
to the substratum. tion.
erubescens. erubescens. A Latin word estuary. estuario. A marshy area where
that means, bluish-red. the fresh water from a stream or
erumpent. erumpente. Bursting thr- river joins with salt water from the
ough. ocean.
erythose. eritoso. D-erythose is an ethanol. etanol. One of the end prod-
aldodextrose sugar. ucts of an alcoholic fermentation.
erythro-. eritro-. A Greek prefix that Same as ethyl alcohol.
means, red. ethanolamine. etanolamina. A pre-
erythrophyll. eritrofil. The redbrown- cursor of choline.
violet group of water soluble sap ethene. etene. See ethylene.
pigments, especially in flowers; ethnobotany. etnobotnica. The sci-
anthocyanin. entific study of local peoples in-
erythrulose. eritruloso. A ketose, tet- teractions with plants, including
rose sugar. their uses of plants for food, shelter,
ethnoecology 138 euglenoid
medicine, and religion; considered eubacteria. eubacterios. The true bac-
by some to be a sub-discipline of teria. They have rigid cell walls,
ethnoecology. the motile species move by flagella,
ethnoecology. etnoecologa. The sci- and the cells divide by binary trans-
entific study of local peoples verse division.
interactions with their natural eucamptodromous (venation). eucam-
environment, including the sub- ptdroma (nervadura). A system
disciplines of ethnobotany, ethno- of venation where the veinlets join
zoology, ethnoentomology, and oth- after curving near the margin of
ers. the leaf.
ethyl alcohol. alcohol etlico . A eucarpic. eucarpico. Refers to a fungus
colorless, volatile liquid made by where only part of the thallus dif-
the fermentation of grain, sugar, ferentiates to form a reproductive
and other plant items; ethanol. structure; also, having both sexual
ethylene. etileno. A gaseous growth and asexual reproductive organs
hormone produced naturally by separate and functioning at the same
plants that regulates vegetative time.
growth, fruit ripening, and abscis- eucaryote. eucaryota. See eukaryote.
sion of plant parts. euchromatin. eucromatina. The ac-
etiolate. etiolado. The whitening of tive chromatin of a chromosome
plants through inadequate light. during the interphase; also, a chro-
etiolated. decolorado. Blanched; turned mosomal region that stains normally
white because of inadequate sun and thought to contain the normally
light. functioning gene; also, the part of
etiolation. etiolacin. ahilamiento. the chromatin having its maximum
The abnormal whitened condition nucleic acid attachment on the
of plants or the elongation of plant mitotic spindle.
stems and small leaves that have euchromocenter. eucromocentro. A
had insufficient light. Etiolated part of a chromosome which stains
stems often lack chlorophyll. very deeply, and does not loosen
etiological. etolgico. Of etiology. out to form part of the reticulum.
etiology. etiologa. The study of euchromosome. eucromosoma. A typi-
causes, especially the cause of dis- cal chromosome in contrast to a
ease. sex-chromosome.
eu-. eu-. A Greek prefix that means, eucyclic. euiclico. Having the same
true, real, good, or well; number of organs in each whorl.
used especially in ecology to de- eugenic. eugentico. That which tends
note abundance, as euphotic, light- to increase the fitness of the race.
rich. eugeogenous. eugegeno. Weather-
euapogamy. euapogamia. The devel- ing readily.
opment of a sporophyte from the euglena. euglena. One cell, spindle-
tissue of a gametophyte and not from shaped algae (Euglena) that are
a zygote in sexual fusion. usually green and have one
euapospory. euaposporia. The fail- flagellum.
ure to form spores. euglenoid. euglenoide. Pertaining to
eugonidium 139 eutrophication
euglena, as a euglenoid movement euploid. euploide. Having all the chro-
involving worm-like contractions. mosomes of the set present in the
eugonidium. eugonidio. A unicellu- same member; also, a cell with any
lar member of the Chlorophyceae, number of complete chromosome
forming part of the thallus of a sets; polyploid.
lichen. eupotamous. eupotamo. Living in riv-
euhymenial. euhimenial. Said of a ers and streams.
hymenium in which all the basidia eurybathic. euribtico. Able to live
are formed nearly at the same time. in a wide range of water depths.
eukaryote. eucariota. Having a euryecious. euriecio. Having a wide
nucleus; a nucleus surrounded by range of habitats.
a membrane. euryhaline. eurihalino. Able to tol-
eukaryotic. eukaryotico. Multicel- erate a wide range of salinity.
lular plants, all of which have a eurythermic. euritrmico. Able to
distinct nucleus surrounded by a survive in a wide range of tempera-
membrane. tures.
eumitosis. eumitosis. A normal mi- eurytopic. eurtopo. Capable of sur-
tosis in which all the basidia are viving in a wide range of environ-
formed nearly at the same time. ments.
eumorphic. eumorfico. Well formed. eusporangiate. eusporangiado. In the
eumycetae. eumicetos. The true fungi. sporangium-type ferns, having the
There is no photosynthetic pigment spore cases produced by a group
and the food is stored as glycogen. of cells rather than by a single parent
Most have a definite cell wall con- cell.
taining cellulose and or chitin, and eustele. eustela. Denotes a siphon-
have a branching filamentous ostele with phloem only to the out-
thallaus (mycelium) consisting of side of the xylem; an arrangement
individual hyphae; also, the term where the xylem and phloem are
is sometimes used to include the not surrounded by endodermis but
ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and occur in discrete strands separated
the Fungi Imperfecti. by parenchymatous tissue.
euphotic. euftica. Describes an upper eutrophic. eutrfico. In water, a high
layer of water that receives ad- concentration of phosphate, nitrates
equate light for photosynthesis, and other nutrients that encourages
often only a few centimeters deep. a rapid growth of algae, which de-
euphotic zone. zona euftica. The pletes the oxygen and causes the
top layer of a sea or lake that light extinction of other plants; also, said
can penetrate, allowing photosyn- of a type of lake habitat with gen-
thesis to take place; usually up to tly sloping shores a wide belt of
about 100 meters deep. littoral vegetation.
euphotometric. eufotomtrico. Said eutrophication. eutroficacin. The
of a leaf which is permanently natural process of dead organisms
placed in a plane perpendicular to gradually filling a standing body
the direction of the strongest dif- of water as eutrophic (nutrient-rich)
fuse light reaching it. cycles cause rapid population in-
eutrophous 140 evolutionary lineage
creases followed by sharp declines green leaves or needles through-
due to a nutrient shortage; also, the out the year; not deciduous; never
process of becoming eutrophic. entirely leafless.
eutrophous. utrofo. Climbing plants ever-bloomer. florece constante. A
that turn with the sun. plant that produces leaves and flow-
eutropic. eutropico. Turning with the ers for a long period of the grow-
sun, as occurs with some climb- ing season and often bears flow-
ing plants. ers and friuts at the same time.
evaginate. evaginado. Not having a ever-sporting. siempre esta mutando.
sheath. Producing frequent sports; espe-
evagination. evaginacin. The proc- cially a heterozygote which seg-
ess of turning inside out or pro- regates homozygous recessives, but
truding, as occurs in the develop- not homozygous dominants in every
ment of some tubular organs; also, generation.
the release of the contents of mem- evergreen. siempreverde. de hoja
branaceous vesicles to the exterior. perenne. Bearing and losing leaves
evanescent. evanescente. Passing away continuously throughout the year.
quickly; soon disappearing, as eva- evergreen forest. bosque perennifolio.
nescent flowers. A forest where there is no com-
evaporate. evaporar. To change from plete seasonal loss or shedding of
a liquid into a vapor. leaves.
evaporation. evaporacin. The process evergreen mixed forest. bosque
of changing from a liquid into a mezclado perennifolio. A forest
vapor with the rate determining the where the dominant trees are both
effectiveness on plant growth. conifers (Coniferae) and broad-
evapotranspiration. evapotranspir- leaved hardwoods.
acin. A water loss into the at- everted. evertado. Turned outward
mosphere through soil surface abruptly.
evaporation and plant transpiration; evolute. evoluto. Having the mar-
the combined water loss from both gins rolled outward.
leaf surfaces and from the soil sur- evolution. evolucin. The process
face. of gradual change from simpler,
even. liso. uniforme. Not irregular; earlier forms of life by the modi-
equally balanced; uniform or fication of characteristics of suc-
smooth surface. cessive generations to more com-
evenly. uniformemente. Having a plicated life forms.
smooth, uniform surface. evolutionary determinism. determin-
even-pinnate. paripinnado. A com- ismo evolutivo. The change in gene
pound leaf arrangement with the frequencies by directed processes,
leaflets equally located on both sides in contrast with random change.
of a common axis, and a terminal evolutionary lineage. linaje evolutivo.
pair of leaflets or a tendril rather lea evolutiva. The line of descent
than a single terminal leaflet. of an organism from its ancestral
evergreen. perennifolio. siempre- taxon; includes the species to the
verde. sempervirente. Having genus, genus to the family, family
evolutionary rate 141 exclusion principle
to the order, and continuing. ber.
evolutionary rate. velocidad de evoluc- excelsus. excelsus. A Latin term that
in. The amount of evolutionary means lofty.
change that occurs in a given pe- excentric. excntrico. Eccentric; also,
riod of time; various time or number of a pileus in which the stipe is
units are used in the process, in- not central.
cluding biological, chronological, exchange capacity. capacidad de
and geological units. cambio. The total ionic charge of
evolutionary species. especie evolut- the adsorption complex active in
iva. According to the idea of evo- the adsorption of ions. Also referred
lution contained in the theory of to as anion exchange capacity,
phyletic gradualism, a new organ- cation exchange capacity, and base
ism is descended from its ances- exchange capacity.
tor by a process of slow, steady evo- exchange pairing. intercambio de
lutionary change; the descended apareamiento. A pairing of ho-
organism might not necessary be mologous chromosomes which al-
classed as a member of the same lows genetic cross-over to occur.
species as its ancestor, in which exciple. excpulo. A true exiple is
case it is classified as a new spe- produced as a rim of apothecial tis-
cies, an evolutionary species; sue from a lichen and does not con-
chronospecies. tain algal cells. A false exciple is
evolutionary trend. tendencia evol- produced by the thallus around the
utiva. A steady change in a par- apothecium and does contain algals
ticular adaptive direction, as the cells; also, the outer layer of the
height of an organism. wall of an apothecium or perith-
evolvate. evolvado. Lacking a volva. ecium.
evolve. evolucionar. To undergo evo- excipulum. excpulo. In lichens, a cup-
lution. shaped layer of partially enclos-
ex-. ex-. Prefix that means, without. ing sterile tissue that contains the
exaggeration. exageracin. The ex- hymenium; also, the outer layer of
pression of a hypomorphic gene the wall of an apothecium or
placed opposite a deficiency. perithecium; exciple
exalbuminous. exalbuminoso. Without excipuliform. excipuliforme. Cup-
albumen; lacking endosperm. shaped.
exannulate. exanillo. Lacking an excitation. excitacin. The action of
annulus. a stimulus on a plant or plant or-
exarch. exarch. Having protoxylem gan.
tissue developing toward the center, exclusion principle. principio de
as exarch vascular tissue. exclusin. A view that two spe-
exarillate. sin arilo. Without an aril. cies cannot coexist in the same
exasperate. exasperado. Covered with locality if they have identical eco-
short, stiff points; rough surface logical requirements; also, that no
with sharp, projecting points. two electrons or subatomic parti-
exceed. rebasar. sobrepasar. To cles in an atom can occupy the same
project beyond a neigboring mem- energy level or have the same set
exclusive species 142 exogamy
of quantum numbers. dency to exfoliate.
exclusive species. especie exclusivo. exindusiated. exindusiado. Without
A species confined or almost com- an indusium, as some ferns (Fili-
pletely confined to a particular com- copsida).
munity; in phytosociology the op- exine. exina. The outer layer of a
timum fidelity class 5. two-layered spore wall; also, the
excrescence. excrecencia. An out- decay resistant, exterior coat on a
growth or disfiguring addition oc- pollen or spore grain; extine.
curring on plant parts or organs. exit tube. tubo de salida. A small
See upgrowth. outgrowth occurring in some Phy-
excrescent. excrescente. Forming an comycetes, which functions to in-
abnormal addition. vade the host cell; also, an out-
excrete. excretar. To element waste growth from a zoosporangium
substances from the cells. through which the zoospores es-
excretion. excrecin. A substance ex- cape.
uded or discharged from a plant; exo-. exo-. A Latin prefix that means,
also, the removal of the wastes of outer; also, a Greek prefix that
metabolism, often insoluble salts means, without.
in the cells. exobasidial. exobasidial. Having the
excurrent. excurrente. The midrib basidia uncovered; also, separated
projecting beyond the tip, as in some by a wall from the basidium; also,
leaves; having an undivided main of a lichen sporophore having no
stem, as with fir (Pinaceae) trees; secondary sporing branch.
in some leaves, the base extend- exobiology. exobiologa. The sci-
ing down the stem further than is entific study of the possibility of
typical. life on other planets.
excurved. excurvado. Curving out- exocarp. exocarp(i)o. The external
ward from the stem. layer of the pericarp of a ripened
exendospermous. exendospermo. Per- fruit; epicarp.
tains to a seed that lacks endosperm. exochite. exoquito. The firm outer wall
exergonic. exergnico. A chemical of the macrosporangium of the
reaction that produces a net loss Fucales.
in energy and occurs spontaneously. exocrine. exocrina. See ectocrine.
exergonic reaction. reaccin exert- exocytosis. exocitsis. A secretion
nico. A chemical reaction which discharge process by which a vacu-
releases energy. ole fuses with the plasma to dis-
exfoliate. exfoliar. To peel off in layers, charge its contents outside the cell.
as tree bark that cracks and splits exodermis. exodermis. The outer layer
off in large sheets; also, to remove of the cortex in roots, immediately
of leaves. under the epidermis; corresponds
exfoliation. exfoliacin. The proc- to the hypodermis in stems.
ess of tree bark splitting off from exoenzyme. exoenzima. An enzyme
the trunk in large sheets, flakes, that is discharged outside the cell;
layers, or scales. ectoenzyme
exfoliative. exfoliativo. Having a ten- exogamy. exogamia. The joining of
exogenous 143 expressivity
two gametes of different descent; guity with the gametophyte.
out-breeding. exosmosis. exosmosis. The move-
exogenous. exgeno. Produced from ment of a fluid through a membrane
the outside, as a type of stem that toward a solution of lower concen-
grows by adding layers of wood tration.
on the outside under the bark, as exospore. exspora. The outer coat
exogenous stems of gymnosperms of a spore in some plants, espe-
and dicotyledons. cially an asexual spore formed by
exogenous spore. espora exgeno. A abstriction; exine.
spore formed at the end of a hy- exosporium. exosporio. The outer
pha, not inside a sporangium. layer of a spore wall.
exogenous thallus. talo exgeno. The exothecium. exotecio. The outer layer
thallus of a lichen in which the in the wall of a moss capsule; also,
fungus is dominant. the outer layer of the micro- spo-
exogynous. exogino. Having the style rangium of the gymnosperms.
projecting beyond the corolla. exotic. extico. aloctono. A plant
exolete. exoleto. Of a fungus fruit that is not native; also, an intro-
body when it is long over-mature duced species that has not been
but has nothing inside it. completely naturalized.
exon. exn. The sense segments exotoxin. exotoxina. Any poison se-
of mRNA that contain the genetic creted by a living organism, espe-
message for producing a particu- cially by bacteria.
lar protein. expanded. expandirse. Enlarged; also,
exonuclease. exonucleasa. An en- flattened out and becoming less
zyme that attacks the free ends of concave as growth proceeds.
the nucleotide sequence of DNA explant. explanta. Living tissue re-
or RNA, breaking up the sequence. moved from a body and placed in
exopeptidase. exopeptidasa. An en- an artificial medium for tissue cul-
zyme that speeds the hydrolysis of ture.
proteins and peptides, particularly exponential growth. crecimiento
those adjacent to a free amino or exponencial. Growth in which
carboxyl group. See endopeptidase. some quantity, such as population
exoperdium. exoperidio. In some size or pollution, increases by a
Gasteromycetes, the outer layer of fixed percentage of the whole in
the peridium. a given time period; providing a
exophelloderm. exofelodermo. exo- plotted curved J shape.
feloderma. Phelloderm cells cut exponential growth equation. crecim-
off on the outside of the phellogen. iento exponencial ecuacin. A
exoplasm. exoplasma. See ectoplasm. compound interest equation which
exoscopic. exoscopico. Of a plant assumes that the absolute rate of
embryo when the first division is growth of an organism or popula-
at right angles to the archegonial tion is dependent on the original
neck; the apex of the embryo grow- size, or number, and that the rela-
ing towards the archegonial neck tive growth rate is constant.
and the basal region is in conti- expressivity (gene). expresin (gen).
exserted 144 eye-spot
The degree a particular genotype Occurring outside the chromo-
is expressed in the phenotype. somes, as extrachromosomal influ-
exserted. exserto. Projecting beyond ences.
another part, as stamens exserted extrafloral nectary. nectario extraf-
or extending from a corolla. loral. A nectary that is found in
exsiccatus. exsiccatus. A dried plant, some place other than the flower.
especially one in a herbarium. extramatrical. extramatrical. Said
exstipulate. exestipulado. Having no of a fungus which as the greataer
stipules. part of the thallus, expecially the
extant. existente. Having living mem- reproductive bodies, outside the
bers, as a particular species. Op- host, or on the surface of the sub-
posite of extinct. strate.
extended. extendido. Protruding or extranuclear. extranuclear. Located
projecting outward. or occurring outside the cell nu-
extension factor. factor extensin. cleus, as extranuclear determinants.
Genes which incrase the express- extratropical. extratropical. Origi-
ivity of other genes. nating outside the tropics, as an
external plasma membrane. externo extratropical species.
membrana plasmtica. Ectoplasm. extrorse. extroso. Facing or turned
extinct. extinto. desaparecido. De- outward; away from the axis.
scribes a species or other taxonomic exudate. exudado. A liquid substance
group that is no longer living; dead. discharged or excreted from a plant
extinction. extincin. desparicin. or certain tree barks; resin.
The permanent removal of all in- exudation. exudacin. The discharging
dividuals of a species from earth. of liquid or sap from special pores
extine. extina. The outer coat of a on the plant.
pollen grain; exine. exude. exudar. To discharge a sub-
extra-. extra-. A Latin prefix that stance, as exude resin.
means, outside or beyond. eye (bud). ojo (yema) The bud or
extra-axillary. extra-axilar. Said of shoot of a tuber or plant.
a bud which is formed in other than eye-spot. mancha ocular. A light sen-
in the axil of a leaf. sitive patch of orange or red
extracellular. extracelular. Located carotenoids in some unicellular and
or taking place outside a cell, as green algae; also, a fungal disease
extracellular fluid. of cereal plants; sometimes called
extrachromosomal. extracromosoma. stigma.
F 145 fairy ring
i.e. i.e. es decir. esto es. An abbre- imbibition. imbibicin. The absorption
viation for the Latin phrase, Id est, of water into the small spaces or
which means, that is. pores of cellulose, pectin, and the
IAA. AIA. An abbreviation for in- cytoplasmic proteins in seed; it
doleacetic acid. occurs when a solvent enters a col-
IBA. AIB. An abbreviation for loid between the free capillary
indolebutyric acid. spaces and the intermicellar spaces.
ICF. LIC. An abbreviation for inter- It causes the colloid to swell and
cellular fluid. utimately to be disperesed. The
ICSH. ICHS. An abbreviation for swelling causes considerable pres-
interstitial cell stimulating hormone. sure the imbibitional pressure.
identification. identificacin. The imbricate. imbricado. Overlapping;
taxonomic determination of the laying over each other in a regu-
specimen, its naming, placement, lar order, as leaf buds.
and refinement in the classifica- imbrication. imbricacin. The con-
tion system. dition of being imbricate.
idioblast. idioblasto. An isolated plant imine. imina. A compound composed
cell that is quite different from the of the imino group NH.
surrounding cell system; also, a sup- imino acid. cido imino. An acid de-
porting thick-walled, elongated cell, rived from an imine in which the
lacking chlorophyll, among chloro- components are combined to the
phyllaceous tissue. same carbon atom. Proline is an
idiochromatin. idiocromatina. A sub- imino acid.
stance within the nucleus of a cell imitation. imitacin. Mimicry.
which controls the reproduction of imitative. imitativa. Closely resem-
the cell. bling, as an imitative coloration in
idioplasm. idioplasma. Germ-plasm. flowers.
idoses. idoses. Monosaccharides be- immaculate. inmaculado. Without
longing to the aldohexoses. colored spots; spotless.
illegitimate pollination. polinizacin immarginate. inmarginado. Lacking
ilegitimo. Self-pollination which a distinct edge.
takes place inspite of the flower immature. inmaduro. inmaturo. Un-
appearing to be adapted for cross derdeveloped, as with fruits or
pollination. leaves; juvenile; not completely
imberbate. glabro. imberbe. Hav- grown; unripe.
ing no hair; smooth. immature community. comunidad
imbibe. embeber. empapar. To ab- inmaduro. A community in eco-
sorb moisture. logical succession, characterized
immature 203 inactivity
by only a few species and ecological which a protein is synthesized by
niches; unable to efficiently cap- an organism to counteract some
ture and use energy or cycle critical pathogenic agent.
nutrients. imparipinate. imparipinnado. Odd-
immature. inmaduro. inmaturo. Un- pinnate; leaflets arranged on both
derdeveloped, as with fruits or sides of an axis but ending with a
leaves; juvenile; not completely single terminal leaflet.
grown; unripe. imperfect (flower). imperfecto (flor).
immaturity. inmadurez. The state or With stamens or carpels absent in
quality of being immature. the flower; unisexual.
immediate germination. germinacin imperfect fungus. hongo imperfecto.
inmediato. Germination without Any fungi of the Order Fungi
under going a period of inactiv- Imperfecti that only form asexual
ity. spores.
immersed. sumergido. Growing com- imperfect hybridization. hibridizacin
pletely under water; also, embed- imperfecto. An abortive attempt
ded in the tissues of the plant; also, to form zygospores between the
arising beneath the surface of the hyphae of two distinct species of
substratum. Zygomycetes.
immigration. inmigracin. The flow imperforate. imperforado. Having
of different genes into a popula- no holes or openings.
tion, caused by new individuals that impermeability. impermeabilidad. The
inbreed with the resident species. quality or state of being imperme-
immobilis. immobilis. Latin mean- able.
ing immovable. impermeable. impermeable. Charac-
immobilization. inmovilizacin. The terized by the capacity to restrict
conversion of an inorganic com- the passage of substances.
pound to an organic form by bio- impervious. impermeable. no poroso.
logical activity that removes it from Resistant to penetration by roots
the reservoir of compounds avail- or fluids.
able to plant roots. implicate. implicado. Entangled; in-
immune. inmune. Free from attack terwoven; twisted together, as
by a specific pathogen; also, not implicate hair.
subject to the disease. impressed. impreso. Having the sur-
immunity. inmunidad. Acquired: a face marked by slight depressions
natural or an acquired resistance below the surface, as with some
to a pathogenic agent or substance. leaf venation.
Structural: e.g. a thick cuticle may in vitro. in vitro. Living in a test
prevent the penetration of the fun- tube or outside the organism, as
gal hyphae. in an artificial environment; Latin
Physiological: e.g. the protoplasm for in glass.
is an unfavorable environment for in vivo. in vivo. Residing in the liv-
the development of the parasite. ing organism; Latin for in living.
immunological. inmunolgico. Per- inactivity. inactividad. Not vegetating;
taining to an immune response in dormancy, as plants in a state of
inaequale 204 incomplete flower
inactivity. indentations, sometimes jagged or
inaequale. inaequale. Latin mean- notched, as on the outer edge or
ing unequal. margin of certain types of incised
inarticulate. inarticulada. Not joined. leaves.
inbred line. linea consanguinea. incision. incisin. A deep notch or
filiacin consanguinea. A pure indentation, as on a leaf margin.
line, generally originating by self- inclinate. inclinado. Rising in an up-
pollination and selection. ward direction and at a moderate
inbred. endogmico. Reproduced from angle.
closely related parents; developed included. incluido. Not extending
from inbreeding. beyond the surrounding parts, as
inbreeding. entrecruzamiento. cruz- stamens which dont protrude
amiento. endogamia. Reproducing beyond the edge of the corolla, or
by the continuous mating of indi- as veinlets ending inside areoles;
viduals of the same or closely re- also, embedded in the xylem.
lated stock. inclusion. inclusin. A body occur-
inbreeding coefficient. coeficiente de ring in the cytoplasm of a cell.
consanguinidad. coeficiente de inclusion body. cuerpo de inclusin.
inbreeding. The probability that corpsculo de inclusin. A non-
an individual has a pair of alleles living material present in the cy-
that are identical by descent from toplasm of a cell, such as a starch
a common ancestor; the proportion grain.
of loci that carry alleles that are incompatibility (floral). incompat-
identical by descent from a com- ibilidad (flor). A failure to achieve
mon ancestor. fertilization and seed formation after
inbreeding depression. degeneracin pollination, generally because of
consangunea. depresin consan- slow pollen tube growth in the
gunea. A decline in successful stylar tissue; also, differences in
breeding as a result of continuous the physiology of a host and para-
inbreeding. site which inhibits or stops the
incanus. incanus. Latin meaning growth of the latter.
hoary-white. incompatibility (graft). incompat-
incanous. incano. Covered with a ibilidad (injerto). The failure of
dense, grayish-white hair that grows two graft components (stock and
on certain stems or leaves; canes- scion) to unite and develop into a
cent. successfully growing plant.
incertae sedis. incertae sedis. Of un- incomplete. incompleto. Lacking one
certain taxonomic position. or more parts, as a leaf without
incipient plasmolysis. plasmlisis blade, petiole or stipules; or lack-
incipiente. The condtion when ing one of the four flower parts,
about half the cells of a tissue are sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils,
plasmolysed. It is in this condition as some willows (Salix).
that the osmotic pressure of cell incomplete dominance. dominacin
sap is usually measured. incompleto. A partial controlling
incised. inciso. Having sharp or deep influence in which a heterozygote
incomplete flower 205 indicator species
shares a phenotype that is inter- that at maturity do not split open
mediate between those of the cor- along definite lines to release their
responding homozygotes. seeds.
incomplete flower. flor incompleta. indentation (margin). mella (margen).
Without one or more of the four Notching on the outer border of
floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, leaves.
pistils. independence. independencia. The
incrassate. engrosado. Thickened or relation between two variates, the
thickening, as an incrassate node. variation of one being uninfluenced
incrustation. incrustacin. A coat- by the variation in the other.
ing of iron carbonate or iron com- independent assortment (of genes).
pounds on the surface of some al- distribucin independiente (de los
gae. genes). A Mendelian principle that
incubation period. perodo de incubac- the alleles of two or more gene pairs
in. The time between the inocu- on non-homologous chromosomes
lation with a pathogen and the de- tend to be assorted independently
velopment of symptoms. of one another into gametes; also,
incubous. incubo. In leaf arrange- a random alignment of homologous
ments, the lower edge of each leaf chromosomes in meiosis.
is hidden by the upper edge of the indeterminate inflorescence. infloresc-
next leaf down; commonly used to encia indeterminado. A type of
describe a type of leafy liverwort inflorescence in which the lower
(Jungermanniales). See succu- or lateral flowers develop first and
bous. the primary axis continues to grow
incumbent. incumbente. Leaning or and elongate.
resting against another part, as indeterminate. indeterminado. Of or
incumbent stamens or anthers lean- pertaining to a stem that produces
ing against the inner side of a fila- unrestricted growth and does not
ment. terminate with flowering; also,
incurved. incurvado. Bent or curved without a distinctive edge.
inward or upward toward the apex index fossil. fsil caracterstico. The
or base; also, said of a radical which fossil remains of an organism that
is bent back to lie on one of the lived in a particular geologic age.
cotyledons; campylotropous. index species. especie indexa. See
indeciduous. no deciduo. de hoja indicator species.
persistente. perennifolio. Trees indicator species. especie indicadora.
not losing their leaves seasonally; In a community classification sys-
also, not deciduous, as a leaf. tem, an indicator species denotes
indefinite. indeterminado. Having the more characteristic member(s);
a large, but indefinite number. also, in geobotany, they may high-
indefinite inflorescence. inflorescencia light particular environmental fac-
indefinida. Not ending in a flower, tors, such as species which are
and so theoretically, capable of heavy-metal tolerant indicating the
further elongation; also racemose. presence of metallic ore; ecologi-
indehiscent. indehiscente. Dry fruits cally, indicative of a specific habi-
indifferent species 206 inferior ovary
tat; also, an organism at the top indumentum. indumento. A hairy or
of a food chain that indicates the scaly covering that is often easily
lower levels by its food residues; rubbed off, especially pubescence.
index species. induplicate. induplicado. Having leaf
indifferent species. especies indifer- or flower margins bent inward and
ente. A species without an affin- touching the margin of each ad-
ity for any particular community, joining structure.
but not rare, as an accidental spe- indurated. endurecido. Hardened.
cies would be. indusium. indusio. In ferns, a thin,
indigenous. indgena. nativo. A spe- epidermal outgrowth that covers the
cies that is living naturally in an sorus; often breaking at the time
area; not introduced; native. of spore maturation.
individual. individuo. A single or- inequilateral. inequiltereo. With
ganism or plant that can not exist halves or sides unequal in shape
independently. and size; not symmetrical.
indoleacetic acid (IAA). cido indol(il)- inermis. inermis. Latin meaning un-
actico (AIA). A natural or syn- armed or thornless.
thetic plant growth regulator; an inermous. inerme. Having no prick-
auxin. les or spines; unarmed.
indolebutyric acid (IBA). cido indol- inert. inerte. Having very limited or
butrico (AIB). A synthetic com- no physiological properties.
pound used to regulate plant growth inertia. inercia. The ability of an eco-
and development. system to resist being disturbed or
inducer. inductor. agente inductivo. altered.
A compound that stimulates the infection. infeccin. The invasion
induction of a particular enzyme. of plant tissue by a pathogenic
inducible enzyme. enzima inducible. microorganism.
An enzyme that is present only when infection tube. tubo infeccin. The
stimulated by some particular sub- germ tube which pentetrates the
strate; adaptive enzyme. host from the germinating spore of
induction. induccin. The process a parasitic fungus.
of initiating or increasing the pro- inferior. inferior. infero (relativo
duction of an enzyme or other pro- al ovario). Growing below some
teins. other part, as having the floral or-
induction of flowering. induccin de gans attached above the ovary with
la floracin. The process of ini- the hypanthium fused to the lower
tiating or regulating the time of half. The flower is then epigynous.
flowering. Also, inferior is used to describe
induction of mutation. induccin de the annulus of an agaric when it
mutaciones. The process of mu- is placed low on the stipe.
tation determined by external con- inferior ovary. ovario infero. An ovary
ditions. where parts of the calyx, corolla,
inductor. inductor. An embryonic tis- and stamens are more or less joined
sue that influences the differentia- so that they appear to be attached
tion of other embryonic tissue. at the top of it.
inferior palea 207 initial cell
inferior palea. palea inferior. In the illary bud surrounded by the base
florets of grasses, the 2-nerved of the petiole; subpetiolar.
membrane (palea) in the inner bract infrared. infrarroja. The portion of
which is located between the flower the suns total radiation which has
and the rachilla (a shortened axis). wave lengths immediately longer
Together, the lemmas (bearing in than the longest of the visible spec-
their axis a single flower), the trum (red).
flower, and the palea, constitute infraspecific. infraspecfico. Occur-
the floret. ring within a species.
infertile. infrtil. infecundo. Not infructescence. infrutescencia. A fruit-
able to reproduce; barren; unpro- ing structure that has more than a
ductive. single fruit; also, the inflorescence
infiltration of water. infiltracin de after the flowers are fallen, and the
agua. The downward movement of fruits are formed.
water through soil. infundibular. infundibuliforme. Hav-
inflated. inflado. Swollen, thickened, ing the shape of a funnel, as a fun-
or distended, as a perianth or nel-shaped corolla.
pericarp. infundibuliform. infundibuliforme.
inflexed. inflexo. Bent or curved Having the shape of a funnel, as
downward or inward, as with a petal an infundibuliform flower; funnel-
or sepal. shaped.
inflorescence. inflorescencia. An axis infundibulum. infundbulo. A fun-
bearing flowers or a flower clus- nel-shaped organ or structure.
ter; also, the arrangement of flowers inheritance. herencia. The acquisi-
on a stem in relation to each other: tion of the species characteristics
classified as determinate or inde- or qualities by germ cells, from
terminate; a flower structure that parent to offspring, generation to
supports more than a single flower. generation.
influx. entrada. The gross uptake inherited. heridado. Acquired char-
of ions by a plant root. acteristics transmitted by germ cells
inflorescent. inflorescente. Flower- from parent to offspring.
ing. inherit from. heredar de. To acquire
informosome. informosoma. Mes- characteristics from ones parents
senger RNA synthesized during by germ cells.
oogenesis and deposited in the egg inhibit. inhibir. To slow down or hold
cytoplasm, with ribosome, as an back the growth of a plant or cell;
inactive complex; maternal mes- also to hinder or block the action
sage. of an enzyme.
infra-. infra-. infr-. A Latin prefix inhibitor. inhibidor. Anything that
that means, below or beneath. inhibits or regulates the action of
infracted. infracto. Abruptly bent, an enzyme or other chemical re-
as at a node; geniculate. action.
inframedial. inframedio. Below the initial cell. clula inicial. A cell which
middle. remains meristematic, divides re-
infrapetiolar. infrapeciolar. An ax- peatedly, and gives rise to many
initial spindle 208 inserted
daughter cells, from which, after or seeds of leguminous plants with
further division, the permanent tis- bacteria to induce nitrogen-fixa-
sues of the plant are differentiated. tion in the roots.
initial spindle. huso inicial. Netrum. inoculum. inculo. A substance con-
initiator. inico. The transfer ribo- taining bacteria or other agents for
nucleic aid (tRNA); also, a sub- innoculation.
stance or molecule that starts a re- inoculum potential. potencial de
action but different than a catalyst, inculo. The energy of growth of
in that it is usually chemically a fungus or other microorganism,
changed in the reaction. available for the colonization of a
inland wetland. pantano interior. Land substrate.
away from the coast, such as a inodorous. inodoro. Odorless; without
swamp or marsh that is covered with an odor.
fresh water, all or part of the year. inoperculate. inoperculado. Said of
innate. innato. Attached to the end a sporangium which lacks a lid.
of the filament, as an anther; oc- inordinate. inordinado. Not arranged
curring within the substance of a in any special order.
plant; also, originated in or sunken inorganic. inorgnico. Composed of
into the thallus. matter that is not animal or veg-
inner endodermis. endodermis interno. etable, as water and minerals; also,
The endodermis internal to the a chemical compound without car-
vascular tissues in a solenostele. bon as its skeleton atom.
inner fissure. grieta interno. The inner inorganic compound. compuesto
layer of the raphe (wall) of the inorgnico. A chemical compound
Bacillariophyceae. that usually is not derived from life
inner glume. gluma interno. The inner processes; also, compounds that do
glume is the second or inside bract not contain carbon.
in a pair of chaff-like bracts at the inositol. inositol. A sugar alcohol
base of the spikelet of some grasses common to both plants and animals.
(Poaceae). inrolled. enrolledado hacia adentro.
innoculation. inoculacin. The process Rolled inward, as inrolled or in-
of inoculating; also, the convey- volute petals.
ance of an infection to a host plant insculptate. ensculptada. Having holes
by any means of transmisssion; or depressions in the surface.
also, the entry of the germ tube of insectivore. insectvoro. A plant ca-
a parasitic fungus into a host; also, pable of capturing and deriving
the placing of spores, or pieces of nutrition by digesting insects.
myclium of growing fungi, or bac- insectivorous. insectvoro. Plants that
teria into a culture medium. capture and feed on insects.
innovation. brote. A new shoot or a inseminate. inseminar. To sow or plant
new annual growth on an existing seeds.
stem. inserted. inserto. insertado. Attached
inoculate. inocular. To induce a disease or growing out of another part; also
in a living organism by introduc- an introduced section of DNA or
ing a pathogen; also, to treat soil other genetic material into another
insertion 209 interchromocenter
sequence or region; in grafting, a tional presence of its complementary
scion is inserted into root stock. color.
insertion. insercin. The placement inter-. inter-. A Latin prefix that
of one section of DNA or other means, among or between.
genetic material into another; also, interact. interactura. To act upon each
the section inserted. other.
insertion mutant. mutante de inserc- interaction. interaccin. An action
in. A mutation caused by the ad- upon or an influence by and on each
dition or deletion of one or two other.
nucleotides in the DNA chain, so interbreed. interprogenie. interselecc-
that some nucleotide sequences are ionar. To mate different varieties
read in incorrect group of three or species of plants.
during translation; sometimes re- intercalar. intercalar. Intercalary.
ferred to as a frameshift. intercalary. intercalario. Growing
insignis. insignis. Latin meaning no- in locations other than at the apex,
table. commonly between the apex and
insipid. insipido. Without taste; taste- the base.
less. intercalary cell. clula intercalar. A
insolation. insolacin. Exposure to small cell between two aecidio-
the sun. spores which disintegrates as the
insolubility. insolubilidad. The quality spores ripen and breaks down as
or characteristic of not being dis- they are set free.
solvable, especially into a fluid intercalary growth. crecimiento
form. intercalar. A pattern of stem elon-
insoluble. insoluble. A substance or gation occurring in grasses (Poac-
matter that can not be dissolved. eae); lengthening starts at through
inspersed. insparcido. Having granules the differentiation of meristematic
penetrating the substance of the tissue at the base of each internode.
thallus. intercalary meristem. meristema in-
insular. insular. Occurring in iso- tercalar. The area of growth near
lated patches or locations. the internode base or at the base
integrifolius. integrifolius. Latin mean- of a blade.
ing simple-leaved. intercalary plates. placa intercalar.
integument. integumento. The outer A layer of plates between the api-
protective covering of an ovule cal and precingualar plates of the
perforated by the micropyle; com- cell wall of the Peridiniales.
monly, angiosperms have two in- intercellular space. espacio inter-
tegument and gymnosperms one; celular. Positioned between or
also, the membrane enclosing the among cells.
female gametophyte in the Lepido- interchange. complementacin inter-
carpales. cistrnica. An exchange of non-
intemperate phage. intemperado fago. homologous terminal segments of
See virulent phage. chromosomes; reciprocal translo-
intensity. intensidad. The degree of cation.
color as influenced by the propor- interchromocenter. intercromocentre.
intercostal 210 International Code of Botanical..
The areas of a chromatid composed mosome replication.
of euchromatin. intermediate filament. filamento int-
intercostal. intercostal. Lying between ermedio. A fiber or filament that
the rib or the vein. contributes to the cytoskeleton
intercross. intercruzada. Interbreed; structure of eukaryotic cells
to cross with each other. intermediate inheritance. herencia int-
interfascicular cambium. cmbium ermediaria. herencia inter-
interfasicular. A layer of cambium media. A type of inheritance where
that develops between vascular heterozygous offspring are different
bundles and connects with the in phenotype than their homozygous
fascicular cambium to form the vas- parents.
cular cambium of woody tissues. intermediate-day plant. planta de dia
interference. interferencia. The prob- intermedio. A plant with two criti-
ability of another crossing-over cal photoperiods so that it will not
occurring along or in the vicinity flower if the days are either too
of the chromosome where one has short or too long.
already occurred. intermittent. interrumpido. Describes
interfertile. interfrtil. Able to in- a renewal-stopping period of
terbreed, as interfertile plant spe- growth that produces clusters of
cies. stems or leaves along the stem.
interfoliar. interfoliar. Being between intermolecular. intermolecular. Be-
opposite leaves but placed alter- tween molecules.
nately with them, as interfoliar flow- internal environment. medio interno.
ers. The fluid that surrounds tissue and
intergeneric. intergenrico. Occur- organ cells.
ring between genera, as an inter- internal factor. factor interno. Any
generic hybrid. factor which depends on the ge-
intergrade. intergrado. An interme- netic constituiton of the plant and
diate form of a plant; also, to be- which influences its growth and de-
come alike through a repeated flow velopment.
of intermediate forms, as one popu- internal phloem. floema interno. A
lation of plants with another. phloem lying between the xylem
intergradation. intergradacin. The and the center of the stem.
process of intergrating. See inter- International Code of Botanical No-
grade. menclature. Cdigo Internac-
intergrana lamella. laminilla inter- ionales de Nomenclatura Botnico.
granular. The fine plate-like struc- A set of rules for the scientific nam-
ture of a chloroplast made of a layer ing of plants, accepted by botanists,
of chlorophyll and lipid, bounded in which the underlying objective
on either side by a layer of pro- (not always the practice) is the as-
tein. signment of a single, unambigu-
interkinesis. intercinesis. The activi- ous name to each taxon. To guide
ties occurring between meiosis I those who are selecting a new name,
and meiosis II which are similar the Code is composed of a group
to interphase but are without chro- of 6 Principles, 75 Articles, and a
internodal 211 intranuclear
series of Recommendations. It is interstitial. intersticial. Growth oc-
mandatory to observe the Articles, curs in the entire organ rather than
but not the Recommendations. localized, as in some fruits; also,
internodal. internodal. Pertaining to occupying the narrow spaces or
nodes or the intervening area be- interstices of tissue.
tween nodes or joints. intertidal zone. zona intermareal.
internode. entrenudo. internodio. zona de (entre)marea. The area
The space on the stem between two between low and high tide. See lit-
successive nodes or joints; also, toral zone.
the part of the thallus of the intertwine. entrelazarse. Entangled
Charales, where the branch-like or snarled, as trichomes.
filaments arise. intervarietal. intervarietal. Said of
internuclear. internuclear. Located a cross between two individuals of
or occurring in the area between the same variety and of the same
the nuclei of atoms or cells. species.
interpetiolar. interpeciolar. Between intervein. internervadura. Refers to
the petioles; also, connate stipules the areas between the veins, as with
from two opposite leaves. leaves.
interphase. interfase. The period of interxylary phloem. floema inter-
time between the close of one cell xilaria. A strand of secondary
division and the beginning of the phloem surrounded by secondary
next. xylem.
interrupted. interrumpido. Not con- intine. intina. The inner membrane
tinuous; having the main leaflets of a spore; also, the endospore in
or flower spikes divided by a se- the spores of bryophytes.
ries of smaller ones. intorsion. intorsin. The twisting or
interrupted pinnately compound. winding of a plant stem.
pinnado compuesta interrumpido. intort. intort. To twist, curl, or twine,
A leaf type with the smaller and as an intort stem.
larger leaflets alternating along the intra-. intra-. A Latin prefix that
main axis. means, within or on the inside.
intersex. intersexo. intersexuado. intracellular. intracelular. Occurring
A member of a bisexual species that within a cell or cells.
has sexual characteristics interme- intrafoliar. intrafoliar. Growing on
diate between male and female. the inside or in front of a leaf, as
interspecies hybrid. hbrido inter- intrafoliar stipules.
especie. Occurring between two intramarginal. intramarginal. Within
species. in the margin.
interspecific competition. competencia intramolecular. intramolecular. Oc-
interespecfica. Two or more spe- curring within a molecule or mol-
cies trying to use the same limited ecules.
resources in an ecosystem. intramolecular respiration. respiracin
interspecific hybrid. hbrido inter- intramolecular. Anaerobic respi-
especfico. See interspecies hy- ration.
brid. intranuclear. intranuclear. Within
intrapetiolar 212 inversion
the nucleus of an atom or cell. calized pathological swelling, con-
intrapetiolar. intrapeciolar. Grow- sisting mainly of parenchyma.
ing inside the petiole; also, a pair intussusception. intususcepcin. The
of stipules at the base of a peti- process of taking in nutrients by
ole, united by the margins that are a living organism and converting
next to the petioles, giving the ap- it into living tissue.
pearance of being a single stipule inulase. inulasa. The enzyme that
between the stem and the petiole. hydrolyses inulin to fructose.
intraspecies. intraespecie. Involv- inulin. inulina. A white, starchy sub-
ing members of the same species. stance obtained from the roots of
intraspecific. intraespecfico. See a variety of composite plants, es-
intraspecies. pecially elecampane (Inula helen-
intraspecific competition. competencia ium) and dahlia (Asteraceae); used
intraespecfica. Two or more in- as a substitute for starch in foods
dividual organisms of the same for diabetics.
species try to use the same limited invader. invasor. A plant occurring
resources in an ecosystem. in a community to which it does
intrastaminal. intraestaminal. Within not belong.
the androecium. invagination. invaginacin. Placing
intravaginal. intravaginal. Located or placed in a sheath.
inside the sheath, as within a invariance. invarianza. The recip-
sheathing petiole in grasses. rocal of variance.
intraxylary phloem. floema invasion. invasin. The growth in
intraxilaria. Internal phloem. an area of a large population of a
intricate. intrincado. Tangled hair, species not previously present.
as intricate hair. inverse. inverso. Reverse in order or
intro-. intro-. A Latin prefix that relationship; said of the condition
means, inside. of an embryo in which the radicle
introduced. introducido. extico. A is turned towards a point in the seed
species that has been intentionally at the opposite end to the hilum.
brought from another area; not inverse analysis. anlisis inverso. The
native. arrangement of individual charac-
introgressant. introgresante. A gene teristics in groups based on an analy-
acquired by introgression. sis of the individuals that posses
introgression. introgresin. The or lack those characteristics. In plant
merger of genes of one species into ecology, the method is used to group
the gene pool of another through species according to their presence,
hybridization and chance backcross- absence, or relative abundance at
ing. sample sites.
introgressive hybridization. hibrid- inversion. inversin. The reversal
acin introgresiva. Introgression. of one segment of a chromosome
introrse. introrso. Turned inward, by turning it around 180 and then
or toward the axis, as introrse an- reinserting it at the same position
thers. in the chromosome; also, the hy-
intumescence. intumescencia. A lo- drolysis of some carbohydrates,
invert 213 irradiation
such as sucrose into glucose and charge; also, in chemistry, an atom
fructose by reversing the optical or compound with a negative or
rotation of the solution; also, the positive electric charge as a result
turning inside-out of the colony of of having lost or gained one or more
some of Volvocales. electrons.
invert. invertir. To decompose by ionic antagonism. antagonismo inico.
inversion. antagonismo de iones. The effect
invertase. invertasa. An enzyme re- of adding one element as its ions
sponsible for the catalytic hydrolysis to the soil, causing deficiency of
of sucrose to fructose and glucose; another in a crop, e.g. adding po-
sucrase. tassium may cause symptoms of
inverted. invertido. Opposite in or- magnesium deficiency.
der, direction, or relationship; ionic bond. enlace inico. An asso-
turned upside down. ciation of two oppositely charged
inviability. inviabilidad. The con- ions.
dition of being inviable. ionic linkage. linkage inico. The
inviable. inviable. Unable to survive, linkage between an acid and a base.
especially because of some genetic ionize. ionizar. To split a molecule
defect. into two or more parts with each
involucel (lum). involucelo. involu- part becoming electrically charged.
cela. A small or secondary clus- ionizing radiation. radiacione ioniz-
ter of bracts. ante. High energy gamma rays or
involucral. involucral. Pertaining to fast-moving alpha or beta particles
involucre, as involucral bracts. emitted by radioisotopes which can
involucral bract. brctea involucral. dislodge one or more electrons from
See involucre. atoms they hit, forming charged ions
involucrate. involucrado. Having an in tissue which can damage living
involucre. tissue.
involucre. involucro. A cluster or circle iridescent. iridiscente. Having or dis-
of small leaves or bracts below or playing many colors, as a rainbow;
subtending an inflorescence; also, versicolor.
a shield-like structure growing over iridoid. iridoide. A class of com-
the calyptra and enclosed embryo pounds, mostly lactones, used by
of some Hepaticae and Anthoc- taxonomists in their study of
erotae. interfamilial relationships of the
involute. involuto. Margins rolled Asteraceae.
inward toward the upper surface. iron. hierro. A magnetic element with
involution. involucin. An infolding the chemical symbol of Fe; required
of membranes which produces an by plants in which rapid oxidation
increased surface area. reductions occur during electron
ion. ion. in. An atom, groups of transfers, as in photophosphoryla-
atoms, a compound, or molecule tion and oxidative phosphorylation.
that has gained (anions) or lost (cati- irradiation. irradiacin. Exposing seed,
ons) an electron, resulting in a pollen, or other plant parts to X-
positive or negative electrical rays or other short wave lengths
irregular 214 isoelectric point
(gamma rays) to increase mutation In desert ecology, the area directly
rates. below a tree or shrub where leaves
irregular (flower). irregular (flor). fall and decay, producing a nutri-
Having floral parts in a whorl that ent circle around the plant.
are dissimilar in shape or size; flow- island. isla. A body of land, smaller
ers that are bilaterally symmetri- than a continent, surrounded by
cal with parts usually reduced in water.
number, as a snap dragon (Antir- iso-. iso-. A Greek prefix that means,
rhinum); zygomorphic. equal or alike.
irregular symmetry. simetria irregular. isocarpic. isocrpico. A flower with
Bilateral symmetry; having only one the same number of carpels as other
plane through which a flower can floral parts.
be cut to result in mirror image isobilateral. isobilateral. Refers to
halves; zygomorphy. leaves having the same structure
irrigation. irrigacin. Artificially ap- on both surfaces, e.g. monocotyl-
plying water to the soil. edons; also, divisible into symmetri-
irritability. irritabilidad. The capacity cal halves by two distinct planes.
of living plant tissue to respond isobrachial. isobraquial. Said of a
to a stimulus; sensitiveness to chromosome which is bent into two
stimuli. equal arms.
irritable. irritable. Responding to isochromosome. isocromosoma. A
stimuli. metacentric chromosome produced
irritate. irritar. To stimulate. during cell division when the cen-
irrorate. irorado. Covered with dew. tromere splits transversely instead
irruption. irrupcin. A sudden change of longitudinally; the arms of the
in the population density of an chromosome are equal in length and
organism. genetically identical.
isadelphous. isadelfo. A diadelphous isochrous. isocro. Being of equal color
flower in which the separate bun- throughout.
dles of stamens are equal in number. isocitric acid. cido isoctrico. An
isidium. isidio. A branched or unbran- acid in the Citric Acid Cycle formed
ched projection from the thallus from aconitic acid; oxidizes to
in some lichens; thought to func- oxalo-succinic acid.
tion as propagules. isocitric enzyme. enzima isoctrico.
island biogeography. biogeografa isla. The enzyme that catalyses the for-
The study of plants and animals, mation of isoctiric acid from
on islands or in isolated areas that a-ketoglutaric acid.
resemble islands, to establish re- isocotylous. isoctilo. isocotiledneo.
lationships between land area and Having two embryonic leaves.
species numbers, as an equilibrium isodiametric. isodiamtrico. Of the
between immigration and extinc- same length, vertically and hori-
tion. zontally.
island biotas. biotas isla. The plants isodynamous. isodnamo. Having an
and animals of oceanic islands. equal size.
island of fertility. fertilidad de isla. isoelectric point. punto isoelctrico.
isogametangic 215 isoprene
See amphoteric electrolyte. isolating mechanism. mecanismo
isogametangic. isogametangico. Hav- aislante. mecanismo de aislam-
ing gametangia of the same size iento. Some characteristic of the
and form. structure or functioning that pre-
isogamete. isogameto. Two gametes vents interbreeding between popul-
of the same character or behavior ations that are undergoing or have
that can unite with one another to undergone speciation.
form a zygote, as isogamete algae. isoleucine. isoleucina. An amino acid
isogamous. isogamo. Having isogam- found in protein.
etes; also, reproducing by the unit- isomer. ismero. Any of the two or
ing of two similar gametes, as some more compounds that have the same
algae and fungi. molecular composition but different
isogamy. isogamia. The fusion of two molecular structure; differing only
similar gametes or gametangium, in their physical and chemical prop-
as in some algae and fungi. erties.
isogenic. isognico. Pertains to a graft isomerase. isomerasa. enzima isom-
using a scion and stock that are erizante. An enzyme that catal-
genetically identical. yses the interconversion of one iso-
isogenomatic. isogenomatico. Said mer into another; glucose 6-phos-
of chromosome complements which phate to fructose 6-phosphate.
are composed of similar genomes. isomerous. isomero. Having an equal
isogenous. isogno. Having parts origi- number of members in each whorl
nating from the same or correspond- or having an equal number of parts
ing tissue of the embryo. or markings.
isogeny. isogenia. Originating in or isomorph. isomorf. An isomorphic
derived from the same or corre- organism or substance.
sponding tissue. isomorphic. isomorfo. Having a simi-
isokont. isoconto. Having flagella lar appearance or structure but
of equal length. belonging to a different species or
isolateral. isolateral. Having an equal genotype; also, refers to an altera-
number on the side of the struc- tion of generations when the spo-
ture. rophyte and gametophyte genera-
isolation. aislamiento. The preven- tions are morphologically similar.
tion of crossing among plant popul- isomorphism. ismorfismo. The prop-
ations because of distance or geo- erty of being isomorphic; the ap-
graphic barriers; also, the condi- parent likeness between individuals
tion in which chromosomes of com- belonging to different species or
mon ancestry are prevented from races.
undergoing effective recombination. isopetalous. isoptalo. homoptalo.
isolation transect. transecto aislam- Having all the petals alike.
iento. A belt of land to whlich graz- isophase. isofase. The condition when
ing animals are admitted under ob- one hereditary factor influences the
servation so that the effect of graz- development of several character-
ing on the vegetation may be stud- istics.
ied. isoprene. isopreno. Five-carbon com-
isoprenoid 216 isthmus
pounds that are the basic unit of sure as the one with which it is being
terpenes. compared.
isoprenoid. isoprenoide. A compound isotope. istopo. Two or more forms
composed of two or more isoprenes of a chemical element that have the
or their spin-offs. same number of protons but dif-
isoreagent. isoreactivo. A variety of ferent mass numbers which denotes
microspecies. the different numbers of neutrons
isosporous. isporo. Having asexu- in their nuclei.
ally produced spores of only one isozyme. isoenzima. Different chemi-
kind. See homosporous. cal forms of the same enzyme, occ-
isostemonous. isostmono. With sta- urring possibly as a response to
mens equal in number to the se- various environmental extremes.
pals or petals. isthmus. istmo. The narrow connecting
isotonic. isotnico. Said of a solu- zone between the semi-cells of
tion having the same osmotic pres- Desmidiancea.
jaculator 217 juvenility
K. K. The chemical symbol for the nucleus into darkily staining gran-
element potassium. ules, during the necrosis of the cell
karyaster. carister. A group of chro- karyosome. cariosoma. A body of
mosomes arranged like the spokes chromatin in the nucleus which is
of a wheel. similar to but distinguished from
karyo-. cario-. A Greek prefix that a nucleolus; also, a type of nucleolus
means, nuclues. of the lower plants which stain with
karyogamy. cariogamia. The divid- basic dyes and furnish material for
ing of a nucleus into two, passing the chromosomes during mitosis;
to the opposite sides of the cell; nucleosome; a nucleus; a chromo-
also, the union of two nuclei, es- some.
pecially gametic nuclei. karyotheca. carioteca. Nuclear mem-
karyokinesis. cariocinesis. The di- brane.
vision of the cell nucleus, espe- karyotin. cariotina. Chromatin.
cially in mitosis. karyotype. cariotipo. The character
karyology. cariologa. Nuclear cy- of a set of chromosomes grouped
tology. by their arrangement, size, shape,
karyolymph. cariolinfa. The fluid por- or other defined characteristics.
tion within the nucleus of the cell; kata-. cata-. A Greek prefix that means,
or, the matrix lying in the reticu- down.
lum of the nucleoplasm; nuclear katadromous. catadroma. Said of the
sap. venation in ferns when the first
karomere. carimero. A swollen con- nerves in each leaf segment come
dition sometimes seen in chromo- off on the basal side of the midrib.
somes towards the end of a nuclear katakinetic. catacintico. Tending
division. to discharge energy.
karyomicrosome. cariomicrosoma. A katakinetomere. catacinetmero. An
nuclear granule. energy-poor, stable protoplasm
karyomite. carimito. Chromosome molecule.
karyoplasm. carioplasm. The proto- kataphase. catafasa. The stages of
plasm in the nucleus of a cell; nu- mitosis from the formation of the
cleoplasm. chromosomes up to the division of
karyoplasmatic ratio. nucleoplasmtico the cell.
ratio. The ratio of the volume of keel. quilla. A conspicuous linear
the nucleus and that of the cyto- seam, or longitudinal ridge, like
plasm of the same cell. the keel of a boat; also, the two
karyorhexis. cariorrexis. The dis- lower united petals of a papilon-
integration of the chromatin of the aceous flower, as in the Fabaceae;
keeled 219 knot
carina. fiber; centromere.
keeled. carenado. aquillado. Hav- kinetomere. cinetmero. Molecules
ing a pronounced seam or ridge, of protoplasm which may be
as on a leaf; carinate. energy-rich and reactive, or energy-
keimplasm. ceimplasma. Germplasm. poor and stable.
kelp. kelp. Large brown algae or sea- kinetosome. cinetosoma. See basal
weed that grows below the low tide granule.
sea level in temperate waters; for kingdom. reino. The common taxo-
example Laminaria in which the nomic classification from most gen-
thallus is composed of a holdfast, eral to most specific, as kingdom,
a stipe, and a flattened blade. phylum, class, order, family, ge-
kernel. pepita. The soft, inner part nus, species, subspecies, or vari-
of hard shell nut or inside the stone ety; the highest classification, e.g.
of a fruit; also, the body of a seed, Kingdoms: Plant, Protista, Fungi,
inside its coat. Monera, Animal.
ketoglutaric acid. cido cetoglutrico. kinin. quinina. A group of plant hor-
An acid in the Citric Acid Cycle, mones influencing the rate of mi-
produced from oxalosuccinic acid, tosis; found in young developing
with the evolution of carbon di- tissue and embryos; citoquinina.
oxide, and oxidized to succinic acid. kinked. enroscado. A short twist or
ketone. quetona. cetona. The oxi- coil on some vines.
dation products of secondary kino. kino. cino. A resin-like sub-
alcohols. stance, soluble in water, astringent
ketose. quetosa. cetosa. A hexose and used medicinally and in tan-
sugar having a = O group on the ning.
second carbon atom and no HO kinoplasm. cinoplasma. Protoplasm
group on the first one, e.g. fruc- which is composed of fibrils and
tose. which in cell division composes the
keto-uracil. ceto-uracilo. One of the spindle fibers, attraction sphere,
precursors of nucleosides. and astral rays.
keystone species. especie piedra an- klinostat. clinstato. Clinostat.
gular. Species that affect many klinotrophic. clinotrfico. Placed at
other organisms in an ecosystem. a slant to the direction of a given
kinase. kinasa. The enzyme which stimulus.
catalyses the transfer of phosphate knee. rodilla. A knob on the root of
to ADP, forming ATP. a tree that grows in the swamp or
kinetic body. cuerpo cintica. A small wet area, as a cypress (Cupress-
granular body lying where a chro- aceae).
mosome is attached to the spindle. knob-like. obpiriforme. A hard swell-
kinetic energy. energia cintica. The ing or rising; obpiriform.
energy that results from the ran- knot. nudo. A hard mass of wood that
dom movement of molecules. is formed where a branch grows
kinetochore. quinetcoro. The por- out from a tree; a node on a stem,
tion of a chromosome where the such as a joint on grasses (Poaceae);
attachment is made to a spindle a nodr where leaves grow from a
knotted 220 krummholz
stem. into carbon dioxide; molecules re-
knotted. nudoso. Full of knots or hav- duced in the process can be used
ing knots. in forming electron carriers for use
Kranz anatomy. anatoma de Kranz. in the last stage of the aerobic path-
A specialized leaf anatomy in which way; tricarboxylic
the vascular bundle is surrounded acid cycle; Citric Acid Cycle.
by bundle sheath cells. kremnophyte. cremnfito. A plant
Krebs Cycle. ciclo de Krebs. A stage that grows alongside a steep wall.
of aerobic respiration in which there krummholz. krummholz. Literally
is a mitochondrial oxidation of crooked forest; the low, wind-
pyruvic acid being broken down distorted forest at timberline.
L 221 lactone
P. P. The symbol for the chemical active when they come together,
element phosphorus. and passive when they stay together
pachy-. paqui-. A Greek prefix that during the first metaphase; synapsis.
means, thick. paleo-. paleo-. A Greek prefix that
pachycarpous. paquicarpo. crasi- means, old.
carpo. Having a thick pericarp. pal(a)eobotany. paleobotnica. The
pachycaulous. paquicaule. crasicaule. study of fossil plants.
Having a short, thick stem, as the pal(a)eoclimnology. pal(a)eoclimno-
succulent stems on some cacti loga. The study of the history and
(Cactaceae). development of freshwater ecosys-
pachycladous. paquiclado. crasiclado. tems, with particular interest in
Having thick branches. lakes.
pachynema. paqunemo. Pachytene. pal(a)eoecology. pal(a)eoecologa.
pachyphyllous. paqufilo. Having thick The study of the relationship of
leaves. living things to the environment
pachypleurous. paqupleuro. Thick- and each other in ancient times;
walled. the ecology of prehistoric life.
pachytene. paquteno. paquiteno. The pal(a)eoflora. pal(a)eoflora. The fossil
third stage of the prophase of meio- flora of a geological period or spe-
sis when the homologous chromo- cific formation.
somes thicken and four chromatids pal(a)eola. pal(a)eola. Very small
become apparent. The five stages palea; having small, membranous
of prophase are: leptotene, zygo- scales, as in the inflorescence of
tene, the pachytene, the diplotene, grasses (Poaceae). See lodicule.
and diakinesis. pal(a)eolae. pal(a)eolae. Plural of
packing cell. clula de relleno. An pal(a)eola.
individual parenchymatous cell. pal(a)eolate. pal(a)eolado. Having a
p(a)edogenesis. pedognesis. paido- lodicule.
gnesis. Markedly precocious flow- pal(a)eomorphic. pal(a)eomorfo.
ering. Without symmetry, as paleomorphic
pagina. pagina. Refers to the surface, flowers. See amorphous.
as of a leaf ; also, the thallus of a pal(a)eontology. pal(a)eontologa. The
lichen; lamina. science that studies pre-historic life
paired. pareado. yugado. Coupled, forms represented by fossils, in-
as paired leaves, occurring oppo- cluding plants.
site each other. pal(a)eophytology. pal(a)eofitologa.
pairing of chromosomes. apareamiento See pal(a)eobotany.
de cromasomas. It is said to be pal(a)eospecies. pal(a)eoespecie. A
pal(a)eotropical 289 palmate-pinnate
group of organisms known from Any of the cells that compose the
fossils, which differ in some re- palisade layer; also, one of the ter-
spects from all other known organ- minal cells of the hyphae forming
isms. the cortex of a lichen thallus.
pal(a)eotropical. pal(a)eotropical. Be- palisade fungi. micfitas en empaliz-
longing or in reference to the tropi- ada. Basidiomycetae.
cal and subtropical regions of the palisade layer. estrato en empalizada.
Eastern Hemisphere. In a leaf or thallus, a layer of elon-
Palades granules. granos de Palade. gated cells between the upper and
See ribosome. lower epidermis that contains many
palate. paladar. The convex base on chloroplasts and is involved in pho-
the lower lip of the corolla which tosynthesis; found in dicots, but
partially or in some species, com- not in monocots.
pletely closes the throat. palisade mesophyll. mesfil en empa-
palea. plea. One of the bracts at lizada See palisade layer.
the base of each floret in many palisade stereide. stereida en empal-
composite flowers; also, one of the izada. A rod-shaped cell found in
two inner bracts (lemma and palea) the testa of a seed. It is thick-walled,
enclosing the stamens and pistils elongated, and lies at a right an-
in the flowers of grasses (Poaceae); gle to the surface of the seed.
also, the scales on the stems of some palisade tissue. tejdo en empalizada.
ferns (Filicopsida). One or more layers of palisade cells
paleaceous. palaeceo. Having or re- beneath the epidermis of a leaf.
sembling palea; having chaff y palisade parenchyma. parnquima en
scales. empalizada. See palisade layer.
paleo-. paleo-. A prefix that means, pallens. pallens. Latin meaning pale
ancient or prehistoric. colored.
paleoa. paleoa. Lodicule. pallescent. palescente. Becoming
paleobotanical. paleobotnico. Having lighter in color with age.
to do with paleobotany. pallid. plido. Light-colored.
paleobotany. paleobotnica. A branch palm. palma. palmera. Any of a
of botany or paleontology which group of tropical or subtropical
focuses on plant fossils. trees included in the family of
paleochronology. paleocronologa. Arecaceae or Palmae.
The dating of fossil organisms by palmate. palmado. Radiating lobes
counting the ridges on fossil shells (57), veins, or leaves emerging
and corals. from a common center, as fingers
paliform. paliforma. Having the form on a hand.
of a stake. palmately compound leaf. palmati-
palingenesis. palingnesis. In the em- compuesta. hoja palmado com-
bryonic stage, the development of puesta. Leaflets emerging from one
characteristics which repeats with- point at the end of a petiole.
out change, ancestral characteris- palmate-pinnate. palmado-pinnado.
tics. With the first order of leaflets
palisade cell. clula en empalizada. palmately arranged and the second
palmatifid 290 papain
order pinnately arranged. ber of particles (pangenes) derived
palmatifid. palmatfido. Cut or lobed from all parts of the body tissues
palmately. and variably affected by variation
palmatiform. palmatiforme. Having in the environment.
a palmate shape. panicle. pancula. A branching, com-
palmatisect. palmatisecto. Palmate pound raceme inflorescence with
with the cleft almost to the base. flowers growing from pedicles.
palmella. palmela. The zooglea stage panicoid. panicoide. Having flowers
of bacteria, when forming a jelly- that are borne on pedicles.
like mass. paniculate. paniculado. Having flow-
palmelloid. palmeloide. An algal colony ers that grow from panicles.
made up of an indefinite number paniculiform. paniculiforme. Having
of nonmotile cells in a gelatinous the appearance of a branching in-
or mucilaginous matrix. florescence but not necessarily the
palmitic acid. cido palmtico. A crys- structure of a true panicle.
talline acid which is solid at room panmixes. panmixes. panmixia. Un-
temperatures; a glyceride in palm restricted, random mating.
oil (Palmae) and in most solid fats. panniform. paniform. Having the ap-
paludal. paldico. pantanoso. Of or pearance of felt.
pertaining to a marsh; marshy. pannose. afelpado. Covered with a
paludicolous. paludcolo. Living in layer of trichomes giving the ap-
ponds, streams, and marshes. pearance or texture of wool, mat-
paludification. empantanamiento. The ted, and felt-like.
transformation into a swamp. pannosus. pannosus. Latin meaning
palustrine. paludcola. Growing in wet panniform.
areas, such as in marshes or panphotometric. panfotomtrico. Said
swamps. of a narrow leaf which stands nearly
palynology. palinologa. The study or quite erect.
of spores and pollen, especially in panto-. panto-. A Greek prefix that
fossils. means, all.
pampinody. pampinodia. The change pantophase. pantfago. An organ-
of leaves, or parts of leaves into ism that feeds on both plants and
tendrils. animals; omnivore.
pandurate. pandurado. Shaped like pantothenic acid. cido pantotnico.
a violin; violin-shaped, as some A vitamin B, synthesized by green
leaves. See panduriform. plants and microorganisms, that
panduriform. panduriforme. Obovate forms a part of the metabolic com-
shaped leaves with an indentation pound coenzyme A. It is needed
on each side near the base and with for the growth of yeasts and some
two small basal lobes. See pand- bacteria.
urate. pantropical. pantropical. Plants com-
pangenesis. pangnesis. The theory mon to the tropics or found in most
that the heredity of organisms is tropical environments.
determined by the summation of papain. papaina. An enzyme (or group
influences from an indefinite num- of enzymes) found in the leaves and
paper-like 291 paramylum
unripe fruit of paw-paw (papaya) parabolic. parablico. Having a broad
Carica papaya. In neutral solution, base and gradually narrowing by
it hydrolyses proteins to poly- curved sides to a blunt point.
peptides. paracentric inversion. inversin para-
paper-like. cartceo. Having the tex- cntrico. An inversion that does
ture, feel, or consistency of paper. not include the centromere.
papery. papirceo. Having the thin- paracorolla. paracorola. Corona.
ness or feel of paper. paradesmose. paradesmosa. A small
papilionaceous. papilioncea. Refers transverse fibril of stainable ma-
to an irregular corolla with a large terial which connects the belepharo-
posterior petal (banner-like), two plasts at the base of the flagella
lateral petals (wing-like), and usu- of some Chlorophyta.
ally two lower petals (keel-like), paraffinic acid. cido parafinico. One
as in the Fabaceae; said of flow- of the acids in humus.
ers that look like butterflies. paragynous. paragino. Said of anth-
papilla (pl. papillae). papila. A tiny eridium which is applied to the side
protruding cell or nipple-like pro- of an oogonium.
jection, especially on the surface parallel. paralelo. Lines or planes
of many flower petals. equidistantly extending alongside
papillate. papiloso. Having papilla. one another, as with the surface pat-
papillose. papiloso. Having very small terns of some leaf veins.
papillae or short protuberances. parallel evolution. evolucin paralela.
pappose. comoso. paposo. Covered The manner of derivation of struc-
with a pappus or a downy chaff, ture which are similar, but occur
as dandelion (Taraxacum) seeds. on plants not descended from an
pappus. vilano. papo. A ring of fine, obvious common ancestor.
sometimes feathery hairs, devel- parallel venation. nervadura paralela.
oped from the calyx, and cover- Venation in which the major veins
ing the fruit. It acts as a parachute are more or less parallel to one
and aids in wind dispersal; also, another; characteristic of monocot
having bristles, scales or awns at leaves.
the apex of the achene in the ca- parallelodromous. paralelinervio.
lyx of an (Asteraceae); a downy paraleldromo. Refers to leaves
chaff. with the main veins parallel to the
papular. papular. Covered with or leaf axis or to other veins parallel
pertaining to papillae or pimples. to each other.
papyraceous. papirceo. Papery in parallelotropic. paralelotrpico. Said
texture. See papery. of a plant member set along the
para-. para-. A Greek prefix that direction of a stimulus.
means, near or beside. parameter. parmetro. A quantity
para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). cido necessary for the specification of
par(a)aminobenzoico. A yellow, a population.
crystalline acid, a component of the paramylum. paramilo. A starch-like
vitamin B complex in yeast and food found in the chloroplast of
bran. some single-celled organisms, e.g.
paranema 292 parent
Euglenophyta. parasporangium. parasporangio. A
paranema. paranema. A sterile hair. sporangium containing paraspores.
parapatric. parapatrico. Describes paraspore. paraspora. A spore pro-
species whose habitats are sepa- duced on the tetrasporophyte of
rate but adjoining. some Rhodophyta. They are likely
parapatric speciation. especiacin to be diploid and always germinate
parapatrico. A rapid speciation that to produce a new tetrasporophyte.
occurs in some small breeding parastichies. parsticos. A spiral line
populations that are not completely passing once around a stem through
isolated genetically or geographi- the bases of successive leaves.
cally; stasipatric speciation. parasymbiosis. parasimbiosis. The
paraphototropic. parafototrpico. condition when two organisms grow
Diaphototropic. together without assisting or harm-
paraphyllum. parfilo. A leaf-like or ing one another.
filamentous appendage near a leaf parasyndesis. parasndesis. The side-
in mosses (Musci), but they are not by-side association of a pair of
in any specific position. chromosomes, as in zygotene and
paraphysis. parfisis. Erect, sterile pachytene; parasynapsis.
filaments occurring in the repro- parathecium. paratecio. A layer of
ductive organs of some ferns (Fili- hyphae around the apothecium of
copsida), mosses (Musci), and fungi a lichen or Discomycete.
(Fungi). paratonic. paratnico. Said of a plant
paraphysoid. parafisoide. A plate of movement induced by external
cells occurring between the asci in stimulus.
some ascomycetes. paratracheal. paratraqueal. Said of
paraplasm. paraplasma. The inac- xylem parenchyma which occurs
tive vegetative part of the proto- at the edge of the annual ring,
plasm. around the vessels, but nowhere
paraplectenchyma. paraplectnquima. else.
Pseudoparenchyma. paratype. paratipo. A specimen, other
parasite. parasito. An organism that than the type specimen, that is used
lives on or in another organism, by a botanist at the time of the origi-
obtaining some or all of its nutri- nal description, and designated as
tional needs from the host. such; allotype.
parasitic castration. castracin par- parenchyma. parquima. Thin-walled,
sita. The condition when a plant unspecialized, living cells with large
is uable to fruit due to the dam- vacuoles that are active in photo-
age of the reproductive organs by synthesis, storage, or secretion;
a parasite. most of the soft tissue of leaves,
parasitic plant. planta parsita. A plant the pulp of fruits, or the pith of
that lives on another plant, obtaining stems is parenchyma.
nutrition from the host, and lives parenchymatous. parequimato. Per-
at the hosts detriment, as mistle- taining to or having the nature of
toe (Loranthaceae) on oak trees parenchyma.
(Quercus). parent. planta promogenitor. planta
parent material 293 partially permeable
madre. A plant, organism, or cell development of fruit without seeds
that produces an offspring. or fertilization.
parent material. roca madre. The ma- parthenogenesis. partenognesis. In
terial form which a soil is formed many angiosperms, the development
by physical and chemical weath- of one of the sexual cells without
ering. previous fusion with a cell of the
parental generation. generacin pa- opposite sex, often referred to as
terna. The generation composed beginning without fertilization;
of the immediate parents of the filial the development of an embryo from
generation. a gamete without gametic union.
parichinos. parimarca. parichinos. See thelytoky.
In certain lower vascular plants, parthenogenetic. partenognetico. Re-
a pair of scars, one on each side production by the formation of egg
of the leaf base; each scar marks cells capable of development with-
the end of a strand of parenchyma out fertilization; exhibiting parthe-
passing into the stem. nogenesis.
parietal. parietal. Connected with parthenospore. partenspora. Azygo-
cells (as ovules) or attached to the spore.
inner wall of hollow organs, as an parthenote. partenodo. An individual
ovary. developed from an egg containing
parietal placentation. placentacin pa- only one nucleus which is haploid.
rietal. Having ovules attached to partial. parcial. Secondary; subsidiary;
the walls of a unilocular syncarpous not complete.
ovary; ovule attachment. partial dominance. dominancia incom-
paripinnate. paripinnado. Even-pin- pleta. A type of incomplete domi-
nate with no terminal leaflet. nance with the heterozygote resem-
paroicous. paroico. Said of the bling one homozygote more than
Bryophyta in which the antheridia the other; semi-dominance.
and archegonia occur on the same partial habitat. hbitat parcial. The
branches but are not mixed, the habitat occupied by a plant dur-
antheridia being lower on the stem ing one stage in its life cycle.
than the archegonia. partial parasite. parsito parcial. A
part. parte. A portion of a plant, as plant that has some power of pho-
stamens and pistils are floral parts. tosynthesis, but obtains from a host
parted. partido. Leaves that are deeply some material, mainly mineral salts
cleft, usually one half to three and water.
fourths distance to the base or partial umbel. umbela parcial. One
midvein. of the smaller groups of flowers
parthenoapogamy. partenoapogamia. which altogether make-up a com-
The fusion of vegetative nuclei. pound umbel.
parthenocarpic. partenocarpico. De- partial veil. velo parcial. A mem-
veloping fruits from unfertilized brane joining the edge of the pi-
ovaries; the resulting fruit is usu- leus to the stipe in the immature
ally without seeds. fruit bodies of some agarics.
parthenocarpy. partenocarpia. The partially permeable. permeable
particulate inheritance 294 pea-shaped
parcialmente. Denotes a membrane patchy. parchada. Forming or char-
that only allows passage of solvent acterized by patches.
molecules; semi-permeable. patella. patela. A structure with the
particulate inheritance. herencia mend- shape of a shallow pan, as the spore-
eliana. Inheritance occurring in bearing part of some lichens; a ses-
one individual of distinctive char- sile apothecium with a distinct
acteristics from both parents. margin.
partim. partim. Latin meaning partly. patelliform. pateliforme. Having the
partition. particin. A wall dividing shape of a knee-cap, shallow pan,
the loculi of a syncarpous ovary. or disk.
See septum. patent. patente. Horizontal spread-
part spore. parte espora. One of the ing, as the branches of a tree; di-
one-celled spores resulting from the vergent; divaricate.
breaking up of a two-or-more-celled pathfinder. explorador. Honey-guide.
ascospore. pathogen. patgeno. Any agent
parvi-. parvi-. A Latin prefix that capable of producing a disease,
means, small. especially a living organism.
parviflorus. parviflorus. Latin mean- pathogenic. patognico. Producing
ing small-flowered. or causing a disease.
parvifoliate. parvifoliado. Having pathology. patologa. The study of
leaves which are small in relaiton diseases, their effects on plants or
to the size of the stem. animals, and their treatment.
passage cell. clula de paso. The thin- patroclinal. patroclino. Exhibiting
walled cell of the endodermis of the characteristics of the male parent
a root, found opposite the proto- more prominently than those of the
xylem element, through which so- female parent.
lutions can diffuse in a transverse patromorphic. patromorfo. Resem-
direction. bling the male parent.
passive absorption. absorcin pasivo. patulous. patulo. Spreading apart,
The accumulation of a substance as a patulous calyx or bearing flow-
inside a cell by physical processes. ers loosely, as a peduncle.
passive transport. transporte pasivo. pauci-. pauci-. A Latin prefix that
The movement of a substance means, few.
across a cell membrane without any pauciflorous. paucifloro. Having few
direct energy outlay. flowers.
pasture. potrero. An area with grasses pauciflorus. pauciflorus. Latin mean-
or similar herbage, usually im- ing few-flowered.
proved; where animals are grazed. pauciwhorls. pauciverticilo. Having
patch (pl. patches). parche. Grow- few whorls.
ing in small, isolated spots; also, PCB. PCB. See polychlorinated
leaves that have zones of differ- biphenyls.
ing colors. pear-shaped. piriforme. Resembling
patchily. con parches. Growing only a pear (Pyrus) in shape; pyriform.
in localized or isolated areas rather pea-shaped. pisiforme. Resembling
than plentifully. a pea (Pisum) in shape.
peat 295 pedology
peat. turba. A somewhat heavy, spaced, like the teeth of a comb;
unconsolidated soil of semicar- comb-like.
bonized, only partially decomposed pedate. pedato. A leaf divided in a
vegetable matter due to the lack fan-like or palmate manner with the
of oxygen, i.e. waterlogging, which lower two lateral lobes sometimes
does not allow the bacteria to live redivided into smaller segments.
which produces decomposition, pedicel. pedicelo. The main stalk of
such as in sphagnum moss (Musci). a single flower.
peat bog. turbera de esfagnales. An pedicellate. pedicelado. Having a
area of wet, spongy ground in which pedicle(s), as pedicellate flowers.
peat has formed and accumulated pedicle. pediculo. A small, second-
through a partial decomposition of ary stalk, supporting a single flower
mosses (Musci), sedges, trees, and when there are several attached to
other organisms; bog. a peduncle in a branching inflo-
peat moss. musgo de turba. musgo rescence.
de pantano. The common name pediculate. pediculado. Supported
for a relatively sterile, inert me- by a pedicle, as a pediculate flower.
dium consisting of partially decayed pedafid. pedafido. Having the lamina
plants of the genus Sphagnum deeply cut in a pedate manner.
(Musci). pedicel. pedicelo. A small stalk; also,
pectic substances. sustancia pctica. the stalk of an individual flower
Compounds composed primarily of in an inflorescence.
polysaccharid acids found in the pedicle cell. clula pediculo. A large
cell walls of unlignified tissue. They basi-central cell in the globule of
are soluble in water and form gels the Charales. It bears all the other
under certain conditions: A = ara- structures of the globule which
binose; GA = galacturonic acid; developed in a division of a cell
G = galactose; MGA = methyl- at its apex.
ated galacturonic acid. pedicellate. pedicelado. Said of a
pectic sheath. vaina pctica. A layer flower or fruit having a stalk; also,
of pecose formed on the ouside of having a stalk.
the cellulose cell wall of the Chloro- pedigree. pedigree. registro geneal-
phyta. gico. A table of ancestry.
pectin. pectina. A group of water pedogamy. pedogamia. Pseudomixis
soluble substances related to car- between young or immature organ-
bohydrates; when combined with isms.
alcohol and sugar, they form a jelly pedogenesis. pedeognesis. Repro-
which occurs in the rind of citrus duction in young or immature or-
and other fruits. ganisms; also, the natural process
pectinase. pectinasa. An enzyme, pro- of soil formation, including sup-
duced by many parasitic fungi, plementary processes as humific-
which destroys the pectin of the ation, weathering, leaching, and cal-
middle lamella of cell walls. cification.
pectinate. pectinado. Pinnatifid leaves pedology. pedologa. The study of
with closely set segments, regularly soils; soil science.
peduncle 296 pentacoccous
peduncle. pednculo. The main stalk structure, as a leaf or fungus, at-
of a flower cluster; also, in some tached to a stalk at the center of
fungi, the stalk bearing the repro- the lower surface; scutiform.
ductive structure. peltatfid. peltatfido. Peltate and di-
pedunculate. pedunculado. Having vided into sections.
or growing on a peduncle. peltiform. peltiforme. Shield-shaped,
peg. estipite. A ridge or line going or rounded as peltiform venation.
down a stem below the point of at- pendent. pendiente. pndulo. Nod-
tachment of a decurrent leaf, as on ding.
some thistles or conifers (Coni- pendulous. colgante. Hanging loosely
fer-ales); also, an outgrowth from or swinging; also, said of an ovule
the hypocotyl of seedllings of some which is suspended from a point
Cucurbitaceae, which plays some at or near the top of the ovary.
part in assisting the seedling to penetrance (genetic). penetrancin
emerge from the testa; also, the (gnica). The percentage of indi-
spore-supporting filament in a fun- viduals of a specific genotype that
gus; sterigma. express an expected phenotype.
peg-like. estipitiforme. Having the penicil. penicil. A tuft of hair, as on
appearance of a peg. an artists paintbrush.
pelagic. pelgico. Pertaining to the penicillate. penicilado. Having or form-
ocean. ing a small tuft or tufts of hairs;
pelagium. pelgio. A surface sea for- brush-shaped.
mation. penicillic acid. cido penicilnico. An
pelargonidin. pelargonidina. A red antibiotic produced by Penicilium
anthocyanidin pigment. puberlum and P. cycloplum.
pellicle. pelculo. The outer layer of penicillin. peniclina. An anitibiotic
the upper surface of a pileus, when produced by strains of Penicillium
it can be stripped off as a delicate notatum and P. chrysogenum.
membrane; also, of bacteria, a penicilliopsin. penicilliopsina. A yel-
growth on the surface of a liquid low pigment produced by Penicill-
culture. iopsis clavarilformis.
pellucid. pelcido. Translucent or trans- penicilliform. penicilado. Penicillate.
parent, admitting the passage of penni-. penni-. A prefix that means,
light. feather-like.
pelophile. pelfilo. A plant which penniform. penniforme. Having the
occurs in clayey soil. shape or form of a feather.
peloria. peloria. In flowers which are penninerved. penninervado. pinnati-
normally irregular or unsymmet- nervio. Pinnately nerved or veined
rical, the bearing of regular or sym- leaves; leaf veins arranged like a
metrical flowers; flowers most often feather.
subject to peloria are those near- penta-. penta-. A Greek prefix that
est to the stem. means, five.
peloton. pelotn. A type of endophytic pentacarpellary. pentacarpelar. Hav-
mycorrhiza. ing five carpels.
peltate. peltado. Shield-shaped; a flat pentacoccous. pentacocco. Having or
pentacyclic 297 perennating bud
containing five seeds; also, hav- glucose-6-phosphate + 2 triose
ing five united cells with one seed phosphate + 12 NADPH (2).
in each cell. NADPH (2) is only oxidized in the
pentacyclic. pentaciclico. Having five presence of oxygen and the cycle
whorls or whorls of five parts each. does not occur anaerobically.
pentadactylous. pentadactilo. Divided peonidin. peonidina. A magenta colored
into five finger-like parts. anthoxanthin pigment.
pentadelphous. pentadelfo. Having pepo. pepnida. A group of many-
stamens arranged in groups of five seeded, fleshy fruits with leathery,
or in five clusters. non-septate rinds, such as melons,
pentagonal. pentagonal. Having five gourds, or cucumbers (Cumcurbit-
angles with convex surfaces be- aceae). It is a particular type of
tween them. berry.
pentagynous. pentgino. Having five peptide. pptido. A compound of two
pistils or styles. or more amino acids with the car-
pentamerous. pentmero. Having five boxyl group of one amino linked
parts or divisions in each whorl; by the peptide bonds of another
sometimes written as 5-merous. amino group.
pentandrous. pentandro. Having five peptide bond. vinculo peptideo. A
stamens. chemical connection formed by the
pentapetalous. pentaptalalo. Hav- removal of water from two adja-
ing five petals. cent molecules of amino acid.
pentaploid. pentaploide. Having five peptone. peptono. One of the first
times the haploid number chromo- derivatives of the digestion of pro-
somes characteristic of the species; tein.
having five complete sets of chro- per-. per-. A Latin prefix that means,
mosomes. through.
pentasepalous. pentaspalo. Having perception. percepcin. The first
five sepals. changes to occur when a plant is
pentosan. pentosana. Any of a group stimulated.
of sugars which form pentoses in percolation. percolacin. A gravity
hydrolysis; xylan. induced movement of water down
pentose. pentosa. A class of mono- through soil.
saccharides containing five atoms percurrent. percurrente. Extending
of carbon. the entire length, as with the midrib
pentose-phosphate cycle. ciclo pentosa- of a leaf extending from the mar-
fosfato. An oxidation cycle similar gin to the apex.
to the citric acid cycle. This cycle perennate. perennado. To last or live
results from the oxidation of glu- through a number of years, as a
cose-6-phosphate by oxidized perennial plant.
NADP, with the formation of perennation. perennidad. Living from
pentose phosphates and the release season to seaon, generally with a
of carbon dioxide. Some glucose- period of reduced activity between
6- phosphate is reformed to: 6-glu- each season.
cose-6-phosphate +12 NADP = 4- perennating bud. yema invernante.
perennating organ 298 perichaetium
The bulb or seed by which bien- peri-. peri-. A Latin and Greek pre-
nial and perennial plants survive fix that means, around or en-
periods of unfavorable conditions circling.
(winter cold) when the aerial parts perianth. perianto. The flower enve-
die back and food for next year s lope usually containing the greenish
growth is stored in an underground calyx and the colorful corolla; also,
organ. in liverwort, the tube-like sheath
perennating organ. rgano invernante. surrounding the archegonium.
See perennating bud. periblem. periblema. At the end of
perennial. perenne. A plant with un- stems and roots, the layer of
derground parts that lives for two meristem between the dematogen
or more seasons, and after an ini- and plerome, from which the cortex
tial period produces flowers annu- develops.
ally; a plant that grows from the pericambium. pericmbio. Pericycle.
root each year, and does not need pericarp. pericarpio. pericarpo. The
to be replanted. walls of a ripened fruit of a flow-
perfect. perfecta. Said of the stage ering plant; also, a structure that
in the life cycle of a fungus which holds the spores of some algae, such
produces spores by sexual fusion; as red algae; also, the body of a
also, said of a flower which has fruit developed from the ovary wall
functional anthers and ovules. and enclosing the seeds; also, the
perfect flower. flor perfecta. A flower layer of vegetative tissue cover-
having both stamens (male) and ing a friut body, as in some fungi.
pistils (female) reproductive organs; pericentral cell. clula pericentral.
also, indicates the stage in the life A cell cut off in a radial plane which
cycle when a fungus produces occurs in the thalli of some
sexual spores; monoclinous. Rhodophyta.
perfoliate. perfoliado. A leaf with a pericentral siphon. sfon pericentral.
base that completely surrounds the One of the tubular elements sur-
stem, giving the appearance of the rounding the central siphon in the
stem passing through the leaf. thallus of some Rhodophyta.
perforated. perforado. With holes. pericentric inversion. inversin peri-
perforation. perforacin. Having many cntrico. The reversal of one seg-
holes or rows of holes, as in a sieve ment of a chromosome that involves
cell; also, an interruption in the the centromere.
continuity of a stele, not due to a perichaetial bract. brctea pericaetial.
leaf gap. One of the leaves composing the
pergamentaceous. apergaminado. perichaetium in a moss (Musci).
Having the texture or feel of parch- perichaetium. pericaetio. A cup-like
ment. sheath enclosing the archegonia in
pergelic. pergelico. Soils of the tem- some liverworts; also, the group
perate regions and occurring in the of leaves enclosing the sex or-
lowest soil-temperature classes for gans of some mosses. They are
family groupings of the USDA Soil closely packed and different in
Taxonomy system; thermic. structure from the normal leaves.
pericladial 299 perine
pericladial. pericldico. Having a the gleba having a separate wall
sheathing base, as in the Apiaceae. and frequently acting as a unit of
periclinal. periclinal. A flower sur- distribution, especially in the
rounded by bracts. See involucre. Nidulariaceae.
perichylous. perciloso. Having wa- perdium. perdio. The outer wall of
ter storing tissue surrounding the the fruit body of a fungus when it
chlorophyll-containing tissue. is constructed of sterile tissue and
periclinal. periclinal. Said of cell organized as a distinct layer.
walls running parallel to the sur- perigamium. perigamio. Part of a re-
face of the plant; also, curved in duced branchlet containing the
the direction of or parallel to the achegonia of some mosses (Musci).
surface of a plant organ. perigone. perigonio. The structure
periclinal chim(a)era. quimera peri- that encloses the reproductive or-
clinal. A chimaera in which the gans, as the perianth in angiosperms
distinct tissues are arranged con- or bracts in mosses (Musci); also,
centrically. a perianth which is not clearly dif-
pericycle. periciclo. A thin layer of ferentiated into calyx and corolla.
living tissue that lies between the perigonial bract. brctea perigonial.
endodermis and the phloem, con- One leaf of the perigonium in
sisting mainly of parenchyma, where mosses.
the lateral roots originate. perigonium. perigonio. A group of
pericyclic fiber. fibra pericclica. A leaves often forming a flat ro-
strand of sclerenchyma in the sette around the base of the group
pericycle. of antheridia in mosses.
periderm. periderm. The cork lay- perigynium. periginio. A sac-like bract
ers and cork-producing tissue of that surrounds the pistil, as in
stems; also, a secondary protective Carex or in some sedges; also, a
tissue formed in secondarily thick- disk or cup-shaped receptacle that
ened stems and roots, consisting surrounds the pistil.
of the phellogen (cork cambium), perigynous. perigino. Stamens, se-
phellem (cork), and phelloderm pals or petals located on the edge,
(secondary cortex); also, the outer but not attached to a cup-shaped
membrane that surrounds the spores receptacle (hypanthium) surround-
in the fruit bodies of some fungi ing the pistil, as perigynous sta-
and slime molds. mens, sepals, or petals. The recep-
peridermal. peridermal. Having to tacle remains distinct from the car-
do with the periderm. pels.
peridium. peridio. The outer enve- perigynum. pergino. The leaves
lope enclosing the sporophore of surrounding the group of arghegonia
some fungi. in mosses; also, a tublular sheath
peridinin. peridinina. An alcohol- surround the archegonia in liver-
soluble reddish pigment in the worts.
chromatophores of the Dion- perimedullary zone. zona perimedular.
phyceae. Medullary sheath.
peridiolum. peridolo. A division of perine. perina. An outer covering
perinium 300 perithecium
of some fern spores, as the by the disintegration of the tape-
Equisetum, but with a different tum in sporangia of Pteridophyta
appearance than the exospore; and Phanerogamae. It helps in the
perispore. nutrition of the developing spores
perinium. perinio. The outer coat of and pollen grains.
the spore wall in certain liverworts periplast. periplasto. A cell wall or
(Hepaticae), developed from the cell membrane.
membrane of the special mother periplastic. periplastico. Of or oc-
cells; epispore. curring within a periplast.
periodicity. periodicidad. Rhythmic perisperm. perisperma. perispermo.
activity. A food storage tissue derived from
peripheral. perifrico. On the outer the nucellus, occurring in plants
edge or surface. where the endosperm does not re-
peripheral cell. clula perifrico. One place the nucellus completely.
of the derivatives from the divi- perispermous. perispermado. Hav-
sion of a periclinal cell in the ing food reserves in the perisperm,
tetrasporophytic generations of the derived from a diploid nucellus of
Ceramiales. the ovule.
peripheral cytoplasm. citoplasma perispore. perispora. The remains
perifrico. The cytoplasm lining of the contents of the cells of the
the cell membrances. tapetum, forming a deposit on the
periperal initial. inicial perifrico. outside of the walls of the spores
Peripheral cell. of ferns; also, perine; epispore.
periphery. periferia. The outside sur- peristomate. peristomado. Having a
face of a solid structure; also, the peristome.
total margin. peristome peristoma. The fringe or
periphyses. perifises. Short, thread- appendages around the mouth of
like filaments that line the open- the capsule or theca in mosses; the
ing of a perithecium in some fungi; fringe is sensitive to changes in
also, thread-like extensions at the humidity and facilitates the release
end of a hypha, forming with oth- of spores; also, a fringe of hyphae
ers, a pile-like lining in the ostiole around the opening of the fruit body
of a globose structure containing of some Gasteromycetes; also, a
reproductive organs. form of lip arising as an outgrowth
periplasm. periplasma. The area near in some Protophyta, which assists
or immediately within the cell wall; in the ingestion of solid food.
also, the plasma lying just within peristromium. peristromio. The bound-
the oogonial wall in some Oomyc- ing membrane of a chloro-plast.
etes, enclosing the egg cell and perithecium. peritecio. The fruiting
containing degenerating nuclei. It body of some ascomycetes and li-
contributes to the formation of the chens. They have an internal hym-
wall of the oosphere. enium of asci and paraphyses and
periplasmodium. periplasmodia. A with an apical pore (ostiole),
fluid enclosing developing micro- through which the ascospores are
spores; also, the material formed discharged.
peritrichous 301 personate
peritrichous. peritrico. Said of bac- permease. permeasa. One of a class
teria when there are flagella dis- of proteins that serve as carrier
tributed over the whole surface the molecules in cells, making possi-
cell. ble the active or passive transport
permafrost. permafrost. A layer of of a variety of substances across
subsoil that remains permanently membranes.
frozen; occurs throughout the arctic peronate. peronadio. Having a stipe
regions. covered by a thick, felted sheath,
permanent collenchyma. colnquima particulary at the base.
permanente. Functional collench- pernicious. pernicioso. Highly de-
yma found in the stems and peti- structive or deadly to the environ-
oles of herbaceous plants. ment.
permanent hybrid. hbrido perma- peroxidase. peroxidasa. An enzyme
nente. A hybrid which breeds true that speeds the oxidation of some
because some types of possible compounds by using hydrogen per-
offsprings are prevented from de- oxide as an electron acceptor to re-
veloping by the operation of lethal move the hydrogen.
factors. peroxisome. peroxisoma. A cellular
permanent tissue. tejido permanente. microbe containing enzymes in-
A tissue made of cells that have volved with photorespiration and
assumed a variety of shapes and photosynthesis.
sizes related to their functions as perpetual flowering. floracin con-
they matured. tinua. The characteristic of pro-
permanent wilting. marchitez perma- ducing flowers continuously.
nente. Wilting from which a plant perpetual resource. recurso continua.
does not recover if placed in a satu- Resources that are essentially in-
rated atmosphere. exhaustible (from a human perspec-
permanent wilting point. punto de tive), as solar energy.
marchitez permanente. The soil perpusillus. perpusillus. Latin mean-
moisture content at the point when ing very small.
a specific plants roots can no longer perrumpent. perumpente. Breaking
absorb water. through.
permeability. permeabilidad. The ex- persistent. persistente. Pertains to
tent to which underground rock and parts that remain attached after
soil pores are interconnected and similar parts have been shed on
thus a measure of the capacity of completing their function, as per-
water to flow from one pore to an- sistent leaves or styles.
other; also, the extent to which persistent perianth. perianto persist-
molecules of a given kind can pass ente. A perianth which remains
through a membrane. unwithered and often enlarged
permeable. permeable. Giving pas- around the fruit.
sage or entrance freely; pervious. personate. personado. A single-petaled,
permeable soil. suelo permeable. Soil two-lipped flower with the upper
that allows a free passage of lip arched and the lower lip pro-
water and nutrients to vegetation. truding into the throat with a con-
perthecia 302 pH
spicuous projection emerging; petaly. petalia. The normal perianth
sometimes has a likeness to a mask structure of flowers with petals.
or face of an animal. petiolar. peciolar. Attached to or sup-
perthecia. pertecia. Plural of perith- ported by the petiole, as petiolar
ecium. buds or a petiolar sheath.
perthophyte. pertfita. A plant-para- petiolate. peciolado. Having a peti-
sitic fungus which lives on dead ole, as a petiolate leaf.
tissue in a living host. petiole. pecolo. The thin stalk by
pertusate. pertusato. Perforated; also, which the leaf is attached to the
pierced by slits. stem; leafstalk.
perulate. perulado. Having scales or petiolulate. peciolulado. Having
a leaf bud. petiolule.
perule. perulo. A leaf bud or scales; petiolule. peciolulo. A small or re-
also, in some orchids, the sac in duced petiole (stalk) that attaches
the perianth. the leaflets to a compound leaf; a
pervious. permeable. Same as per- leaflet stalk.
meable. petraeus. petraeus. Latin meaning
petal. ptalo. One of the leaves, of- growing on rocks.
ten showy and colored, of a co- petrifaction. petrifacin. A fossil
rolla or segments of an angiosperm- formed when plant parts are infil-
ous flower; attached just inside the trated by mineral substances so that
sepals. the structure is preserved but the
petalantherous. petalantero. Having fossil is actually rock.
a terminal anther and a clearly petrified. petrificado. Organic ma-
petaloid filament, as in Saxifraga. terials, such as plant or plant parts,
petaliferous. petalceo. Having petals. which have turned into rock by the
petal-like. petaloide. See petaloid replacement of organic material with
and petalode. minerals.
petalode. petalodio. An organ which petrium. petrio. A rock formation.
resembles a petal, most often sta- petrodium. petrodio. A formation of
mens. boulders.
petalody. petalodia. The transfor- petrophilous. rupcola. Rock-loving;
mation of stamens into petals. used to describe plants that grow
petaloid. petaloide. Like a petal; petal- best in rocky environments.
like or having the color or texture petrophyte. planta rupestre. planta
of petals, as some modified, flat- rupcola. A rupicolous plant.
tened bracts or stamens without a pezizoid. pezizoide. Resembling a cup-
distinct anther or filament. shaped apothecium.
petalomania. petalomania. Abnor- PGA. AFG. Phosphorogyceric acid.
mal in the number of petals. pH (hydrogen ion concentration). pH
petalostemonous. petalostmono. (potencial de hidrgeno). The
Having filaments fused to the co- negative logarithm of the hydro-
rollas and the anthers free. gen ion concentration in grams per
petalous. petalo. Petaled or having liter; thus, pH7 is neutral, less than
petals. 7 is acid and more than 7 is alka-
pH 303 phellium
line. phagotrophic. fagotrfico. Obtain-
pH. pH. A numerical scale used to ing food by ingesting solid organic
measure the acidity or alkalinity particles.
of a solution in terms of the rela- phailide. failido. A one-cell, flask-
tive concentration of hydrogen ions like structure from the end of which
in the solution.The pH scale ranges conidia (phailospores) are abstr-
between pH 0 to pH 14; pH 6 to icted.
pH 0 are increasingly acid and pH phailospore. failospora. See phailide.
8 to pH 14 are increasingly alka- phalange. falange. Two or more sta-
line; most soils range between pH mens joined by their filaments.
3 and pH 10. phanero-. fanero-. A Greek prefix
phaenantherous. faenantro. Having that means, easily seen or vis-
protruding stamens. ible.
phaenocarpous. faencarpo. Having phanerocotylar. epigeo. A seedling
the carpel free from the other flo- with the emergent cotyledons usu-
ral parts. ally appearing above ground;
phaenogamous. faengamo. Pertaining epigeous.
to flowering plants. phanerogam. fanergamia. Flower-
phaenology. faeneologa. The study ing, seed-producing plants with
of the periodic phenomena of veg- clearly developed pistils and sta-
etation. mens, that differ from the crypto-
phaeo-. faeo-. A prefix that means, gam algae, mosses, and ferns; the
dark colored or swarthy. term has generally been replaced
phaeophytin. faeofitina. A grayish with spermatophytes.
pigment in chlorophyll. phanerophyte. fanerfito. A peren-
phaeoplast. faeoplasto. The chromato- nial plant with buds high enough
phore in the Phaeophyceae. above ground to project freely into
phaeosporous. faeospora. Having dark the air; also, one of Raunkiaer s
colored, one-celled spores. life form categories of a plant with
phage. fago. A shortened form of bac- perennating buds or shoot apices
teriophage; bacteriophage. borne on aerial shoots occurring
phagocytosis. fagocitosis. The method in a moderate environment.
by which a cell membrane invagin- pharyngeal rod. abastonado farngeo.
ates and encloses externally ob- One of a pair of rod-like organs
tained food within a vacuole, with- running along side the gullet of the
out disturbing the continuity of the Euglenales, supporting the dis-
cell surface. tended gullet.
phagotroph. fagtrofo. In its broad- phase. fase. One of the distinct stages
est usage, a heterotrophic organ- in meiosis or mitosis.
ism that feeds on living or dead phaseoliform. faseolforme. Shaped
organic material, as some bacte- like a bean.
ria and fungi. In its narrow usage, phellem. felem. An outer layer of
the term applies mostly to animal cork cells of the periderm, formed
herbivores, carnivores, and detrit- by the phellogen.
ivores. phellium. felio. A rock-field forma-
phelloderm 304 phloem
tion. phenotypic. fenotpico. Caused or pro-
phelloderm. feloderma. A layer of duced by environmental factors.
parenchymatous cells, commonly phenotypic adaptation. adaptacin
containing starch and sometimes fenotpico. A change that facili-
chlorophyll, formed in stems and tates fitting into different condi-
roots from the inner cells of cork tions.
cambium. It is considered by some, phenotypic variation. variacin feno-
a secondary cortex. tpico. A morphological or physi-
phellogen. felgeno. suberofelod- ological change produced by the
rmica. The secondary cambium action of different environments on
giving rise to cork tissue and in one or more genotypes.
some plants, internally to phello- phenylalanine. fenilalanina. An aro-
derm; also, a layer of meristematic matic, non-polar amino acid occur-
cells lying in the cortex of a stem ring in proteins.
or root, forming cork on its outer phenylpropane. fenilpropano. The
surface and phelloderm on the in- repetitive unit recurring in lignin.
side; cambium cork. pheromone. feromona. A substance
phellandrene. fellandrena. A terpene produced by an organism that fa-
found in Eycalyptus spp. cilitates chemical communication
phelloic. feloide. A crust of non-suber- with another organism.
ized or slightly suberized cells on phialid(e). fialide. A bottle-shaped
the surface of some plants, replacing sterigma.
true cork. phialiform. fialiforme. Having the
phenetic classification. clasificacin shape of a saucer or cup.
fenetico. A taxonomic system of phialomeristem spore. espora fialom-
grouping plants based on overall eristema. Phialospore.
similarities regardless of their being phialopore. fialopora. A small hole
s y m p l e s i o m o r p h o u s . C o m p a re in the cynobium of the Volvocaceae,
phylogenetic classification. found at the posterior end.
phenocopy. fenocopia. An environ- philopatry. fidelidad. A tendency for
mentally induced phenotype that organisms to remain at the site
mimics the phenotype produced by where they were born or bred; site-
a specific genotype. attachment.
phenol. fenol. An aromatic compound -philous. filo. A Greek suffix that
of one or more hydroxyl groups. means, loving or dwelling in.
phenology. fenologa. The study of phlobahene. flobfeno. A yellow-
the timing of periodic phenomena brown substance occurring in cork
such a growth cessation, flower- cells from the decomposition of
ing, and growth initiation, espe- tannins.
cially seasonal changes in tempera- phloem. floema. The tissue in vas-
ture and amounts of available light. cular plants through which the sap,
phenotype. fenotipo. The external ap- containing dissolved food, passes
pearance of a plant resulting from downward to the stem and roots.
the interaction of its genotype and It is characterized by the presence
its environment. of sieve tubes and in some plants
phlem fiber 305 phosphorescence
companion cells, fibers, and pa- with a nitrogen-containing base
renchyma; bast. Compare xylem. through a molecule of orthophos-
phlem fiber. fibra floema. An ele- phoric acid. See phospholipid.
ment of sclerenchyma (or a strand phosphatidic acid. cido fosfatdico.
of such elements) present in the An intermediary in a carrier mecha-
phloem, helping to support the sieve nism across a cell membrane,
tubes. formed from, and producing licethin
phloem island. isla floema. A patch in a cyclic membanism.
of phloem surrounded by second- phosphilipine. fosfilipina. Phosph-
ary wood. atide.
phloem parenchyma. parnquima phosphoenolpyruvic acid. cido fosfo-
floema. The unspecialized cells enolpirvico. A carbon dioxide
occurring in the phloem. acceptor during photosynthesis,
phloem ray. rayo floema. The part resulting in the production of pyru-
of a vascular ray that passes through vic acid and phosphate.
the phloem. phosphoglyceric acid (GPA). cido
phloem sap. savia descendente. savia fosfoglicerico (AFG). The prod-
elaborado. The dissolved sub- uct formed from ribulose-diphos-
stances from the soil, chiefly min- phate by combination with carbon
eral salts and nutrients, previously dioxide during the dark phase of
stored in the roots and stem pass- photosynthesis. It is then reduced
ing through the xylem. by NADH (3). It is also an inter-
phobotaxis. fobotaxia. fobotactismo. mediate product in the anerobic res-
In motile microorganisms or cells, piration of hexosediphosphate to
a random change in locomotive pyruvic acid.
direction in response to a stimu- phospholipid. fosfolpido. A special-
lus. ized lipid molecule in which glyc-
phloeoterma. floeoterma. An endo- erol is attached to two fatty acids
dermis in which the radial walls plus a phosphate group; particu-
and the inner tangential walls are larly important in the functioning
heavily suberized. and structure of plant membranes;
phoeniceus. phoeniceus. Latin mean- phosphatide.
ing scarlet. phosphonucleotide. fosfononucletido.
phoenocin. foenocina. A dye pro- A nucleotide combined with phos-
duced by some fungi. phoric acid.
-phore. -foro. A suffix that means, phosphoroglyceric acid. cido fosforo-
bears or carries. glicrico. Phosphoglyceric acid.
phosphatase. fosfatasa. An enzyme phosphorescence. fosforescencia. The
that speeds reactions involving the process of emitting light without
hydrolysis of esters of phosphoric burning; also, light emitted as a
acid. result of the absorption of certain
phosphatide. fosftido. A glycerol tri- rays, such as X-rays or ultravio-
ester resembling fats, but only two let rays which continue for some-
fatty acids are involved. The thrid time after exposure; biolumines-
glycerol OH group is combined cence.
phosphorescent 306 photolithotroph
phosphorescent. fosforescente. Be- to sunlight.
ing luminous; exhibiting phospho- photoautotroph. fotoauttro. Plants
rescence. that obtain energy and nourishment
phosphoric acid. cido fosfrico. A from light, as most blue-green al-
colorless, odorless acid containing gae; also, a phototroph that obtains
phosphorus, obtained by the de- most or all of its carbon from car-
composition of phosphates. bon dioxide.
phosphorus. fsforo. A chemical el- photoautotrophic. fotoautotrfico.
ement with the symbol P that is Able to use light energy in syn-
essential to plant development, thesizing protoplasm from inorganic
commonly obtained from phos- compounds.
phates in the soil. Plants deficient photobotany. fotobotnica. The branch
in phosphate may experience a re- of botany dealing with the effect
duction in growth, detectable by on plants of light or radiant en-
the leaves becoming dark green or ergy.
blue green. photochemical reaction. reaccin
phosphorus cycle. fsfor ciclo. A cy- fotoqumico. A chemical change
clic movement of phosphorus in produced by light.
various chemical forms from the photodissociation. fotodisociacin.
environment, to organisms and then The splitting of a molecule into
back to the environment. atoms or other molecules from ab-
phosphorylase. fosforilasa. An en- sorbing radiation.
zyme which catalyses the conver- photodynamic. fotodinmico. Per-
sion of glucose 1-phosphate to amy- taining to or involving toxic re-
lase, or, more commonly, it brings sponses to light, especially ultra-
about a combination with phos- violet light.
phoric acid. photogenic. fotognico. Emitting light
phosphorylation. fosforilacin. Con- or producing light; luminescent;
version into a phosphorus com- phosphorescent.
pound. Generally a combination photoheterotroph. fotohetertrofo. A
with phosphoric acid but more spe- phototroph that used organic com-
cifically, the accumulation of en- pounds as its only or main source
ergy by ATP and the release of the of carbon.
energy by the back reaction to ADP. photoinhibition. fotoinhibicin. The
See oxidative phosphorylation. slowing or stopping of plant proc-
phosphoserine. fosfoserina. The amino esses with light, as occurs in the
acid serine combined with phos- germination of seeds.
phoric acid. photokinesis. fotocinesis. In a mo-
photo-. foto-. A Greek prefix that tile organism or cell, the change
means, light. in locomotive speed in response
photic. ftic. Pertaining to light, to the intensity of the light.
especially as it affects or stimu- photolithotroph. fotolitottrofo. A
lates plant growth. phototroph associated with the
photic zone. zona ftica. The area of oxidation of an inorganic com-
water where organisms are exposed pound, as green plants gaining en-
photolysis 307 photoreduction
ergy from sunlight by photosyn- ecule when exposed to light; some-
thesis during which water is oxi- times called bleaching.
dized to yield oxygen. photopathy. fotopata. Negative pho-
photolysis. fotlisis. fotolisis. The totaxis.
grouping of the chloroplasts in photoperiod. fotoperodo. The length
response to the amount of light of time each day a plant is exposed
falling on the plant; also, the de- to light with particular reference
composition or dis-association of to the effect on growth and devel-
a molecule as the result of the ab- opment.
sorption of light; this is brought photoperiodism. fotoperiodismo.
about by the destruction of an fotoperiodicidad. The induction
OH bond by its excitation with of flowering and other vegetative
photons of light; also, the break- activities in response to relative
ing down of water with the use of lengths of day and night.
light during photosynthesis; it oc- photoperiod responsive. responsivo
curs in non-cyclic photophospho- al fotoperiodo. The response of
rylation; Hill reaction. a plant to the length of its daily
photomorphogenesis. fotomorfo- exposure to light as shown by
gnesis. The effect of light in regu- changes in developmental proc-
lating plant development. esses.
photomorphosis. fotomorfosis. A photophilous. fotfilo. Flourishing in
change in the structure of a plant strong light, especially sunlight;
after exposure to strong light. said of plants that flourish in sun-
photon. fotn. An elementary parti- light.
cle of light; also, a discrete unit photophosphorylation. fotofosfori-
of light energy; also, quantum of lacin. Phosphorylation induced
electromagnetic energy having both by the presence of radiant energy
particle and wave behavior; it has in the form of visible or nonvisible
no charge or mass but possesses light; the formation of ATP using
momentum: the energy of light, X the light energy in photosynthesis;
rays, gamma rays, etc. is carried also, the formation of ADP and ATP
by photons; light quantum. in the presence of inorganic phos-
photonasty. fotonastia. Response to phate during the light phase of pho-
a general, non-directional light tosynthesis.
stimulus, e.g. the opening and clos- photopositive. fotopositivo. Attracted
ing of flowers at night. to light; photophilous.
photonegative. fotonegativo. Plants photoreception. fotorecepcin. The
that avoid light or prefer deep shade. detection and absorption of light
photo-organotroph. foto-organtrofo. by plant cells sensitive to radiant
A phototroph associated with the energy, a process essential to pho-
oxidation of organic compounds; tosynthesis and phototropism.
some photosynthetic bacteria are photo(re)ceptor. foto(rre)ceptor. A
photo-organotrophic. light-absorbing pigment used in
photooxidation. fotooxidacin. A struc- developmental processes.
tural change that occurs in a mol- photoreduction. fotoreduccin. Anaer-
photorespiration 308 phototropic
obic reduction in the presence of a leaf to the number of grams of
light by molecular hydrogen chlorophyll which that unit con-
photorespiration. fotorespiracin. A tains.
light-activated respiration that photosynthetic quotient. coeficiente
occurs in the chloroplasts of some fotosinttico. The volume of oxy-
plants. gen released in photosynthesis as
photosensitivity. fotosensibilidad. The a proportion of the volume of carbon
quality of being stimulated to dioxide used in the process.
action by light or other radiant en- photosynthetic unit. unidad foto-
ergy. sinttico. In chloroplasts, 250 to
photostage. fotostato. The stage in 400 pigment molecules group to-
photosynthesis in which light is gether as a light-harvesting com-
necessary. In this stage PGA is con- plex in each granum.
verted into triose-phosphate; also, photo system I. sistema de foto I. In
an early stage in the growth of a photosynthesis, there are two kinds
seedling when light is required. of photo systems which begin the
photosynthesis. fotosntesis. The proc- chain reaction on the central chlo-
ess plant cells use to make carbo- rophyll molecule, culminating in
hydrates by combining carbon di- sugar formation. Photo system I ab-
oxide and water in the presence of sorbs light most efficiently at a red
chlorophyll and light, releasing wavelength of 700 nm. It is the
oxygen as a by-product; thereby second part of the Z-scheme.
transforming electromagnetic en- photo system II. sistema de foto II.
ergy into chemical energy. In photosynthesis, there are two
photosynthetic. fotosinttico. A stipule kinds of photo systems which be-
or stipel that is blade-like and green. gin the chain reaction on the cen-
photosynthetic autotroph. auttrofo tral chlorophyll molecule, culmi-
fotosinttico. An organism capa- nating in sugar formation. Photo
ble of building all of the organic system II absorbs light most effi-
molecules it requires using carbon ciently at a red wavelength of 680
dioxide as the carbon source and nm. It is the first part of the Z-
sunlight as the energy source. scheme.
photosynthetic capacity. capacidad de phototactic. fototctica. Having to
fotosinttico. The efficiency of a do with or characterized by pho-
plant cell or a chloroplast in car- totaxis.
rying out photosynthesis. phototaxis. fototaxis. fototaxia. The
photosynthetic efficiency. eficiencia proclivity of a plant to bend or move
fotosinttico. The ratio of light- in response to light.
energy absorbed by the chloroplasts phototroph. fototrofo. Any organism
of a tissue in unit time to the amount that takes energy from sunlight with
of energy fixed per unit time. the most common occurrence in
photosynthetic number. numero foto- photosynthesis.
sinttico. The ratio between the phototropic. fototrpico. A plant that
number of grams of carbon diox- grows in the direction of light;
ide absorbed per hour by a unit of heliotropic.
phototropic conduction 309 phylloclade
phototropic conduction. conduccin phycoerythrin. ficoeritrina. A red
fototrpico. The differential con- photosynthetic pigment occurring
duction of auxin down either side in cyanobacteria and red algae.
of a shoot which is unilaterally il- phycology. ficologa. The branch of
luminated so that growth is towards botany which specializes in the
the light. study of algae; algology.
phototropic induction. induccin phycomycetes. ficomicetos. ficomi-
fototrpico. The effect of light on cetes. The lower fungi.
the apex of the plant affects the phycopyrrin. ficopirina. A redbrown
growth of the stem below it, i.e. water soluble pigment in the chro-
the tip, under the influence of light, matophores of the Dinophyceae.
induces growth lower down. phyletic. filtico. Pertaining to phy-
phototropism. fototropismo. Plants lum.
which tend to turn or change di- phyletic classification. clasificacin
rection in response to light; heli- filtica. A systematic organiza-
otropism. tion of plants based on their pre-
phragmobasidium. fragmobasidio. A sumed evolutionary descent.
basidium which becomes septate phyletic evolution. evolucin filtica.
and is then divided into four cells. An evolutionary change within a
phragmoplast. fragmoplasto. The cy- lineage produced by a gradual ad-
toplasmic mechanism in cell divi- justment to environmental condi-
sion responsible for the formation tions.
of the cell plate; also, the region phyletic gradualism. gradualismo
between the daughter nuclei of a filtico. A view of evolution that
dividing plant cell. over long periods of time small
phragmospore. fragmospora. A spore changes occur in organisms, accu-
having two or more transverse septa. mulating to the point at which de-
phreatophyte. freatofito. Plants that scendants of the ancestral popu-
obtain water by a deep penetration lation diverge into separate spe-
of their roots into the water table. cies or higher level taxa. See evo-
phycobilins. ficobilinas. Red and blue lutionary species.
pigments occurring in some pho- phyllary. filaria. One of the involucral
tosynthetic organisms. bracts on the ouside of a capitu-
phycobilosomes. ficobilosomas. Gro- lum.
ups of pigmented cells containing phyllo-. filo-. A Greek prefix that
phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. means, pertaining to a leaf.
phycobiont. filocobionte. The prin- phyllocarpic movement. movimiento
cipal algal or cynobacterial sym- filcarpo. A curvature of the fruit
biont in a lichen. stalk bringing the young fruit un-
phycochrysin. ficocrisina. The golden der the protection of the leaves.
brown pigment of the Chrysop- phyllochlorin. filclorina. A chloro-
hyceae; chrysochrome. plast pigment containing chromo-
phycocyanin. ficocianina. A blue pho- protein molecules, lipoid molecules,
tosynthetic pigment occurring in and molecules of carotinoids.
cyanobacteria and red algae. phylloclade. filcladio. Flattened or
phyllocladium 310 physiologic form
enlarged stems or branches that acin filogentico. A taxonomic
function as leaves, as in cacti; method of grouping plants by their
cladophyll. shared features based on common
phyllocladium. filocladio. One of many evolutionary descent. Compare
small scale-like protuberances on phenetic classification.
the podetium of some lichens. phylogenetic systematics. sistemtico
phyllode. filodio. An expanded, of- filogentico. See phylogenetic clas-
ten flattened petiole, resembling sification.
a leaf and having leaf functions, phylogeny. filogenia. Evolutionary
but the true leaf blade is absent or relationships between and within
at least greatly reduced in size, as taxonomic groups, particularly as-
in the Acaciae. pects related to descent.
phyllodial. filodial. The condition phylon. filn. A line of descent.
of being flattened and blade-like. phylum (pl. phyla). filum (pl. filums,
phyllodium. filodio. See phyllode. fila). filo. In taxonomy, a primary
phyllody. filodia. A disease condi- division of the plant kingdom, rank-
tion, when parts of a flower are ing above class; the term division
replaced by leaf-like structures. is preferred to phylum by many
phylloid. filoide. Leaf-like. botanists.
phyllomania. filomania. Producing physical factor. factor fisico. A com-
leaves in abnormal numbers or ponent in the abiotic environment
places. that affects the growth and devel-
phyllome. filoma. A general term for opment of organisms or commu-
leaves and leaf-like structures. nities.
phyllopodic. filpodico. With the physcion. fiscin. A lichen acid.
lower leaves well developed rather physiological balance. equilibrio
than being reduced to scales, as in fisiolgico. The balance between
aphyllopodic leaves. the ions in a culture solution so
phyllopodium. filopodio. filpodo. that none can have an adverse ef-
The petiole and rachis of a fern fect on the growth of a plant.
frond. physical barrier. barrera fisico. Any
phyllosiphonic. filosifinico. Said of material impediment, e.g. a sea or
a siphonostele which has both leaf mountain range which can have an
gaps and branch gaps. adverse effect on the migration of
phyllotaxis. filotaxis. The arrange- plants or other organism.
ment of leaves on the stem, as op- physiogonomy. fis(i)ogonoma. The
posite pairs, whorls, alternate, or form and structure of natural com-
other configurations. munities by which they can be rec-
phyllotaxy. filotaxia. The arrange- ognized.
ment or distribution of appendages physiographic climax. clmax fisio-
on a stem, such as leaves or flow- grfico. A plant community main-
ers. tained in particular stage of devel-
phylogenesis. filognesis. The his- opment by some natural features
tory of the development of race. of the habitat.
phylogenetic classification. clasific- physiologic form. foma fisiolgico.
physiologic variety 311 phytography
A race showing physiological phyte-. fito-. A Greek prefix that
speciation. means, plant.
physiologic variety. variedad fisio- -phyte. fito. A suffix that means,
lgico. Biologic form. growth or plant, as in epiphyte.
physiologic(al). fisolgico. Having phytic acid. cido fitico. In some
to do with the healthy functioning seeds, a hexaphosphoric ester of
of plants. inositol, that stores phosphate.
physiological anatomy. anatoma phytin. fitina. An acid, calcium and
fisolgia. The study of the rela- magnesium salt of inositolhexa-
tionship between structure and func- phosphoric acid, found in certain
tion. seeds.
physiological drought. sequa fisol- phyto-. fito-. A Greek prefix that
gia. The condition when a plant means, pertaining to a plant or
is unable to take in water because plants, as in phytotoxic.
of the low ground temperature or phytoalexin. fitoalexina. An anti-
because it holds substances in so- fungal substance produced by a
lution which hinder the absorption plant in response to damage or
of water by the plant. infection.
physiological ecology. ecologa fiso- phytobenthon. fitobentn. Plant
lgia. The study of the function- benthon.
ing of organisms in their relation phytochemistry. fitoqumica. A branch
to the environment. of botany or chemistry dealing with
physiological race. raza fisolgia. the growth, metabolism, and prod-
Physiologic form. ucts of plants.
physiological specialization. especial- phytochrome. fitocromo. A light-
azacin fisolgico. Within a spe- sensitive, growth controlling pig-
cies, the occurrence of several forms ment which absorbs red or infra
that appear identical but differ in red rays, acting as an enzyme in
physiology. its influence on photoperiod re-
physiological speciation. especiacin sponses.
fisolgia. Existence within a par- phytocoenosis. ftocenosis. See plant
ticular species of a number of races community.
or forms which are indistinguish- phytogeography. fitogeografa. The
able in structure but show physi- study of plants in their geographic
ological, biochemical, or pathogenic setting with particular emphasis on
characters. their distribution at different taxo-
physiological zero. cero fisiolgia. The nomic levels, patterns of climatic
threshold temperature below which and anthropogenic influences, mi-
the metabolism of a cell, organ, or gration routes, and continental
organism ceases. configurations; plant geography.
physiology. fisologa. In plants, the phytography. fitografa. The descrip-
study of normal plant functions. tion of plants; also, the special
phytase. fitasa. An enzyme capable branch of botany that addresses the
of hydrolysing phytin, releasing question of plant names, descrip-
phosphate. tions and the rules that apply to
phytohormone 312 pilus
the process. rather than life-form considerations;
phytohormone. fitohormona. A com- referred to as the BraunBlanquet
pound produced in plants (or manu- Scheme.
factured) which is not a nutrient, phytosterol. fitorsterol. fitosterina.
but regulates growth and other A steroid found in plants.
physiological processes of all or phytotomy. fitotoma. See plant
part of the plant; plant hormone. anatomy.
phytol. ftol. An alcohol chain that phytotoxic. fitotxico. Anything that
makes up the major side-chain of is injurious to plants; poisonous
chlorophyll. to plants.
phytolithology. fitolitologa. The phytotoxin. fitotoxina. Any substance
branch of botany with a special that is poisonous to plants that is
interest in fossilized plants; paleo- produced by a plant pathogen.
botany. picro-. picro-. A Greek prefix than
phytology. fitologa. The scientific means, bitter.
study of plants; botany. pictus. pictus. Latin meaning
phytomorphology. fitomorfologa. See colored.
plant morphology. pigment. pigmento. Any of a number
phytomitogens. fitomitgenos. Ma- of natural substances occurring in
terials of vegetable origin which tissues which provides color.
induce mitosis. pigmentation. pigmentacin. The de-
phytoncide. fitoncida. A substance posit of pigment in the tissues caus-
produced by a normal plant that ing coloration of the plant or plant
is thought to have some form of parts.
antimicrobial activity. pigmentosa. pigmentosa. The pigmen-
phytopathology. fitopatologa. The ted part of an eye-spot.
scientific study of plant diseases, pileate. pileado. Having a pileus; also,
especially of plants in relation to cup-shaped.
parasites. pileus. sombrerete. An umbrella-
phytophage. fitfago. Plant-eater. shaped cap, as on some fungi; also,
phytophagous. fitfago. Plant-eating. the cap of an agaric, bearing the
phytophilous. fitfilo. Attracted to hymenium on it lower surface.
plants, as some insects. piliferous. pilifero. Producing flexuous
phytoplankton. fitoplancton. Small, or curly hair; also, tipped with a
drifting plant-like organisms, mostly fine hair-like structure.
algae and bacteria, occurring in pilerous layer. capa pilfera. The part
aquatic ecosystems. of a root epidermis which bears the
phytoremediation. fitoremediacin. root hairs; root hair zone.
The use of plants to reduce or de- piliform. piliforme. Hair-like.
grade polluntants, industrial wastes, pilocystidium. pilocistidio. A cystid-
and household garbage. See biore- ium on the pileus surface.
mediation. pilose. piloso. Covered with long, fine,
phytosociology. fitosociologa. The shaggy trichomes (hair).
description and classification of pilus (pl. pili). pilo. A bacteria cell
plant communities based on floristic extension that makes contact with
313 pionnate
another cell in the exchange of ge- ranged as odd or even on two sides
netic material; also, a fringe or of an elongated stalk.
fringed border. See fimbria. pinnatifid. pinnatifido. A leaf pinnately
pimelic acid. cido pimlico. An acid lobed, cut, or cleft more than half-
promoting the growth of various way but not completely to the
bacteria. midrib.
pincer-like. queliforme. See cheli- pinnatilobate. pinnatilobado. Lobed
form. in a pinnate manner, as a pinna-
pinching. despuntado. The removal tilobate leaf.
of the terminal bud or apical merist- pinnation. pinnacin. The state or
ematic growth to stimulate branch- condition of being pinnate.
ing. pinnatisect. pinnatisecto . A leaf
pine barrens. pinares de sabanas. A pinnately lobed, cut, or cleft to the
stretch of poor land covered with midrib, but not forming separate
pine (Pinus) trees. leaflets. Compare pinnatifid.
pine cone. pia. The fruit of the pine pinnule. pinnula. Any of the leaflets
(Pinus) tree. of a pinna in a bipinnate compound
pine forest. pinar. An extensive area leaf, especially in ferns (Filicops-
of pine (Pinus) trees. ida).
pine needle. hoja de pino. The long, pinocytosis. pinocitosis. The proc-
green, needle-like leaves of the pine ess of a cell taking in fluids by being
(Pinus) tree. absorbed on the plasma membrane;
pine. pino. Any evergreen tree of the transferred inside by the membrane
genus Pinus having fruit cones and folding back into itself to engulf
clusters of needle-shaped leaves. the fluid and then becoming a vesi-
pink (color). rosado (color). A pale cle by closing.
red color. pioneer community. comunidad pion-
pinkish (color). rosado (color). See era. The first integrated group of
pink. plants, animals, and decomposers
pinna (pl. pinnae). pinna (pl. pinnas). found in a location involved in pri-
One of the leaflets or primarily di- mary ecological succession.
visions of a pinnate leaf, especially pioneer organism. organismo pionera.
in ferns (Filicopsida); also, a branch An organism that first colonizes
of a thallus, when arranged in op- soil or bare rock.
posite rows. pioneer species. especie pionera. In
pinnate. pinnado. A type of leaf having the sequential vegetative changes
a series of leaflets arranged as op- in plant succession, pioneer spe-
posites or alternates on two sides cies are the initial colonizers that
of an elongated, central stalk; also modify the environment, paving the
said of a thallus having branches way for new species to join or re-
arranged on each side of a middle place the pioneers or initial colon-
axis. izers. Most often, these are mi-
pinnately compound leaf. hoja pinnado crobes, mosses, and lichens.
compuesta. A leaf completely sepa- pionnate. pionnado. Having a con-
rated into two or more leaflets ar- tinuous layer of fungus spores,
pip 314 placentation
which are often slimy. also, the two opposite thin areas
pip. pepita. A small seed from a fleshy in the walls of two cells or ves-
fruit. sels in contact; also, a local thin
pipe. pipa. Any one of many types spot in the wall of the oogonium
of tubular or cylindrical shapes, of some Oomycetes.
such as a plant stem. pit cavity. cavidad punteadura. The
piperidine. piperidina. A heterocyclic excavation in a cell wall where the
secondary amine; a reduction prod- thinning is apparent.
uct of pyridine. pit membrane. membrana de la
piriform. piriforme. Pear-shaped punteadura. The thin sheet of un-
(Pyrus). Same as pyriform broken wall between two opposite
pisaceous (color). pisceo (color). Pea- pit cavities.
green. pitted vessel. vaso punteado. A vessel
pisiferous. pisfero. Having or bearing with pits in the wall.
peas (Pisum). pitcher (leaf). ascidio. A leaf shaped
pisiform. pisiforme. Having the form like a pitcher that attracts insects,
of a pea (Pisum); pea-shaped. as in Sarracenia; ascidium.
pistil. pistilo. In flowers, the female, pith. mdula. The spongy, centermost
seed-producing reproductive organ parenchymal tissue in the stems of
that is made up of an ovary, a style, most herbaceous plants and some
and a stigma, when complete; also, trees and occasionally in roots, but
each separate carpel of an apocarp- lacking in most roots of dicotyled-
ous gynecium; also, the gynecium onous plants.
as a whole, whether it is apocarpous pith ray. rayo mdula. Vascular ray.
or syncarpous. pithy. medulado. Of or like pith;
pistillate. pistilado. Flowers having medullated.
a pistil or pistils; also, flowers placenta (pl. placentae). placenta. The
having a pistil or pistils but no sta- interior tissue of the ovary of flow-
mens. ering plants to which the ovules
pistillate flower. flor pistilada. A are attached; also, usually the struc-
plant with only pistillate flowers; ture that bears the sporangia in ferns
said of a flower which has carpels (Filicopsida).
but no anthers. Same as carpellate. placental cell. clula placentaria. A
pistillidium. pistilidio. Archegonium. food-supporting cell for the devel-
pistillode. pistiloidio. An abortive or oping carposporophyte of some red
non-functional pistil. algae; produced by the fusion of
pit. hueso. A hard seed in fleshy fruit, the carpogonial filament cells with
as a cherry (Prunus) or plum the inferior daughter cell of the
(Prunus). carpogonium.
pit(ted). fvea. foveolado. punto placentation. placentacin. The ar-
(eado). Marked with small depres- rangement of the placenta or pla-
sions, pits, or holes; also, a small centae in a syncarpous ovary. a)
sharply defined area of a plant cell parietal the carpels are fused only
wall which remains unthckened by their margins so that the pla-
when the rest of the wall thickens; centas then appear as internal ridges
placentiferous 315 planosome
on the ovary wall, b) axile the as a branch, root, or stem, influ-
margins of the carpel fold inwards enced by light, gravity or other
fusing together in the center of the external factors.
ovary, forming a single central pla- plagiotropous. plagitropo. The ten-
centa, c) free central the placenta dency of some plant organs to grow
is a central upgrowth from the base away from a vertical line, as the
of the ovary. result of reacting to the influences
placentiferous. placentfero. Hav- of light, gravity, and other exter-
ing or bearing a placenta. nal forces.
placentiform. placentiforme. Formed plait. trenza. Having a longitudinal
or shaped like a flat cake or cushion. folding or fluting, as in some co-
placodiod. placodiode. Refers to a rolla; plicate.
circular, crustose thallus with a plakea. placea. A curved plate of eight
determinate margin and radiating cells formed during the early stages
peripheral lobes. in the development of a colony of
placodiomorph. placodiomorf. A the Volvocaceae.
polarilocular lichen spore. planate. aplanado. Having a flat sur-
placodium. placodio. A hardened face.
hyphal layer surrounding the open- plane. planado. With an even or flat
ings of the perithecial ostiole, when surface.
the perithecium is embedded in plane of section. plano de seccin.
stroma. The direction in which a plant
plagio-. plagio-. A Greek prefix that member is cut, or assumed to be
means, slanted or oblique. cut, in ascertaining its structure.
plagioclimax. plagiclimax. A sta- planetism. planetismo. Of Oomycetes,
ble vegetation community arising the condition of having motile
from a succession that has been ar- spores.
rested by some form of direct or plankton. plancton. Free-floating,
indirect human activity. Many con- mostly microscopic, aquatic organ-
sider the term synonymous with isms, generally, living near the
biotic climax. surface of the sea or lake.
plagiogeotropism. geotropismo trans- plank root. riz tabla. A root which
versal. A growth respose to gravity is markedly flattened so that it
so that the axis of the plant organ stands out from the base of a stem
makes an angle other than 90 with like a plank set on edge, giving
the line of the gravitational field. additional support to the plant.
It may be used to mean that the plano-. plano-. A prefix that means,
organ makes any constant angle with motile.
the axis and would thus include planocyte. planocito. A motile cell;
diageotropism as a special term. wandering cell.
plagiotropic. plagitropico. Pertaining planogamete. planogameto. A motile
to or exhibiting plagiotropism. gamete; zoogamete.
plagiotropism. plagiotropismo. The planosome. planosoma. An odd chro-
tendency of a plant or plant part mosome resulting from the non-
to grow away from the vertical line, disjunction of a pair during meio-
planospore 316 plasm(a)
sis. fitoecologa. The study of the re-
planospore. planoespora. A motile lationships and interactions between
spore. plants and their environment.
planont. espora mvil. Zoospore plant geography. geografa botnica.
planozygote. planocigoto. planozig- See phytogeography.
oto. A motile zygote. plant growth regulator. regulador de
plant. planta. Any member of the king- crecimiento vegetal. Any molecule
dom Plantae, which manufactures that has hormone-like effects in a
carbohydrates by photosynthesis, plant, whether synthesized or natu-
converting simple inorganic sub- rally occurring.
stances into organic compounds. plant hormone. fitohormona. hor-
When living organism were clas- mona vegetal. Anyone of a group
sified either as plant or animal, of organic compounds produced by
animals were distinguished (in plants that regulate growth and other
general) from plants by their au- functions.
tonomous movement and their Plant Kingdom. reino vegetal. Plantae,
heterotrophic nutrition. Bacteria, the primary division of living things
algae, fungi, and autotrophs were that includes all multicellular plants
grouped with plants, however, in with the capacity to manufacture
the present-day five-kingdom sys- carbohydrates by photosynthesis;
tem, the term plant is confined vegetable kingdom.
(in general) to multicellular pho- plantlet. plantn. A young plant.
tosynthetic organisms; also, some- plant morphology. morfologa vegetal.
times it is reserved for soft-stemmed The study of plant form and de-
organisms, as distinct from woody velopment; phytomorphology.
trees or shrubs. plant pathology. patologa vegetal.
plant. sembrar. To sow seeds or set See phytopathology
plants. plant physiology. fisiologa vegetal.
plant anatomy. anatoma vegetal. The The study of the functions and life
branch of botany that addresses the processes of plants.
internal structure of plants; phyto- plant succession. sucesin vegetal.
tomy. See succession.
plant association. asociacin vegetal. plant systematics. botnica sistem-
A loosely used term but most com- tica. ftotaxonomia. See plant
monly understood to be a basic taxonomy.
vegetation unit, floristically defined plant taxonomy. taxonomia vegetal.
from field data; each association taxonomia botnica. The botanical
supports a distinctive faithful spe- disciple that addresses classifica-
cies and a group of constant spe- tion, naming, and identification of
cies. plants.
plant community. comunidad vegetal. plantule. plntula. A plant embryo.
A group of different plant species plaque. placa. A clear area caused
living together in a particular en- by a bacteriophage in a bacterial
vironment; phytocoenosis. colony.
plant ecology. ecologa vegetal. plasm(a). plasma. Protoplasm.
plasma membrane 317 plasmon
plasma membrane. membrana plasma. thread of protoplasm passing
A sheet of selectively permeable through fine pores in the cell wall,
tissue that encloses the cytoplas- thus forming a connection between
mic contents of a cell while allowing the cytoplams of adjacent cells.
water molecules to pass freely but plasmodesma. plasmodesma. plasmo-
limiting the passage of most oth- desmo. Singular of plasmodesmata.
ers; cell membrane. plasmodesmata. plasmodesmata.
plasmagel. plasmagel. The outer, clear Strands of cytoplasm which extend
cytoplasm lying against the cell through cell walls and form con-
wall; ecotplasm. nections between the plasma mem-
plasmagene. plasmagen(e). A self- branes of adjacent cells; cytoplasmic
producing particle in the cytoplasm threads.
of a cell, affecting the character- plasmodic granule. grnulo plasmo-
istics of the cell bearing it. Being dico. A very small dark colored
ouside the nucleus, it is usually particle on the surface of the peri-
transmitted only in the female gam- derm and commonly on the spores
ete. See plasmid. of the Cribariaceae.
plasmalemma. plasmalema. A thin plasmodiocarp. plasmodiocarpo. An
membrane consisting of fat and irregular body that produces spores
protein, surrounding the protoplasm of some fungi; also, a sporangium
or a cell organelle. It is responsi- formed by some myxomycetes
ble for the restricted penetration which is irregular or sinuous in
of many substances into the cell. shape.
Severe damge to it kills the cell. plasmodium (pl. plasmodia). plasmo-
In plants it is in contact with the dio. A mass of protoplasm formed
cell wall and around vacuoles; by fusion or some other form of
plasma membrane. joining, as in slime molds, which
plasma membrane. membrana plasm- have an animal-like movement when
tica. See plasmalemma. food is ingested; also, a multinu-
plasmasol. plasmasol. Endoplasm. cleate, naked amoeboid organism
plasmatoogosis. plasmatoogosis. Said as found in Myxothallophyta and
of the Pythiaceae which produce some Chrysophyta.
a bud-like outgrowth in the host plasmolysis. plasmlisis. The shrink-
tissue. ing or movement of protoplasm
plasmatoparous. plasmatparo. Said away from the cell wall due to liquid
of a spore which germinates to loss by osmosis.
produce a naked protoplast which plasogamy. plasogamia. The fusion
then forms a wall and produces a of the cytoplasm between two or
germ tube. more cells, in contrast to the nu-
plasmid. plsmido. A very small ge- cleoplasm; also, the fusion of two
netic unit of DNA that replicates sexual cells.
in a cell, independent of the chro- plasmon. plasmn. The cytoplasm of
mosomal DNA, occurring particu- an individual cell considered as a
larly in the cytoplasm of bacteria. single hereditary unit. The sum of
plasmoderm. plasmoderma. A fine the plasmagenes; plasmotype.
plasmosome 318 plectostele
plasmosome. plasmosoma. A small plastocyanin. plastocianina. A pro-
cytoplasmic granule. A type of tein with two copper atoms per mol-
nucleolus which stains with acidic ecule that serves as an electron car-
dyes and disappears during mito- rier linking photosystems I and II
sis without mingling with the chro- during photosynthesis.
mosomes; nucleolus. plastogene. plastgeno. A gene at-
-plast. -plasto. A suffix that means, tached to a plastid which determines
a small structure of living mat- the likeness of the daughter palstid
ter, as in chloroplast. to the parent.
plastic. plstico. Having the capac- plastonema. plastonema. The deeply
ity to become or be organized into staining peripheral material in the
living tissue. sporogenous tissue of mosses
plasticity. plasticidad. The ability of (Musici).
a material to change shape continu- plastoquinone. plastoquinona. A de-
ously under applied stress and re- rivative of quinone that serves as
tain the impression after the re- an electron carrier linking photo-
moval of the stress. The plasticity systems I and II during photosyn-
of a soil gives an indication of its thesis.
moisture content. plastosome. plastosoma. The lightly
plastid. plastido. plasto. Any of a staining internal cytoplasm in the
group of small, often pigmented sporogenous tissue of mosses
organelles in the cytoplasm of a (Musci). See mitochondrion.
cell such as a chloroplast or chro- platy-. plati-. A Greek prefix that
moplast; involved mainly in the means, broad.
formation and storage of carbohy- platycarpous. platicarpico. Broad
drates. fruited.
plastid inheritance. herencia plastd- platyform. platiforme. Flattened.
ica. Inheritance determined by platyphyllous. platfilo. Broadly lobed;
plastogenes. also, having wide leaves.
plastid mutation. mutacin plastdica. platysperm. platisperma. A seed which
mutacin plastidial. A change in is flattened in transverse section.
a chloroplast affecting its ability plates. escama. Thin, flat, overlap-
to produce chlorophyll. ping structures that form protec-
plastidome. plastidoma. The total tive coverings, as on buds.
compliment of plastid in a cell. pleated. plegado. See plait or pli-
plastin. plastina. A acidophillic sub- cate.
stance occurring in masses in the plectenchyma. plectnquima. A thick
nuclei of cells. tissue formed by hyphae becom-
plastochrone. plastocrona. The pe- ing twisted and fused together.
riod of time that elapses between plectostele. plectostela. A dissection
the formation of one leaf primodium of the protostele, the central tube-
and the next, on a shoot which has like structure in stems and roots
a stable spiral phyllotaxy. where food and liquid pass, showing
plastocont. plastoconte. Chondrio- the connecting network of veins
some. (anastomosing); an actionstele in
pleiandrous 319 pleur(o)-
which the xylem is divided into a pleiotropy. ple(i)otropia. A single gene
number of longitudinal plates. action that affects the expression
pleiandrous. pleiandro. Having a large of several traits.
and indefinite number of stamens. pleiotropism. pleiotropismo. The con-
pleio-. pleio-. A prefix that means, dition when one factor has an
many or multiple. effect simultaneously on more than
pleiochasium. ple(i)casio. A cymose one character in the progeny.
inflorescence having multiple pleomorphic. ple(i)omrfico. An
cymules, each producing three or actinomorphic flower with the
more lateral branches. number of parts reduced, as in the
pleiomerous. ple(i)mero. A condi- Tripogandra; also, having more
tion where there are an increasing than one independent spore stage
number of members within a whorl or form in the life cycle; also, of
of floral parts, leaves, or stems; dermatophytes, changes due to de-
having a large number of parts or generation in culture.
organs. pleomorphism. pleomorfismo. The
pleiomorphy. ple(i)omorfo. The chang- capacity for an organism to exist
ing of a flower, normally irregu- in different forms or shapes.
lar, into a regular flower by the pleophagous. plefago. Said of a par-
growth of some previously incom- asite which attacks several species
plete part or parts. of host plants.
pleiopetalous. ple(i)optalo. Having plerome. pleroma. The soft, inmost
an unusually large number of pet- tissue of the apical meristem made
als. of actively dividing cells; procamb-
pleiophyllous. ple(i)ofilo. Having an ium.
abnormally large number of leaf- plerotic. plertico. Said of the oospo-
lets in a compound leaf; also, an res of the Pythiaceae which fill the
unusually large number of leaves oogonium.
starting from one point. plethysmothallus. pletismotalo. A
pleiosepalous. ple(i)ospalo. Hav- dwarf stage produced by some
ing an unusually large number of brown algae which bear reproduc-
sepals. tive organs that produce unilocu-
pleiosporous. pleiospora. Having many lar or neutral spores.
spores. plesiomorph. plesimorf. A primi-
pleiotaxy. pleyotaxis. A condition tive or old-featured character. The
where there is more than usual or opposite of apomorph. See plesio-
an increasing number of whorls of morphic.
floral parts, leaves, or stems. plesiomorphic. plesiomorfo. Char-
pleiotomy. pleiotomia. Multiple apical acters that are shared by different
division with the production of organisms inherited from a com-
multiplets. mon ancestor; means old-fea-
pleiotropic. ple(i)otrpico. A gene tured, formerly referred to as
that is responsible for a number of primitive.
phenotypic effects that appear to pleur(o)-. pleur(o)-. A Greek prefix
be unrelated. that means, side-.
pleuracrogynous 320 pneumathode
pleuracrogynous. pleuracrgino. Pro- plume.
duced at the tip and at the sides. plumose. plumoso. Hairy on both sides
pleurocarpous. pleurocrpico. A type of an axis; feathery, as a plumose
of moss (Musci) in which fruit is stigma.
borne on short, lateral branches and plumule. plmula. The stem and leaf
not at the tips of stems and branches; producing structure in the termi-
also, having fruit in a lateral po- nal bud of the embryo of a seed
sition. which is located at the end of the
pleurogenous. pleurgeno. Borne in hypocotyl and enclosed by cotyl-
a lateral position. edon(s); epicotyl.
pleurorhizal. pleurorizal. Said of the pluri-. pluri- . A Latin prefix that
embryo of a flowering plant when means, many or several.
the radical is placed against the pluricelled. pluriclula. Having many
edges of the cotyledons. cells.
pleurosporous. pleurospora. Bear- pluricellular. pluricelular. Composed
ing the spores on the sides. of two or more cells.
pleurotropous (dorsal). pleurtropo plurilocular. plurilocular. Having many
(dorsal). An ovule that is hori- cells with each cubical cell pro-
zontal with the micropyle toward ducing a single reproductive cell;
the ventral bundle and the raphe said of a sporangium or ovary which
above. is divided by septa into several
pleurotropous (ventral). pleurtropo compartments.
(ventral). An ovule that is hori- pluripotent. pluripotente. Capable of
zontal with the micropyle toward developing, growing, or produc-
the ventral bundle and the raphe ing in a number of ways, as pluripo-
below. tent cells.
plexiform. plexiforme. In the form pluriseriate. pluriseriado. Occurring
or shape of a network. in many series or rows.
plicate. plegado. Having a series of plurisporous. plurisporo. Having two
fluted, longitudinal folds, as birch or more spores.
leaves (Betulaceae); also, folded plurivalent. plurivalente. In some
like a fan; plait. types of cell division, said of com-
plicate aestivation. estivacin plegado. pound chromatin rods formed of
A type of valvate aestivation in more than two chromosomes.
which the perianth segments ar pli- plurivorous. plurivoro. Attacking a
cate. number of hosts, or living on a
plococarpium. plococarpia. A fruit number of substrates.
with follicles around an axis. + strain. variedad +. One of the two
plumbeus. plumbeus. Latin mean- strains of a heterothallic mold,
ing lead-colored. commonly distinguished from the
plume. pluma. A light, hairy or feath- corresponding strain by its stron-
ery appendage on a seed or fruit ger growth.
which aids in wind dispersal. PMC. CMP. Pollen mother cell.
plumed disseminule. disemnulo con pneumathode. neumtodo. The out-
plumas. A fruit or seed bearing a let of a plants ventilating system,
pneumatophore 321 polarilocular spore
usually having some loosely packed of point mutation. A mutation that
cells on the surface through which can be mapped to one location (lo-
gas exchanges occur. cus); gene mutation.
pneumatophore. neumatforo. A spe- poison. veneno. A substance caus-
cialized breathing root provid- ing illness or death. See toxin.
ing a channel for air; arising from poisonous fungi. hongos venenosos.
the roots of various trees that grow hongos venenosas . A group of
in swampy places; also, a special- fungi, commonly referred to as toad-
ized root which grows vertically stools, that produce a toxic sub-
into the air from roots embedded stance which is harmful to humans
in mud, providing gaseous ex- and some animals.
changes for submerged roots. poisonous. venenosa. Containing or
pneumotaxis. neumotaxis. The re- having the effect of poison. See
sponse of an organism to carbon toxic.
dioxide in solution; also, the re- poium. poio. A meadow formation.
sponse to the stimulus of any type polar (sperm). polar. Pertaining to
of gases. the poles of an ovum or nerve cell;
pneumotropism. neumotropismo. at the end, especially of spores,
Pneumotaxis. bacteria etc.
poculiform. poculiforme. Cup-shaped. polar body. corpsculo polar. One
pod. vaina. legumbre (en legumin- product of oogenesis; extruded as
osas). baya. mazorca (del cacao). a small, nonfunctional haploid prod-
A dry, bivalve, dehiscent fruit case, uct with little cytoplasm; polocyte.
that usually opens along two su- polar cap. casquete polar. A group
tures at maturity and most com- of fine protoplasmic strands formed
monly found in legumes. early in division at the pole of a
podetium. podetio. In some lichens, dividing nucleus which contribute
a stalk or shrub-like part of the to the formation of the spindle.
thallus which supports the fruit- polar cell. clular polar. During mei-
ing body. otic division, a small cell that comes
podium. podio. A footstalk or other from an oocyte; a binucleate cell
supporting part. in the center of an embryo sac con-
podo-. podo-. A Greek prefix that taining the two haploid polar nu-
means, of a foot or stalk. clei; central cell.
podocarp. podocarpo. A stipe sup- polar cleft. bisulco polar. A linear
porting a fruit; also, a stalk to a expansion of the outer tissue of the
carpel. raphe of some Chrysophyta.
podogyne. podogiene. A basal stalk; polarilocular. polarilocular. A type
stipe; carpopodium. of lichen spore with two cells sepa-
point mutation. mutacin puntual. rated by a perforated partition;
mutacin puntiforme. A change orculiform.
in the genetic composition of a cell polarilocular spore. espora polaril-
due to a change in a single triplet ocular. A two-celled spore with
of the DNA template; also, dele- a very thick median septum tra-
tion and inversion can be the cause versed by a canal; blasteniospire.
polarinucleate 322 pollen flower
polarinucleate. polarinucleado. Said polar nucleus. ncleo polar. The nu-
of a spore with an oil-droplet at cleus formed in the embryo sac by
each end. the union of the two polar nuclei,
polarity. polaridad. The establishment later it fuses with a male nucleus
of poles or areas of specialization to give rise to the first endosperm
at opposite ends of a cell, tissue, nucleus.
organ, or organism which serve to polar pyrenoid. pirenoide polar. A
differentiate, as roots from shoots. pyrenoid which is not wholly en-
polarization. polarizacin. Of chro- veloped in a sheath of starch grains.
mosomes at telophase of mitosis polar transport. transporte polar. The
and later, the maintenance of their directed movement of compounds
proximal parts on the polar side (usually harmones) within plants,
of the nucleus; also, of chromosmes mostly in one direction, by a mecha-
at zygotene, the movements of their nism which requires metabolic en-
ends towards the part or parts of ergy, which overcomes the tendency
the nuclear surface where the for diffusion in all directions; does
centrosomes lie; also, of centro- not need intact xylem or phloem
meres, the initiation of orientated streams.
division during mitotic metaphase. pole. polo. The extreme axis, espe-
polarized light. lus polrizada. Light cially an elogated spore or of an
in which the waves oscillate in one egg cell; also, the extremity of the
plane only. achromatic spindle which is formed
polar molecule. molcular polar. A during mitosis and where the spindle
molecule without a net electric fibers come together.
charge, instead, the electrons are polioplasm. polioplasma. Granular
unequally shared between the nu- protogplasm.
clei. In molecules such as water, politus. politus. Latin meaning pol-
this results in the pull of the oxy- ished.
gen nucleus on the shared neutrons pollen. polen. In seed plants, fine,
being greater than the pull of the yellowish powder-like grains (mic-
hydrogen nuclei, resulting in the rospores), each containing a male
oxygen end having a slightly nega- gametophyte, that are produced in
tive charge and the hydrogen ends the microsporangium of gymno-
having a slightly positive charge. sperm or in the anther of angio-
polar nodule. ndulo polar. A swelling sperm; microspore of Gyno-sperms
at the the end of the raphe of the and Angiosperms.
Chrsophyta; also, button-like pollen chamber. cmara polnica. The
thickening of wall material, fill- cavity formed in the apex of the
ing the pores between heterocysts nucellus of Gymnosperms in which
of the Cyanophyta. pollen grains lodge after pollina-
polar nuclei. nuclei polar. The two tion has occurred. The pollen grains
haploid nuclei of the angiosperm slowly develop there and ultimately
female gametophyte that migrate bring about fertilization.
to the center from the poles of the pollen flower. flor polnica. A flower
gametophyte. which produces no nectar but lib-
pollen grain 323 polyandry
erates large amounts of pollen whcih masses, common in many species
attracts insects. of orchids (Orchidaceae) and
pollen grain. grano de polen. grano milkweeds (Asclepias).
polnico. A microspore contain- pollinodium. polinodio. Antherdium.
ing a mature or young male game- pollutant. poluntante. agente de polu-
tophyte. cin. A substance introduced into
pollen mother cell. clula madre del the environment, usually by man,
polen. A 2n cell that divides (once which contaminates the air, water,
by meiosis and once by mitosis) or soil. See contaminant.
to form a tetrad of four pollen pollute. polucionar. contaminar.
grains; microsporocyte. poluar. impurificar. To contami-
pollen rain. illuvia polen. Pollen grains nate or introduce an impure sub-
and spores that fall on a specific stance into the environment.
site. pollution. polucin. contaminacin.
pollen sac. saco polnico. A bag-like impurificacin. The contamina-
structure in the anther where the tion of air, water, or soil with un-
pollen is produced; male sporan- desirable amounts of material or
gium. heat which may be natural, such
pollen tube. tubo polnico. A tube as phosphate in excessive amounts,
that grows from a pollen grain which or it may be small quantities of a
provides a passage for male repro- synthetic compound such as dioxin
ductive cells into the ovule; a tube that is highly toxic.
formed on germination of a pol- pollution carpet. alfombra de poluc-
len grain that carries male gametes in. In a stagnant and polluted wa-
to the egg, and one to the central ter, a slimy layer occurring on the
fusion nucleus with which it fuses bottom, usually composed of bac-
to form the endosperm nucleus from teria, detritus feeding protozoa, and
which arise the endospersm. fungi.
polleniferous. polinifero. Pollen car- polocyte. polocito. See polar body.
rying or bearing. poly-. poli-. A Greek prefix that means,
pollinate. polinizar. To convey pol- many.
len from the anther to the stigma. polyad. poliad. Pollen grains occurring
pollination. polinizacin. In flow- in groups of more than four.
ering plants (angiosperms), the polyadelphous. poliadelfo. Having
conveyance of pollen either by wind stamens united in three or more
or insects from the anthers to the groups in one flower; also, said of
stigma for fertilization; also, in gym- an andrecium when several of the
nosperms, the transfer of pollen stamens are joined by their fila-
from the microsporangium to the ments to form several bundles.
micropyle of the ovule. polyandrous. poliandro. Having many
pollinator. agente polinizador. poliniz- groups of stamens in one flower.
ante. Any organism that effects polyandry. poliandria. Having more
pollination. than twenty groups of stamens in
pollinium (pl. pollinia). polinio. Grains one flower; also, of oospores formed
of pollen in uniform, coherent, waxy when more than one functional
polyanthous 324 polygamodioecious
antheridium is present. polycormic. policormico. Said of a
polyanthous. polianto. Having many wood plant which as several strong
small flowers on a single head. vertical trunks.
polyascus. poliasco. poliasca. Having polycotyledon. policotiledn. A plant
many asci, especially when they are with two or more cotyledons in the
in one hymenium and not separated embryo, as most cone-bearing spe-
by sterile bands. cies.
polycarpellary. policarpelar. Hav- polycotyledonous. policotiledno.
ing many carpels, as the lemon. Having more than two cotyledons.
polycarpic. policrpico. Bearing fruit polycyclic. policclico. Having many
year after year; perennial. whorls; many-whorled; also, said
polycarpous. policarpo. Having two of a stele in which there are two
or more carpels in the ovary or fruit; or more concentric rings of vas-
also, having a gynecium made up cular tissue.
of several free carpels. polyeder. polieder. A solitary rest-
polycarpy. policarpia. The stage or ing cell which develops from a
condition of bearing two or more zoospore of some of the Hydro-
carpels in the fruit perennially. dictyaceae. They grow and form
polycentric. policntrico. A thallus zoospores which remain within a
that forms several reproductive vesicle, ultimately forming a veg-
centers; also, of a chromosome or etative colony.
chromatid which has several centro- polyembrony. poliembrionia. The pro-
meres. ducing of more than one embryo
polycephalous. policeflo. A single within the testa of one seed of a
plant with many flower heads. flowering plant, either from one or
polychasium. policsio. A cymose in several zygotes, the extra zygotes
which each axis bears more than being sexual or parthenogenic, from
two lateral axes. reduced or unreduced eggs. The
polychateous. policteo. Having many extra eggs may be derived from
setae or bristles, as Polychaeta. vegetative nucellar cells, sister
polychlamydeous chim(a)era. quimera mother-cells, sister spores, or sister
policlamideo. A periclinal chima- nuclei within one embryo sac.
era in which the skin is more than polyembryonate. poliembrinado.
two layers of cells thick. Having many embryos.
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). polyenergid. poliengida. Coenocyte.
bifenils policlorinado (BPCs). A polyenergid nucleus. ncelo poli-
group of 209 different toxic, oily, engida. A nucleus which contains
synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon several sets of chromosomes.
compounds that can be biologically polyfactorial. polifactorial. See mul-
amplified in food chains and webs. tifactorial.
polychrome. policromo. Multicolor. polygamodioecious. poligamodioico.
polyclimax. policlimax. A succes- A sexual condition where two types
sional climax model proposed by of plants occur: one with some
A.G. Tansley, 1916 and 1920. See perfect and some staminate flow-
also monoclimax. ers, the other with some perfect and
polygamomonoecious 325 polymorphism
some pistillate flowers. rial.
polygamomonoecious. poligamomon- polygonal. poligonal. Having more
oico. A sexual condition where than four sides and angles.
some perfect and some staminate polygynous. poligino. Said of a flower
flowers are made on the same plant. having many distinct styles.
polygamous. polgamo. Producing polyhaline. polihalino. Refers to a
some perfect and some unisexual highly salt-tolerant species not
flowers on the same plant; having usually seen outside very saline
the antheridia and archegonia vari- environments; also, in the Venice
ously disposed in the same species. brackish water classification sys-
polygene. poligen(e). One of a group tem, the second most saline zone.
of genes that collectively control polyhaploid. polihaploide. Haplo-
a quantitative character, such as polyploid.
height; also, members of a poly- polymer. polmero. A large molecule
genic system. formed by the linkage of a number
polygenic balance. equilibrio polign- of smaller, identical molecules. The
ico. A condition produced by the combination is usually brought
adjustment of the proportions of about by a simple condensation and
polygenes having opposite effects. the polymer has the same empiri-
A balanced set of polygenes within cal formula as the individual unit.
a chromosome is a balanced poly- polymeric genes. gens polmero. Genes
genic combination. Where the bal- that are not alleolomorphic but have
ance is achieved with a single the same cummulative effect on the
represetative of the chromosome, phenotype.
and is displayed by a homozygote, polymerase. polimerasa. An enzyme
it is an internal balance, and where that catalyses the replication and
the balance is achieved by two repair of nucleic acids.
homoogous chromosomes acting to- polymerous. polmero. Having many
gether, and displayed by a hetero- members in each whorl, as a
zygote, it is a relational balance. polymerous floral whorl.
polygenic character. carcter polign- polymery. polimeria. The condition
ico. A quantitatively variable char- when a whorl consists of many
acter (phenotype), such as height, members.
which is dependent on the inter- polymictic. polmictico. Refers to
action of a group of genes. high altitude tropical lakes with
polygenic system. sistema polignico. continuously circulating water.
Pertaining to genes having effects polymitosis. polimitosis. The inter-
similar and supplementary to each calation of rapid supernumerary
other, and small in comparison to mitosis in the life cycle immedi-
the total variation. The members ately after meiosis, with or with-
of such a system are replaceable out division of the chromosomes.
in their effects. polymorphic. polimorfo. Having many
polygenic. polignico. Determined by forms, as in a species or genus.
many genes at different loci, with polymorphism. polimorfismo. In a
small additive effects; multifacto- population, the continuance of two
polynucleate 326 polysaprobe
or more forms of a trait, at a regu- polyphyletism. polifiletismo. The oc-
larity that is greater than can be currence in taxa of species or groups
maintained by newly arising mu- that have descended from differ-
tations alone; if changed, will re- ent ancestral lineages; some phyletic
turn to its former value over sev- taxonomists hold that these are
eral generations; also, of a fungus unnatural, and are therefore errors
having more than one spore form. of classification rather species or
polynucleate. polinucleado. Multi- groups that have originated as a
nucleate. result of convergent or parallel evo-
polynucleotide chain. cadena poli- lution.
nucleotdica. The attachment of polyphyllous. polifilo. With many
one nucleotide to another in a linear leaves, as a polyphyllous perianth;
manner. also, having separate or distinct
polynucleus. polinucleolus. Having leaves; multifoliate.
several nuclei. polyplanetism. poliplanetismo. Said
polyoicius. polioicio. Said of a bryo- of zoospore when they have rest-
phyte in which antheridia and ing and motile phases alternating.
archegonia may occur on the same polyploid. poliploide. Having three or
plant or on separate plants. more complete sets of chromosomes
polypeptide chain. cadena polipeptica. in each cell; euploid.
Ten or more amino acids linked by polyploidy. poliloidia. A condition
peptide bonds. in which a plant has somatic cells
polypeptide. polipptido. A chain with more than 2n chromosomes
of covalent-linked amino acids per nucleus. This condition comes
joined by peptide bonds; a conden- from the replication within a nu-
sation product of dipeptides. cleus of complete chromosome sets
polypetalous. poliptalo. A corolla without later nuclear division.
with separate petals; pertaining to polypodiaceous. polipodiceo. Re-
a flower which has the petals free fers to a family of ferns, Polypodi-
from each other; dialypetalous. aceae, having erect and creeping
polyphagy. polifagia. Said of a para- rootstock and an elastic ring en-
sitic fungus which has the thallus closing the spore cases.
branching through while attacking polyribosome. poliribosoma. Groups
several host cells at the same time. of ribosomes linked by a strand of
polyphore. polforo. Having a recep- messenger RNA functioning as a
tacle bearing many ovaries, as in unit in synthesizing protein.
Rosa. polysaccharide. polisacrido. poli-
polyphenol. polifenol. A compound sido. poliholsido. A carbohydrate
compose of several phenol units. composed of many simple sugars
polyphenol oxidase. oxidasa polifenol. united in a large molecule that can
An enzyme bringing about the oxi- be decomposed into two or more
dation of polyphenols. monosaccharides by hydrolysis.
polyphyletic. polifiltico. Having its polysaprobe. polisaprobio. An organ-
origin from more than one ances- ism capable of living in highly
tral type. polluted water.
polysepalous 327 population distribution
polysepalous. polispalo. Having many level.
separate and distinct sepals; chori- polytopism. politopismo. A type of
sepalous; dialysepalous. monophyletism where a new taxon
polysiphonous. polisifono. Pertain- occurs in more than one place from
ing to an algal tallus consisting of conspecific parents.
a central row of elongated cells polytypic. politipco. Having sev-
surrounded by one or more layers eral variant forms, as subspecies
of peripheral cells. or varieties.
polysome. polisoma. See polyribos- polytypism. politipismo. The occur-
ome. rence of several variant forms,
polysomic. polismico. Having more especially in geographically sepa-
than the normal number of chro- rate areas.
mosomes; also, a polysomic organ- pomaceous. pomceo. Having a core
ism or cell. with many seeds and a fleshy outer
polyspermous. polispermo. Producing portion, as a pomaceous fruit.
many seeds. pome. pomo. An inferior, indehisent,
polyspermy. polispermia. The entrance many-seeded fruit coming from a
of more than one antherozoid into compound ovary in which the re-
any egg. ceptacle forms the outer, fleshy
polysporangium. poliesporangio. A portion, as in apples (Malus).
sporangium with many spores. pomiform. pomiforme. Apple-shaped.
polyspore. poliespora. A many-celled pomology. pomologa. The branch
spore; also, pertains to Rhodo- of botany that pertains to fruit and
phyta, an asexual spore, more than growing fruit.
one of which is produced in a spo- population. poblacin. A group of
rangium. individual plants of one species
polystemonous. polistmono. Hav- living in a specific area (usually
ing many stamens, usually more separated from other similar
than twice the number of petals and groups); also, genetically a mat-
sepals; polyandrous. ing group, limited for special con-
polystichous. polstico. Arranged in sideration, either by environment
more than one row, as polystichous or breeding.
leaves. population density. densidad de (la)
polystylous. poliestilo. With many poblacin. The number of indi-
styles. viduals in a particular population
polysymmetrical. polisimtrico. In found in a specific area.
regular flowers, capable of being population dispersion. dispersin de
divided into similar parts at more la poblacin. The general pattern
than one plane. in which the individual members
polythetic. polittico. Using many of the population are arranged
criteria as the basis for a subdivi- throughout the habitat.
sion of a sample population or for population distribution. distribucin
the grouping of individuals. de la poblacin. The variation of
polytomous. poltomo. Having sev- a populations density over a spe-
eral branches arising at the same cific area.
population dynamics 328 position effect
population dynamics. dinmica de las pearance of a pore.
poblaciones. Major biotic and abi- porogamy. porogamia. The entry of
otic factors that tend to increase the pollen tube through the micro-
or decrease the population physi- pyle.
cal characteristics. porophyllous. porofilo. Having leaves
population ecology. ecologa de covered with pores or transparent
poblaciones. The study of the in- dots.
teraction of a specific species or poroid. poroide. Having distinct pores;
other taxon with its environment. also, a fine, incomplete canal run-
population explosion. explosin demo- ning through the areola of some
grfica. The sudden and rapid in- centric diatoms.
crease in the population size of a porose. poroso. Pertaining to cells
species or other taxon, commonly which are pierced by pores.
occurring when a species is intro- porosity. porosidad. Having a po-
duced into a new locality with the rous quality or condition.
necessary life support resources. porous. poroso. Having tiny holes in
population genetics. gentica de (las) tissue which allows the passage of
poblaciones. The study of inher- liquids, air, or light; also, a soil
ited variations in populations and with abundant air space between
its modulation in time and space; soil particles.
generally involving gene frequency, porous dehiscence. dehiscencia poroso.
selection, mutation, and migration The liberation of pollen from an-
studies. thers, or seeds from fruits through
population size. tamao de la poblac- pores in the wall of the contain-
in. The number of individuals ing structure.
that make up the gene pool. porphin. porfina. The parent com-
porandrous. porandro. Having anthers pound of the porphyrins.
that open with pores, and not slits. porphyrin. porfirina. A derivative of
pore. poro. A small opening in the a porphin which forms part of the
tissue, as in leaves, allowing for structure of many important botani-
the passage of water and carbon cal structures, including chlorophyll
dioxide; also, in soil, a crack or and cytochromes.
space not filled by a soil particle; porrect. porrecto. Pointing outward
also, the aperture of a stoma; also, or extending horizontally outward,
one of the tubular cavities lined as a parrot beak.
by basidia in the pore-bearing position. posicin. In plant taxonomy,
fungi; also, a minute vertical ca- the position of a taxon refers to
nal running through the areola of its place as an element of a taxon
some of the centric diatoms. of the next higher rank; for exam-
poricidal. poricida. In capsules, one ple, the position of Quercus is a
that opens through pores, as in genus in the family Fagaceae.
Triodanis; also, an anther that position effect. efecto de posicin.
opens through a pore at the apex The change in the expression of
of the pollen sac. a gene when its position is changed
poriform. poriforme. Having the ap- with respect to adjacent genes; can
positioned 329 potence
be induced through inversions and post-fertilization stages. estados de
translocations. los postfertilizacin. The devel-
positioned. situado. Refers to the place- opmental processes which go on
ment or attachment of plant organs between the union of the gametic
to other dissimilar organs or ma- nuclei in the embryo sac and the
jor parts; also, refers to the plants maturity of the seed.
relationship to its environment. post-floral movement. movimiento
positive. positivo. Describes the mov- postfloral. A change in the posi-
ing or turning toward any of a group tion of the flower stalk or inflo-
of stimuli, as light, water or grav- rescence stalk after fertilization has
ity, thereby exhibiting positive tro- occurred, so as to bring the fruit
pism. into a more favorable position for
positive chiasma interference. inter- developemnt, or placing the seeds
ferencia quiasmtica positivo. See in good conditions for germination.
chiasma interference. postical. postical. Relating to or be-
positive feedback. realimentacin longing to the back or lower part
positivo. In the operation of a sys- of a leaf or stem.
tem, the mechanism that intensi- posticous. postico. Outward or behind.
fies the process as each cycle postmeiotic division. divisin post-
establishes conditions favorable to meiotic. The first nuclear division
repetition. See negative feedback after meiosis has been completed.
mechanism. post-reduction. postreduccin. As op-
positive reaction. reaccin positivo. posed to pre-reduction, the segre-
A taxis or tropism from a region gation of differences between part-
where the stimulus is weaker to one ners at the second, as opposed to
where the stimulus is stronger. the first meiotic division.
postclimax. postclmax. In the mono- postventitious. postventitio. Delayed
climax model of climax vegetation, in development.
the term describing communities potamium. potamio. A river forma-
that differ from the climatic cli- tion.
max resulting from cooler and/or potamoplankton. potamoplacton. The
moister conditions than are char- plankton living in rivers and stre-
acteristic of the area; common to ams.
higher elevations, especially on the potamous. potamo. Living in rivers
windward slopes of mountains. and streams
posterior. posterior. Located on the potassium (K). potasio (K). An ele-
side nearest the axis, as the pos- ment with the chemical symbol of
terior or upper lip of a bilabiate K which is essential to control in
corolla; also, inserted on the back the water potential of cells. A po-
of another organ; also, the rear; tassium deficiency reduces plant
adaxial; superior. growth, detectable by dark or blue-
postcingular plate. placa postcingular. green leaf colors.
One of a series of plates next to potence. potencialidad. The property
the girdle in the hypotheca of the of a group of polygenes, correspond-
Peridiniales. ing to the degree of dominance of
potential energy 330 premeiotic mitosis
the major gene. climax model, the name given to
potential energy. energia potencial. communities that differ from the
Available energy, not yet expressed. climatic climax due to a hotter and/
potometer. po(te)tmetro. An instru- or drier environment than associ-
ment used to measure a plants ated with the regional climate.
water uptake and to estimate tran- precocious. precoz. Developing unu-
spiration rates. sually early, as flowers or fruits
pouch. bolsa. A bag-like cavity or cyst. occurring before the leaves.
poussieroid. pousieroide. Said of a precocity. precocidad. The property
stage of meiotic division, prior to in the nucleus at meisois of begin-
prophase in which the chromatin ning prophase before the chromo-
is distributed as fine granules. somes have divided. Differential
powdered. pulverulento. Dust-like precocity is when some chromo-
particles, as with certain fungus or somes, or their parts, condense,
mildew. divide, or pair before the rest of
prae-. prae-. A Latin prefix that means, the chromosomes during prophase.
before or very. precocity theory. teora de precocidad.
praecox. praecox. Latin meaning ap- That meiosis is primarily distin-
pearing early. guished from mitosis by showing
praemorse. premorso. Same as pre- a precocity of prophase, which suc-
morse. cessively determines pairing, cross-
prairie. pradera. llanura. A broad, ing-over, chiasma formation, and
flat grassy plain, characterized by non-division of the centromeres.
tall grasses (Poaceae) and occa- A second division is inserted to-
sional shrubby plants and trees. gether with the reduction of chro-
pratal. pratal. Growing in meadows. mosome number and the segrega-
pratensis. pratensis. Latin meaning tion of differences.
of meadows. preferential species. especie prefer-
pre- pre-. A prefix that means, be- ente. In phytosociology, a species
fore (time) or earlier. growing in a number of commu-
prebiotic. prebitico. Before the ex- nities but especially abundant in
istence of living things. one particular location.
precingular plate. placa precingular. prefloration. prefloracin. The ar-
One of the series of plates adjoining rangement of the flower petals in
the girdle in the epitheca of the the bud before it opens; aestiva-
Peridinales. tion.
precipitation. precipitacin. The pres- prefoliation. prefoliacin. Vernation.
ence of moisture in the form of dew, prehensile. prensil. Adapted for grasp-
rain, snow, or any other form of ing, as tendrils on certain vines.
water that falls from the atmosphere prelamellar chamber. cmara pre-
onto the ground or into bodies of laminar. A transverse chamber in
water. the lower surface of the pileus of
preclimax. preclmax. The commu- agarics where the gills and hymen-
nity that develops immediately be- ium develop.
fore the climax; also, in the mono- premeiotic mitosis. mitosis premeit-
premature sprouting 331 primary constriction
ico. The nuclear divison immedi- to the six part division of the year:
ately preceding the organization of prevernal, aestival, autumnal,
nuclei which will divide by meiosis. hibernal, serotinal, and vernal.
premature sprouting. retoo prema- prickle. aguijn. A small, slender,
turo. An early or abnormal emer- sharp-pointed outgrowth from the
gence of leaves or buds. cortex or epidermis of an organ; a
premature. prematuro. Occurring be- hard pointed dermal appendage that
fore the regular or normal time, as does not contain a vascular bun-
premature sprouting. dle.
premorse. premorso. Ending abruptly, prickly. aguijonoso. aguijonado. Hav-
as a root or leaf that appears to have ing prickles; echinate.
been bitten off. primary. primario. First, as the first
prepotency. prepotencia. The abil- part to emerge or to be formed; also,
ity of some pollen to bring about the most important.
fertilization more readily than other primary air pollutant. polutante del
pollen. aire primaria. The harmful chemi-
prereduction. prerreduccion. Dis- cals emitted into the air as direct
junction in the heterotype division. by products of combustion or other
presence and absence theory. teora processes as opposed to those that
de la presencia-ausencia. That the form as a result of various chemical
dominace of an allelomorph is due reactions occurring in the atmos-
to the presence of something in it phere (secondary air pollutants).
which is absent from its alterna- primary axis. eje primaria. The main
tive. shoot of a plant; also, the main stalk
presentation time. tiempo de present- of an inflorescence.
acin. The minimum time that an primary body. corpsculo primaria.
organism has to be exposed to a The part of the plant formed
stimulus before there is a percep- dircectly from cells cut off from
tible response. the apical meristem.
pressure potential. presin potencial. primary branch . rama primario.
The quality of water potential pro- Branch emerging directly from the
duced by the force created by real main inflorescence axis.
pressure (turgor pressure) against primary cell wall. pared celular
a membrane. primario. The cellulose wall of
prevailing climax. climax predomin- all plant cells which develop at the
ante. The most common, stable, time of mitosis and cytokinesis; the
undisturbed community in a spe- cell wall surrounds the protoplast
cific region. until it is nearly mature and fully
preventitious bud. botn preventitio. grown. It is thin, usually non-strati-
A dormant bud which will produce fied and contains less cellulose and
an epicormic bud under suitabale more pectin than the mature wall.
conditions. It later persits as the middle lamella.
prevernal. prevernal. In the early primary constriction. constriccin pri-
springtime; also, flowering early mario. Centromere.
in the year; also, used in reference primary consumer. consumidor pri-
primary consumer 332 primary uredo
mario. Any organism that consumes primary pigments. pigmentos prim-
a producer organism as a food aria. Pigments that emit electrons
source; a herbivore. which directly drive photosynthetic
primary ecological succession. suces- reactions.
in ecolgic primario. A serial de- primary production. produccin prim-
velopment of communities in a bare aria. An ecosystems capture and
area that has never been occupied storage of chemical energy.
by a community or organisms. primary productivity. productividad
primary growth. crecimiento primario. primaria. The rate at which an
Following seed germination, the cell ecosystems producers capture and
divisions, elongation, and differ- store a specified amount of chemical
entiation that give rise to the pri- energy as biomass in a specific
mary plant body. amount of time.
primary increase. aumentacin pri- primary root. raz primario. The one
mario. The increase in the size of root that grows from the embryo.
a stem or root brought about by primary sere. sere primario. A plant
the addition of cells from the succession beginning on land which
cambium. has never borne vegetation in re-
primary lamella. laminilla primario. cent geological time.
The first formed layer of the wall primary structure. estructura prim-
of a spore. aria. The composition of the poly-
primary leaf. hoja primaria. The first peptide chain, including the type,
leaf to emerge from the embryo; number, and sequence of amino
juvenile leaf. acids or nucleotides in the chain.
primary medullary ray. rayo medular primary succession. sucesin primario.
primario. radio medular prim- Plant successional events occur-
ario. A vascular ray passing radially ring in a virginal or new forming
from the pith to the cortex. habitat; primary ecological succes-
primary meristem. meristemo prim- sion.
ario. The meristem that remains primary thickening. engrosamiento
growing from the time of its de- primario. The first layers of wall
velopment in the embryo within the material to be laid down on the very
seed. young cell wall, often rich in pec-
primary mycelium. micelio primario. tic material.
The haploid mycelium produced by primary tissue. tejidos primario. A
the germination of a basidiospore, tissue that has differentiated from
as in a mushroom. a primary meristem.
primary node. nudo primario. The primary trisomic. trismico primario.
node at which the cotyledons are A plant which has the ordinary dip-
inserted. loid chromosome complement, to-
primary phloem. floema primario. The gether with one extra chromosome.
phloem formed from a procambial primary universal veil. velo univer-
strand and present in a primary vas- sal primario. Protoblem.
cular bundle. It consists of proto- primary uredo. uredo primario. Ured-
phloem and metaphloem. ium.
primary wall 333 producer
primary wall. pared primario. A thin proanthesis. proantesis. Flowering
membranous enclosure around a before the normal or usual time.
growing cell. probasidium. probasidio. A teliospore,
primary wood. lea temprano. lea or the basidium from nuclear fu-
de primavera. Early or spring sion to the start of the epibasidium,
wood. sterigma, or spore development in
primary xylem. xilema primario. The any basidomycete; hypobasdium.
xylem formed from a procambial probe. sonda. A defined segment of
strand and present in a primary vas- DNA or RNA, commonly carrying
cular strand. It consists of proto- a radioactive label, used to iden-
xylem and metaxylem. tify a specific segment of DNA that
prime type. tipo primo. In Datura, carries the complementary base se-
one of the homologous types of quence.
chromosome structures, as distin- procambium. procambio. A group of
guished from other types by inter- elongated cells at the growing apex
change, and used as a basis of ref- of roots and stems which become
erence. vascular bundles as the plant con-
primine. primino. The outer cover- tinues its growth.
ing (integument) of an ovule. procarp. procarpo. A multicellular,
primitive. primitivo. Preserving the female reproductive organ in red
character of an ancestral develop- algae (Rhodophyta), consisting of
mental stage; original; first formed. an archcarp and trichogyne.
primordial. primordial. Primitive. procaryotes. procariotas. See prokar-
primordial cell. clula primordial. yote.
A cell which has not yet formed a procerus. procerus. Latin meaning
cell wall. lofty.
primordial germ cell. clula germi- process. protuberancia. A project-
nal primaria. Sex cell. ing part or appendage.
primordial leaf. hoja primordial. Em- prochromosome. procromosoma. A
bryonic leaf. body of heterochromatin seen in
primordial meristem. meristema pri- the resting stage of a nucleus.
mordial. Promeristem. procumbent. procumbente. A plant
primordium (pl. primordia). primordio. that trails or lies on the ground but
The early cells that are the precur- does not send out roots from the
sors of an organ. nodes. See prostrate.
primospore. primospora. A spore very prodiploidization hypha. hifa prodip-
like a cell of a thallus. loidizacin. A hypha which may
prisere. priser(i)e. presere. Primary be diploidized.
succession. producer. productor. Any organism
prismatic. prismtico. Having sharp that uses solar energy (green plants)
angles and flat sides. or chemical energy (some bacte-
pristine. pristino. A natural, virginal, ria) to create the organic compounds
or undisturbed site. needed as nutrients from simple
pro-. pro-. A Latin prefix that means, inorganic compounds from the
before or coming earlier. environment.
production ecology 334 prolification
production ecology. ecologa de la simple community with few spe-
produccin. The division of ecol- cies to an optimum sustainable
ogy that addresses energy flow and community.
nutrient cycling within ecosystems. prohybrid. prohbrido. A mycelium
productivity. productividad. See pri- having additonal nuclei from hyphal
mary productivity. fusions.
proembryo. proembron. The group prolamine. prolamina. A simple pro-
of cells, few in number, formed as tein, insoluble in water and saline
the zygote begins to divide, and solutions, but soluble in 70 % etha-
from one or some of which, the em- nol.
bryo is formed. projected. saliente proyectado. Grow-
proenzyme. proenzima. Zymogen. ing outward, as projected branches;
profile position. posicin perfil. A po- salient; porrect.
sition assumed by chloroplasts and projection. prominencia. A bump or
by leaves when the edge of the struc- protuberance.
ture is turned towards the position prokaryote. procaroto. A cell or or-
from which the light is coming. ganism without a distinct nucleus,
profoundly. profundamente. Grow- as bluegreen algae (Cyanophyta).
ing deep below the surface. See cyanobacteria.
profundal zone. zona profunda. The prokaryotic. procarotico. Lacking
bottom or deepwater area of fresh- a membrane-bounded nuclei, plast-
water ecosystems where light does ids, Golgi apparatus, and mitochon-
not penetrate; may not be present dria.
in shallow ponds and lakes. prolate. prolado. Somewhat globular,
progametangia. progametangia. En- but flattened equitorially.
larged fungi hyphae that join at the proleptic. prolptico. Developing ab-
point of contact and eventually form normally late, as proleptic shoots
gametangia. developing from lateral buds di-
progametangium. progametangio. A rectly underneath the terminal.
short side branch developed in the proletarian. proletario. A plant having
Mucorales from which a gametan- little or no reserves of food mate-
gium is cut off by a transverse rial.
septum. proliferous. prolfico. Multiplying
progeny test(ing). prueba de descend- by producing bulblets or plantlets
enca. prueba de progenie. The from buds, or side branches, or leafy
method of assessing the genetic shoots growing from flowers or
character of an individual by the fruits.
performance of its progeny. prolification. prolificacin. Producing
progressive cleavage. divisin progr- outgrowths, as a second flower from
esiva. The cleavage of the nucleus the substance of the first, either
or cells, to give 2, 4, 8, etc. daughter from the center of a simple flower
cells, one after the other. or from the side of an aggregate
progressive succession. sucesin prog- flower; also, a renewal of growth
resiva. In a particular setting, the in a mature organ after a period
consecutive development from a of inactivity; also, the formation
proline 335 prosenchyma
of a sporangium inside the empty lysogenically.
walls of a previously discharged propagulum. propgulo. A small re-
sporangium; also, the production productive branch which becomes
of off-shoots which may become detached from the parent and
detached and establish themselves growns into a new plant; referred
as new plants. especially to structures occurring
proline. prolina. A heterocylic, non- in brown alage.
polar amino acid, formed by the prophase. prfasa. profase. The first
decomposition of proteins. stage of mitosis when chromatin
promeristem. promeristemo. Apical is formed into the chromosomes and
tissue growth that develops into they become visible; also, the first
other bud parts. stage in meiosis, from the point
prometaphase. prometafase. The stage when chromosomes appear (lepto-
between the dissolution of the tene) to the point when chromatids
nuclear membrane and the aggre- contract (diakinesis). The stages
gation of the chromosomes on the of meiotic prophase are leptotene,
metaphase plate. zygotene, the pachytene, the diplo-
prominently. prominente. Noticeably tene, and the diakinesis; also, the
raised from the surface, as promi- stage in mitosis or meiosis when
nently veined. the chromosomes appear within the
promitosis. promitosis. The special nucleus, and in meiosis when un-
type of nuclear division during the dergoing pairing.
growth stage in the Plasmodiophor- prophyll. profilo. One of two bract-
aceae. eoles subtending the flowers of
promoter. promotor. promotora. A some species, as Juncus; bracteole.
segment of DNA that directs a proplastid. proplastido. An immature
group of structural genes. or new structure that precedes the
promycelium. promicelio. A short plastid and generally describes the
filament that bears sporidia, devel- plastids in the meristematic cells
oped in spore germination; a short which give rise to the other plas-
germ tube put out by some fungal tid forms during differentiation.
spores, on which other spores of proplectenchyma. proplectnquima.
different types develop. A false tissue of elongated fungal
propagate. propagar. To reproduce hyphae.
or multiply. prop root. raz flcrea. raz zanco.
propagation. propagacin. The proc- raz de apoyo. raz ara de sostn.
ess of reproducing or multiplying, raz sestentativa. Adventitious
commonly used with vegetative roots, usually emerging from the
reproduction. lower nodes, that help support the
propagule. propgulo. A bud, seed, stem, as on mangrove trees.
spore, or any other structure able prosenchyma. prosnquima. Long,
to develop into a new plant. narrow cells with pointed ends that
prophage. profgo. The genome of form ducts or vessels that are char-
a bacteriophage whose host bac- acteristic of the woody and bast
terium responds to it presence portions of plants; also, plecten-
prosorus 336 proterandry
chyma in which the hyphae are the place where a leaf comes away
evident and distinct. at leaf-fall. It checks a water loss
prosorus. prosoro. In the Chytridiales, and the entry of parasites.
a cell giving rise to a group of protein. protena. Organic compounds
sporanagia. containing carbon, hydrogen, oxy-
prosporangium. prosporangio. Of Phy- gen, nitrogen and frequently sul-
comycetes, a sporangium-like body phur and phosphorus, found in the
which puts out a vesicle (sporan- protoplasm of plant cells. They are
gium) in which zoospores may de- synthesized from amino acids and
velop and from which they are freed. are one of the main constituents
prospory. prosporia. The formation of protopasm. They are mainly a-
of sporangia on a very young plant. amino acid residues joined by pep-
prostheca. prosteca. In some bacte- tide linkages.
ria, a narrow, stem-like projection protein molecule. molcula protena.
from the cell. molcula prote(in)ica. A large
prosthetic group. grupo prosttico. molecule composed of many amino
A non-protein component of a acids, and the most important class
conjugated protein or the cofac- of compounds in the cell. They are
tor of an enzyme. divided structurally into two groups,
prostrate. postrado. See procumbent. globular and fibrous proteins. Func-
protamine. protamina. Any of a group tionally, they act variously as en-
of globular proteins of low molecu- zymes, hormones, structural ele-
lar weight containing large amounts ments, respiratory pigments, con-
of the amino acid arginine, but no tractile elements, antibodies, and
sulfur; associated with nucleic acids. as genes.
protandrous. protandro. Stamens or proteinase. proteinasas. Proteases.
anthers (male) developing before proteolysis. protelisis. proteolisis.
carpels or stigma (female); oppo- The breaking down of proteins into
site of proterogynous. their component amino acids by
protandry. protandria. The matura- proteolytic enzymes, as in diges-
tion of anthers (male) before car- tion.
pels (female), as in dandelions proteolytic enzyme. enzima proteo-
(Asteraceae). ltica. An enzyme that breaks down
protantherous. proteranto. With leaves proteins; protease.
appearing before flowers. proteose. proteosa. These are pro-
protease. proteasa. An enzyme that tein derivaitives, soluble in water,
speeds the hydrolysis of the pep- and not coagulated by heat. They
tide bonds of proteins and peptides. are precipitiated by saturation with
protective color. color protectora. A ammonium or zinc sulphate, and
color some plants display that pro- condense to form protein.
vides protection from predators by proterandrous. protndrico. Char-
allowing them to blend with their acterized by the male reproductive
environment. organ maturing before the female.
protective tissue. tejido protector. A proterandry. proterandria. Prote-
layer of suberized cells lying across randrous.
proterogynous 337 protohymenial
proterogynous. protergino. In her- or, primordial, as in proto-
maphrodite flowers, the stigma (fe- plasm.
male) matures before anthers (male) protoaecium. protoecidio. A haploid
release the pollen; opposite of structure which, after diploidiz-
protandrous. ation, becomes a fruiting structure.
prothallium. prtalio. See prothallus. protobasidium. protobasidio. A primi-
prothallus. protlo. In ferns (Filicops- tive basidium.
ida) and mosses (Musci), the struc- protoblemmatogen. protoblemat-
ture that bears the sex organs; as geno. A loose flocculent layer
an independent gametophyte plant covering the universal veil.
of the Pteridophyta, it is a small protoconidium. protoconidio. Hemi-
green parenchymatous thallus bear- spore.
ing antheridia and archegonia. protocooperation. protocooperacin.
It shows little differentiation, and A population interaction where both
is usually prostrate on the soil sur- populations benefit but neither is
face, to which it is attached by dependent on the relationship;
rhizoids. It may be subterranearn alliance.
and mycotrophic; also, the simi- protocorm. protocormo. A tuber-like
lar life cycle of gymnosperms; also, structure formed in the early stages
the earliest stages in the developmet of the development of club mosses
of a lichen thallus; protonema; and some other plants which ap-
gametophyte. pear to live in close association with
Protista. protistas. In some taxonomic fungi when young. In the culb
classification systems, Protista is mosses, it develops from the distal
a separate kingdom and in others, 4 cells of the eight-celled embryo
a super phylum or phylum. In and produces rhizoids and conical
either usage, it is a grouping of sim- protophylls which are leaf-like in
ple, undifferentiated, unicellular or function.
multicellular organisms that in- protoderm. protoderma. A thin layer
cludes algae, bacteria, fungi, and of tissue out of which the epider-
protozoans or various combinations mis develops; dermatogen.
of these groups. protogamy. protogamia. The union of
protists. protistos. protistas. gametes without the fusion of their
Eukaryotic, generally single-celled nuclei.
organisms, such as diatoms, amoe- protogonidium. protogonidio. proto-
bas, some algae (golden brown gonidia. The first of a series of
and yellowgreen), protozoans, gonidia.
and slime molds. Some produce protogynous. protgino. Character-
their own nutrients through pho- ized by carpels or stigma matur-
tosynthesis, while others are ing before stamens or anthers.
decomposers feeding on bacteria, protogyny. protoginia. A condition
other protists or multi-celled in which the female organs develop
organisms. first.
proto-. proto-. A prefix that means, protohymenial. protohimenial. Having
first in time, first in formation, a primitive hymenium.
protolysis 338 prototype
protolysis. protolisis. The decompo- plasmtica. flujo plasmtico. The
sition of chlorophyll by light. streaming motion that may occur
proton. protn. A positively charged in the protplasm of living cells.
particle in the nuclei of all atoms protoplast. protoplasto. The living
with a relative mass of 1 and a single protoplasm within a cell that has
positive charge. a cell wall and composed of the
protonema (pl. protonemata). proto- nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma
nema. The product of spore ger- membrane; the protoplasm, as dis-
mination in mosses (Musci) and tinct from the cell wall.
some liverworts (Hepaticae); also, protoplast fusion. fusin del proto-
thread-like structures from which plasto. A hybridizing method of
the leafy portions grow; also one using enzymes to digest the cell
of the initial branches produced wall of two distinctly different cells,
from a germinating spore of the then treating the plasma membrane
Charales, one branch ultimately so that the protoplasts of the two
producing the new plant. cells fuse. The result is generally
protopectin. protopectina. A substance not possible with traditional plant
similar to pectin, but consisting of breeding methods.
longer chains, which occurs in cell protosome. protosoma. A hypothetical
walls, especially of algae. central body in a gene.
protoperithecium. protoperitcio. See protospore. protospora. Said of the
protoaecium Synchytriaceae when a uninucleate
protophloem. protofloema. Elongated, piece of protoplasm becomes the
narrow cells (procambial strands) sporangium.
forming the first phloem tissue, protostele. protostela. In the plant
which lies closest to the outer piece axis, a solid core of xylem sur-
of the stem. It may be generalized rounded by phloem. The most sim-
in structure with poorly formed ple and primitive form of stele, made
sieve tubes and no companion cells. of a rod of xylem surrounded by a
protophyll. protfil. A sterile leaf. cyllinder of phloem. It is present
See protocorm. in the stems of some ferns and
protophyte. protfito. The game- lycopods and is universally present
tophyte in an alteration of genera- in roots.
tions, when the two generations are protothallus. prototalo. The first stage
unalike; also, a unicellular plant. in the formation of a lichen thal-
protoplasm. protoplasma. The living lus, often before the fungus and
substance of a cell which includes alga have become associated. The
the cytoplasm and nucleus, but term is sometimes applied to the
excludes vacuoles and cell wall fringe of hyphae growing out from
mass secrtetions. the edges of a mature thallus.
protoplasmic respiration. respiracin prototroph. prototrofo. A microor-
plasmtica. Respiration proceeding ganism that has the nutritional re-
at the expense of protein materi- quirements and capabilities char-
als in a starved plant acteristic of a non-mutant type.
protoplasmic streaming. corriente prototype. prototipo. A primitive or
protouredium 339 pseudanthium
original form of a species; arche- nitrile.
type. prune. podar. To reduce the number
protouredium. protouredinio. See of lateral branches or roots by cut-
protoaecium. ting.
protoxylem. protoxilema. The first pruina. pruina. A powdery bloom or
xylem tissue to develop; located secreton the surface of a plant.
closest to the pith. It is derived from pruinose. pruinoso. Covered with a
the apical growing point, and be- waxy or powdery bloom; also, cov-
gins to thicken before elongation ered with minute points that give
is complete. the appearance of frost.
protozoa. protozoario. protozoo. Any prunasin. prunasina. A glucoside, d-
of a phylum or subkingdom of mandelonitrile, in the bark of wild
mostly microscopic, single-celled, cherry.
animal-like organisms that repro- pruniform. pruniforme. Shaped like
duce by budding, dividing into a plum.
spores, or by fission. See Protista. pruning. poda. The selective removal
protruding. sobresaliendo. Project- of parts of a plant, usually woody
ing or bulging outward, as a bump. shrubs or trees; for improving qual-
protrusion. protuberancia. promi- ity and size of fruits or flowers,
nencia. An outward swelling or or for eliminating diseased tissue.
bulging. pruriens. pruriens. Latin meaning
protuberance. protuberancia. An out- causing itching.
ward projection, swelling or bulging psammon. psa(m)mon. Microscopic
that may give the appearance of be- flora and fauna living in the spaces
ing a special part. between grains of sea and lake shore
provascular tissue. tejido provascular. sand.
The procambium. psammophile. (p)samfil. A plant
provenance. procedencia. The natural which lives in sandy soil.
origin of a tree or stand of trees. psammophilous. (p)samfilo. aren-
proviral state. estado provrica. The cola. Living or growing in sand
condition of a host cell after trans- or in a sandy environment; ammop-
formation. hilous.
provirus. provirus. A plasmagene psammophytes. psamfitas. Sand
which may develop into a virus. plants.
proximal. proxiamal. The point of psammosere. psa(m)mosere. The suc-
attachment of an organ, near the cessional sequence of changes char-
base; also, the part of a chromo- acteristic of plant life on sand-
some arm which is nearer to the dunes.
centromere than another part. pseud-. seud-. A Greek prefix that
proximate. prximo. Near or nearest. means, closely similar, ficti-
pruinose. pruinoso. Covered with tious, or false.
white, powdery granules, somewhat pseudanthium. seudantio. A compact
waxy, as a pruinose stem; sebiferous floral head composed of many small,
or frosted. individual flowers which gives the
prulaurasin. prulaurasina. Mandelo- appearance of being a single, simple
pseudoaethalium 340 pseudomorph
flower. mobile cytoplasmic process pro-
pseudoaethalium. seudoaetalio. Of duced by the cells near the edge
the myxomycetes, a group of sepa- of the colonies of the Tetrasporales.
rate sporangia looking like an pseudocolumella. seudocolumela. Of
aethalium. the Physaraceae, lime-knots
pseudoamitosis. seudoamitosis. An massed like a columella in the center
irregular nuclear division caused of the sporangium.
by treating the cells with poison. pseudocyphella. seudocifela. A cavity
pseudoapogamy. seudoapogamia. The like a cyphella on the under side
replacement of the normal fusion of the thallus of some lichens.
of sexual nuclei by the fusion of pseudodrupe. seudodrupa. A two to
two female nuclei, a female nucleus four-celled nut, enclosed by a fleshy
with a vegetative nucleus, or two involucre, as in Juglans.
vegetative nuclei. pseudo-epithecium. seudoepitecio. In
pseudoapospory. seudoaposporia. The the fruiting bodies of some asco-
formation of a diploid spore without mycetes, a layer above the hymen-
meiosis first taking place. ium made of the tips of paraphy-
pseudoaquatic. seudoacutico. Not ses in an amorphous matrix.
a true aquatic plant, but living in pseudogamy. seudogamia. A union
wet places. between two vegetative cells that
pseud(o)axis. seudeje. A false stem are not closely related; also, the
or axis; sympodium; monochasium. development of an egg cell into a
pseudoberry. seudobaya. A fleshy fruit new individual from the stimulus
which looks like a berry, but in of a male gamete, but without nu-
which some of the fleshy parts are clear fusion.
derived from an enlarged perianth. pseudogene. seudogen. Genes that
pseudobubil. seudobulbilo. In some no longer have any function hav-
ferns (Filicopsida), a prothallus that ing been switched off at some time
replaces the sporangia. during the evolutionary process.
pseudobulb. seudobulbo. In many or- pseudoidium. seudoidio. A separated
chids (Orchidaceae), a swollen, hyphal cell capable of germination.
aerial internode storing food. pseudomarine. seudomarina. Applied
pseudocapillitium. seudocapilicio. In to fresh water forms bearing a re-
the myxomycetes, a sterile struc- semblance to marine types but not
ture in the fruit body which has necessarily closely related.
no connection with the sporogenous pseudomixis. seudomixis. Fusion be-
protoplasm. tween two vegetative cell or be-
pseudocarp. seudocarpo. A fleshy tween cells which are not differ-
fruit that is also an aggregation of entiated as gametes.
achenes, as strawberries (Arbutus); pseudomonomerous. seudomonmero.
also, a fruit having more than a rip- A whorl that appears to have one
ened ovary, as an apple (Rosaceae), member that is actually a fusion
pineapple (Bromeliaceae), and of two or more parts.
many others; false fruit. pseudomorph. seudomorf. A stroma
pseudocilium. seudocilio. A long im- composed of plants parts kept to-
pseudomycelium 341 pseudoterminal
gether by plectenchyma. aceae. It bears the sporophyte and
pseudomycelium. seudomicelio. Said remains short until the sporophyte
of yeasts and others, when the cells is mature, then elongates; also, a
are loosely united in chains. leafless branch formed by some
pseudomycorrhiza. seudomicorriza. mosses (Musci), and bearing gem-
An association between a fungus mae.
and a higher plant in which the pseudopycnidium. seudopicnidio. A
fungus is distinctly parasitic. pycnidium-like structure of hypal
pseudonucleolus. seudonuclolo. A tissue, as in certain Fungi-Imper-
net knot. fecti.
pseudoparaphysis. seudoparfisis. pseudoramulus. seudoramulo. A false
Paraphysoids. filament occurring in some algae.
pseudoparenchyma. seudoparnquima. pseudoraphe. seudorafe. A longitu-
A mass of loosely interwoven fila- dinal strip running the length of a
ments which look like parenchyma valve of the Pennales. It lacks a
in section. longitudinal slit.
pseudoperianth. seudoperianto. A pseudorhiza. seudoriza. A rooting
cylindrical upgrowth, one cell thick, base, as in the fungus Collybia
around a archegonium of the radicata.
Marchantiaceae. pseudoscape. seudoescapo. A false
pseudoperidium. seudoperidio. A scape, where some leaves are not
sheath of sterile hyphae surrounding basal but only appear to be.
the aecidium of the Uredinales. pseudoseptate. seudoseptado. A false
pseudoperithecium. seudoperitecio. partition or division.
Of the Laboulbeiales, a perithec- pseudoseptum. seudosepto. A septum
ium-like structure in which asci and which is perforated by one or more
spores become free; also, the perith- pores; found in the lower fungi.
ecium-like fruit body characteris- pseudosperm. seudoespermio. A small
tic of the Pseudosphaeriles; proto- indehiscent fruit which looks like
perithecium. a seed.
pseudophysis. seudofisis. A paraphys- pseudospore. seudospora. An ecysted
oid structure in the Cyphellaceae, myxamoeba; also, an obsolete term
which is thin-walled, smooth, swol- for basidiospore.
len at the end and moniliform. pseudostem. seudotalo. A false stem
pseudoplasmodium. seudoplasmodio. made from swollen leaf bases, as
A mass of closely associated uni- with bananas (Musa).
nucleate myxamoebae which retain pseudostipule. seudostpula. An ap-
their identity; also, in cellular slime pendage at the base of a leaf stalk
molds, a plasmodium-like structure which looks like a stipule but is
composed of many separate amoe- really part of the lamina.
boid cells. pseudoterminal bud. yema seudoterm-
pseudopodium. seudopodio. A mo- inal. A bud that appears apical but
bile and variable extension of the is actually lateral near the apex,
protoplasm; also, a leafless stalk developing when the terminal bud
of the gametophyte of the Sphagn- fails to emerge.
pseudoverticillate 342 pulpous
pseudoverticillate. seudoverticilado. pteropsida. pterpsidos. The vascular
Only appearing to be whorled. plants which have leaf gaps in the
pseudowhorl. seudoverticilo. An ar- stele, including ferns, gymno-
rangement of leaves that rise close sperms, and angiosperms.
enough together as to appear to rise pterospermous. pterospermo. Hav-
at the same level, although in fact ing winged seeds.
do not do so. ptyxis. ptixis. The way an individual
pseudozygospore. seudozoospora. leaf is folded in the bud.
Azygospore. puberulent. puberulento. Covered with
psilium. psilio. A prairie formation. a minutely straight, slender, almost
psilophilous. psilfilo. Pertaining to invisible hair; diminutive of pu-
the primitive pteridophytes, the bescent.
earliest vascular plants with scale- pubescent. peloso (en general). pub-
bearing stems occurring in the Pala- escente (en particular). Having
eozoic Era. or covered with soft, slender
psychrophile. psicrfilo. An organ- trichomes, as pubescent leaves.
ism that grows best at temperatures puffball. bejin. abombado. abullo-
of 15 C or lower; cryophil. nado. The common name for a fruit
psychrophilic. psicrfilio. Growing body in some fungi (Gaster-
best at low temperatures. mycetes) which are more or less
psychrophyte. psicrfito. Plants that spherical and the spores inside are
thrive in cold temperatures (15C released through pores in the
or lower). peridium.
psychrotroph. psicrtrofo. An or- puffing. formacin de puffs. The si-
ganism that can grow at 15 C, multaneous and violent discharge
however, it grows better at higher of ascospores from many asci at
temperatures. the same time.
pterate. pterado. Having wings. pulchellus. pulchellus. Latin mean-
pteridology. pteridologa. The branch ing beautiful.
of botany that deals with ferns pullulate. pululado. The sprouting or
(Filicopsida). germination of a seed; also, repro-
pteridophyte. pteridofita. Belong- duction by budding.
ing to the fern (Filicopsida) or re- pullulate. pulular. To multiply greatly
lated family having no seeds and or rapidly.
included in the Pteridophyta, the pullulation. pululacin. Budding or
highest type of flowerless plants. sprouting.
pteridosperms. pteridospermas. Seed pulp. pulpa. The soft pith in the in-
ferns. terior of a stem; also, the soft,
ptero-. ptero-. A Greek prefix that succulent part of a fruit or vegetable,
means, winged or feathered. as the pulp of a grapefruit (Cit-
pterocarpous. pterocarpo. Having rus).
winged fruit. pulpous. pulpo. Pulpy; having pulp.
pterocaulous. pterocaulo . Having pulse. pulso. Edible seeds of any of
winged stems. the legumes; also the bloom of al-
pteroid. pteroide. Fern-like. gae.
pulsule 343 putamen
pulsule. pulsulo. A vacuole in the pro- pure culture. cultivo puro. A culture
toplast of the Dinophyceae which of pure stock of one species of
looks like a contractile vacuole, but plant. The term is used especially
on careful examination, has a dis- for bacteria and fungi; axenic cul-
tinct wall and does not contract. ture.
pulverulent. pulverulento. Covered pure line. lnea pura. Plants which
with fine, waxy granules like pow- have descended by self-fertiliza-
der. tion from a single homozygous
pulvinar. pulvinular. Resembling or individual; also, an inbred homozy-
like a cushion or pillow; cushion- gous strain.
like. purine. purina. A colorless, crystal-
pulvinate. pulvinado. Swollen like line compound from which adenine
a pillow, as in a pulvinate leaf, a an guanine, nucleic acid compo-
leaf stalk, swollen at the base. nents are derived; also, an organic
pulviniform. pulvinforme. Same as nitrogenous base, slightly soluble
pulvinar. in water, that is a major compo-
pulvinule. pulvinulo. The small nent in DNA and RNA.
pulvinus of a leaflet. purine group. grupo purina. A group
pulvinus. pulvnulo. An enlargement of cyclic diureides derived from one
on the stem below the leaf; also molecule of dibasic hydroxyacid
an enlargement of the base of the and two molecules of urea. The
petiole. simplest is purine.
pumilus. pumilus. Latin meaning purple (color). prpura (color). A
low or small. dark color that is a blend of red
punctate. punteado. Having pores and blue.
or point-like, small depressions. purplish. purpreo. Somewhat pur-
puncticulate. punticulado. Diminu- ple.
tive of punctate. purpureus. purpureus. Latin mean-
punctiform. punctiforme. Having the ing purple.
shape or form of a point, as bac- pusillus. pusillus. Latin meaning
terial colonies which are very small small, weak, or slender.
but can be seen without a lens; about pustulate. pustulado. Having scat-
a millimeter or smaller in diam- tered blister-like swellings or erup-
eter. tions.
punctum vegetationis. punctum vegeta- pustule. pstula. A small elevation
tionis. Latin meaning growing or pimple-like swelling; also, a
point. mass of fungal spores and the hy-
pungent tip. pice punzante. Ending phae bearing them.
in a sharp point; sharp-pointed, as pustulose. pustuloso. Having promi-
pungent leaves. nent, blister-like swellings.
pungent. punzante. Having a sharp pusule. pusulo. A small vacuole present
point; also, having a penetrating in the protoplast of some lower
odor or taste. plants, which is able to expand and
puniceus. puniceus. Latin meaning contract.
bright carmine. putamen. pireno. The hard endocarp
putrefaction 344 pyriform
or stone of some fruits, as a peach tem; reflecting the rates of pho-
(Amygdalus) which is a hollow tosynthesis, respiration, and oth-
endocarp surrounding the seed. ers, but not as a standing crop, as
putrefaction. putrefaccin. Anaerobic in the pyramid of biomass.
digestion by bacteria of protein pyramid of numbers. pirmide de los
material, as meat. nmeros. A diagram depicting the
pycnidiophore. picnforo. A fruit body number of organisms of a particular
having pycnidia. type than can be supported at each
pycnidiospore. picnspora. A conid- trophic level from a specified in-
ium formed inside a pycnidium; a put of solar energy at the producer
spore formed inside a pycnidium; trophic level in a food chain or food
also, of Uredinales, a spore from web; numerical pyramid.
a pycnium. pyramidal. piramidal. Cone-like and
pycnidium. picnidio. A spherical or pointed, as with some prickles;
flask-shaped fruiting body in which triangular-shaped, like a pyramid.
conidia are formed and released by pyran. pirano. The ring form of a hex-
some basidiomycetous fungi. ose sugar.
pycnium. picnio. Spermogonium. pyrene. pireno. A fleshy fruit, with
pycnocondium. picnocondio. A conid- each seed enclosed in a bony
ium formed inside a pycnidium. endocarp, as the seed of apples
pycnogonidium. picnogonidio. Stylo- (Malus) and pears (Pyrus), also
spore. A small hard body containing a
pycnosis. picnosis. Contraction of single seed, rather like the stone
the nucleus as the cell dies. It forms of a drupe, but many pyrenes may
a compact, strongly-staining mass. occur in a single fruit.
pycnospore. picnspora. A spore pyrenocarp. pirenocarpo. drupa. The
formed in side a pycnidium; sperm- pit of drupes or drupelets, as cher-
atuium. ries (Prunus) or raspberries (Ru-
pycnothecium. picnotecio. A fruit body bus); perithecium.
formed by pycnosis. pyrenoid. pirenoide. The starch form-
pycnoxylic wood. lea picnoxilico. A ing and storing area in the chloro-
compact wood which contains lit- plasts of some algae and bryo-
tle or no parenchyma. phytes.
pygmaeus. pygmaeus. Latin mean- pyrenomycetes. pirenomicetos. A group
ing dwarf. of ascomycetes including those
pyramid of biomass. pirmide de la which produce true perithecia with
biomass. A diagram representing ostioles, or stromata containing
the biomass at different trophic cavities within which the asci are
levels in an ecosystem, by indicating developed. The orders of this group
dry matter or calorific value per are not necessarily related.
unit area or volume. pyrenium. pirenio. An obsolete term
pyramid of energy. pirmide de la for the sporocarp of the Sphaer-
energia. A diagram showing the iales.
flow rate of energy through the dif- pyriform. piriforme. Having the shape
ferent trophic levels in the ecosys- of a pear (Pyrus); pear-shaped.
pyrimidine 345 pyxis
pyrimidine. pirimidina. A liquid or vantage from fire.
crystalline organic base, six- memb- pyruvic acid. cido pirvico. A 3-car-
ered ring, containing nitrogen; also, bon acid that is central to cell
any of a group of compounds natu- metabolism and is the final prod-
rally derived from pyrimidine, a uct of glycolysis in aerobic respi-
major nucleic acid component of ration.
DNA and RNA. pyxidate. pixidado. Having a pyxis.
pyro-. piro-. A Greek prefix that means, pyxidium. pixidio. A circumscissile
fiery. seed that opens transversely into
pyrophilous. pirfilo. Fire-loving; a top and bottom part, with the top
describes a plant that can withstand acting as a lid, as in Plantago; di-
conditions created by fire. minutive of pyxis.
pyrophyte. pirofito. A plant able to pyxis. pixidio. Same as pyxidium,
withstand or gain competitive ad- but larger.
Q 10 346 quantasome
Q
Q 10. Q10. The rate of increase of a chemi- sides.
cal process (expressed as a multi- quadrilobate. cuadrilobado. Having
ple of the initial rate) produced by four lobes, as a quadrilobate leaf.
raising the temperature 10 C. For quadrilocular. cuadrlocular. Having
biological processes, as with many four cells or parts resembling cells,
chemical ones it is often between as a quadrilocular pericarp.
2 and 3. quadripartition. cuadriparticin. The
quadrangular. cuadrangular. Having division of a spore mother cell into
four angles, as a quadrangular stem. four spores.
quadrat. cuadrate. A basic sampling quadriphyllous. cuadrifilo. Having four
unit for studying the relative abun- leaves.
dance of species, especially non- quadripinnatifid. cuadripinnatfido.
woody plant communities; tradi- Four times pinnately cleft.
tionally, plots are 1 m. quadriplex. cuadriplexo. Having four
quadrate. cuadrado. Square or nearly dominant genes.
square; a square of vegetation usu- quadrivalent. cuadrivalente. An
ally one square meter) selected at associaiton of four chromsomes held
random for the examination of the together between diplotene and
vegetaton of a given area. metaphase of the first meiotic di-
quadri-. cuadri-. A Latin prefix that vision, usually by chiasmata; also,
means, four or having four. a nucleus having two pairs of ho-
quadricapsular. cuadricpsular. Hav- mologous chromosomes, or an in-
ing four capsules. dividual containing such nuclei.
quadrifarious. cuadrifario. Arranged quadruplex. cuadruplexo. A poly-
in four rows or ranks. ploid in which a particular domi-
quadrifid. cuadrifido. Divided into nant allelomorph is present four
four parts, as a leaf or petal. times.
quadrifoliate. cuadrifoliado. Hav- qualitative characters. carcter cualit-
ing four leaves attached laterally ativo. Inherited characteristics that
to a stem; also, having leaves in relate to form, structure, behavior,
whorls of four. or function.
quadrifoliolate. cuadrifoliolado. A qualitative inheritance. herencia cualit-
compound leaf with four leaflets. ativo. The acquisition of a char-
quadrifurcate. cuadrifurcado. Dou- acter that is distinctively different
bly dichotomous. in its expression from other indi-
quadrijugate. cuadriyugado. Bear- viduals of the species; the varia-
ing four pairs of leaflets, as the peti- tion is not continuous.
ole of a pinnate leaf. quantasome. cuantasoma. The fun-
quadrilateral. cuadrilateral. With four damental unit of organization of
quantitative biology 347 quinone
the chloroplast; also, one of the quaternate. cuaternado. Arranged in
granules containing chlorophyll sets of four, as a quaternate leaf.
inside the chloroplast. quercitin. cuerctina. A flavonal oc-
quantitative biology. biologa cuantit- curring in the free state or com-
ativo. Biometry. bined in glycosidal forms in a wide
quantitative characters. carcter cuant- range of flowers and leaves.
itativo. Characteristics that de- quiescence. quiescencia. The condi-
scribe the species in terms of tion in which a seed or other plant
number and size, as spore produc- part will not germinate or grow
tion in ferns (Filicopsida), height without the appropriate environ-
of trees, and nectar production in mental factors being present.
clover Trifolium). quill-like. pa. More or less tapering,
quantitative inheritance. herencia usually hollow; terete.
cuantitativo. The acquisition of a quinary. quinaria. In fives.
character that is produced by the quinate. quinado. With five similar
cumulative action of many genes, structures, as leaflets from a com-
each producing only a small effect, mon point.
as spore production in ferns quincuncial aestivation. estivacin
(Filicopsida) or the height of trees. quincuncial. A particular type of
quantum evolution. evolucin del imbricate aestivation in a five-
cuanto. evolucin cuntica. In an petalled corolla. Two petals overlap
evolutionary lineage, the sudden their neighbors by both edges, two
spurt of diversification. are overlapped on their edges, and
quantum. cuanto. quntum. A pack- one overlaps one neigbor, and is
et of energy; a fixed elemental unit, overlapped by the other.
as energy. quincuncial phyllotaxy. filotaxia
quantum speciation. especiacin quincuncial. A spiral arrangement
cuanto. Describes a rapid change of leaves on a stem in which five
that can take place in species that leaves make up one turn of the spiral
are isolated from their large ances- and the angular distance between
tral population. any two consecutive leaves is two
quartet. cuarteto. The group of four fifths of the circumference.
related cells or nuclei formed as a quincuncial. quincuncial. Having an
result of meiosis. arrangement of five leaves or petals
quasi-sympatric speciation. especiac- with two parts outside, two parts
in casisimptrico. The separation inside and one both inside and out-
of one species into two by the ad- side, as with buds.
aptation of different subpopulat- quincunx. quincuncial. An overlap-
ions. ping arrangement of five petals or
quaternary structure. estructura leaves, with two inside, two out-
cuaternaria. The structure of a pro- side, and the other, only partially
tein resulting from the interaction outside.
of two or more individual poly- quinone. quinona. A yellowish, crys-
peptides to give large functional talline compound of benzene with
molecules. two hydrogen atoms replaced by
quinque- 348 quintuplinerved
two oxygen atoms that act as elec- quinquejugate. quinqueyugado. Ar-
tron carriers in mitochondria and ranged in five pairs.
chloroplasts. quinquelobate. quinquelobado. Hav-
quinque-. quinque- . A Latin prefix ing five lobes; divided almost to
that means, having five or five the middle into five distinguish-
times, as quinquefoliate, having ing parts with convex margins, as
five leaves. a leaf.
quinquecostate. quinqueacostillado. quinquelocular. quinquelocular. With
Having five ribs. five cells or locules.
quinquefarious. quinquefario. Ar- quinquenerved. quinquenervio. Hav-
ranged in five ranks, as quinque- ing five main nerves.
farious scales. quinquepartite. quinquepartitia. Di-
quinquefid. quinquefido. Five-cleft; vided into five parts almost to the
about halfway from the margin to base.
the base with the linear sinuses and quintuplinerved. quintuplinervio.
straight margins, as a leaf. Having five nerves, all proceed-
quinquefoliate. quinquefoliado. Hav- ing from above the base of the
ing five leaves or leaflets; also, lamina, as quintuplinerved leaves.
having leaves in whorls of five.
race 349 radiate
S
sabulose. sabuloso. Growing in sandy of a saccule.
places. saccule. sculo. Having a very small
sac. cavidad. A bag-shaped enclo- sac or cavity.
sure or structure, as the cavity of sagittate. sagitado. Shaped like an ar-
an anther. rowhead with the basal lobes di-
sac fungi. ascomicetes. ascomicetos. rected downward, as sagittate
Ascomycete. leaves.
saccate. sacciforme. sacular. Sac- sagittiform. sagitado. aflechado. Hav-
shaped, as a saccate corolla. ing the form or shape of an arrow-
saccate fruit. fruto sacciforme. A head. See sagittate.
fruit having bag-like envelope sack-pustule. pstula bolsa. Pustule.
around it. salic horizon. horizonte slico. A
saccharase. sucrasa. Invertase; su- soil horizon, usually below the
crase. surface, that has no less than a 2%
saccharide. sacrido. Carbohydrates salt content.
composed of carbon, oxygen, and salicylic acid. cido saliclico. A com-
hydrogen atoms; a sugar in its sim- pound in willow bark (Salicaceae)
plest functional unit. and other plants that has pain re-
saccharine. sacrino. Covered with lieving characteristics; basic in-
sparkling grains, like grains of gredient of aspirin.
sugar; not to be confused with sac- salient. saliente. proyectado. por-
charin, a coal tar-derived, white recto. Pointing or jutting outward,
crystal, chemical substitute for as a salient thorn.
sugar. salina. salina. A salt marsh or salt
saccharobiose. sacarobiosa. Sucrose. lake.
saccharolytic. sacarolitico. Said of salination. salinacin. The process
bacteria which use simple carbo- of accumulating soluble salts in soil,
hydrates and starches as sources usually by an upward capillary
of energy. movement from an underground
saccharomyces. sacaromices. Any saline source. Also spelled saliniz-
member of the genus Saccharomy- ation.
ces, single-celled yeasts produc- saline. salino. Of salt or pertaining to
ing alcoholic fermentation in sugary an aqueous solution of sodium
fluids. chloride.
sacciferous. saccfero. Sacciform saline-sodic soil. suelo salino-sodico.
sacciform. sacciforme. Having the Soil with more than 15% exchange-
form or shape of a bag or sac; able sodium and a pH of 8.5 or less
saccate. which interferes with the growth
sacculate. saculado. With the shape of most plants.
saline soil 371 sample
saline soil. suelo salino. Soil with tano salada. A marsh or swamp
enough soluble salt to reduce its with a high concentration of so-
fertility; developed in an area of dium chloride (salt) in the water;
waterlogging and high evaporation, also, grassland subject to the over-
so that there is a high acculation flow of salt water.
of salts, expecially calcium carbon- salt-marsh vegetation. vegetacin
ate, gypsum, and sodium salts. marisma. A type of plant life found
salinity. salinidad. The saline qual- on mud banks at river mouths which
ity or quantity, which is a major has adapted to a brackish or salty
determinant in the structure and environment. See halophytes.
type of plant life found in a par- salt stress. tensin salada. Osmotic
ticular environment. pressure exerted on plants caused
salinization. salinizacin. An accu- by growing in salt marshes or in
mulation of salts in soil that can other elevated saline conditions.
eventually make the soil unable to saltwater. agua salada. salobre.
support plant life. Also spelled Seawater or water with a high sa-
salination. line content.
salsuginosus. salsuginosus. Latin saltwater intrusion. intrusin de agua
meaning growing in a salt marsh. salada. The movement of saltwater
salsuginous. salsugino. Growing in into freshwater aquifers in coastal
a salt marsh. and inland areas, as groundwater
salt. sal. A white crystalline substance is withdrawn faster than it is re-
composed of sodium chloride charged by precipitation.
(NaCl) found in natural deposits saltwort. sosa. barrilla. Glasswort;
and in seawater. also, any of a number of related
saltant. saltante. A mutation of a fun- plants used in making soda ash.
gus or bacterium in culture. salverform. hipocraterimorfo. Trum-
saltation. saltacin. The movment of pet-shaped, as a corolla with a long,
medium sized soil particles by wind. slender tube, flaring sharply into
Sand particles are picked up by eddy a circular limb.
winds into the horizontal air stre- samara. smara. A winged, dry,
ams. The vertical lift is dissipated indehiscent achene, as in the ash
and the particle falls back to the (Fraxinus) and elm (Ulmus) fruits;
ground, throwing up more parti- a single-seeded, dry indehiscent
cles; also, saltant. fruit with a wing-like extension of
salt gland. glndula salfera. A the pericarp.
hydathode which exudes a saline samaracetum. plurismara. A group
solution that evaporates and leaves or aggregation of samaras, as in
a salt deposit on the leaf; salt- the tulip poplar (Liriodendron).
secreting gland. samariform. samariforme. Shaped
salt lake. lago salobre. lago salino. like a samara.
A lake with a high concentration samaroid. samaroide. Samara-like.
of salts, some saltier than oceans. sample. muestra. A finte series of ob-
salt marsh. saladar marisma. servations or individuals taken at
marisma. terreno salobreo. pan- random from the hypothetical in-
sampling error 372 saprovore
finitely large population of potenial a pleasant taste.
observations or individuals. sapling. rbol joven. A young tree,
sampling error. error muestral. er- especially one less than four inches
ror de muestreo. The variance of in diameter.
a statistic arising from, and a fuction saponaceous. saponaceo. Having a slip-
of, the limited size of samples. pery quality, as soap; slippery, as
sand. arena. Grains of disintegrated covered with sap.
mineral particles, mainly of silica; sapor. saporo. The quality in a plant
also, a class of soil with particles that produces its taste.
between 0.05 and 2.0 mm in di- sapro-. sapr-. A Greek prefix that
ameter. means, rotten, dead, as feed-
sand culture. cultura de arena. An ing on dead matter.
experimental method for determin- saprobe. saprobio. An organism that
ing the elements required for the obtains food directly from non-
healthy growth of a plant. The plants living organic matter; also, a plant
are grown in purified sand and sup- growing in foul water; saprophyte;
plied with solutions of known con- saprobiont.
stitution. saprobiotic. saprobitico. Feeding on
sand-dwelling. arencola. Arenicolous. dead or decaying organic matter.
sand plants. psamfilas. Psammo- saprogenous. saprgeno. Growing on
phytes. decaying matter.
sandy soil. suelo arenoso. Soil con- saprophage. saprfajo. A heterotrophic
taining up to 85% sand and no more plant or plant-like organism that
than 10% clay. consumes dead material; saprovore.
sanguineous. sanguineo. Blood-red saprophylous. saprfilo. Saprogenous.
color. saprophyte. saprfito. Fungus or bac-
sanguineus. sanguineus. Latin mean- teria that live on dead, decaying
ing blood-red material; also, a plant or plant-like
Sanios band. crsula. Crassula. organism lacking chlorophyll;
sap. savia. A fluid or juice that moves saprotroph; saprophage; saprovore.
through the vascular system of saprophytic plant. saprfitico. planta
plants carrying water and miner- saprfita. Pertaining to or having
als upward and water and dissolved the practices of saprophytes, as
food downward; an aqueous solu- obtaining food by absorbing solu-
tion of mineral salts, sugars, and ble, non-living organic material.
other organic substances present saproplankton. saproplancton. Plank-
in the xylem. ton growin in polluted water.
sap cavity. cavidad savia. A large, saprotroph. saprotrof. Any organism
fluid-filled vacuole in the middle that absorbs soluble organic ma-
of an adult cell. terial from inanimate sources, as
sap flow. flujo de savia. Circulation a dead plant. If the organism is a
of sap. See sap. plant or plant-like, it is called a
sapid. sapido. Having an agreeable saprophyte.
taste. saprovore. saprvoro. See sapro-
sapidus. sapidus. Latin meaning with phage.
saprozoic 373 scalariform thickening
saprozoic. saprozoico. Feeding on with water.
dead or decaying organic material. saturated soil. suelo saturado. Soaked
sapwood. albura. The soft, living wood through with moisture or water;
(xylem) between the cambium and waterlogged.
the heartwood. It contains living saturnine. saturnino. Said of acro-
cells and funtional water-conducting spores which have a flat edge around
and food-storage tissue; alburnum. the middle.
sarciniform. sarciniforme. Formed sausage-shaped. botuliforme. A thin,
in small packets. tubular shape; botuliform.
sarco-. sarco-. A Greek prefix that savannah. sabana. An extensive tropi-
means, flesh or fleshy, as cal grassland with an occasional
sarcocarp. shrub and a few trees.
sarcocarp. sarocarpo. The fleshy savannah woodland. bosque sabana.
mesocarp of some fruits, as peaches A savannah that supports deciduous
(Amygdalus) and plums (Prunus). and evergreen trees and shrubs;
sarcocaulous. crasicaule. sarcocaule. providing a light canopy.
With a fleshy stem. saxatiles. saxatiles. Latin meaning
sarcocauly. sarcocaulmente. A type growing on rocks or stones.
of stem that is fleshy. saxicolous. saxcola. Living on or
sarcody. sarcodia. Conversion, so among rocks and stones.
as to have a fleshy texture. scab. costra. roa. A fungal dis-
sarcotesta. sarcotesta. A sheet of ed- ease (Sphaceloma) affecting cer-
ible pulp with one or more embed- tain plants.
ded seeds, as in the genus Calos- scaberluent. escaberluente. An epi-
patha; a fleshy layer in the testa. dermal outgrowth that is almost
sarcous. carnoso. Fleshy, as a sar- scabrous.
cous leaf or sarcous seed coat. scaberulous. escaberoso. Slightly
sarment. sarmiento. A long, slender scabrous or rough to the touch from
runner. epidermal outgrowths.
sarmentose. sarmentoso. Having a scabious. escabiosa. Rough; also, any
stem which arises as a small arch plant of the genus Scabiosa.
from the roots and then becomes scabrid. escbrido. Slightly rough-
prostrate; producing slender run- ened; scaberulous.
ners or stolons, as strawberries scabridulous. escabrioso. Minutely
(Fragaria). scabrous.
satellite. satlite. A short segment of scabrous. escabroso. spero. rugoso.
a chromosome separated from the Having a harsh, wart-like surface;
rest by one long constriction, if ter- scrufy.
minal, or two if intercalary, which scalariform. escalariforme. Having
typically occurs during the forma- the shape of a ladder, as scalariform
tion of a nucleolus. cells or markings of the rungs of
sativus. sativus. Latin meaning cul- a ladder; also, any plant of the genus
tivated or planted. Scalaria.
saturate. saturar. To cause to become scalariform thickening. engrosamiento
completely soaked, as soil saturated escalariforme. Internal lignific-
scale 374 scented
ation of the wall of a xylem, ves- rosette, as a dandelion (Taraxa-
sel, or tracheid, laid down trans- cum).
versely like the rungs of a ladder. scaphoid. scafoide. Boat-shaped.
scale. escama. Rudimentary leaves on scapiform. scapiforme. Scape-like but
leaf buds of most perennial decidu- not completely leafless.
ous plants that cover and protect scapigerous. scapigero. Having a scape
the bud during winter; also, a thin, or scapes.
flat plant member, which may be scapose. escapifero. A single flower
green when very young and usu- on a leafless peduncle or scape
ally small; also, the hardened, usu- emerging from a basal rosette.
ally non-green bract of a catkin; scar. cicatriz. A blemish, as on a stem
squama. where a leaf was attached; also, the
scale bark. ritidoma escamoso. mark on a seed after detachment
Rytidome; also, bark which becomes from the placenta.
detached in irregular patches; scaly scarification. escarificacin. A process
bark. to shorten germination performed
scale hair. pelo escamoso. A multi- by scratching or making cuts on
cellular flattened hair. seeds so that oxygen and water can
scale leaf. escama hoja. A small veg- penetrate the hard layers.
etative structure, usually appressed scarify. escarificar. Scratching or cut-
and imbricated, as on the Juni- ting seed coats to shorten the pe-
perus; also, a membranous tough riod of germination.
leaf, commonly smaller than the scarious. escarioso. Having a dry, thin,
normal leaf, and usually protective. somewhat membranous appearance,
scale-like hair. escamiforme. Same usually at the tips and edges, as a
as scale hair. perianth.
scaly. escamoso. Scruffy or flaky. scarlet (color). escarlata (color). A
scalloped. festoneado. Said of a margin bright red color.
bearing rounded teeth. scarred. cicatricoso. Indicates a blem-
scalpelliform. scalpeliforme. Shaped ished surface area, as on a branch
like a scapel or the blade of a pen- or stem.
knife. scattered. esparcido. Irregular; lacking
scaly bulb. bulbo escamiforme. A any regular pattern, as scattered
bulb in which the swollen leaf bases branches.
do not form a complete circle in a scent. esencia. fragancia. aroma.
cross-section. olor. Odor, smell, or fragrance.
scandens. scandens. Latin meaning scented flower. flor con aroma. A
climbing. flower with a distinct or discrete
scandent. escandente. trepador. Grow- odor or fragrance.
ing mostly erect by twining or lean- scented foliage. follaje aromtico.
ing on another structure for sup- Plants, especially leaves, that emit
port; climbing. a distinct or discrete odor or fra-
scape. escapo. A leafless flower stem grance.
rising from the crown of the root, scented. perfumado. oloroso. Hav-
surrounded most often by a basal ing a distinct or discrete fragrance
scentless 375 scientific name
or odor. schizocotyly. esquizocotilia. A forking
scentless. inodoro. Having no odor. of the cotyledons.
schisto- esquisto-. A Greek prefix schizogenic. esquizogenico. See schi-
that means, split or cleft. zogneous.
schizo-. esquizo-. A Greek prefix that schizogenous. esquizogeno. Formed
means, deeply divided. by tissue that separates or splits;
schizocarp. esquizocarpo. A dry fruit, also, said of a secretory, intercel-
intermediate between dehiscent and lular cavity which is formed by the
indehiscent types, with two or more separation of the cells.
carpels, that at maturity splits into schizogony. esquizogonia. Reproduc-
two or more one-seeded units, which tion by fission or budding; the
remain closed, as carrots (Dacus). division of a schizont.
schizocarpic achene. aquenio esquizo- schizomycetous. esquizomicetos. Per-
carpico. A separating, dry, indehis- taining to a class of vegetable-like
cent, one-seeded fruit with the seed microorganisms comprising the bac-
attached to the fruit wall and de- teria (Schizomycetes).
rived from a superior ovary, as in schizont. esquizonte. A vegetative thal-
Sidalcea. lus which has no wall and under-
schizocarpic berry. baya esquizo- goes simple or multiple division.
carpico. A separating fruit with schizopetalous. esquizoptalo. Having
a fleshy pericarp, as in Phytolacca. petals that are cut.
schizocarpic carcerule. carcrulo schizophyta. esquizfita. An artifi-
esquizocarpico. A separating fruit cial group of plants containing Bac-
that is dry, few-seeded, and with teria and Myxophyceae.
indehiscent locules, as in Althaea. schizophyte. esquizfito. Any of the
schizocarpic follicle. folculo esquizo- plants Schizophyta, which include
carpico. A dry, separating, dehis- a single cell, or a chain or colony
cent fruit derived from one carpel, of cells, and reproduce only by sim-
that splits along one suture, as in ple divsion or by asexual spores.
Apocynaceae. scia-. scia-. A prefix that means,
schizocarpic mericarp. mericarpo shade or darkness.
esquizocarpico. A dry, separat- sciaphilic. sciafilico. Shade-loving.
ing, seed-like fruit, derived from scientific method. mtado cientfico.
an inferior ovary, as in the Apiac- An approach to a problem that
eae. consists of stating the problem,
schizocarpic nutlet. nuececilla esquizo- establishing one or more hypoth-
carpico. A dry, separating, indehis- eses as solutions to the problem,
cent, four parted fruit with a hard testing these hypotheses by experi-
pericarp around a gynobasic style, mentation or observation, and ac-
as in the Lamiaceae. cepting or rejecting the hypotheses.
schizocarpic samara. smara esquizo- scientific name. nombre cientfico.
carpico. A dry, separating fruit that Latin or Greek names for plants that
has wings, as in Acer. are derived from a systematic
schizocarpous. esquizocarpo. Pertain- method of classifying and labeling
ing to or resembling a schizocarp. according to the rules and recom-
scion 376 sclerotium
mendations of the International sclerides. These occur singly or
Code for Botanical Nomenclature. in groups. See sclerotic parenchyma.
The system is binomial providing scleride. esclerido. A thick-walled cell
a genus and species for each iden- mixed with the photosynthetic cells
tified organism, unique to each. of a leaf, giving them mechanical
scion. pa de injerto. A bud, stem, support; also, a stone cell. See
branch, or some other plant part eslerenchyma.
which is inserted into a rootstock sclerocaulous. esclerocaule. Plant
in grafting; also, a young plant stems that have become slender,
formed at the end of, or along the hard, and dry.
course of, a runner; a stolon. scleroid. escleroide. Hard and thick
sciophilous. umbrfilo. Growing or in texture, as a nutshell.
living in the shade; shade-loving. sclerophyll. esclerofil. A stiff, firm,
sciophyte. scifito. A group of plants leathery leaf that remains firm even
that require or prefer shade or partial when wilted.
darkness. sclerophyllous. esclerfilo. Having
sciophytium. sciofitio. A shade for- tough, leathery leaves that protect
mation. against moisture loss; having
scissile. escsil. Capable of splitting sclerophylls; hard-leaved.
easily; also, said of the flesh of a sclerophyllous forest. bosque esclero-
pileus which can be separated into filo. See sclerophyllos vegetation.
horizontal layers. sclerophyte. esclerfito. See sclero-
sciuroid. sciuroide. Having the ap- phyll.
pearance of a squirrels tail, as with sclerophyllous vegetation. vegetacin
barley (Hordeum) and other grass esclerofilo. Commonly scrub veg-
(Poaceae) inflorescences. etation where the leaves of trees
scler-. escler-. A Greek prefix that and shrubs are evergreen, small,
means, hard or tough. hard, thick, and leathery from hot,
scleranthium. esclerantio. An achene dry seasons.
encircled by a hardened calyx tube. sclerosis. sclerosis. The hardening of
sclereid. esclereido. A lignified cell walls or tissues, usually by
sclerenchyma cell, short and often thickening and lignification.
pitted, found in seed coats and some sclerotesta. esclerotesta. A hardened,
fruits, as a pear (Pyrus); also called outside seed coat.
stone cells. sclerotic. esclerosado. esclertico.
sclerenchyma. esclerencima. Short- escleroso. esclerocio. Hardened or
celled, hardened, thick-walled plant thickened; having hard, usually
cells, as occur in nutshells and palm lignified walls.
stems; mechanical tissue composed sclerotic cell. clula esclertico.
of cells with thick lignified walls Scleride; stone cell.
and small lumens. If the cells are sclerotic parenchyma. esclertico
elongated, they are called fibers and parqiuma. Hardened but not
have pointed ends, commonly oc- thickened cell walls. See scleren-
curring in bundles. When the cells chyma.
are oval or rounded, they are called sclerotium. esclerocio. A fungal resting
sclerous 377 scutellum
body that can remain dormant for scotophyte. scotfito. A plant that lives
long periods awaiting favorable in the dark.
environmental conditions; also, of scrambler. trepador. A climber; a plant
Myxomycete, the firm, resting which has long, weak shoots, and
condition of a plasmodium; also, grows over and above other plants.
a compact mass of fungal hypae scrobiculate. escrobiculado. Having
often with a thickened rind, varying many shallow depressions; pitted.
in size from a pin-head to a mans scrotiform. escrotiforme. Having the
head. They are organs of perenn- appearance of a scrotum; like a
ation and may give rise to fruit bod- bladder.
ies. scrub vegetation. vegetacin mator-
sclerous. escleroso. Hardened or thick- rales. A general term for the low
ened due to lignification. lying, woody plant life that domi-
scobiform. scobiforme. Having a saw- nates in an intermediate commu-
dust or raspings appearance. nity between grass and high for-
scobina. escobina. The zigzag axis est.
on some grass spikelets. scrub. matorral. Land that is over-
scobinate. escobinado. Having a rough grown with stunted trees and shrubs.
surface, giving the appearance of scrupose. scruposo. Roughened with
having been filed or rasped. very small hard points.
scolecite. scolcito. Archicarp; also, scum. capa. Green slime as occurs
a loosely coiled hyphae at the center on a pond; spumeous.
of a perithecium which later gives scurf. escamosa. Scales or bran-like
rise to ascogenous hyphae. particles on the leaves of some
scolecospore. scolecospora. A long, plants.
thread-like spore. scutate. escutado. Having a small
scopiferous. scopfero. Having tufts shield-like shape, especially used
of hair. to describe leaves joined to the stalk
scolecosporous. scolecsporo. Having at about the center of the lower
thread-shaped spores. surface instead of at the base; scu-
scopiform. scopiforme. Having the tiform.
appearance of a brush or broom. scutelliform. escuteliforme. Having
scopulate. scopulado. Having the shape the shape of a small shield.
of a broom or brush; brush-like. scutellar epithelium. epitelio scutelar.
scorpioid. escorpioide. Rolled or A layer of elongated cells cover-
coiled, as the tail of a scorpion. ing the scutellum, lying against the
scorpioid cyme. cima escorpioide. A endosperm, and producing enzymes
type of unbranched, determinate in- which assist in the utilization of
florescence with pedicellate flowers the subtances stored there.
which branch alternately on op- scutellate. escutelado. Having a
posite sides of the rachis. The bud, scutellum; also, shaped like a shield
the axis of the inflorescence is or round platter.
coiled; cincinnus. scutellum. escutelo. Having a rudi-
scotophil. scotfile. Having an af- mentary, leaf-like covering at the
finity for or requiring darkness. first node of an embryonic stem
scutiform 378 secondary cell wall
(culm), as a cotyledon of some such as blooming.
grasses; also, the single cotyledon seasonal. estacional. Pertaining to
of a monocotyledonous seedling; the season or happening at regu-
also, a shield-like cover, as in some lar intervals of the year.
ascoma. seasonal isolation. aislamiento estac-
scutiform. escutiforme. Having a shield ional. A mechanism that prevents
or saucer shape. gene exchange between species by
scutum. scuto. An enlarged style tip, having different times of the year
as in Asclepia. when pollination can occur for each
scyphi-. scifi-. A Greek and Latin species.
prefix that means, cup-like. seawater. agua de mar. The saltwa-
scyphiferous. sciffero. Having scyphi. ter of the sea or ocean.
scyphiform. scififorme. Cup-shaped. seaweed. alga marina. A common
scyphiphorous. scifforo. Cup-bearing. name for large, multicellular plant-
scyphus. scifus. Having a cup or funnel like organisms that grow in the sea
shaped part, as a floral corolla or or the intertidal zone, especially
the structure at the apex of some marine algae.
lichen fruit stems ( Cladonia). seaweed. varec. Algae living in, or
Sometimes spelled scypha. in close promimity to the sea.
Se. Se. The symbol for the chemical sebaceous. sebceo. Tallowly or fatty.
element selenium. sebiferous. sebfero. Having a heavy
seacoast. costa litoral. Land that is waxy coat; frosty in appearance;
adjacent to the sea. pruinose.
seafloor. fondo marino. lecho marino. second growth. crecimiento secundar.
fondo del mar. The floor or bot- A growth of vegetation replacing
tom of a sea or ocean. one that has been previously cut
sea ice. hielo marino. Frozen seawater. or destroyed.
sea level. nivel del mar. The surface secondary air pollutant. poluntate del
of the sea, especially halfway be- aire secundario. Harmful chemi-
tween mean high and low tide. Plant cal(s) formed in the atmosphere
communities are measured or lo- when a primary air pollutant re-
cated as so many meters above or acts with normal air components
below sea level. or with other air pollutants.
seashore. orilla del mar. The area be- secondary association. asociacin
tween the lines of ordinary high secundario. The coming together
and low tide; seacoast. of bivalent chromosomes during
season. estacin. One of various regu- meiosis.
larly recurring periods of the year, secondary cell wall. pared celular
as spring, summer, autumn, or win- secundario. A cellulose wall, usu-
ter which relates to meteorologi- ally containing lignin, occurring
cal or climatic conditions; in tropi- inside the primary cell wall of many
cal region reference is to rainy and woody species. The amount of cel-
dry seasons; also, a time or spe- lulose is usually higher than in the
cial part of the year during which primary wall, and the amount of
a plant performs specific functions, pectin less.
secondary compounds 379 secondary xylem
secondary compounds. compuesto sec- clei.
undario. Organic molecules secondary peduncle. pednculo secun-
produced by some species of plants dario. The branch of an inflores-
but generally believed not directly cence.
involved in essential metabolism. secondary petiole. pecolo secundario.
secondary consumer. consumidor The petiole of a leaflet of a com-
secundario. An organism that feeds pound leaf.
only on primary consumers, mostly secondary phloem. floema secundario.
animals, but some are plants. Phloem cells formed by activity of
secondary contraction. contraccin the vascular cambium that occurs
secundario. Shortening and thick- in biennials and perennials, but un-
ening of the chromatid threads in common in annuals.
diplonema stage of meiosis, as dia- secondary pollutant. polutante secun-
kinesis comes on. daria. Air pollutants that form as
secondary cortex. cortex secundario. a result of various chemical reac-
corteza secundario. Phelloderm. tions occurring in the atmosphere.
secondary forest. bosque secundario. secondary root. raz secundaria. Any
Stands of trees occurring from sec- root that comes off the primary root.
ondary succession. secondary segregation. segreacin
secondary growth. crecimiento secun- secundario. The segregation in an
dario. An increase in the thickness allopolyploid of differences between
of shoots and roots through growth its ultimate diploid parents.
in the vascular cambium and cork secondary spore. espora secundario.
cambium which occurs in dicoty- Spores, other than basidiospores,
ledons and gymnosperms but not formed by basidiomycetes.
in monocotyledons; secondary secondary succession. sucesin secun-
thickening. dario. The change in vegetation
secondary leaflet. fololo secundario. caused by a disruption of a previ-
The leaflet just below the termi- ous seral or climax community by
nal leaf. a major environmental disturbance,
secondary meristem. meristema secun- as a fire or cultivation.
dario. A region of active cell di- secondary thickening. engrosamiento
vision that has arisen from perma- secundario. The formation of new
nent tissue. tissue by repeated lateral cell di-
secondary mycelium. micelio secun- vision in the cambium of a woody
dario. The mycellium of the bi- plant, adding successive layers of
nucleate segments, bearing clamp- new growth. See secondary growth.
connections, found in many Basidi- secondary tissue. tejido secundario.
omycetes; also, hyphae which grow Tissue formed by secondary thick-
down from the developing fruit body ening.
of a fungus, absorbing food mate- secondary wall. pared secundario. A
rial from the substratum. cell wall which is often rich in lignin
secondary nucleus. ncleo secundario. and formed after elongation has
The nucleus formed in the embryo ceased.
sac by the union of two polar nu- secondary xylem. xilema secundario.
second division 380 seed stalk
Xylem cells formed by activity of of a group of grass-like plants
the vascular cambium which form (Carex and Cladium) with non-
the annual tree rings. jointed stems, growing in clumps
second division. divisin secundo. The or tufts in marshes or swamps.
second of two divisions of meio- sedge peat. turba de juncia. Decom-
sis. posed sedges, occurring in beds.
secrete. secretar. To produce and dis- sedohepulose. sedohepuloso. A seven
charge a substance. carbon sugar involved in photosyn-
secretion. secrecin. The act of pro- thesis.
ducing or the material discharged seed. semilla. simiente. In Spermato-
from cells, as resin. phyta (seed plants), a fertilized,
secretory canal. canal secretorio. ca- mature ovule capable of germina-
nal secretfero. An intercellular tion into a plant similar to that from
space, usually elongated, in which which it came; also, the mature
secretions accumulate. ovule of a flowering plant composed
secretory cell. clula secretora. A cell of an embryo, an endosperm (some-
producing a substance or substances times), and a seed coat.
that are moved outside the cells. seed bank. banco de semillas. An
secretory tissue. tejido secretora. A institutional location where seed
tissue producing a substance or varieties are collected, identified,
substances that are moved outside and stored for research and devel-
the area; a group of secretory cells. opment activities.
section. corte tranversal. seccin. seed breeder. criador de semillas.
A thin slice of tissue that has been mejorador de semillas. The origi-
removed for microscopic examina- nator that controls and provides the
tion; also, a division of a genus seed or vegetative material for the
containing a number of closely re- initial increases of foundation seed.
lated species. seed bud. yema testa. An ovule that
sectorial chim(a)era. quimera secto- develops into a seed; plumule.
rial. A chim(a)era in which a plant seed capsule. cpsula seminal. cp-
with two or more types of tissue sula de semilla. Pericarp. Same as
is arranged in a cross section as seed vessel.
sectors of a circle. seed cavity. lculo de semilla. See
seculate. esculado. Sickle-shaped; locule.
falcate. seed coat. testa. tegumento. The outer
secund. unilateral. Curved to one side protective covering of a seed that
or arranged on only one side of the develops from the integuments
axis, as the flowers of the Lily of around a maturing ovule.
the Valley (Convallaria); unilat- seed leaf. cotiledn. hoja de semilla.
eral. The primary leaf of the cotyledon.
secundine. secundino. The second or seed plant. plantas de semilla. Any
inner integument of the ovule that seed bearing plant.
will become the seed coat. seed stalk. pedculo de semilla. The
sedentary. sedentario. Inactive. structure that connects the ovule
sedge. juncia. junco. caavera. Any to the placenta; funicle.
seed vessel 381 selection differential
seed vessel. vasco de semilla. The able characters.
pericarp; any dry, hollow fruit pod segregant. segregante. An organism
that contains the plant seeds; seed resulting from segregation.
capsule. segregate. segregar. To undergo seg-
seedbed. semillero. plantel. planto. regation; to keep separate; also, in
cama de siembra. Soil that has taxonomy, a group which is based
been prepared for planting seeds on part of an earlier group.
or transplants. segregation. segregacin. The sepa-
seedless. sin semillas. sin pepitas. Hav- ration of opposing (allelic) pairs
ing no seeds. of genes, occurring during meio-
seedling. sementera. plntula. A young sis.
plant, especially one grown from seismonasty. s(e)ismonasta. A nastic
seed; a young shoot and root axis. movement in response to a touching
segetalis. segetalis. Latin meaning stimulation or a non-directional
growing in grain fields. mechanical stimulus.
segment. gajo. A section of a citrus sejugous. seyugo. With six pairs of
(Rutaceae) fruit. leaflets.
segment. segmento. A section or di- selection. seleccin. In natural se-
vision of an organ or structure, as lection, refers to a process during
a portion of the lamina of a leaf, evolution that preserves variants
when it is deeply lobed, but not best adapted to their competitive
divided into leaflets.; also, a daugh- environment; also, in statistics, dis-
ter cell cut off from a single api- crimination in sampling or arrange-
cal cell; also, the free part when a ment, as opposed to randomness;
calyx or a corolla consists of par- also, in biology, any non-random
tially fused lobes; also, a multi- process which will lead to individu-
nucleate portion of a filament or als of different genotype being rep-
hypha which is cut off by a cross resented unequally by their prog-
wall. eny in later generations of a popu-
segment half-cell. semiclula de lation of self-propagating units.
segmento. One of the two smaller Selections can be natural or arti-
cells cut off from the pialac cells ficial.
of most Acrogynae, which ulti- selection coefficient. coeficiente de
mately gives rise to a leaf. seleccin. A measure of the rela-
segmental interchange. intercambio tive excess or deficiency of fitness
de segmentos. The exchange of of a genotype compared with an-
pieces between two chromosomes other genotype in the population.
which are not homologous. e.g. If s = 100 then 1 out of a 100
segmentation. segmentacin. The pro- individuals of a specific genotype
gressive growth and division of a fails to reproduce.
single cell into many others to form selection differential. diferencial de
a new plant; cleavage. seleccin. The difference between
segmented. segmenado. Jointed. the average value of a quantitative
segregable. segregable. Capable of character in the whole population
undergoing segregation, as segreg- and the average value of those se-
382 self-incompatibility
lected to reproduce the next gen- ment of a particular ion from one
eration. part of a plant to another so that
selection pressure. presin seleccin. the ion appears in higher concen-
In evolution, the force exerted by tration in some parts than others.
the environment during natural se- selective value. valor selectivo. The
lection; strong selection pressure balance of genetic advantages and
producing significant change and disadvantages that determines the
weak selection pressure producing capacity of an individual organism
little evolutionary change. or genotype to survive and repro-
selective absorption. absorcin select- duce in a specific environment; fit-
ivo. The ability of a cell, or the ness.
cells of an organ, to accumulate a seleniferous. selenfero. Bearing the
particular ion in a higher concen- chemical selenium, as seleniferous
tration in its vacuole, than it is in soils.
the surrounding medium; or alter- selenium. selenio. A non-metallic el-
natively not to accumulate a sub- ement with the chemical symbol
stance which is present in the sur- Se which is found in gypsum and
rounding medium, and would nor- sulfur-laden soils.
mally pass into it by diffusion. selenophyte. selenfito. Species that
selective advantage. ventaja selectiva. thrive on seleniferous soils.
The genotypic condition of a cell, self. auto. Said of a flower with the
individual, or genetic class of same color throughout; also, to
individulals which increases its pollinate with its own pollen.
chances relative to others, of rep- self-adaptation. autoadaptacin. The
resentation in later generations of change in structure, function, or
cells or individuals. form of a plant in response to new
selective cutting. esqueje selectivo. conditions.
The cutting of intermediate aged, self-branching. autoramificacin. In
mature, or diseased trees in an un- horticulture, plants that have ax-
even aged forest, either singly or illary buds that initiate new growth
in small groups, to encourage the without the necessity of pinching.
growth of younger trees and to self-colored. autocolor. Having the
maintain an uneven aged tree stand. same color all over.
selective fertilization. fecundacin self-compatibility. autocompati-
selectiva. fertilizacin selectiva. bilidad. Self-fertility.
The fusion of gametes of differ- self-fertility. autofertilidad. The abil-
ent sexes in a non-random man- ity to fertilize and produce viable
ner. seed after self-pollination.
selective species. especive selectivo. self-fertilization. autofecundacin.
A species of plants common to a The combining of male and female
particular type of environment but gametes from the same individual,
occasionally found growing in other as opposed to cross-fertilization in
conditions. which the gametes come from dif-
selective transport. transporte ferent individuals; self-pollination.
selectivo. The preferential move- self-incompatibility. autoincompati-
self-pollination 383 semievergreen
bilidad. A genetically controlled a gamete.
process that prevents self-pollina- semiaquatic. semiacutica. Plants that
tion, and facilitates promotes cross- grow close to or partly in water.
breeding, as in various species of semi-arid. semirido. A transition zone
day lilies (Hemerocallis); self-ster- between a true desert and a humid
ile. climate where evaporation exceeds
self-pollination. autopolinizacin. The precipitation; also, a geographical
transfer of pollen from the anther area that is marginally arid, with
to the stigma in the same flower sufficient rainfall to support short
or from a different flower, but on grasses (Poaceae) and shrubs.
the same plant; self-fertilization. semicarpous. paracrpico. With the
self-propagation. autopropagacin. ovaries of nearby carpels partly
Reproduction. fused, and the styles and stigmas
self-replication. autoreplicacin. The separate.
ability to reproduce oneself or it- semicell. semiclula. One of two
self, as a DNA molecule is self- halves of a cell of a desmid.
replicating. semiconservative replication. replicac-
self-sterile. autoestril. Unable to pol- in semiconservativa. Designat-
linate itself, as the sweet cherry ing a kind of replication in which
(Prunus) because the pollen from the original molecular strands are
one tree can not pollinate itself or conserved individually rather than
any tree of the same variety; also, together.
the inability of gametes of oppo- semicraspedodromous. semicrasped-
site sex, but produced by the same dromo. A venation system where
individual, to fuse. the nerves of the leaf run to and
selfing. autofecundacin. Self-pol- almost reach the leaf margin. See
lination; autogamy. craspedodromous.
selva. selva. A tropical rainforest. semi-dominance. semidominancia.
semataxis. semtaxis. The arrange- See partial dominance.
ment of the petals, sepals and tepals, semidouble. semidoble. With the outer
which function as an attraction to stamens converted into petals and
pollinators. the inner ones remaining perfect,
semen. semen. A seed. as with roses (Rosaceae) and pop-
semi-. semi-. A Latin prefix that means, pies (Papaveraceae).
half or partially. semi-evergreen seasonal forest. selva
semiamplexicaul. semiamplexicaule. alta o mediana subcaducifolia. A
Said of a leaf base which half clasps distinct type of forest dominated
the stem. by both evergreen and deciduous
semiannual. semianual. Occurring broad-leaved trees, along side a
twice a year. rainforest in a region marked by
semiapogamy. semiapogamia. The regular dry seasons.
fertilization of one cell by another semievergreen. semisiempreverde.
when the cells are not of opposite Plants with foliage that become
sexes, but at least one of them is partially latent in the autumn and
semigametic, e.g. can function as drop all their foliage only if there
semilunar 384 sensitive period
are temperature extremes. throughout the year.
semilunar. semilunar. Shaped like a senescence. senescencia. The changes
half-moon. that occur between maturity and
seminal leaf. hoja semilla. cortiledn. death, as in deciduous trees the
Seed leaf. shedding of senescent leaves in the
seminal. seminal. The first stage in Fall is a normal physiological proc-
development. ess; also the ending of a cycle as-
seminiferous. seminfero. Seed bear- sociated with fruiting and flower-
ing. ing; aging.
semi-parasite. semiparsita. Living senescent. senescente. viejo. Growing
on a host but containing chloro- old; aging.
phyll, as a mistletoe (Loranth- senility. senilidad. Senescence in an
aceae); hemiparasite. individual or race.
semi-permeable membrane. membrana sense. detectar. To automatically de-
semipermeable. A membrane which tect or to react to stimuli, as light,
only allows the passage of solvent gravity, or touch.
molecules; partially permeable. sense organ. rgano sensorial. Any
semi-species. semiespecie. A group organ or cell adapted for the re-
of organisms taxonomically between ception of stimuli.
a race and a species with limited sense organelle. orgnulo sensorial.
outbreeding and gene flow; pos- organela sensorial. A specialized
sibly the advanced stage in spec- part of a cell functioning as a sense
iation. organ.
semi-spherical. semiesfrico. Having sense triplet. trillizo sensorial. Three
the shape of half a sphere. adjacent nucleotides on RNA, nec-
semisterile. semiestril. Said of a gene essary for the production of an
heterozygote of structural hybrid amino acid. Theoretically, thought
in which approximately half the to be the smallest number which
male and female gametes are in- will code the production of an amino
viable. acid.
semiterete. semiterete. semirrollizo. sensibility. sensibilidad. The degree
Half-round or half-cylindrical in of reaction of a plant attacked by
shape. a parasite.
semiterrestrial. semiterrestre. Not sensible. sensible. Young plants that
growing or living entirely on land. can not survive excessively hot
semitropical. semitropical. Having temperatures; tender.
some of the characteristics of tropi- sensitive. sensitivo. Rapidly respon-
cal; See subtropical. sive to external stimuli, as leaves
semper-. semper-. A Latin prefix that that close when touched.
means, always. sensitive period. perodo de sensitivo.
sempervirens. sempervirens. Latin perodo crtico. perodo sensi-
meaning evergreen. ble. The period of development
sempervirent. sempervirente. Ever- during which the action of a gene
green. is sensitive to the influence of ex-
semperflorous. semperfloro. Flowering ternal conditons.
sensitivity 385 sequential analysis
sensitivity. sensibilidad. Sensibil- septem-. septem-. A Latin prefix that
ity; physical responsiveness. means, seven or seventh.
sepal. spalo. One of the outermost septem(i)fid. septem(i)fido. Deeply
leaf-like floral parts, usually green, divided into seven parts.
located at the base of a flower, that septentate. septentado. With parts in
collectively make up the calyx. sevens.
sepaline. sepalino. Like a sepal. septicidal. septicida. One of the three
sepalody. sepalodia. An abnormal con- types of dehiscence: septicidal,
dition when some members of a loculicidal, and septifragal with
flower are converted to sepals. septicidal meaning to burst open
sepaloid. sepaloide. Resembling a sepal along the septa; said of a fruit which
or calyx in color and texture; opens by the loculi splitting through
sepaline. the middle, forming several com-
separate. separado. Occurring singly partments.
or apart from others of the same septifolious. septifolio. Having seven
species; sporadic. leaves or leaflets.
separation. separacin. The freeing of septifragal. septifrago. One of the three
a reproductive body from the par- types of dehiscence: septicidal,
ent plant. loculicidal, and septifragal with the
separation disk. disco de separacin. latter characterized by the valves
A biconcave disk of intercellular breaking away from the septa; said
material found occasionally between of the dehiscence of a fruit when
the cells of a filament of the blue- the outer wall breaks away from
green algae which aids in the break- the walls of the loculi.
up of the filament into hormogones. septulate. septulado. Fruit with im-
separation layer. estrato de separacin. perfect septa.
The region of cell weakness in septum (pl. septa). septo. A dividing
which there is cell separation and cross-wall or partition, as the
rupture during the abscission of a septum that separates the chambers
leaf, flower, or other deciduous of an ovary; also, a wall between
organ; abscission layer. two adjoing cells; also, a transverse
septa. septa. Cross walls, as in the wall in a fungal hypha, an algal
hyphae of some fungi; plural of filament, or a spore.
septum. sequence hypothesis. hiptesis de
septal. septal. Of or pertaining to a secuencia. A concept how RNA
septum; also, of a row of bushes codes the production of a protein,
or shrubs. which holds that a particular se-
septate. septado. Divided by one or quence of nucleotides on the RNA
more partitions or septa; also, said molecule is responsible for the
of the ovary of flowering plants manufacture of a particular amino
when it is divided into chambers acid.
by partitions. sequential analysis. anlisis secuencial.
septate fiber. fibra septado. A fiber In biochemistry, the working out
in which the lumen is divided by of the order of bases or other sub-
transverse walls. units in a molecule, compound, etc;
seral community 386 seta
also, in genetics, the reading of nal, prevernal, and vernal.
the genetic code that is stored in serotinous. sertino. Late flowering
the DNA. or leafing.
seral community. comunidad seral. serotonin. serotonina. A derivative
A stage in the succession of the of tryptophan and found in nettles
development of a plant community (Urtica), bananas (Musa), and to-
towards it climax. matoes (Lycopersicon). In mam-
seral stage. etapa seral. One stage mals, an important vasoconstric-
of the communities in an ecologi- tor, especially in the brain; also,
cal succession. found in some snake and toad
sere. sere. The characteristic sequence venoms.
of vegetative change (succession) serra. serra. A tooth of a serrated
that occurs in six stages: nudation, leaf margin.
migration, ecesis, competition, re- serrate. serrado. Having sharp notches
action, and stabilization. along the margin, all pointing to-
serial bud. yema serie. A supernu- ward the apex, as a serrate leaf.
merary bud beside an axillary bud. serration. borde dentado. Having a
seriate. seriado. Arranged in rows or serrate edge; also, a single tooth
series. or notch in a serrate leaf margin.
sericeous. serceo. Having long, silky See serra.
trichomes, which usually are appr- serriferous. serrfero. Having a serra
essed, as sericeous leaves; silky. or a serrate structure.
serine. serina. A colorless amino acid serriform. serriforme. Having teeth,
present in many proteins and of like a saw.
particular importance in bacterial serrulate. serrulado. Having diminu-
metabolism. tive, forward-pointing teeth or
serology. serologa. A method of iden- notches along the margin.
tifying microorganism and viruses, serrulation. serrulacin. Being ser-
their chemical omponents, and their rulate; also, a single tooth or notch.
relations to one another. One acts sesamoid. sesamoide. Granular.
as an antigen in blood serum, against sessile-. sesil-. A Latin prefix that
which the activities of another can means, sessile.
be examined. See serotaxonomy. sessile. ssil. Lacking a petiole or
serotaxonomy. serotaxonoma. The petiolule; leaf blade attached di-
classification of similar plants by rectly to a shoot, non-motile; also,
grouping their differences in pro- fixed and stationary.
tein composition and from the sessile benthos. bentos ssil. Plants
number and type of antibodies pro- growing attached to the bottom,
duced in animals injected with plant below water.
proteins which serve as antigens. seta(e). seta. seda. A bristle-like
serotinal. sertino. Opening late or extension of the leaf, as in homo-
appearing late in the summer sea- phyllous species of Selaginella
son; also, used in reference to a (Selaginellaceae); also, in liverwort
six part division of the year: (Hepaticae) and moss (Musci)
serotinal, aestival, autumnal, hiber- sporophytes, the stem-like region
setaceous 387 sexual
between the foot and the capsule; tablishing maleness or femaleness.
also, a long hollow outgrowth from sex differentiation. diferenciacin
a cell wall; also, a thick unicellu- sexual. The production by an in-
lar structure found among the asci dividual or group of individuals,
of some acomycetes; also, a sin- of gametes of two types, differeing
gle elongated cell, or row of cells in size and mobility (male and fe-
with scanty colorless contents oc- male gametes) such that the one
curring in some algae; bristle; cha- type can only fuse with the other
eta. type.
setaceous. setceo. Having bristles, sexfarious. sexfario. In six rows.
as a setaceous leaf or leaflet; setose. sex-intergrade. sexintergrado. A plant
setiferous. setfero. Producing bris- bearing staminate and pistilate
tles. flowers but belonging to a species
setiform. setiforme. Having the form which is normally dioecious.
of a bristle. sexless. asexual. Without sex; neu-
set of chromosomes. juego de cromo- ter.
somas. A group of chromosomes sex-limited. limitado por el sexo.
consisting of one of each kind con- sexual-limitado. Capable of pheno-
tained in the nucleus of a gamete. typic development in one sex but
setose. setoso. Bristly. See setaceous. not in the other; said of the inher-
setula. setula. A diminutive bristle; itance of differences which are
also, the stipe of some fungi. expressed in one sex only, or if in
setulose. setuloso. Being covered with the two sexes, then differently.
setula. sex-linkage. ligamiento al sexo.
sex. sexo. Organisms having male or sexual-connexin. An organism
female parts and functions. whose sex and other traits are de-
sex-. sex-. A Latin prefix that means, termined by chromosomes.
six. sex-linked. ligado al sexo. Located
sexangular. sexangular. Having six in a sex chromosome; also, desig-
angles. nating a character transmitted by
sex cell. gameto. gmeta. clula genes located in the sex chromo-
sexual. An egg cell or sperm cell; some.
also called gamete, germ cell. sexpartite. sexpartito. Divided deeply
sex chromosome. cromosoma sexual. into six lobes or segments.
A pair of thread-like bodies in the sex ratio. proporcin de (los) sexos.
cell nucleus which, in combination proporcin sexual. The frequency
with each other, determine sex and of males to females in a given popu-
sex-linked characteristics. lation, commonly stated as the
sex determination. determinacin del number of males per 100 females.
sexo. The mechanism by which sex sexual. sexual. Plants are generally
is determined; currently it is un- divided into two major divisions,
clear whether sexual determination Sexual and Asexual, in which re-
is a direct genetic determination production by seed is sexual and
or an indirect determination depend- reproduction by budding, sporu-
ent on a hormone balance for es- lation, or regeneration is asexual;
sexual diamorphism 388 shelf fungus
also, separated into two sexes, male Wiener. An ecological measure
and female. derived from the 1949 information
sexual diamorphism. diamorfsomo theories of Claude E. Shannon and
sexual. Structural differences be- Norbert Wiener. A small sample is
tween the males and females of a taken and indexed in ecosystems
species, especially if the differences with too many individuals for each
are superficial. to be identified and examined. The
sexual generation. generacin sexual. index is the ratio of the number
generacin sexuada. The sexual of species to their importance values
phase in the alternation of genera- within a trophic level or commu-
tions; gametophyte. nity.
sexual isolation. isolacin sexual. Ge- shape. forma. In botany, shape per-
netic isolation by a sexual mecha- tains to plant and plant part form,
nism. figure or outline, as two or three
sexual reproduction. reproduccin dimensional structures as well as
sexual. The propagation of plants the configuration of apices, bases,
through the medium of seeds; also, and margins of flat structures or
the fusion of male and female gam- portions of solid figures.
etes, or their nuclei, to form a zy- sheath. vaina. A tubular portion of
gote which develops in to a new the leaf that rolls around or partly
individual. surrounds the stem or culm of a
shade. sombra. To screen from light sedge (Cyperaceae) or grass (Poac-
or heat, as a tree provides shade eae); also, the outer layer of the
in the garden; also, a location that cell in cyanobacteria; also, a cup
is screened or darkened from di- of tubular cells without protoplasts
rect light, especially sun light. formed around the base of the ligule
shade chromophore. cromforo de of the Lycopodinae.
sobra. A plant living in a shaded sheathing. envainador. Having a tu-
rock crevice. bular structure that surrounds the
shade plant. planta de sombra. A blade or petiole.
plant that grows best in shade; also, sheathing stipel. estipela envainador.
a plant grown to shade a crop plant. A tubular, amplexicaul structure that
shade-loving. umbrfilo. Plants that encloses the base of a leaflet.
require or thrive best in shade; sheathing stipule. estpula envainador.
sciophilous. A tubular, amplexicaul structure
shady. umbroso. sombreado. Scree- that encloses a bud or flower.
ned from the sun and heat, as a shed(ding). desprendimiento abscisin
shady location. de las hojas. See leaf abscission.
shaggy. enmaraado. Covered with shed. mudar. To cast off natural
long, weak hairs. growth, as trees that shed leaves
shallow. superficial. poco profundo. in the Fall.
bajo. Not deeply growing, as shal- shelf fungus. hongo estante. A com-
low roots. mon name for any basidomycete
ShannonWiener index of diversity. fungi, saprophytic, or parasitic,
indice de diversidad Shannon- growing horizontally out from a tree
shelf ice 389 sieve
trunk or log. short-day plant. planta de dia corto.
shelf ice. hielo estante. A ledge of planta microhmera. planta bre-
ice protruding out into the sea from vidiurna. Plants that flower or can
an ice sheet; some species of ma- be induced to flower with less than
rine plants thrive in the lightless twelve hours of light, as strawberries
waters under the ice shelf. (Rosaceae); also, flowers that
shell. cscara. The hard, wood-like bloom only when the amount of
outside covering of a nut, seed, or daily light is relatively short, as
fruit, as a coconut shell. in the spring or late fall, e.g. sugar
shell bark. corteza cscara. Rhyti- cane (Saccharum).
dome. shortly. brevemente. Briefly.
shelterbelt. faja de proteccin. banda short-night plant. planta de noche-
de proteccin. See windbreak. corta. Plants that respond or can
shifting cultivation. cambio de cultivo. be induced to flower with long
A traditional agricultural system periods of light and short periods
of semi-nomadic peoples, in which of darkness; the opposite of short-
a small area of forest is cut, cleared day plant.
by burning, and cultivated for 1 shred. desmenuzar. To flake or crum-
5 years, then abandoned as soil fer- ble; also, in forestry, to remove
tility and crop production falters branches from a mature or stand-
and weeds encroach. In low human ard tree.
population areas, plant climax com- shreddy bark. corteza Bark that is
munities return to the area; slash coarse, fibrous and often shallowly
and burn agriculture. fissured.
shikimic acid. cido siqumico. A shrivel (fruit). resecarse (fruto).
cyclic compound formed from an arrugarse. Wrinkling or drying
aromatic unit, and intermediary in up of a fruit.
the synthesis of lignin. shrivel (leaf). marchitarse (hoja).
shining. brillante. Polished or lus- secarse. Withering or wrinkling
trous; nitid; laevigate. of a leaf.
shoot. vstago. retoo. rebrote. shrub. arbusto. A perennial woody
brote. A young stem or branch; plant, deciduous or evergreen, less
also, the aerial part of a vascular than ten meters tall, with many sepa-
plant that develops from the plum- rate stems starting from the ground
ule, composed of a stem, supporting or near the ground; frutex.
leaves, buds and flowers. shrubby. arbustivo. Resembling a shrub
shoot axis. eje caulinar. See caulome. or covered with shrubs, as a shrubby
shoreline. costa. ribera. The line plain.
where land and water meet. Si. Si. The symbol for the chemical
short shoot. brevibrote. Very short element silicon.
internodes with little growth (in- siccus. siccus. Latin meaning dry,
determinate), as Ginkgo biloba juiceless.
(Ginkgoaceae) or no growth (de- sickle-like. drepaniforme. falciforme.
terminate), as Pinus fascicle Having a crescent shape.
(Pinaceae). sieve. cribar. To sift or the process
sieve area 390 silicon
of selecting. chains of ribonucleic acid.
sieve area. rea cribosa. A limited sigmoid. sigmoidea. Having the dou-
area on the longitudinal wall of a bly curved shape of an s.
sieve tube, perforated by many small sikyotic. siquitico. Parasitic by the
pores through which material may fusion of the protoplasm of the host
pass. and parasite.
sieve cell. clula cribosa. An elon- silage. ensilaje. ensilado. Food for
gated, organic solute-conducting, livestock prepared from green crops,
thin-walled cell with perforations especially grasses (Poaceae); the
forming the phloem of gymno- crop is cut and stored in pits or
sperms, ferns (Filicopsida) and silos with bacteria on the plants
other lower vascular plants. facilitating fermentation, with the
sieve field. rea cribosa. One of the by-product preserved from further
perforated areas into which a sieve decay and loss of nutrients.
plate may be divided by a nework silent allele. allela silencioso. An
of thick strands of wall material. allele that does not have a detect-
sieve-like. cribforme. Resembling a able product, therefore is not ex-
sieve in appearance or function. pressed in a phenotype.
sieve plate. placa cribosa. One of the silent mutation. mutacin silencioso.
thin, perforated walls, usually at A permanent genetic change, but
the end, of a sieve-tube member. one not expressed by the pheno-
sieve tissue. tejido cribosa. Tissue type.
composed of sieve cells or sieve silica. silice. A hard, glassy mate-
tubes. rial occurring in a variety of forms,
sieve tube. tubo criboso. A tube within as in sand, quartz, and opals.
the phloem tissue composed of a siliceous. silceo. Same as silicious.
series of sieve cells that lie end to silicified. silicificado. Having become
end, to form the tube. It translocates converted into or impregnated with
food materials synthesized into the silica, as wood.
plant. The cells are living, thin- silicious. silceo. Growing or thriv-
walled and in longitudinal rows. ing in soil containing a great deal
They are connected by perforations of silica; also, containing silica,
in their transverse walls, through as some woods.
which pass strands of cytoplasm. silicle. silcula. A specialized lon-
The performated walls are called gitudinally flattened and divided
sieve plates. Sieve areas may be lengthwise, two-cavity capsule
present in the longitudinal walls. made from a bicarpellary ovary that
sieve-tube element. elemento de tubo- is broader than a silique, as the
criboso. One of the tube-like cells fruits of Alyssum (Brassicaceae).
that compose sieve tubes which are silicolous. siliclo. Growing on rocks
associated with parenchyma cells which contain much silica.
that contain all the components silicon. silicio. An abundant, non-
found in living plant cells. metallic chemical element with the
sigma factor. factor sigma. A protein symbol Si, when combined with
which activates the synthesis of oxygen forms silica; helpful in small
silique 391 single
quantities to some plants by col- not the same size or position.
lecting in the walls of epidermal simple. simple. sencilla. Not divided
and vascular tissue with the effect into several like parts, as a leaf not
of reducing water loss and retard- divided into leaflets (although the
ing fugal infections. leaf may be lobed); also, a pistil
silique. silicua. The long, narrow pod, with one carpel; also, as having an
typically more than twice as long unbranched stem.
as wide, with two valves which fall simple cyme. cima simple. A type of
away from the frame (replum) bear- unbranched inflorescence with
ing the seeds, as plants of the mus- pedicellate flowers that are deter-
tard family (Brassicaceae). The minate, dichotomous, and have
fruit is formed from a superior ovary pedicels of equal length; dichasium.
of two united carpels and divided simple fruit. fruto simple. A fruit de-
by a septum between the carpels rived from the ovary of a single
into two loculi. Dehiscence is by pistil (single or compound) of a
the separation of the carpels from single flower.
below upwards, leaving the seeds simple leaf. hoja simple. A leaf with
exposed on the septum. A silicle a single, undivided blade, but one
is similar, but short and broad, never that may be lobed, as an oak leaf
more than four times as long as (Quercus).
broad. simple sorus. soro simple. See gra-
silk. seda. Hair-like styles, as in corn date sorus containing one sporan-
(Zea). gium.
silky. sedoso. Soft, straight appressed simple sugar. azcar simple. Any of
hair; the appearance or texture of the monosaccharides, such as glu-
soft appressed hair; sericeous. cose.
silt. cieno. Very fine particles of soil, simple tissue. tejido simple. A tissue
sand, and clay that are carried by composed of all the same kind of
moving water and deposited as sedi- cells.
ment. A soil textural class compo- simple venation. venacin simple. A
sed of particles between 0.05 and type of venation in which only the
0.02 mm in diameter. midrib is clearly visible.
silvery. argnteo. Having the appear- simple umbel. umbela simple. An
ance of silver, either in color or umbel in which the flower stalks
luster. arise directly from the top of the
silviculture. silvicultura. The culti- main stalk.
vation, development, and care of simplex. simplejo. The condition of
forest trees used in the timber pro- a polyploid in which all the chro-
duction industry; also, the science mosomes of one homologous type
of forest management to produce carry the dominant allelomorph of
renewable supplies of timber; for- a particular gene once.
estry. single. sencilla. solo. Solitary; plants
similar. semejante. similar. Having that produce only one stem, one
a general resemblance but not the flower, or one set of petals rather
same, as having the same shape but than double petals, as in many
single celled 392 slender grass
cultivated varieties. Either of a pair of genetically iden-
single celled. unicelular. Having one tical chromatids.
cell. sister chromatid exchange. cromtida
single flower. flor singlular. A flower hermana de cambio. An occur-
which has one set of petals with rence similar to crossing over, that
no sign of doubling. It is referred can take place between sister
loosely to the flower head of the chromatids at mitosis and meiosis,
Asteraceae, when it is like a daisy. detectable in harlequin chromo-
single stemmed. tallo sencillo. Having somes.
one, unbranched stem. sister group. grupo de hermana. Twin
sinistrorse. levovoluble. sinistrorso. products of cladogenesis. In phylo-
Rising spirally from right to left, genetic systematics, sister groups
as the sinistrorse stem of a vine; are classified at the same taxonomic
opposite to dextrorse. rank.
sinkhole. cenote. A natural, funnel- sister nucleus. ncleo hermana. One
shaped cavity or well occurring in of the two nuclei formed by the
friable limestone through the ac- division of a pre-exiting nucleus.
tion of rain or running water. site. sitio. The position within a cistron
sinuate. sinuado. Having a margin occupied by a mutation.
that is distinctly wavy, as a sinuate size. tamao. Refers to the spatial
leaf; also, said of the gills of agarics dimensions of a plant or plant struc-
which curve suddenly on reaching ture, expressed as a number in ref-
the stipe. erence to length, width, and depth,
sinuous. sinuoso. serpenteante. Wind- or as a comparative amount.
ing, twisting, or undulating. skein. mazo. The nuclear reticulum.
sinus. seno. A rounded depression skin. piel. Epidermis; also, the outer
or recess between two consecutive tissue of the periclinal chimaera.
lobes, as a leaf sinus. skiophyll. hoja de sombra. Shade leaf
siphon. sifn. An elongated cell which or a leaf that prefers shade; also
extends the whole length of a joint spelled sciophyll.
in some red algae. skiophyte. planta escifila. planta
siphoneous. sifoneo. Tubular. de sombra. Sciophyte.
siphonaceous. sifonceo. Used to de- slash and burn agriculture. cortar y
scribe algae when the thallus is not quemar agricultura. See shifting
divided by the septa or the numerous cultivation.
nuclei are not separated into cells. sleep movement. movimiento de sueo.
siphonostele. sifonostela. Vascular movimiento nictinstico. The fold-
tissue in the shape of a hollow tube, ing of the leaflets of a compound
with the pith in the center, found leaf at night time. This brings the
in some stems, as ferns (Filicops- stomatal surfaces together; nyct-
ida). inasty.
sister cell. clula hermana. One of slender grass. zacate delgado. Any
two cells formed by the division of a group of grasses (Poaceae) with
of a pre-exiting cell. slender spikes that are classified
sister chromatid. cromtida hermana. in the genus Lepiochioa.
sliding carrier 393 sobol(e)
slender. delgado. Long and slender mucous.
in size; thin. slippery zone. zona resbaloso. A shiny
sliding carrier. portadora deslizante. surface a little below the rim of a
A hypothetical carrier of ions across pitcher on which insects slip and
membranes. It is suppose to slide fall to the bottom of the pitcher.
along the membrane surface, pick slit. hendidura. A lengthwise fissure
up the ion, and slide through a pore or opening.
in the membrane, depositing the slope. ladera. An inclined surface,
ion on the other side. The carrier as a hill or mountainside.
stays in contact with the membrane small. pequea. Little in size, number,
all the while. or amount.
sliding growth. crecimiento deslizante. smaller. menor. Less in size, number,
The movement of developing trach- or amount when compared with
eids and vessels along their mu- others of the same kind.
tually touching longitudinal walls smaragdine. smaragdino. Emerald
as the cells elongate. or dark bluish-green color.
slime flux. flujo de mucus. An exu- smog. niebla txica. Combinations
dation of a watery solution of sugars of chemical pollutants, smoke, and
and other substances from trees fog in the air; commonly found in
which are wounded or attacked by and around large urban and indus-
parasites. trial areas.
slime plug. tapn de mucus. A mass smoke. humo. Solid particles in a gas-
of slimy material which blocks the eous form; as smoke from wood,
pores in a sieve-plate. cigarettes, gasoline engines, and
slight. reducido. Limited in size or industrial exhausts.
amount; small. smooth. liso. Having an even surface,
slightly. escasamente. Barely; small without configuration; not rough
in size or amount. to the touch; also, used to indicate
slime fungus. hongo viscoso. See slime an absence of hair or appendages.
mold. smooth bark. corteza liso. A bark with-
slime mo(u)lds. mohoes mucosos. out fissures.
mixomicetos. moho viscoso. A type smuts. tizn. aublo. A group of
of eukaryotic microorganism that basidiomycete fungi, often seen on
shows amoeboid movement and the ears of cereal plants as a mass
ingests small particles of food but of dark spores; Ustilaginales.
reproduces by means of spores; snail plant. planta caracol. A plant
sometimes included in mycological pollinated by snails.
classifications and at other times snow-line. lina de nieve. The lower
in zoological classifications, as they limit of permanent snow cover,
exhibit characteristics of both sim- which varies locally with latitude,
ple plants and simple animals; also prevailing winds, snow-types, and
sometimes referred to a slime fun- summer temperatures.
gus; Myxomycophyta. sobol(e). renuevo. sobole. A shoot
slimy. mucoso. A moist, gummy sub- or elongated caudex branch near
stance occurring in some plants; the ground which emerges from the
soil horizon 394 soboliferous
base of a stem or from the rhizome. all terrestrial plants and essential
soboliferous. sobolfero. Forming to the water conserving capacity
shoots or soboles near the ground. of succulents and other drought re-
sociability scale. escala de sociabil- sistant plants.
idad. A 5 point visual, vegetative soft. suave. Smooth to the touch.
analysis measure used to indicate soft bast. suave liber. The sieve tubes
the degree of clumping or gregari- and phloem parenchyma.
ousness of individual plant species; softwood. semileoso. Refers to coni-
1 on the scale denotes a shoot grow- fer (Coniferae) trees or wood, as
ing singly and 5 indicates shoots distinguished from hardwood trees
growing in large groups. or wood (somewhat inaccurately).
social (botany). social (botnica). soil air. suelo del aire. Gases below
Growing in patches or clumps. ground occupying the pore space
social plants. plantas social. Spe- of the soil and occurring in the same
cies which grow in large groups forms but in different proportions
and occupy wide areas. as the gases above ground.
society. sociedad. A group of plants, soil classification. clasificacin del
especially a single species, is con- suelo. An organization of soil pro-
sidered a unit in an ecological com- files contained in the United States
munity; also, a minor community Department of Agriculture (USDA)
within a consociation, arising as Soil Taxonomy system.
a result of local variation in the soil conservation. conservacin del
enviromnent, and dominated by suelo. A combination of soil man-
species other than the consociation agement and land use methods that
dominant. safeguard the soil against deple-
sod. cubrir de csped. The top 3 to tion or deterioration by natural or
7 cm of soil held together with grass human interventions.
roots or grass-legume roots. soil erosion. erosin del suelo. The
sodic soil. suelo sodico. Soil with a movement of soil components,
sodium content of more than 15% especially topsoil, from one place
exchangeable sodium; sufficient to to another through the action of
interfere with plant growth. wind and water.
sodication. sodicacin. In soils, an soil fertilization. fertilizacin del
increase in the percentage of so- suelo. The application of fertilizers
dium which can affect its perme- to the soil.
ability to the extent of rendering soil flora. flora del suelo. The plants,
it impermeable to water. chiefly fungi, living in the soil.
sodium chloride. cloruro sdico. soil formation. formacin del suelo.
cloruro de sodio. A chemical com- The action of weathering and
pound of sodium and chloride, humification to alter or rearrange
common table salt, which occurs mineral and organic materials to
along sea shores or in salt marshes; form soil; pedogenesis.
especially in tropical regions. soil horizon. horizonte edfico. A hori-
sodium. sodio. An element with the zontal zone that makes up a par-
chemical symbol of Na found in ticular mature soil. Each horizon
soil management 395 solenostele
has a distinct texture and compo- dissociated from the surfaces of the
sition that varies with different types soil particles and other soluble ma-
of soil. terials.
soil management. manejo del suelo. soil sterilization. esterilizacin del
The total tillage operation, crop- suelo. Treating soil by gaseous
ping practices, fertilizing, liming, fumigation, chemicals, or heat (com-
and other treatments conducted on monly steam at 100C), to destroy
or applied to a soil for the produc- all living organisms.
tion of plants. soil structure. estructura del suelo.
soil pasteurization. paste(u)rizacin The particle make-up of a soil.
del suelo. Treating soil with heat, soil texture. textura del suelo. The
commonly steam at 60C to 70C, relative percentages of sand, silt,
to destroy most of the harmful and clay in a soil.
pathogens, nematodes, and weed soil type. tipo de suelo. The lowest
seeds; not as severe as soil steri- unit in the natural system of soil
lization. classification; also, a subdivision
soil permeability. permeabilidad del of a soil series.
suelo. The rate at which water and soil water. agua del suelo. Under-
air move from upper to lower soil ground water that partially fills the
layers. pores between soil particles and
soil porosity. porosidad del suelo. rocks within the upper soil and rock
The cracks and spaces (pores) in layers of the earths crust but above
soil or the amount of the soils the water table.
volume not occupied by the soil soil. suelo. The top layer of the earths
itself. surface composed of animal and
soil profile. perfil del suelo. A cross- vegetable matter, rock and mineral
sectional view of a soil horizon. particles, which, when mixed in
soil salinity. salinidad del suelo. The varying proportions, provide nu-
amount of soluble salts in a soil, trients and water toplants.
expressed as parts per million or sol. sol. A colloidal solution.
by some other useful ratio. sola. solo. See solum.
soil science. ciencia del suelo. An solar energy. energa solar. Direct
academic discipline directed toward radiant energy from the sun and a
the study of the composition, dis- number of indirect forms of energy
tribution, and formation of soils, produced by the direct input, such
as they occur naturally; pedology. as wind, falling and flowing wa-
soil series. serie del suelo. The ba- ter, and biomass.
sic unit of soil classification; also, solarization. solarizacin. The tem-
a subdivision of a family, composed porary stopping of photosynthesis
of soils that are essentially alike in a leaf which is exposed to strong
in all major soil profile character- light for a long time.
istics. sole. sole. The bottom end of the car-
soil solution. solucin del suelo. The pel.
aqueous liquid phase of the soil solenostele. solenostela. The type of
and its solutes composed of ions vascular cylinder, a siphonostele,
soliflucation 396 somatotropism
in which there is a central stem and The development of the sporophyte
an outer cortex, as found in many from the tissues of a gametophyte,
ferns (Filicopsida), with phloem without the fusion of nuclei. It there-
both on the inside and outside of fore has the same chromosome
the xylem. number as the gametophyte.
soliflucation. soliflucacin. A down- somatic cell hybrid. hbrido de clula
flow, or slip of surface soil mate- somtica. A hybrid cell coming
rial. from the union of two somatic cells.
solitary. solitario. One-flowered, not somatic cell. clula somtica. A cell
an inflorescence; occurring singly not destined to become a gamete
and not on a cluster; alone. and whose genes are not inherit-
solopathogenic. solopatognico. Of able.
a smut, a pathogenic monosporidial somatic crossing-over. entrecruzam-
strain. iento somtica. The crossing-over
soluble RNA (s-RNA). ARN soluble. during mitosis of somatic cells, such
Transfer-RNAs which are quite that heterozygous parent cells for
small molecules and more soluble a given allele, instead of giving two
in acid than other RNAs. identical heterozygous daughter
soluble. soluble. The relative capacity cells, results in a homozygous
of a solute to be dissolved. daughter cell for each of the two
solum. solo. In a soil profile, the upper alleles.
part where soil formation occurs somatic doubling. duplicacin somt-
and where plant roots are found. ico. The doubling of the number
solute potential. potencial de soluto. of chromosomes in the nuclei of
The water potential component somatic cells.
produced by solutes in the water. somatic mitosis. mitosis somtica. The
solute. soluto. Any substance dissolved division of a metabolic nucleus.
in a solvent. somatic mutation. mutacin somtica.
solution. solucin. A homogeneous A mutation in a somatic cell, rather
mixture with the molecules of the than in a germ cell; a non-inherit-
dissolved substance (solute) are dis- able mutation.
persed among the molecules of the somatic segregation . segregacin
solvent; also, the abnormal sepa- somtica. The formation by mi-
ration of parts which are normally tosis of cells differing from one
united. another, either through mutation,
solvent. solvente. The liquid in which or by somatic crossing over in the
a solute is dissolved. nucleus, or by an unequal assort-
soma (pl. somata). soma. All the tis- ment of cytoplasmic determinants.
sues of a plant except the germ cells. somatic tissue. tejido somtico. Non-
somatic. somtico. Pertains to all the productive vegetative tissue pro-
cells of a plant other than those duced through mitosis that will not
that are reproductive (germ mother undergo meiosis.
cells and gametes); vegetative; not somatotropism. somatotropismo. A
reproductive or germinal. directed growth movement in a plant
somatic apogamy. apogamia somtica. so that the members come to be
sooty mold 397 spathe
placed in a definite position in re- sorosis. sorosis. A type of collective
lation to the substratum. fruit composed of a spike or ra-
sooty mold. moho cubierto de holln. ceme modified into a fleshy fruit
A dark, soot-like, fungal growth by the cohesion of a single mass
appearing on plants covered with of the ovaries and the floral enve-
sap-sucking aphids or scales; these lopes, as the mulberry (Moraceae)
insects produce a sugary substance or pineapple (Bromeliaceae).
which enhances their continued sorosphere. soroesfera. A hollow ball
growth and development. of spores formed by some of the
soralium (pl. soralia). soralio. A mass lower plants
of soredia surrounded by a distinct sorus. soro. A cluster of plant re-
margin formed from the thallus of productive, spore-producing bodies
a lichen. See soredium. on the under surface of a fern frond
soral membrane. membrana de soral. (Filicopsida), which are seen as
The wall surrounding the sorus in rows of small brown dots (spor-
some lower fungi. angia); also, a reproductive area
sorbitol. sorbitol. The sugar alcohol on the thallus of some algae; also,
of glucose. spore-producing structures in some
sordid. srdido. Dirty or muddy in fungi, especially the spore mass of
color. rusts and smuts; also, a group of
sordidus. sordidus. Latin meaning fruit bodies in the Synchytriaceae.
dirty-colored. spaced. espaciado. Occurring at in-
soredia . soredia. Reproductive bodies tervals.
in some lichen, that are groups of space parasite. parsito espacial. A
hyphae with a few entwined algal plant which lives in the intercel-
cells, forming in the thallus and lular spaces in another plant, ob-
reaching the surface through cracks taining shelter, but possibly nothing
in the cortex. else.
sorediate. sorediado. Having small spadiceous. espadiceo. Having a spadix
patches on the surface. or the appearance of a spadix, as
soredium. soredio. A powder-like, a spadiceous flower; also, chest-
microscopic structure composed of nut colored.
fungal hypha and a few cells of the spadix. espdice. A fleshy spike of
phycobiont that is formed by some tiny flowers, usually enclosed in
lichen to achieve vegetative repro- a spathe. See spathe.
duction. sparingly. escasamente. Scanty or lim-
sori. soros. Plural of sorus. ited.
soriferous. sorfero. Bearing sori. sparsely. esparcidamente. Not oppo-
sorocarp. sorocarpo. In a few slime site, alternate, nor in any regular
molds, a fruiting structure composed order, as peduncles, branches or
of an unenclosed mass of spores leaves.
at the tip of a stalk; the fruiting spathaceous. espatceo. Having a
structure of the Acrasiales. spathe or the appearance of a spathe.
sorophore. sorforo. The sorus stalk. spathal. espatal. Having a spathe.
sorose. sorosa. Having sori. spathe. espata. A large bract or pair
spathella 398 species group
of bracts that encloses a flower gesting a narrow habitat or niche.
cluster, especially a spadix, as the specialize. especializarse. To adapt
calla lily (Lilianceae). to a different mode of life by the
spathella. espatela. A grass flower changing of a structures function,
glume. shape, size or color.
spathellula. espatelula. A grass flower specialized (modified). especializado
palea. (modificar). Adapted or modified
spathiform. espatiforme. Having the to meet the conditions of an altered
shape of a spathe. environment; also, the tendency of
spathulate. espatulado. Having a broad, a parasite to attack only one spe-
rounded end and a long, narrow cies or variety of a host plant.
base, as a spatulate leaf; spoon- speciate. especiado. To form of one
shaped. or more species from an existing
spatulate embryo. embrin espatulado. species through evolutionary proc-
A type of foliate embryo that is esses.
erect, with variable cotyledons, speciation. especiacin. The forma-
ranging in shape from thin to thick tion of new species of freely
and slightly expanded to broad. interbreeding plants, adapted to
spatulate. espatulado . Same as their environment and reproduct-
spathulate. ively isolated from other such
spawn. generar. producir. Mush- populations, through evolutionary
rooms are said to spawn from myc- processes.
elium, the perennial, vegetative part species. especie. A category used in
of fungus that remains in the soil the taxonomic classification of
producing fruit annually. plants composed of a one or more
spawn. micelio. The perennial, veg- groups (populations) that resem-
etative part of a fungus. See myc- ble each other, breed among them-
elium. selves, and produce fertile offspring.
special Creation. Creacin especial. A species ranks just below a ge-
The belief that the origin and di- nus in taxonomic classification and
versity of life is from acts of God may be divided into varieties, races,
with each species created separately. or breeds, which can also be sub-
Evolution is implicitly rejected as divided into smaller groups known
the explanation of these phenomena as geographic varieties, races or
and classified as a theory. breeds.
specialist species. especie especialista. species diversity. diversidad de espec-
Species that occupy a narrow eco- ies. The number of different species
logical niche; only able to live in and their relative abundances in a
one type of habitat, tolerate a narrow given area.
climate range and other environ- species group. grupo especie. Some-
mental factors. times called superspecies, as it
specialization. especializacin. A de- refers to a complex of morphologi-
gree of adaptation of a plant or plant cally related species that when
structure to its environment with crossed can sometimes produce
a high degree of specialization sug- hybrids.
species-specific 399 spermatozoid
species-specific. especie-especfico. smaller than the female gamete.
Describes a reaction that is lim- spermagonium. espermagonio. In some
ited to the effect on one species. lichen and fungi, a cup-shaped
specific. especfico. Pertaining to or cavity where the spermatia, single-
related to a species. In the bino- celled, male reproductive cells are
mial naming system, every plant produced.
belongs to a species which is as- spermaphytic. espermfitico. Seed-
signed two Latin names and together bearing, as gymnosperms and
they represent the plants specific angiosperms.
name, as Wild Sage, Lantana spermatiophore. espermatiforo. A
camara; with Lantana represent- hypha that bears a spermatium.
ing the genus name and camara the spermatium (pl. spermatia). esperm-
specific name or kind of Lantana. atio. In some fungi and lichen,
specific character. carcter especfico. spermatium are the single-celled
In taxonomy, diagnostic characters male reproductive organs which are
used in delimiting species. produced like spores; also, a non-
specific epithet. epteto especfico. motile gamete that fuses with the
In taxonomy, the Latinized scien- carpogonium in some algae; also,
tific name of an organism which a non-motile male sex cell, present
makes use of a binary system with in red algae, in some ascomycetes
the genus (generic name) first and and basidiomycetes, and some li-
the specific epithet (species) sec- chens.
ond, as Quercus alba. spermatocyte. espermatcito. A cell
specific name. nombre especfico. Epi- that becomes an antherozoid without
thet. further division; antherocyte.
speciosus. speciosus. Latin meaning spermatogenous cell. clula espermat-
handsome. geno. One of two cells formed by
specimen. espcimen. Samples of plant the division of the generative cell;
populations and taxa taken from the other is known as the sterile
nature or gardens. cell.
speckled. manchado. moteado. Hav- spermatophyte. espermatfito. Any
ing or being marked with small spots of the angiosperm or gymnosperm
of color; spotted plants that produce seed.
speckled. manchado. moteado. mos- spermatozoid. espermatozoide. One
queado. Having or being marked of the motile male gametes produced
with small spots of color; spotted. in the antheridium that fertilizes
spectabilis. spectabilis. Latin meaning female organs; antherozoid.
remarkable. spermatozoon (pl. spermatozoa).
spectaus. spectaus. Latin meaning espermatozoo. The male gamete,
opposite. usually referred to as antherozoid.
speiranthy. speirantia. Having twisted Sperma(to)phyta. esperma(t)fitos.
flowers or flower parts. esperma(t)fitas. Seed plants.
sperm. espermatozoide. anterozoide. spermatoplast. espermatplasto. A
espermio. In angiosperms, the re- male gamete.
productive male gamete, which is spermatozoid. espermatozoide. Anth-
spermium 400 spiculate
erozoid. sphere; having multidimensional
spermium. espermio. See spermato- radial symmetry; globular.
zoon. spherical bacterium. bacteria esfrico.
spermogonium. espermogonio. Of Coccus.
fungi, a flask-shaped, or flattened spheridium. esfridio. Capitulum.
hollow, structure in which spermatia spheroid. esferoide. A body that is
are formed. almost spherical or round, but not
sperm nucleus. ncleo espermtico. quite.
Each pollen grain produces two spheroidal. esferoidal. Having the
sperm nuclei, which effects dou- form of a spheroid; almost spherical.
ble fertilization in angiosperms. spherome. esferoma. A cell inclusion
spermophyte. espermfito. See sperma- which gives rise to globules of fats
tophyte. and oils.
sphacelate. esfaclado. Dark and spheroplast. esferoplasto. Mitochon-
shrunken. dria.
sphaerocarpous. esfaerocrpico. Hav- spherule. esferulo. A chlamydospore-
ing a globular fruit. like structure.
sphaerocrystal. esfaerocristal. A spherosome. esferosoma. Cytoplas-
rounded crystalline mass of calcium mic particles which move rapidly
oxalate found in the cells of some through the cytoplasm and may be
plants. involved in fat synthesis and stor-
sphaerocyst. esfaeroquiste. A spheric- age.
ally shaped cell, clustered and spicate. espigado. espiciforme. Hav-
present in the fleshy fruit of some ing the form of a spike or arranged
fungi (Russulaceae). in a spike, as a spicate flower.
sphaerraphide. esfaerfido. A rounded spice. especia. An aromatic substance
spiky mass of calcium oxalate used to flavor or season food or
found, usually singly, in the cells drink.
of many plants. spiciform. espiciforme. An inflores-
sphagnum moss. musgo esfgneo. One cence with the appearance of a spike
or more aquatic mosses (Musci) but without the structure of a true
of the genus Sphagnum, widely dif- spike.
fused in temperate climates, espe- spicose. espicoso. See spicous.
cially in bogs and swamps, and eas- spicous. espico. Having ears or spikes,
ily recognized by their pale gray as corn (Zea).
color, fasiculate branches and ses- spicula. espicula. A small spike or
sile globose capsules. spikelet; also, a pointed, fleshy
spheno-. esfeno-. A Greek prefix that appendage.
means, wedge-shaped. spicular. espicular. Having, composed
sphenoid. esfenoide. Having a wedge of, or covered with spicules.
shape; cuneate. spiculate. espiculado. espiculfero.
sphere. esfera. Any round shape with Having the shape of a spicule;
the center equally distant from the bearing spicules; also, a crystal-
center at all points. line excrescence in or on the sur-
spherical. esfrico. Shaped like a face.
spicule 401 spiral
spicule. espiculo. A small spike of mosome to the spindle during mi-
flowers; also, a short, pointed pro- tosis or meiosis.
jection, as a needle or spine; also, spindle fiber. fibra del huso. Pro-
an obsolete term of sterigma. tein fibers which are formed dur-
spiculisporic acid. cido espiculis- ing prophase; chromosomes attach
porico. A metabolic product of to these fibers at the centromere.
Penicillium spiculisporum. spindle-shaped. fusiforme. A rounded
spiculose. espiculoso. See spiculate. shape that is broad near the mid-
spiculous. espicule. Having spicules. dle and tapers toward each end; fusi-
spiculum. espiculo. A spicule; a small form.
spine. spine. espina. A modified leaf or stip-
spike. espiga. An unbranched, inde- ule with a stiff, slender, midrib, vein,
terminate inflorescence with ses- or sharp-pointed petiole, as on cac-
sile flowers; like a raceme but the tus (Cactaceae) and hawthorn
flowers are attached directly to the (Crataegus); also, the end of a
stem; also, an ear of grain. branch or leaf which has become
spikelet. espiguilla. A small spike, com- rounded in section, and is hard and
mon to the grasses, sedges, and sharply pointed.
some reeds. It consists of a cen- spineless. sin espina. Without spines
tral rachis bearing one or more ster- or sharp-pointed processes, as
ile glumes at the base, followed by spineless cactus (Cactaceae).
one or more flowers, each enclosed spinescent. espinescente. Having
between a flowering glume and spines; with spine-like point at the
palea. All the parts are crowded tip, as on some holly (Aquifoli-
together. aceae) leaves.
spike-like. espiciforme. Having the spinicarpous. espincarpico. Having
general appearance of a spike but spiny fruit.
not the structure of a true spike. spiniferous. espinfero. Bearing spines
spinaceous. espinaceo. Having the or thorns.
characteristics of spinach (Spin- spiniform. espiniforme. Thorn-like.
achia) or other members of the spinigerous. espinigero. Producing
goosefoot family (Chenopod- thorns.
iaceae). spinose. espinoso. Sharp-pointed, as
spindle. fusus. The set or collection spinose leaves; pungent.
of tiny fibers, each composed of spinous. espinoso. Covered with
microtubular that extend the spines; thorny.
centromeres to the opposite ends spinule. espinula. A small spine.
of the region of the cell occupied spinulescent. espinulescente. Bear-
by the nucleus; appearing to move ing small spines.
the chromosomes of eukaryotes dur- spinulose. espinuloso. Bearing spinules.
ing mitosis and meiosis in cell di- spiny. espinoso. Thorny; spine-shaped.
vision. spiral. espiral. Winding about a fixed
spindle attachment. acoplamiento area, as a corkscrew; also, a coil
fusus. The point of attachment on of the chromosome, chromatid, or
a chromosome which ties the chro- chromosomethread at mitosis or
spiral tracheid(e) 402 spongy parenchyma
meiosis; helix. embryo having spirally rolled coty-
spiral tracheid(e). traqueida espiral- ledons.
ada. The tracheid in which the splendens. splendens. Latin mean-
secondary wall is laid down. ing glittering.
spiral flower. flor espiralada. A flower splice. coser. ayustar. To join a gene
having its members arranged in or DNA segment of one organism
spirals. to that of another; also, recombine
spiral hypha. hifa espiralada. A hy- strands of DNA molecules from
pha ending in a flat or helical coil. different organisms to form new
spiralled. espiralado. Curved or wound genetic combinations; also, to in-
around a fixed area. sert a new or altered gene or DNA
spire. aguja. A young shoot or blade segment into another organism so
of grass; also, a young tree grown as to alter its genetic composition,
for timber with the lowest branches especially to enable it to produce
at a considerable height above the some specific chemical substance.
ground. split gene. escisin gen(e). A segment
spireme. espirema. The tangle of of DNA with one or more non-
thread-like chromosomes at the coding sectors.
beginning of prophase of mitosis. spodogram. espodograma. A prepa-
spiricle. espiriculo. One of the thin, ration of the ashes of a plant, es-
coiled threads (uncoiled when wet) pecially a woody portion, used in
on the surface of some seeds and the investigation of the structure.
fruits which assist in germination. spongioplasm. espongioplasma. The
spirillium (pl. spirilla). espirilio. Cork- more viscid components of cyto-
screw shaped bacterium, some of plasm, forming a threadwork.
which are motile with terminal spongiose. esponjoso. Full of small
flagella. cavities.
spiroch(a)ete. espiroqueta. espiro- spongy cell. clula esponjoso. One
queto. A bacterium of the order of the cells that form the spongy
Spirochaetales. These are elon- layer.
gated, spirally twisted organism, spongy layer. capa esponjoso. A layer
which move by flexing the body of irregularly shaped cells occur-
and not by flagella. Some are free- ring below the palisade layer in a
living and others are parasitic in leaf.
aminals and man. They are classi- spongy mesophyll. mesfilo esponjoso.
fied with the Bacteria. Mesophyll with loosely arranged
spirogyra. espirgira. Any one of the cells and numerous air spaces, often
green algae from the genus Spiro- found in the lower portion of the
gyra with ribbon-like chloro-plasts interior of a leaf just above the lower
winding to the right which have epidermis.
the appearance of scum on fresh- spongy parenchyma. parquima es-
water ponds. ponjoso. The tissue formed by a
spirolobal. espirlobos. Having lobes layer of spongy cells extending from
arranged in a spiral form. the palisade parenchyma to the
spirolobous. espirlobo. Said of an lower epidermis of a leaf.
spongy pith 403 spore
spongy pith. mdula esponjoso. A pith sporangiocyst. esporangocist. A thick-
that is porous and easily com- walled sporangium which is able
pressed. to remain alive but inert under
spongy. esponjoso. Porous; sponge- unfavorable conditions.
like; full of holes. sporangioid. esporangioide. Having
spontaneous generation. generacin the appearance or characteristics
espontneo. Abiogenesis. of a sporangium.
spontaneous movement. movemiento sporangiogenic band. banda de spo-
espontneo. The movements of a rangiognico. A strip of cells, 2-
plant which do not depend on an 3 cells broad and several cells tall,
external stimulus. in the fertile spike of Osmundaceae.
spontaneous mutation. mutacin Ultimately, it becomes differenti-
espontneo. A naturally occurring ated into blocks of archesporial cells
mutation, usually due a change in and sterile cells.
the functioning of cellular enzymes, sporangiole. esporangilo. A small
as distinguished from an artificially sized sporangium; also, a sporan-
induced mutation from the use of gium which contains one, or a very
chemicals or irradiation. few spores.
spontaneous. espontneo. Growing sporangioliferous head. captulo esp-
without being planted; indigenous. rangiolfero. A rounded group of
spoon-shaped. coclear. Having the hol- sporangia.
lowed out shape of a spoon bowl. sporangiolum. esporangilio. A
sporabola. esporabola. The curve made sporangiole.
by a basidiospore after discharge sporangiophore. esporangiforo. In
from its sterigma, as it falls under some molds, a hypha bearing a
the force of gravity. sporangium at the apex; the axis,
sporaceous. esporceo. Pertaining to stalk, or columella on a sporangia-
spores. bearing structure; also, the um-
sporadic. espordico. Occurring singly brella-shaped, sporangium-bearing
or in a scattered distribution; scat- portion of the strobilus, as horsetails
tered over a wide area; separate. (Equisetum).
sporangia. esporangios. Plural of spo- sporangiospore. esporangispora.
rangium. Any spore produced from sporan-
sporangial. esporangial. Pertaining to gium, but especially a non-motile
the sporangium, as the sporangial spore formed within a sporangium.
layer. sporangium. esporangio. A spore case
sporangial vesicle. vesicula espor- or sac; also, same as capsule in
angial. A very thin-walled, com- mosses (Musci); also, the struc-
monly evanescent outgrowth from ture containing asexual spores.
the sporangium of many lower sporation. esporacin. See sporu-
fungi, in which the zoospores com- lation.
plete their development and from spore. espora. A type of reproductive
which they are set free. structure, usually single-celled,
sporangiferous. esporangfero. Bear- resulting from meiotic cell divi-
ing sporangia. sion, which becomes free (the first
spore ball 404 sporodochium
cell of the gametophyte generation), sporidia.
and is capable of growing into a sporidole. esporidolo. A small spore.
new plant, as ferns (Filicopsida) sporidium. esporidio. A small spore;
and mo(u)lds (Hyphomycetes). also, a case containing small spores;
spore ball. bola espora. A globular also, a spore formed from a promy-
mass of spore, either hollow or celium.
solid. sporiferous. esporfero. Spore-
spore case. estuche de espora. A re- producing; bearing spores.
ceptacle which contains spores; sporification. esporificacin. The pro-
sporangium. duction or formation of spores.
spore fruit. fruta espora. Any plant sporiparity. esporiaridad. Reproduc-
part that produces spores, as an tion by the means of spores.
ascocarp. sporiparous. esporiparo. Reproducing
spore group. grupo de esporas. A by spores.
multicellular spore, each cell of sporo-. esporo-. A Greek prefix that
which is capable of independent means, spore or spores, as
germination. sporocarp.
spore membrane. membrana espora. sporoblast. esporoblasto. A one cell
The firm membrane surrounding the segement of a spore group.
contents of a spore. sporocarp. esporocarpo. A multicel-
spore Mother Cell. madra del espora lular structure for the formation of
celular. A diploid plant cell that spores, as in red algae and asco-
gives rise to four haploid spores mycetous fungi; also, a sorus com-
during meiosis. See sporocyte. pletely enclosed by the indusium,
spore print. grabado espora. The pat- as with some water ferns; also, in
tern of spores obtained on a sheet mosses (Musci), a sporangium; in
of paper when the cap of a fungal heterosporous ferns (Filicopsida),
fruit is placed gills down and left a hard, nut-like structure contain-
for a period of time. ing sporangia.
spore sac. cavidad espora. The sac sporocladia. esporocladia. The spe-
which lines the cavity of sporan- cial sporogenous branches in the
gium; part of a moss sporangium Kickxellaceae.
which contains the spores. sporocyst. esporoquiste. A resting
spore tetrad. ttrade espora. A group cell giving rise to asexual spore,
of four spores formed from a spore- as in algae.
Mother Cell. sporocyte. esporocita. A cell from
spori-. espori-. A Greek prefix that which a tetrad of spores are de-
means, seed. rived meiotically; a spore Mother
sporid. esporido. Same as sporidium. Cell.
sporidesm. esporidesmo. A cellular sporoderm. esporoderma. The skin
structure whose cells are each ca- or wall of a spore.
pable of germination. sporodochium. esporodochio. A cush-
sporidia. esporidios. Plural of sporid- ion-like mass of fungal tissue
ium. densely covered with conidiophores;
sporidiferous. esporidfero. Bearing acervulus.
sporogenesis 405 spring
sporogen. esporgena. A spore-pro- sporophyte. esporfito. The diploid,
ducing plant. spore-producing form that bears
sporogenesis. esporognesis. The for- asexual spores in plants that have
mation of spores; also, reproduc- alternating generations. Compare
ing by means of spores. gametophyte.
sporogenic. esporgenico. Sporog- sporophytic. esporoftico. Charac-
enous. teristic of a sporophyte.
sporogenous. esporgeno. Producing sporoplasm. esporoplasma. The spore
spores; also, reproducing by means producing protoplasm within the
of spores, as sporogenous plants. epiplasm of a sporangium or as-
sporogenous cell. clula esporgeno. cus.
Spore Mother Cell. sporopollenin. esporopolenin. A highly
sporogenous layer. capa de espor- chemical and temperature resist-
geno. Hymenium. ant substance that makes up the
sporogenous tissue. tejido de espor- outer wall of pollen grains, except
geno. A layer or group of cells from those of aquatic plants.
which spore mother cells are sporosac. esporosaco. A sporocyst.
formed. sporous. esporo. Resembling or per-
sporogonium. esporogonio. The spo- taining to a spore.
rangium in mosses (Musci) and sport. sport. mutacin de brotes.
liverworts (Hepaticae); also, a spore mutacin de yema. mutante. An
bearing capsule on a stalk; also, organism that is sharply varied from
the sporophyte gneration of these the normal type; a mutant. See bud
plants. variation and bud mutation.
sporogony. esporogonia. A type of sporulation. esporulacin. The process
reproduction in which a zygote of spore formation.
experiences multiple fission. spot. mcula. salpicado. A small
sporoid. esporoide. Having the appear- area that is different, as in color
ance of a spore. or texture.
sporont. sporonte. A thallus on which spotted. maculado. moteado. salpic-
spores will be produced. ado. Having color disposed in small
sporophore. esporforo. An organ or spots.
structure that bears spore; the spore- sprawling. desparramado. Lying on
bearing part (umbrella), which is or being supported by something;
the stalk that has emerged from the curving or bending in a downward
mycelium, commonly referred to direction.
as the mushroom. spray. ramillete. A slender branch with
sporophorous. esporforoso. Pertain- flowers, leaves, or fruits.
ing to a sporophore; spore-bear- sprig. ramito. Rhizomes.
ing. sprigging. sembrando ramitos. Veg-
sporophyll. esporfilo. A sporangium- etative propagation by planting
bearing leaf or leaf-like structure stolons or rhizomes.
bearing spore or sporangia. spring. primavera. The season of the
sporophyta. esporfita. Plants that year when plants begin to grow after
do not produce seeds; cryptogamia. lying dormant all winter; the pe-
spring wood 406 squarrosus
riod between the vernal equinox spurious fruit. fruta espuria. A group
and the summer solstice. of fruit having the appearance of
spring wood. leo temprano. leo de a single fruit.
primavera. Secondary xylem form- squama. escama. One of the bracts
ed during the spring and early sum- of an ament or catkin; also, one
mer, distinguished by the large, thin- of the parts of a plant that is over-
walled elements of which it is com- laid, as the undeveloped leaves of
posed; primary wood. a bud; also, a scale or scale-like
sprout. brotar. germinar. retoar. structure.
To bud or germinate. squamaceous. escamaceo. See squa-
sprout. vstago. renuevo. retoo. mate.
Shoot. squamae. escamae. Plural of squama.
sprout cell. clula vstago. A cell squamate. escamoso. Covered with
formed as a bud from a mother cell. or having many squama; scaly.
sprout germination. vstago germinac- squamella. escumula. A small chaffy
in. The elongation of axillary or bract, scale-like appendage;squama.
adventitious buds; also, the pro- squamellae. escumulas. Plural of
duction of daughter cells as rounded squamella.
outgrowths, as in yeasts. squamellate. escuamelado. Bearing
spumeous. capa. Having scum or froth, squamellae.
as on a pond. squamiform. escuamiforme. Scale-
spur. estoln. A lateral, dwarf shoot like.
that develops on some woody plants; squamose. escuamoso. escamoso. See
also, a slender, usually hollow, sac- squamate.
like projection from a flower petal squamous. escuamoso. Having coarse
or sepal, or of the calyx or scales; squamate.
gamopetalous corolla, as from the squamula. escuamula. A small scale.
calyx of the columbine (Thymel- squamule. escuamula. The lodicule
aeaceae); also, a short branch on of a grass flower.
which flowers and fruits are borne; squamulose. escuamuloso. Bearing or
also, the extension of the base of covered with minute scales (squam-
a leaf beyond its point of attach- ules); lepidote.
ment; calcar. squarrose. escuarroso. Having scales,
spur pelory. peloria estoln. An ab- bracts, or other parts, as a calyx
normal condition in which all the or involucre, that project outward
petals of an irregular flower de- at a right angle and usually recurved
velop spurs, so that the flower be- at the tips, as in some species of
comes regular. asters (Asteraceae); also, in mosses
spurred. estolonado. Bearing a spur (Musci), leaves in which the up-
or spurs. per part is curved sharply back into
spurious dissepiment. disepimento the lower part.
espuria. False septum; a partition squarrulose. escuarruloso. Having
in a fruit which is not an ingrowth diminutive recurved parts.
from the edges of the carpel, nor squarrosus. squarrosus. Latin meaning
an upgrowth from the receptacle. spreading in all directions bent
s-RNA 407 staminose
backwards. stalk. tallo. The stem or supporting
s-RNA. ARN soluble. See soluble structure of a plant.
RNA. stalkless. sin tallo. Without a stem.
s-shaped. sigmoide. Having the curved stamen. estambre. The male reproduc-
shape of the letter s; sigmoid. tive structure of a flower that con-
stable community. comunidad estable. tains the pollen; composed of an
A plant community which remains upper fertile part, the anther, and
unaltered in its general characters a thin sterile stalk; the filament;
for a long time. also, the microsporophyll of
stability. estabilidad. The capacity angiosperms.
of a living system to withstand or staminal disk. disco estaminal. The
recover from externally imposed elevated, fleshy cushion part of the
changes or stresses. androecium which is formed from
stabilization. establizacin. The sixth coalesced staminodia or nectaries.
and final stage in a six part proc- staminal tube. tubo estaminal. The
ess of plant succession in which lower, united portion of fused fila-
the stabilizing influence of natu- ments.
ral selection results in little change, staminal. estaminal. Pertaining to
tending to inhibit evolutionary in- stamen, as a staminal tube.
novation and accounting for the fos- staminate flower. flor estaminada.
sil groups that produced little A male flower having stamens but
change over long periods of time. no pistils.
See sere. staminate. estaminada. Having sta-
stabilizing selection. seleccin estabili- mens but no pistils, as a staminate
zadora. The steadying influence (male) plant which does not pro-
of natural selection in an environ- duce fruit or seeds
ment that changes very little in space staminiferous. estaminfero. Having
and time, tending to inhibit evo- or producing stamens; staminate.
lutionary innovation, as evidenced staminode. estaminodio. Stamens are
by fossil groups that changed lit- referred to as staminodes if they
tle over long periods of time; main- are without anthers or if the an-
tenance evolution. thers fail to produce pollen; how-
stachyo- stacio-. A Greek prefix that ever, these rudimentary stamen may
means, spiked. function as nectaries or petals; an
stage. etapa. fasa. A phase in a life abortive stamen that may be highly
cycle. modified or reduced.
stalagmoid. stalagmoide. Said of spores staminodium (pl. staminodia) estam-
shaped like a long tear or drop. inodio. A sterile stamen that may
stalk. pedculo. peciolo (petiole) . be modified as a nectary or on oc-
pednculo (peduncle). cabillo casion, as a petaloid structure.
(stalk). The stem or supporting staminody. estaminodia. The changing
structure of a flower or leaf. or metamorphosis of various flo-
stalk. rabillo. The stem or support- ral structures, as bracts, pistils etc.
ing structure of a fruit or bearded into stamens.
darnel. staminose. estaminoso. Said of a flower
stand 408 statistical analysis
in which the stamens are very ob- temporary starch.
vious. starch sheath. vaina de almidn. An
stand. poblacin vegetal. manchn. endodermis that contains starch
In ecology, the term refers to a grains; also, a one-layered cylin-
standing growth of plants, espe- der of cells lying on the inner
cially trees; in taxonomy, stand boundary of the cortex of a young
describes a distinctive plant asso- stem, with prominent starch grains
ciation, which facilitates compari- in the cells. It is homologous with
sons of different plant communi- an endoermis; also, a layer of starch
ties. grains around the pyrenoid in an
standard. estandarte. crecimiento algal cell.
estndar. The large upper petal starter. iniciadora. The pure culture
of a papilionaceous corolla; also, or mixture of microorganisms used
one of the three upper petal-like for starting a fermentation proc-
structures of an iris (Iridaceae); ess.
vexillum; banner; vane. starter solution. solucin iniciadora.
standard deviation. desviacin stand- A mixture of fertilizer to aid in the
ard. desviacin standard. The establishment of a recently planted
square root of the variance. cultivar.
starch. almidn. A chemically com- stasigenesis. estasignesis. An evo-
plex white, odorless, tasteless car- lutionary condition in which a lin-
bohydrate found in all parts of plants eage passes through time without
that store food, and especially plen- dividing or changing; referred to
tiful in potatoes (Solanum), wheat as living fossils.
(Triticum), rice (Oryza), and corn stasipatric. estasipatrico. A rapid
(Zea) ; a polysaccharide that is speciation that occurs within some
formed by the condensation of glu- small breeding populations that are
cose units and is a storage substance not completely isolated genetically
in many plants. It does not reduce or geographically; parapatric.
Fehlings solution but forms a blue- stasis. estasis. estancamiento. A pe-
black compound with iodine so- riod of little or no evolutionary
lution. change.
starch crescent. almidn cresciente. statenchyma. estatenquima. A tissue
A strand of cell, crescentric in cross- composed of cells containing
section, containing starch grains. statoliths.
starch grain. grano de almidn. A statismospore. estatismosporo. A fun-
rounded or irregular-shaped inclu- gal spore that is not forcefully dis-
sion in a cell, composed of a se- charged at maturity.
ries of layers of starch, giving a statistice. stadistica. The estimate of
stratified appearance and surround- a parameter arrived at from an
ing a central hilum. observed sample. It bears the same
starch plant. planta de almidn. A relation to the sample as the pa-
plant in which the carbohydrate rameter does to the population.
formed in excess of immediate re- statistical analysis. anlisis estadticos.
quirements is stored in the leaf as A method of studying data based
stato- 409 stenobathic
on probability where the calcula- and growing upward, as distin-
tion of a value is established by guished from the descending root
observations and then tested for structure; also, the peduncle of the
significance by comparison with fructification; the pedicle of a
the values that might be expected flower; the petiole of a leaf.
to occur by chance. stem apex. pice del vstago. pice
stato-. estato-. A Greek prefix that del las ramas. The tip of the stem
means, fixed or standing. or the point farthest from the point
statocyst. estatocisto. An organ of of attachment.
gravitation composed of cells that stem body. cuerpo impulsor. The part
contain starch grains, statoliths, and of a spindle between two groups
ectoplasm which are sensitive to of chromosomes separating at ana-
pressure. phase.
statolith. estatolito. A starch grain stem bulblet. bulbillo del tallo. A small
in the statocyst of root tips which bulb produced from an underground
are thought to be responsive to node, as on Lilium longiflorum
gravitational impulses. (Liliaceae).
stegium. estegio. Thread-like hair on stem leaves. hojas caulinares. Leaves
the styles of some tropical and growing on a stem, especially the
subtropical species of Asclepiad- upper part of the stem.
aceae. stem root. raz del tallo. Vertical or
stegocarpous. estegocarpico. Said horizontal aboveground roots; also,
of the capsule of a moss (Musci) aerate or knee roots.
when it has a lid. stem succulent. planta de tallo
stele. estela. A cylinder of the pri- suculento. A plant with a succu-
mary vascular tissue inside stems lent stem and very small leaves
and roots separated from the cor- which are often reduced to spines.
tex by endodermis and pericycle, stem tendril. zarcillo de tallo. A tendril
and in some cases pith and med- whlich is a modified stem.
ullary rays. The detailed structure stem tuber. tubrculo caulinar. A
differes in different groups of plants. thick, storage stem, usually not
stelipilous. estelpile. Having stellate upright. See tuber.
hairs. stemless. acaule. sin tallo. Having
stellate. estrellado. Slender segments no stem; acauline.
or hairs spreading out from a com- stem-like. cauliforme. caulinar. Hav-
mon center like the points of a star; ing the form of a caulis or stem.
star-shaped. sten(o)ecious. estenocio. Capable of
stelliform. estelliforme. Having the living in only a narrow or restricted
shape of a star; star-like. range of habitats, as stenoecious
stellulate. estelullado. Resembling species.
a small star. steno-. esteno-. A Greek prefix that
stem. tallo. In angiosperms, the as- means, small or narrow, as in
cending support and conducting stenopetalous.
structure (axis) of a plant, usually stenobathic. estenobtico. Living in
developed initially from the epicotyl water with a narrow range of depth,
stenocarpus 410 sterile cell
as stenobathic plants. arrangement in space.
stenocarpus. estenocarpus. Latin stereome. estereoma. The elements
meaning narrow-fruited. that give strength to a fibrovascular
stenohaline. estenohalino. Capable of bundle in a plant.
living in only a narrow range of stereome cylinder. cilindro estereoma.
saline water or osmotic pressures, A cylinder of strengthening tissue
as a stenohaline plant. in a stem usually just outside the
stenomorph. estenomorfo. A very small phloem.
plant due to a cramped habitat. stereomorphic. estereomorfo. A type
stenopetalous. estenoptalo. Having of flower that is three-dimensional
narrow petals. with radial symmetry, usually regu-
stenophyllous. estenfilo. Having nar- lar but often having many reduced
row leaves. parts, as the Narcissus (Amaryllid-
stenosepalous. estenosepalo. Having aceae) and columbines (Ranucul-
narrow sepals. aceae).
stenothermal. estenotermal. Only able stereotaxis. estereotaxis. The move-
to survive in a very narrow tem- ment of a plant in response to con-
perature range, as stenothermal tact with a solid body (touch); thig-
species. motaxis.
stenothermic. estenotermico. See stereotropic. estereotrpico. The
stenothermal. bending or turning in response to
stenothermous. estenotemoso. Un- contact with a solid body.
able to tolerated a wide tempera- stereotropism. estereotropismo. The
ture range. turning toward (positive) or turning
stenothery. estenoteria. Tolerance of away (negative) from a solid body
only a very narrow range of tem- or rigid surface; stereotropism.
perature. sterigma. estergma. The persistent
stenotopic. estenotpico. Species that needle base of some coniferous
are limited to a particular habitat. trees; also, a stalk bearing the spore
stenotropic. estenotrpico. Very lim- in a fungus; a ridge extending down
ited capacity to adapt to varied a stem below the point a decurrent
conditions. leaf is attached; peg.
stephanokont. estefanokonte. A cell sterigmata. esterigmas. Plural of ster-
with a ring of cilia or flagella at igma.
one end. sterile. estril. Infertile, as a flower
steppe. estepa. A vast, extensive grass without a pistil that does not bear
plains in Eurasia; also any dry, seed; a stamen without an anther
treeless grassland, plain or prai- that doesnt bear pollen or a leafy
rie. shoot without flowers; not able to
stereo-. estereo-. A prefix that means, germinate, as a sterile spore; also,
hard , solid, or three dimen- free from living microorganisms.
sional, as stereomorphic. sterile cell. clula estril. One of
stereoisomer. estereoismero. Hav- the two cells formed in the divi-
ing isomers consisting of the same sion of the generative cell; the other
groups of atoms, differing in their is known as the spermatogenous
sterile flower 411 stimulate
cell; the terminal cell is a chain stickiness. viscosidad. pegajosidad.
of aecidiospores. The quality or condition of being
sterile flower. flor estril. A staminate sticky, clinging, or adhesive.
flower. sticky end. extremo adhesiva. The
sterile glume. gluma estril. One of ends of single strands of DNA
the glumes at the base of a grass molecules that complement each
spikelet which does not subtend a other in the sequence of their
flower. nucleotides;can be rejoined in the
sterile vein. vena estril. A strand or presence of the enzyme ligase.
sheet of interwoven hyphae occur- Restriction enzymes are used to
ring with the spore-bearing hyphae produce sticky ends.
in the fruit bodies of some fungi. sticto-. sticto-. A Greek prefix that
sterilization. esterilizacin. A method means, spotted.
of eliminating organisms in a soil sticky. pegajoso. Adhesive, tending
by raising temperature to 100 C to cling to anything touched; also,
or by using chemicals; also, to make covered with an adhesive substance.
sterile. stiff. rgido. Rigid, firm, not flex-
sterilize. esterilizar. To make free ible, or pliant.
from living organisms, especially stiffly. rgidamente. In a stiff man-
microorganisms by heating; also, ner.
to make a plant unable to bear fruit stigma. estigma. The apical portion
or germinate. of the pistil which receives the
sternotribe. esternotribu. A flower pollen; eyespot.
which dusts pollen on the under- stigmatic. estigmtico. Part of or char-
side of a visitor. acteristic of the stigma.
steroid. esteroide. A compound con- stigmatiferous. estigmatfero. Bearing
taining the carbon ring of the sterols, a stigma.
found in small amounts in some stigmatocyst. stigmatocisto. Hypho-
plants; also, saturated hydrocarbons basidium.
containing seventeen carbon atoms stilboid. stilboide. Said of a fungus
in a system of rings, 3 six-mem- having a stalked head of spores or
bered and one five-membered, con- other reproductive structures.
densed together (six atoms being stilt. fulcrante (raz). flcrea. zanco.
shared between rings). See cho- zancuda. A root that comes off
lesterol. the lower bole and runs diagonally
stichidium. sticidio. A special branch to the ground, as in mangroves and
of the thallus in red algae on or in some palms (Palmae); prop root;
within which tetraspores are formed. buttress root.
stichobasidium. sticobasidio. A ba- stilt root. raz fulcrante. raz zanco.
sidium, usually elongated and cy- raz flcrea. An adventitious root
lindrical, which the spindle of the formed by a stem from a point above
dividing nuclei lie obliquely or lon- the ground level passing downwards
gitudinally. into the soil and affording support
sticker. cadillo. A common name for to the plant; prop root; buttress root.
a bur, barb, or thorn. stimulate. estimular. To induce func-
stimulation 412 stolon
tional activity. stipellate. estipelado. Bearing a stipel
stimulation. estmulo. The act of in- or stipels.
ducing a functional change or al- stipellule. estipela. See stipel.
teration. stipiform. estipiforme. Having the form
stimulose. estimuloso. Bearing sting- of a stipe; same as stipitiform.
ing hairs. stipatatic acid. cido stipatatico. A
stimulus. estmulo. Something that metabolic product of Pencillium
excites the organism, organ, or cell stipitatum.
into producing a specific response stipitate. estipitado. Having or grow-
without itself providing energy for ing on a stipe.
the new activities. stipitiform. estipitiforme. Having the
sting. picar. A response to touching shape or form of a stipe; same as
a stiff, sharp-pointed hollow, glan- stipiform.
dular hair that secretes an irritat- stipular scar. cicatriz stipular. A mark
ing substance when touched, as net- on a twig surface that indicates the
tle (Urticaceae). former place of attachment of a stip-
stinging hair. pelo urticante. A stiff, ule.
sharp-pointed hollow, glandular hair stipular trace. traza stipular. The vas-
that secretes an irritating substance cular tissue running to a stipule.
when touched, as nettles (Urtic- stipular. estipular. Of or resembling
aceae); also, a multicellular hair a stipule; also, growing on or close
with a brittle tip which breaks off to stipules.
on contact with an animal, leav- stipulate. estipulado. Bearing stip-
ing a sharp edge which penetrates ules, as a stipulate stem.
the skin and injects an irritant fluid; stipule. estpula. One of a pair of small
urent. leaf-like appendages at the base of
stipate. stipado. Crowded. a leaf stalk or leaf petiole, usually
stipe. estpite. pecolo (enhelechos). united but standing separately;
The stalk of flowering plants formed common to many roses (Rosa) and
by the receptacle or by a carpel, geranium (Geran-iaceae).
especially when attaching the ovary stipuliform. estipuliforme. Having
to the receptacle; also, the petiole the shape or form of a stipule; stip-
of a fern (Filicopsida) or seaweed ule- like.
frond; in a tree fern, the caudex stipulose. stipuloso. Bearing con-
(Cyatheaceae and Thyrsopterid- spicuous stipules; stipulate.
aceae); also, the stem which sup- stock. tallo subterrneo. The main
ports the pileus (cap) of some mush- stem of a plant or tree; also, in a
rooms; also, a leaf stalk; podogyne; graft, that portion of a stem that
carpopodium. grows underground, root fragments,
stipe bundles. haz estpite. The vas- called stock, that are attached to
cular fibers of the fern (Filicopsida) a stem cutting, called a scion.
petiole. stolon. estoln. An elongated slen-
stipel. estipela. In a compound leaf, der stem, shoot, or filiform that
a secondary stipule located at the grows horizontally along or beneath
base of a leaflet. the ground, taking root at the nodes
stoloniferous 413 strain
and producing new plants; also, a lilgnified walls, that composes the
stolen with a bud at the end which sclerenchyma and supports other
is referred to as a runner; also, a tissues, especially in seeds and fruit;
long hypha lying on the substra- brachysclereid.
tum and producing tufts of rhizoids stone. pireno. hueso. cuesco. carozo.
and sporangiophores at intervals. pepa. The hard covering of a seed,
stoloniferous. estolonfero. Producing especially those of soft, pulpy fruit,
or growing stolons, as stoloniferous as peaches (Amygdalus) and plums
grasses (Poaceae). (Prunus); the hard endocarp of a
stoloniform. estoloniforme. Stolon- drupe.
like. stone fruit. fruto pireno. A fruit whose
stoma. estoma. A pore in the epider- seeds are covered with a hard shell
mis of plants, present in large num- surrounded by pulp, as cherries
bers, particularly on leaves, through (Prunus); drupe.
which gaseous exchanges take stony soil. suelo pedregoso. Soil con-
place. Each stoma is surrounded taining an abundant amount of small
by the sausage-shaped guard cells rocks.
which open and close the stoma by storage leaf. hoja de reserva. hoja
changes in their turgidity; also, used almacenaje. A succulent, fleshy
to refer to pore and guard cells. leaf.
See stomate. storage pith. mdula de reserva. A
stomata. estomata. Plural of stoma. fibrous mass where starch or wa-
stomatal. estomtico. aerifera. Hav- ter is stored, as in palms and rushes.
ing a stoma, or slit-like opening storage tracheid(e). traqueida de
in the epidermis of the leaf; some- reserva. A thick-walled cell, re-
times referred to as the stomatal sembling a tracheid(e) without liv-
apparatus which exercises a great ing contents, in which water is
deal of control over water loss. stored.
stomate. estoma. A small opening store (nutrients). almacenar (nutr-
on a leaf s surface through which iente). To accumulate for future
water and gases pass into and out use.
of plants. storey. piso de vegetacin. A layer
stomatiferous. estomatfero. Bear- of vegetation.
ing stomata. stout. robusto. Sturdy, strong.
stomatopodium. estomatopodio. A straight. recto. Without a curve, bend,
hypha branch or plug , above or or angle.
in a stoma. Also spelled stomo- strain. raza. A group of genetically
podium. identical organisms, natural or ar-
stomium. estomio. The thin-walled, tificial, that are part of race, breed
lip cell region of a fern (Filicopsida) or variety but are distinguished from
sporangium which ruptures to re- related plants by some feature, as
lease spores. wheat strains which have differ-
stone cell. clula ptrea. clula ing sizes, disease resistance, or
esclerosa. A short, firm cell not growing periods; also, a variety of
much longer than broad, with species with distinct morphologi-
stramineous 414 streptomyces
cal and/or physiological characters. stratified cambium. cambium estrati-
stramineous. pajizo. Having the yel- ficado. A cambium in which the
lowish color of straw. cells, seen in tangential section,
strand plant. planta de playa. A plant appear arranged in fairly regular
growing by the sea where it is not horizontal rows.
submerged at high tide but may be stratified thallus. talo estratificado.
splashed by spray. A lichen thallus composed of a layer
strangler. estrangulador. A type of of algal cells between layers of fun-
plant, such as a strangling fig gal hyphae.
(Moraceae), common to tropical stratose. estratoso. estratificado.
rainforests, which germinates high Composed of well defined layers;
in a host tree, sends roots to the layered.
ground for physical support by stratose thallus. talo estratificado.
twining branches or aerial roots talo estratoso. A lichen tallus hav-
around the host (anastomosis), and ing the tissues in horizontal lay-
eventually envelops and kills the ers.
supporting tree. stratum society. estrato de sociedad.
strangling fig. higo estrangulamiento. A plant society occurring as a
A fig tree (Ficus) that germinates clearly defined layer in a plant com-
high in a host tree, sending roots munity, e.g.shrubs in a wood.
to the ground which eventually streak. estra. A common name for
anastomoses; and as it grows, en- a virus disease in a monocotyled-
velops, and kills the supporting host onous plant in which necrotic
tree. streaks of yellow color appear on
strap leaf. hoja deshilada. The leaf the leaves; also, a furrow; also, a
of certain grasses (Poaceae), ex- layer of tissue differing in color
cluding the sheath. or structure from the tissue on each
strap. deshilada. The flat part of a side of it.
corollet in lingulate florets. streaked. rayado. listado. Having
strap-shaped. en forma deshilada. Flat stripes, as white flowers streaked
and long. with red.
stratification. estratificacin. The stream. arroyo. riachuelo. A flow-
practice of exposing imbibed seeds ing body of surface water, as a small
to cool (2C to 10C) temperatures river or creek.
for a period of time prior to ger- streaming. corriente. The metabolic
mination in order to break dor- motility of protoplasm that occurs
mancy; also, the banding seen in laterally through the proplasmic
thick cell walls due to the pres- materials and longitudinally through
ence of wall layers differing in water files of connected cells.
content, chemical composition, and streptocarpous. estreptocrpico. Hav-
physical structure; also, the group- ing fruits that are twisted.
ing of vegetation in woods or for- streptomyces. estreptomices. Any of
ests into two or more well-defined the organisms of the genus Strep-
layers differeing in height, as trees, tomyces found in the soil and con-
shrubs, and ground vegetation. sidered to be an intermediate be-
streptomycin 415 strong
tween bacteria and fungi. ing over takes place.
streptomycin. estreptomicina. An an- strobilaceous. estrobilceo. Of or per-
tibiotic, active against Gram + and taining to a cone or an inflores-
some Gram - bacteria, produced by cence that resembles a cone; cone-
Streptomyces griseus. like.
streptothricin. estreptotricina. An strobilate. estrobilado. Cone produc-
antibiotic active against bacteria ing.
and fungi, produced by Streptomy- strobile. estrbilo. Same as strobilus.
ces lavendulae. strobiliferous. estrobilfero. Bearing
streptococcus. estreptococo. A coc- strobilus.
cus in which the individuals tend strobiliform. estrobiliforme. Having
to be grouped in chains. the shape of a cone.
stress (water). estrs (agua). Plants strobilus. estrbilo. A cone-like mass
that are unable to absorb enough of closely packed, scale-like, spo-
water to replace the amount being rangia bearing structures at the apex
lost by transpiration; may experi- of the stem, as of the horsetail
ence wilting, cessation of growth, (Calamitaceae); also, a seed-bear-
or death of the plant, or plant parts. ing cone, as pine (Pinaceae); cone.
stria. estria. A fine line or furrow. stroma. estroma. The fleshy, substance
striate. estriado. Having fine longi- of some fungous plants, in which
tudinal lines, ridges, or grooves; the perthecia are embedded; also,
lineolate. the matrix of chloroplasts where
strict. estricto. Straight, stiff, rigid, the grana are embedded; also, the
upright position, not spreading. zone between the intergranum la-
strictus. strictus. Latin meaning mellae of a chloroplast; also, the
rigid. tissue that forms the framework of
striga. estriga. A straight, hair-like an organ, as the tissue of the ovary
bristle. that surrounds the reproductive
strigillose. estriguloso. Having very cells.
small, firm, slender bristles stroma starch. almidn estroma.
(strigose). Starch formed in the stroma of a
strigose. estrigoso. Being covered with chloroplast when photosynthesis is
sharp, stiff, often bulbous-based, active.
trichomes, all pointing in the same stromata. estromata. Plural of stroma.
direction, as on some leaves. stromatiform. estromatiforme. Having
strigulose. estriguloso. Same as the shape or form of a stroma.
strigillose. strombuliferous. estrombulfero. Pro-
strigulous. estriguloso. See strigillose. ducing strombuliform pods.
stringy. fibroso. filamentoso. Com- strombuliform. estrombuliforme.
posed of strings or fibers. Twisted, coiled, or spiraled into the
striolate. striolado. Finely striate. shape of a screw or helix.
striped. rayado. listado. Having lon- strombus. estrombo. Twisted, turned,
gitudinal stripes of color. or spirally coiled, as some legumes.
stripsistine. estripsistino. A stage strong. fuerte. Having a large amount
in meiotic prophase when cross- of its essential quality.
strongly 416 stylopod
strongly. marcadamente. Markedly. having a swelling at one side of
strophiolate. estrofoliado. Having an the base; bullate.
elongated aril or strophiole in the stunt. atrofia. raquitismo. Atrophy.
hilum. stunted growth. retardo del crecim-
strophiole. estrofolo. An append- iento. Plant development which has
age at the hilum in some seeds; abnormally ceased; atrophied.
caruncle. stunted. atrofiado. raqutico. Atro-
structural change. alteracin estruct- phied.
ural. Change in the genetic struc- stupeous. estupeo. Wooly.
ture of one or more chromosomes. stupose. estuposo. Bearing mats of long
structural control. control de estruct- hair; also said of a tissue formed
ural. Genotypic control. from hyphae which are not gelati-
structural deviation. desviacin estruct- nized.
ural. Any departure from the usual stylar. estilar. Of or pertaining to a
structure of a plant. style.
structural gene. gen estructural. A stylar canal. canal estilar. A tube or
sequence of nucleotides that codes mass of loose tissue running through
for the amino acids and the structure the center of the style through which
of a protein. the pollen tube grows.
structural hybrid. hbrido de estruct- stylar column. ginostemo. The col-
ural. A hybrid whose parental gam- umn formed by the combining of
etes differed in respect of the ar- the stamens and style in orchids;
rangement of their genes. gynostemium.
structural mutation. mutacon de stylate. esilado. Having a persistent
estructural. An intergenic change or long-lasting style.
in the linear arrangement of genes. style. estilo. The narrow, non-ovule
structure. estructura. In taxonomy, bearing, stalk-like part of a pistil
one of the three measures of char- which connects the ovary and
acter: form, function and structure; stigma.
with plant, plant organ, and plant style branch. ramas del estilo. A
organ parts described and classi- branch of the style, as in some
fied in that order according to type, composite flowers.
color, shape, size, number, and dis- styliferous. estilfero. Style-bearing.
position pertaining to each part; stylidium. stilidio. The upper part of
also, the potentially permanet linear an archegonium.
order of the particles, chromomeres, stylocarpellous. estilocarpelo. A nor-
or genes in the chromosome. mal carpel that has a style but not
struma. estruma. A cushion-swell- a stipe.
ing at the base of an organ or or- stylocarpepodic. estilocarppodico.
gan part; also, a swelling on one A type of carpel with both a style
side at the base of a moss capsule. and a stipe.
strumiferous. estrumfero. Bearing one stylodious. estilodio. A type of gyno-
or more struma. ecial fusion with a solitary, free
strumose. estrumoso. Having a cov- carpel; unicarpellous.
ering of cushion-like swellings; stylopod. estilopod. See stylopodium.
stylopodic 417 suberification
stylopodic. estilopdico. Having a low an axil.
stylopodium or basal enlargement. subbasal. subbasal. Near the base.
stylopodium. estilopodio. A disk-like, subbasifixed. subbasifijo. Attached
basal enlargement of the style, as near the base or lower end, as an
in the carrot family Apiaceae anther attached near its base to the
(Umbelliferae). apex of the filament.
stylospore. estilspora. A term for- subcapitate. subcapitado. Almost capi-
merly used for a spore on a pedi- tate.
cel or hypha. subcellular. subcelular. Smaller in
suaveolent. suaveolente. aromtico. size than the ordinary cells.
fragante. Fragrant. subcentric oosphere. oosfera subcnt-
sub-. sub-. A Latin prefix that means, rica. An oosphere with the pro-
under, below, or beneath; toplasm surrounded by one layer
also, resulting from further divi- of fatty globules and with two to
sion, as in subdivision; also, a three additional layers on one side.
constituent of; also, subordinate subclass. subclase. In taxonomy, a
or secondary. group of plants ranking above an
subacute. subagudo. Slightly acute. order and below a class.
subalpine forest. bosque subalpino. subclimax. subclmax. An ecologi-
A predominately conifer-dominated cal stage preceding a climax, es-
wooded area in the subalpine zone pecially when further development
of temperate latitudes, but with an has been arrested because of some
occasional incursion south of the factor other than climate.
Tropic of Cancer. subcordate. subcordato. Almost cor-
subalpine. subalpino. Growing in the date.
mountains at a level below the al- subcortical. subcortezal. Located
pine zone but above the montane beneath the cortex of a tree.
zone. subcorymbose. subcorimboso. Al-
subalternate. subalterno. Alternate most corymbose.
but with a tendency to become subculture. subcultivo. A culture of
opposite. bacteria or fungi prepared from a
subapical. subapical. Near the apex, pre-existing culture.
as a style near the apex of the ovary. subcylindric. subcilindrico. Almost
subaqueous. subaquose. Living, form- cylindrical in shape.
ing, or growing underwater, as subentire. subentero. Almost entire;
subaqueous plants . said of a margin which is very
subartic. subartico. Designating a slightly indented.
region just south of the Arctic Cir- subepidermal tissue. subepidrmica.
cle. Hypodermis.
subatomic particles. particulas subat- suber. suber. Cork.
mico. Very small bits of matter, suberect. suberecto. Upright below,
such as electrons, protons, and nodding at the top.
neutrons, that make-up the inter- subereous. subereo. Pertaining to cork;
nal structure of atoms. cork-like; corky.
subaxillary. subaxilar. Located be- suberification. suberificacin. Suberi-
418
zation. a herb.
suberin. suberina. A waxy, water- subhumid. subhmedo. Having rain-
proofing substance in cork tissue; fall equal to supporting the plant
a mixture of oxidation and respi- needs of tall grasses (Poaceae) and
ration products of fatty acids, similar plant life.
present in the walls of cork cells, subhymenium. subhimenio. In some
making them impervious to water. fungi (Basidomycotina and
suberin lamella. suberina de laminilla. Ascomycotina), a layer of tissue be-
A layer of wall material impreg- low the hymenium.
nated with suberin. subiculum. subiculo. A cottony mass
suberization. suberizacin. Making of hyphae underlying the fruit body
cell walls into cork by forming of some fungi.
suberin. subinferior. seminferior. Growing
suberize. suberizar(se). suberificar. slightly below some other part; also,
To change into cork by the forma- belonging to some part that is some
tion of suberin in the cell walls. distance from the main stem.
sub-erose. sub-eroso. Appearing sublignous. subleoso. Almost woody.
gnawed and eroded. sublittoral. sublitoral. Near the sea-
suberose. suberoso. Corky in tex- coast (but not on the shore) or be-
ture; cork-like in appearance. low the littoral (intertidal) zone,
suberous. suberoso. Of or like cork; as a sublittoral plant; also, in fresh-
suberose. water areas, an alternate name for
subfamily. subfamilia. In taxonomy, the limnetic zone.
a group of related plants ranking submarginal. submarginal. Near the
above a genus and below a fam- edge or margin of an organ or part.
ily. submarine. submarino. Growing un-
subfoliaceous. subfoliceo. Almost derwater, as submarine plants.
foliaceous. submerged. sumergido. Submersed;
sub-formation. subformacin. In below the water surface.
phytosociology, a sub-unit of a submergence marsh. marisma sumers-
major vegetation group which is in. The lower division of a salt
geographically distinctive. marsh, from the mean highwater
subgenus. subgnero. In taxonomy, level of neap tides to the general
a group of related plants ranking level of mean high water; com-
above a species and below a ge- monly, with more than 360, one hour
nus. submerged days per year and never
subglabrate. subglabrescente. Almost more than nine days of continu-
glabrous. ous submergence. Sometimes re-
subglobose. subgloboso. Almost round ferred to as an emergence marsh.
in shape. suborder. suborden. In taxonomy, a
subgroup. subconjunto. A subordi- group of related plants ranking
nate group or subdivision of a below a class and above a family.
group. subpetiolar bud. subpeciolar. An ax-
subherbaceous. subherbceo. Hav- illary bud surrounded by the base
ing some of the characteristics of of the petiole; infrapetiolar.
subpetiolate 419 subulate
subpetiolate. subpetiolado. Pertaining self by ordinary means of repro-
to a bud concealed by the petiole. duction.
subpotency. subpotencia. A lessen- subsporangial vesicle. vescula sub-
ing in the capacity to transmit in- sporangial. A swelling on the spo-
herited characteristics. rangiophore immediately beneath
subramose. subramoso. Not branching the terminal sporangium.
freely; also, having few branches. substantive variation. variacin de
subrhizomatous. subrizomatoso. Al- substantivo. Variation in the con-
most rhizomatous. stitution of an organ or organism,
subrotundate. subredondeado. Almost as opposed to a variation in the
rounded. number of parts.
subscapose. subescapfero. Almost substomatic chamber. cmara substo-
scapose. matico. A large intercellular cham-
subsere. subsero. A secondary suc- ber below a stoma.
cession of plant communities. substrate. substrado. The reactant
subsessile. subssil. Nearly sessile. acted on by an enzyme; also, an
subshrub. subarbusto. sufrtice. A object or material on which a plant
suffrutescent perennial plant; a plant grows or to which it is attached;
smaller than a shrub which produces also, an underlying layer; also, the
wood at the base and branches up- solid object to which an organism
ward with growth that dies back is attached, e.g. a seaweed.
at the end of each growing season. substrate mycelium. micelio substrado.
subsidiary cell. clula subsidiaria. The part of the mycelium that is
Accessory cell; auxillary cell. in contact with the substrate.
subsoil. subsuelo. The layer of soil subtemperate. subtemplado. Pertain-
that lies just beneath the top or ing to, or found in the colder ar-
surface soil that plants with long eas of the Temperate Zone.
roots often grow into seeking nu- subtending. subyacente. Lying below
trients and water. and close to, as a bract may sub-
subspecies. subespecie. In taxonomy, tend an inflorescence; also, hav-
a group of related plants ranking ing a bud, or developed from a bud,
below a species that must be geo- or a sporangium, in its axil.
graphically distinct, populations not subterete. subterete. Almost terete.
just morphs, and different to some subterranean. subterrneo. Below
extent from other geographic the surface of the ground; hypo-
populations; a subdivision of a geous.
species, larger than a race. See va- subtraction. subtraccin. The loss of
riety. a hereditary factor.
subspicate. subespigado. Almost subtropical. subtropical. Nearly tropi-
spicate, but on some or all of the cal; subtropical distribution, as
flowers or florets there are short occurring in areas between tropi-
pedicels. cal and temperate regions; semi-
subspontaneous. subspontneo. Per- tropical.
taining to a plant which has been subula. sizna. A fine, sharp point.
introduced but has maintained it- subulate. subulado. alesnado. Awl-
subvalvate 420 suffrutex
shaped. juicy leaves or stems; a xerophyte
subvalvate. subvalvado. Almost storing water in the tissue, giving
valvate. it a fleshy appearance.
subvariety. subvariedad. In taxonomy, sucker. srculo. brote adventicio.
any interbreeding group of plants chupn. An adventitious, under-
below a species, as a breed, strain, ground shoot from the trunk or
or variety. branch of a tree or plant, initially
succession. sucessin. The sequen- nourished by the parent, that
tial change or replacement in veg- emerges from the soil to form a new
etation that may result in a climax plant; one of the small roots of a
community, either in response to parasitic plant by which it absorbs
alterations in the environment or materials from the host; See haus-
by internal properties in the plants torium and turion.
themselves; occurring in a sere of suction pressure. presin de succin.
six stages: nudation, migration, When said of a cell, the force which
ecesis, competition, reaction, and is available for taking in water. It
stabilization. is equivalent to the osmotic pres-
successional species. especie sucess- sure of the cell sap (OP), less the
inal. In a changing ecosystem, inward pressure of the cell wall
species that other species; as an (WP), and the osmotic pressure of
example, after many years low grow- the surrounding medium (OPM),
ing plants produce enough soil to which is zero if the cell is in pure
support trees, which then shade out water. SP = OP WP OPM.
the previous low growers; also, sucrase. sucrasa. An enzyme respon-
pertaining to the classification of sible for the catalytic hydrolysis
phyletic lineages. of sucrose to fructose and glucose;
succineus. succineus. Latin mean- invertase.
ing amber colored. sucrose. sacarosa. A carbohydrate
succinic acid. cido succnico. The formed by chemically joining a
acid produced from a-ketoglutaric molecule of glucose with a mol-
acid, in the Citric Acid Cycle by ecule of fructose; functions as the
oxidation of CO to CO 2 . common storage and transport sugar
succinic dehydrogenase. de(s)hidro- in plants; also the commercial ta-
genasa auccnico. An enzyme ble sugar extracted from cane or
which catalyses the oxidation of beets; a disaccharide compound of
succinic acid. glucose and fructose.
succise. suciz. Appearing to be cut suffrutescent. sufruticoso. Slightly
or broken off at the lower end. shrubby or woody at the base; also
succubous. scubo. A type of leaf ar- woody at the base and herbaceous
rangement in which the upper edge at the top.
of each leaf is hidden beneath the suffrutex. subarbusto. sufrtice. A
lower edge of the leaf above, as diminutive shrub with a woody
occurs in leafy liverworts (Hepa- stem; also, a plant with a woody
ticae). See incubous. base but with a herbaceous annual
succulent. suculento. Having thick, growth, common to perennials;
suffruticose 421 superdominance
undershrub. in the spring or early summer, flower
suffruticose. sufruticoso. Having the and fruit in late summer or early
quality of a suffrutex; same as fall and then die.
suffrutescent. summer dormancy. letargo estival.
suffuse. difundir. Spread out on the Being dormant during the summer;
substratum. aestivation.
suffused. matizado. Tinted or tinged summer flower. flor estival. A plant
with color. that blooms in the summer, espe-
sugar. azcar. Any of the class of cially a summer annual.
carbohydrates that are soluble in summer spore. espora de verano. A
water, sweet to taste, and directly nonsexual spore produced in some
or indirectly fermentable; manu- rusts in their uredo stage; uredo-
factured by most plants. spore.
sulcate. sulcado. Marked with par- summer wood. lea de verano. lea
allel grooves, furrows, or ridges, tardio. Secondary wood formed
as a stem. in the summer, as secondary thick-
sulcus. sulcus. A groove or furrow. ening comes to an end for the sea-
sulfatase. sulfataso. A type of en- son; the elements are often thick-
zyme commonly found in plant tis- walled and smaller than those of
sue that catalyzes the hydrolysis spring wood; also, sometimes re-
of esters of sulfuric acid. ferred to as autumn wood.
sulfur. azufre. A non-metallic element sun. sol. The light, heat and vitaliz-
with the chemical symbol of S. ing energy provided plant life by
sulfur bacteria. bacterias de azufre. the sun, as distinguished from shade.
Any of a group of bacteria that are sun plant. planta de sol. A plant tol-
able to oxidize sulfur compounds; erant of exposure to much bright
bacteria which live in situations light or needing much light.
where oxygen is scarce or absent, sun scald. quemadura por el sol.
and which act on sulphur com- escaldadura. A high temperature
pounds releasing the element; thio- injury to tissue from intense warm-
bacteria. ing of tree trunks during winter,
sulfur cycle. ciclo del azufre. The resulting in bark cracking and split-
cyclic movement of sulfur in dif- ting.
ferent chemical forms from the envi- sunny. soleado. Of, like, or coming
ronment, to organisms, and then from the sun.
back into the environment. super-. super-. A Latin prefix that
sulphureous. sulfureo. Pale, clear means, above or over.
yellow. superaxillary. superaxilar. Growing
summer. verano. The season of the above the axil; above the axil, as
year when the sun is most directly a peduncle; supraaxillary.
felt; in the North Temperate Zone, superclass. superclase. A subdivision
includes the months of June, July, of a subphylum; on occasion,
and August. subphylum.
summer annual. anual estival. A group superdominance. superdominancia.
of plants with seeds that germinate See overdominance.
superfamily 422 suprafoliaceous
superfamily. superfamilia. A group species based on geographical or
of related families. ecological criteria.
superficial. superficial. On the sur- supervolute. supervoluto. Having one
face of the substratum. margin rolled inwards and envel-
supergene. supergen(e). A chromo- oped by the opposite margin, or
some segment protected from cross- as in morning glory leaves (Ipo-
ing-over which is transmitted in- moea), one edge rolled inward.
tact from generation to generation, supine. supino. Prostrate, with parts
like a recon; a group of genes act- oriented upward, as a supine stem.
ing as a mechanical unit in par- supinus. supinus. Latin meaning lying
ticular allelomorphic combinations. face upwards.
superhelical. superhelicoidal. Of or suppressed. suprimido. In forestry,
pertaining to a superhelix. undeveloped.
superhelix. superhlice. A form of suppression. supresin. Failure to de-
DNA composed of a double helix velop, referred to a member which
coiled around itself. is normally present.
superior. spero. Growing above some suppressive. supresivo. Said of a
other part, as an ovary located plasmagene which suppresses the
above or free from the (inferior) expression of an alternative con-
calyx; also, a calyx attached to the dition in a particular respect in a
sides of an (inferior) ovary, mak- hybrid individual and its descend-
ing it appear to rise from its top; ants.
also, said of an annulus near the suppressor. supresor. A mutant gene
top of the stipe. See hypogyny. that reverses the effect of another
superior ovary. ovario spero. An mutant gene.
ovary located above the recepta- suppressor mutation. mutacin sup-
cle with all other floral parts de- resor. A second mutation that
veloping below the base of the masks the phenotypic effects of a
ovary. previous mutation, however, as it
superior radicle. radcula spero. A occurs at a different site in the ge-
radicle which points towards the nome, it may not necessarily be con-
apex of a fruit. sidered a reversion in the strictest
superorder. superorden. In taxonomy, sense.
a group of plants classified above supra-. supra-. A Latin prefix that
an order and below a class. means, above or over.
superparasite. superparasito. A para- supraaxillary. supraaxilaria. See sup-
site on another parasite. eraxillary.
superparasitism. superparasitismo. suprabasal. suprabasal. Located above
The infestation of parasites by other the basal area.
parasites. supracellular. supracelular. Pertaining
superposed. sobrepuesta (yema). se- to systems of biological organiza-
rial. Located directly over some tion above the level of the cell.
other part, as a bud or buds located suprafoliaceous. suprafoliceo. In-
above axillary buds. serted into the stem above the leaf,
superspecies. superespecie. Related petiole, or axil, as a peduncle or
supragenic 423 suspensor
flower. surficial. surficial. Growing on or
supragenic. supragenico. Pertaining spreading over the surface of the
to hereditary factors above the level ground; epigeous.
of the gene. surround. rodear. To enclose.
supraligular. supraligular. Attached surrounded. envuelto. To lie around
above the ligule. or be on nearly all sides.
supralittoral zone. zona supralitoral. surviorship curve. curva de supervi-
The seashore area immediately vencia. A graphical representation
above the littoral fringe and be- of the survival of individuals in a
yond the reach of tidal submergence, population from birth to the maxi-
although an area still receiving sea mum age reached by any one mem-
spray. ber; a constant mortality rate is
supramolecular. supramolecular. Hav- reflected by a straight line.
ing more complexity than a mol- survival of the fittest. supervivencia
ecule; also, composed of more than del msto. A elaborate process in
one molecule. which the total environment re-
sur-. sur-. A Latin prefix that means, solves which members of a species
somewhat or above. survive to reproduce and pass on
surcle. surcula. A very small shoot their genes to the next generation,
or sucker. although not necessarily involving
surculigerous. surculigero. Produc- a struggle between organisms; natu-
ing suckers or sucker-like out- ral selection.
growths. suscept. suscept. A living organism
surculose. renuevo. srculo. Produc- which is susceptible to a given
ing suckers or sucker-like out- disease or pathogen.
growths. susceptibility. susceptibilidad. The
surculose-proliferous. srculo-proli- whole properties of a plant which
fco. Producing runners from the dispose it to be attacked by a para-
base or rootstock. site.
surculum. surculum. A fern (Filicops- suspended. pndulo. Hanging free;
ida) rhizome. pendulous.
surculus. surculo. A leafy structure suspended placenta. placenta pndulo.
coming from an underground base. Having a placenta at the top of the
surcurrent. surcurrente. Running up ovary.
the stem from the point of emer- suspensor. suspensor. In the embryo,
gence, as a leaf base that extends a group of cells at the extremity
along a stem; opposite of decur- which aid in positioning the em-
rent. bryo in relationship to its food
surface fire. fuego superficie. A forest supply; also, a cell or set of cells
fire that burns only the undergrowth derived from the zygote but not part
and leaf litter on the forest floor. of the embryo of seed plants and
surface. superficie. The outer face some pteridophytes, that push the
of a plant organ or part as it per- embryo into the nutritive tissues
tains to the configurations, vestiture, (endosperm or prothallus); also, a
and epidermal excrescences. cell supporting the gametangium
sustainable management 424 sympatric speciation
of the Mucorales. florescence stalk inside in which
sustainable management. sostenible tiny flowers develop; small drupes
de gestin. A form of environmental are produced by the female flow-
resource planning and use which ers.
does not deplete or degrade the syleptic shoots. vstago sileptico. Ab-
natural resources of the commu- normal outgrowths that develop
nity, region, or country. from lateral buds before they reach
suture. sutura. A line of fusion; the maturity.
area of dehiscence of an anther or symbiont. simbionte. An organism
fruit. In flowering plants, the line living in the state of symbiosis.
of fusion of edges of a carpel is symbiosis. simbiosis. A general term
the ventral suture. The midrib of describing any prolonged, close
the carpel is the dorsal suture, not association of two or more organ-
implying any fusion of parts to form ism of different species living to-
it, but to distinguuish it from the gether for their mutual benefit,
ventral suture; line of junction, within the same community.
where a fruit split. symbiotic. simbitico. An associa-
swarm cell. clula enjambre. Of myxo- tion of two or more different or-
mycete, and some Chrtridiales, a ganisms in which both or all ben-
motile cell acting before and af- efit; also, of or characterized by
ter division, as an isogamete. symbiosis.
swarm sporangium. zoosporangio. symbol. smbolo. A letter, or group
Zoosporangium. of letters or numbers representing
swarm spore. espora mvil. Zoospore. an element, atom, molecule, or com-
swamp forest. bosque pantanoso. See pound.
mangrove swamp. symmetric. simtrico. Symmetrical.
swamp. pantano. cinega. fangal. symmetrical. simtrico. Similar in
marisma (sal). A wet area normally shape or arrangement to the extent
covered by water; fen or marsh. that a line drawn through the middle
swelling. hinchazn. A bulge or pro- of the structure will produce a mir-
trusion. ror image on either side; regular.
sweet. dulce. Sweet or pleasant to See actinomorphic.
the taste or smell, as honey or vio- symmetry. simetria. Similarity in shape
lets. or arrangement on either side of a
swollen. engrosado. hinchado. En- dividing line, as a flower with the
larged, bulging. same number of parts in each flo-
sword-like. ensiforme. A long, thin ral whorl.
shape; gladiate. sympatric evolution. evolucin simpat-
sychnocarpous. sichnocrpico. Capac- rico. The development of new taxa
ity to bear fruit many times, as some from the ancestral taxon within the
trees. same geographical areas.
syconium. sicono. Same as syconus. sympatric speciation. especiacin
syconus. sicono. A type of compos- simpatrico. The origin of a spe-
ite fruit, like a fig (Ficus), which cies as a result of ecological or
is formed from a hollow fleshy in- genetic barriers that arise within
sympatric 425 synapsis
the boundaries of a single popu- main stem stops growing, often
lation, as the appearance of a new terminating in a flower spike (sym-
polyploid plant species. podial inflorescence) but growth
sympatric. simpatrico. Describes spe- is continued at the tip of one or
cies that occupy similar geographic more lateral buds.
habitats or whose habitats overlap. sympodium. simpodio. A type of
sympatry. simpatri. The occurrence branching where the main axis
of closely related species in the same imitates a simple stem, but is com-
area with the character differences posed of many lateral branches, each
usually increasing (diverge) when arising successively from the one
they occur together in a process before; each extension grows from
called character displacement which the lateral axes, not from the original
may be morphological or ecological. tip, as in grapevines (Vitaceae);
sympetalous. simptalo. Having united also, a composite axis produced and
petals; gamopetalous. increased in length by successive
symphogenous. simfgeno. Of pycnidia development of lateral buds, just
etc. formed by the growth and di- behind the apex. The main axis stops
vision of several hyphae. growing; pseudaxis; false axis.
symphysis. concrescencia. sinfisis. syn-. sin-. A Greek prefix that means,
The growing together or coalescence together, alike, or jointly.
of parts that are usually separate. synandrium. sinandrio. A mass of
symplast. simplasto. The continua- united anthers.
tion of cytoplasm throughout a plant synandrous. sinandro. Having fused
by the cytoplasm in different cells anthers; having several united sta-
being connected, resulting in the mens.
formation of an important pathway synangium. sinangio. A compound
for auxins, as an example; also, a structure in certain ferns, formed
uninucleate cell formed by frag- by the lateral fusion of sporangina.
mentation of the nucleus within a synantherous. sinantero. Character-
single energid. ized by stamens that are joined by
symplesiomorphous. simplesiomorfo. their anthers, as composite flow-
Describes a shared primitive char- ers.
acter state between two or more synanthous. sinanto. Characterized
taxa, but this is not viewed as evi- by an abnormal fusion of two or
dence that the taxa are related. more flowers; also, having flow-
sympodial. simpodial. simpdico. Of ers and leaves that emerge simul-
or pertaining to, or producing sym- taneously.
podium. synapomorphic. sinapomorfico. In
sympodial growth. crecimiento simp- phylogenetic systematics, a term
odial. crecimiento horizontal. See that describes shared derived char-
sympodial inflorescence and sym- acter states from unique evolution-
podium. ary events by two or more taxa;
sympodial inflorescence. infloresc- monophyletic.
encia simpdica. After each sea- synapsis. sinape. The joining of ho-
sons growth, the shoot tip of the mologous chromosomes during the
synaptene 426 syngynous
zygotene stage of meiosis (Prophase synecology. sinecologa. The branch
I); syndesis. of botany or ecology that studies
synaptene. sinpteno. The stage of plant communities as distinguished
the prophase of meiosis when ho- from individual species; concerns
mologous chromosomes become the structure, development, and
paired; zygotene. causes of the distribution.
synaptinemal complex. complejo synema. sinema. The column formed
sinptinemal. A tripartite, thread- of fused filaments in a flower with
like group of proteins that extends monoadelphous stamens.
between chromosomes during the synergid. sinergide. One of the two
prophase of meiosis. haploid cells that lies beside the
syncarp. sincarpo. A multiple fleshy ovum, inside the embryo sac, pro-
fruit; also, an aggregate fruit, as viding nourishment to a flowering
an Anona squamosa (Annonaceae) plant.
or blackberries (Rosaceae). synergism. sinergismo. A correlated
syncarpous. sincrpico. Of or pertain- action of a group of organs or sys-
ing to a syncarp; also, composed tems, as auxins and gibberellin in
of united carpels or having stig- plant development; also, the com-
mas, styles, and ovaries completely bined activities of substances such
fused. as drugs, hormones, etc. which
syncarpy. sincrpia. The stage or con- separately influence a reaction in
dition of producing aggregate fruit. the same direction, such that the
syncladous. sinclado. Said of branches effect produced is greater than the
growing in groups from the same sum of effects of each substance
point. acting alone; also, a similar effect
synconium. sinconio. Multiple fruit produced by two organisms.
surrounded by a hollow, compound, synergistic. sinergistico. Of or per-
fleshy receptacle, as in Ficus. taining to synergism.
syncotylous. sincotile. Having united synergistic interaction. interaccin
cotyledons. sinergistico. The interplay of two
syncytium. sinciteo. A single cell with or more factors so that the net ef-
several nuclei. fect is greater than that expected
syndesis. sindesis. In meiotic nuclear from adding together the independ-
division, the fusion of homologous ent effects of each factor.
chromosomes. synergy. sinergia. The combined or
syndiploidy. sindiploida. Doubling; correlated action of two or more
the fusion of sister nuclei to give parts of an organism or system.
a doubled chromosome number, syngamic. singamico. Syngamous.
particularly in the divisions imme- syngamous. singamo. Of or pertain-
diately preceding meiosis. ing to syngamy; syngamic.
syndrome. sindrome. A group of symp- syngamy. singamia. The union of two
toms characteristic of the same cells, as gametes in fertilization.
infection or abnormal genetic con- syngenesious. singensico. With sta-
dition, but not necessarily all ap- mens fused by their anthers, usu-
pearing together. ally forming a ring or tube shape.
synizesis 427 syrtidium
syngynous. singino. Epigynous. lous.
synizesis. sinizesis. In meiotic prophase, synsepalous. sinspalo. gamospalo.
contraction of the chromatin to one Having united sepals; gamosep-
side of the nucleus, obscuring the alous.
individual loops. synspermous. sinespermo. Of or per-
synkaryon. sincaron. In fertilization, taining to synspermy.
the nucleus that results from the synspermy. sinesperma. A union or
fusion of two nuclei; also, a pair connecting of two or more seeds.
of nuclei in close association in a synstemonous. sinstemono. United
hyphal segment, and dividing at the stamens.
same time to give daughter nuclei synstylovarious. sinstilovarios. Hav-
which associate in the same way. ing ovaries and styles of adjacent
synnema. sinnema. An erect bunch of carpels fused, but stigmas separate.
hyphae, bunched together and pro- syntenic. sintenico. Positioned on the
ducing spores. same chromosome pair.
synobasic. sinobsico. Having a united synteny. sintena. The positioning of
base. particular genes on the same chro-
synoecious. sinocio. Having male and mosome pair, irrespective of any
female flowers in the same head, hereditary linkage between the two.
as in some composite plants; also, syntepalous. sintpalo. Having par-
having male and female organs in ticular genes on the same chromo-
a single receptacle, as in some somal pair.
mosses (Musci). synthesis. sintesis. The forming of com-
synoecy. sinoecia. The condition where plex compounds or other substances
male and female gametes are pro- from simpler elements or other
duced by the same individual. compounds, as enzymes, hormones,
synonym. sinnimo. A plant name, antibodies, genes, and viruses are
that differs from the official name, synthesized in the cells of plants.
usually older and not conforming synthesize. sintetizar. To produce by
to the standards governing prior- chemical synthesis.
ity in the application of names; also, synthetase. sintetasa. See ligase.
in genetics, a condon that can be syntype. sintipico. All specimens in
substituted for another to produce a type series where no type speci-
the same amino acid. men has been designated.
synonymous. sinnimo. Of or per- synusia. sinusia. A distinct vegetative
taining to synonyms. layer composed of plants of a similar
synonymy. sinnimo. Lists of dif- life form, as Polytrichum moss
ferent scientific names that have (Musci) on the ground layer of open
been applied to a species or other oak wood (Quercus); different
groups by different taxonomists. synusia may occur on the same layer
synovarious. sinovarios. Having ova- at various times of the year; also,
ries of adjacent carpels fused, but an ecological unit based on the life
styles and stigmas separate. forms of organisms growing in com-
synpetalous. sinptalo. gamoptalo. pany.
Having united petals; gamopeta- syrtidium. sirtidio. A dry sand bar for-
system 428 systylous
mation. variations in the world of plants
system. sistema. An integrated com- is composed of discrete units (spe-
bination of diverse components that cies) that are identifiable, classi-
form a whole, as in taxonomy which fiable, describable, nameable, and
includes systems for classification, the product of evolution; taxonomy.
identification, nomenclature, and systematic sample. muestra sistem-
description; also, a set of parts tico. See regular sample.
ororgans serving to perform some systemic. sistmica. Of or pertaining
function; and each of the primary to supplying or affecting the en-
tissues or parts in higher plants, tire plant or plant system as sys-
as the vascular system. temic poison affects the entire plant,
systematic. sistemtico. Of or pertain- not just its leaf or root surface.
ing to a system; also, generally systrophe. sistrof. The clumping of
distributed throughout the organ- chloroplasts when exposed to very
ism. bright light.
systematics. sistemticos. The sec- systylous. sistilo. Said of the lid of
tion of botany that classifies groups mosses when adhering to the colu-
of plants based on the view that mella.
tabashir 429 tapering
ubiquinol. ubiquinol. The reduced ruses) that cannot be seen with the
form of ubiquinone; ubiquinol do- common optical microscope.
nates electrons to cytochrome b in ultramicroscopic. ultramicroscopico.
the electron transport chain. Extremely small particles and or-
ubiquinone. ubiquinona. A generic ganisms that require an electron
term for a group of compounds that microscope to detect and examin
serve as electron carriers in the their structure. The way they dwarf
electron-transport chain of mito- their host is noticeable, i.e. even
chondria; a lipid-soluble guinone as small as bacteria are, more than
whose fucntion is to accept elec- 2000 ultramiscroscopic bacterial
trons from electron donors like viruses will fit into a single cell;
NADH and from the oxidation of and more than 50,000,000 ultra-
fatty acids; also called coenzyme microscopic polioviruses will fit
Q. into the average human cell.
ubiquitous. ubicuo. Widespread dis- Through special stains in combi-
tribution occurring in a wide va- nation with electron microscopy,
riety of habitats. they are most readily observed.
uliginose. uliginoso. Growing in swam- ultrasome. ultrasomo. An intracellu-
py areas. lar particle too small to be seen
ulmic acid. cido ulmico. An acid by the usual optical microscopic
occurring in humus. methods.
ulmin. ulmina. A dark brown substance ultrastructure. ultrastructura. A struc-
that exudes from some trees, es- ture with notably fine details, in-
pecially oak (Fagaceae) and elm visible to non-electron microscopes.
(Ulmaceae); also, a substance re- ultraviolet light (UV light). luz ultra-
lated to ulmic acid found in hu- violeta (UV). Pertains to the in-
mus. visible part of the light spectrum
ultimate. ltima. The final section or whose rays have wavelengths
division of a structure. shorter than those of the violet end
ultra-. ultra-. A prefix that means, of the visible spectrum and longer
beyond, excessive, or beyond than those of the X rays.
the range. ultraviolet microscope. microscopio
ultracentrifuge. ultracentrifugador. de luz ultravioleta. A microscope
A high speed centrifuge that is ca- with quartz lens and slides which
pable of spinning at more than uses ultraviolet radiation for illu-
100,000 revolutions per minute. mination; enables user to obtain a
ultramicroscope. ultramicroscopio. sharper resolution of smaller ob-
A form of microscope that reveals jects and greater magnification for
the presence of particles (e.g. vi- viewing or photographing on a fluo-
ultraviolet radiation 459 unavailable nutrients
rescent screen with an image con- depressed in the center, as the ends
verter. of an apple (Rosaceae).
ultraviolet radiation. radiacin ult- umbilicus. ombligo. A small depres-
ravioleta. Electromagnetic radia- sion, as the hilum of a seed;
tion similar to light but the wave- navel-like.
lengths are shorter than violet light umbiliform. umbiliforme. Having the
and with more energy which causes shape of an umbilicus.
it to severely burn and damage bio- umbo. umbn. A blunt or rounded pro-
logical tissue. jection on the ends of scales on
ultraviolet rays. rayos ultravioleta. certain pine cones (Pinus); also,
ultraviolados. The portion of the a convex projection or knob in the
suns total range with wavelengths center, as in the pileus or cap of
shorter than the shortest of the vis- some fungal fruit bodies.
ible spectrum (purple); between umbonate. umbonado. Having an
approximately 380 and 100 nm. umbo; also, a solid round shape
umbel. umbela. A type of racemose with a projection in the center; with
inflorescence in which stalks a central boss.
(pedicels) nearly equal in length, umbonulate. umbonulado. Terminated
spread outward from the same point by a very small umbo.
on the flower axis, resembling the umbonule. umbonula. A small umbo.
struts of an umbrella, to form a flat- umbraculate. umbraclido. Having
topped or slightly rounded surface; an umbrella-shape.
common to the family Umbelli- umbraculiferous. umbraculfero. Hav-
ferae. ing an expanded umbrella-shaped
umbellate. umbelado. Occurring in organ or part.
umbels, as umbellate flowers. umbraculiform. umbraculiforme.
umbellet. umblula. One of the lit- Shaped like an umbrella, as some
tle or secondary umbels of a com- mushrooms.
pound umbel. umbraculum. umbraculo. An umbrella-
umbelliferous. umbelfero. Bearing shaped appendage.
umbels; of or pertaining to the umbrinus. umbrinus. Latin meaning
Umbelliferae family. umber colored.
umbelliform. umbeliforme. Like an umbrosus. umbrosus. Latin mean-
umbel; a determinate inflorescence ing of shady places.
having the general appearance but unable to reproduce. incapaz de
not the structure of an umbel, as reproducir. Sterile; failing to pro-
with condensed cymes rather than duce fruit or spores, as a plant or
condensed racemes of the true um- to germinate, as seed.
bel; also, forming an umbel. unarmed. inerme. Without spines,
umbellulate. umbelulado. Having or prickles, or thorns.
arranged in umbellules. unavailable nutrients. nutrientes
umbellule. umblula. One of the sec- unasimilable. nutrientes undisp-
ondary umbels in a compound onible. Minerals which for some
umbel. reason, e.g. insolubility, cannot be
umbilicate. umbilicado. Peltate and absorbed by the plant from the soil.
unbalanced polyploid 460 ungulate
unbalanced polyploid. poliploide undershrub. subarbusto. A perennial
desequilibrado. Aneploid. plant with stems that are woody only
unavailable water. agua unasimilable. in the basal portion, the upper part
agua undisponible. Water that is dying back; subshrub; suffrutex.
present in the soil but cannot be understock. pie. patrn. The trunk
readily absorbed by plants because or root material to which buds or
it is strongly held to the surface scions are inserted in grafting; root-
of the soil particles. stock.
uncate. uncado. See uncinate. understory species. especie subpiso.
uncinate. uncinado. Having a hook The trees of the lower canopy levels
or barb at the end, as some spines in a forest ecosystem, differing from
and bristles. emergent, crown, or upper story spe-
unconfined aquifer. acufero unlimit- cies; banana (Musaceae) is a char-
ado. A collection of ground wa- acteristic understory species.
ter above a layer of rock or clay understory. subpiso. The vegetation
through which water flows very which characterizes the lower level
slowly. of plants in a forest; below the forest
unctuous. graso. untuoso. Slick, oily, canopy.
slippery to touch; greasy. underwood. subpiso. See understory.
under surface. envs. The reverse or undifferentiated. indiferenciado. Not
underside, as the under surface of modified or specialized in the course
a leaf. of development.
underbrush. sotobosque. Bushes, undivided blade. lmina entero. Not
shrubs, and small trees growing separated into leaflets; simple blade
under large trees in forests; under- undivided. entero. Not lobed, cleft,
growth. or branched.
underdispersion. subdispersin. In undulate. ondular. A leaf margin that
plant ecology, a condition in which is wavy in three dimensions (up
the pattern of individuals of a spe- and down), with smooth, shallow
cific species within a community indentions; repand; serrulate; wavy.
is not random, but regular, with unequal crossing-over. sobrecruzam-
similar numbers recorded in all iento desigual. In genetics, a cross-
quadrats; regular distribution. ing-over after improper pairing
underdominance. subdominancia. See between chromosomes homologues
balanced polymorphism. that are not perfectly aligned.
underground stolon. estoln subter- unequally pinnate. pinada desigual-
rneo. A determinate elongated that mente. See odd-pinnate.
forms a bulb or tuber at the end. unguiculate. unguiculado. Having a
underground. bajo tierra. Below or claw-like base, as unguiculate
under the soil, as growing under- flower petals.
ground. ungula. ungula. The narrow, claw-like
undergrowth. sotobosque. See under- base of some petals, where they are
brush. attached to the receptacle.
underneath. debajo. Below or under, ungulate. ungulado. Like a horses foot
as growing underneath the trees. in form.
uni- 461 unisexual
uni-. uni-. A Latin prefix that means, (Rutaceae).
one. unigeneric. monogenrico. Having a
uniaristate. uniaristado. One-awned. single character used in the iden-
uniaxial. uniaxial. unixico. Hav- tification of a genus.
ing one axis, as when the primary unijugate. uniyugado. A pinnately com-
stem does not branch and termi- pound leaf but with only one pair
nates in a flower; monaxial. of leaflets.
unicarpellate. unicarpelar. See unicar- unilateral. unilateral. Having all the
pellous. parts arranged on one side of an
unicarpellous. unicarpognico. mono- axis, as unilateral flowers; also, of
carpognico. Having a single, free a raceme with all the flowers turned
carpel in the gynoecium; stylodious to one side; also, of a stimulus fall-
unicaulous. unicaule. Having a sin- ing on the plant from one side;
gle stem; monocaulous. secund.
unicellular. unicelular. monocelular. unilocular. unilocular. Having one
Describes tissues, organs, or or- locule, cell, or single cavity, as
ganisms composed of a single cell, unilocular sporangium.
as the reproductive organs of some uniloculate. uniloculado. Having a
algae and fungi are unicellular; single locule.
single-celled; having one cell only. uninucleate. uninucleado. Having one
unicentric distribution. distribucin nucleus.
cntrica. The occurrence of en- union. unin. The growing together
demic species in very localized of two parts or organs.
areas. uniovular. uniovular. Produced when
unicolored. concolor. unicolor. Hav- a single fertilized embryonic cell
ing a single color. mass splits; monozygotic.
unicostate. uninervado. Having one uniparous cyme. cima unpara. A type
large vein running down the mid- of cyme that develops a single axis
dle; midvein, as a unicostate leaf. at each branching.
unifactorial. unifactorial. Involving unipetalous. uniptalo. Having only
or controlled by one gene, in con- one petal; monopetalous.
trast with multifactorial; monofac- unipolar. unipolar. At one end only,
torial. especially of a bacterial cell.
uniflorous. unifloro. Having or bearing uniramous. unirama. Unbranched.
only one flower. uniseptate. uniseptado. Having one
unifoliate leaflet. fololo unifoliado. septum or partition.
Having only one leaflet with a uniseriate. uniseriado. Arranged in a
petiolule distinct from the petiole single row, series, or whorl, as a
of the whole leaf. uniseriate perianth with sepals only;
unifoliate. unifoliado. Having only also, said of a vascular ray which
one leaf, as a unifoliate stem; is one cell wide in cross-section.
monophyllous. unisexual. unisexual. A flower or
unifoliolate. unifoliolado. A leaf which plant with either male (stamens)
is theoretically compound but has or female (carpels) reproductive or-
only one leaf, as in the orange gans but not both; not hermaph-
unistratose 462 unstable gene
roditic; also, having antheridia and univoltine. univoltino. Species in which
archegonia on separate gameto- one generation reaches maturity
phytes; imperfect; diclinous; dioec- each year.
ious. unpolluted. incontaminado. Without
unistratose. uni(e)stratificado. Form- a polluting or contaminating agent
ing a single layer. or medium. Note: A contaminant
unit character. carcter unidad. One may differ from a pollutant, as a
whose differences from an alter- contaminant may refer to an im-
native is transmitted as a unit in pure substance added to the envi-
heredity. These are independent ronment by man, whereas a pol-
characters which are traceable in lutant may be a natural substance,
each generation, and assorted and such as pollen or volcanic ash.
distributed by the laws of chance. unreduced gamete. gameto no reduc-
unit membrane. membrana unidad. ido. A gamete having the diploid
membrana unitaria. membrana number of chromosomes.
elemental. The basic unit of the unseptate. no septado. Lacking cross
membrane cell system which is walls.
composed of two layers of protein unreliable character. carcter poco
with a center of lipid molecules. fidedigo. Characters considered
unit of vegetation. vegetacin de by taxonomists to be either incon-
unidad. Community. sistent, indistinct, or unrecogniz-
United States Department of Agriculture able and therefore not usable for
(USDA). Departamento de Agric- identification or classification pur-
ultura de los Estados Unidos. A poses.
branch of government of the United unripe. verde. inmaduro. Not mature,
States of America responsible for as an unripe fruit.
domestic and international agricul- unsaturated. no saturado. Refers to
tural activities. fatty acids or other hydrocarbon-
united. unido. Joined, combined, or containing chemicals whose car-
made one. bon-carbon bonds include double
unitunicate. unitunicado. A single bonds, as well as single bonds; oleic
integument or delicate tissue, es- acid (one double bond), linoleic
pecially applied to an ascus when acid (two double bonds), and li-
layers of the ascus wall do not re- nolenic acid (three double bonds)
lease during ascospore release. are examples of unsaturated fatty
univalent. univalente. Single; describes acids.
a chromosome that does not unite unstable community. comunidad
with its homologous chromosome inestable. A plant community which
during synapsis; also, one of the does not remain constant over a
single chromosomes which sepa- period of years.
rates in the first meiotic division. unsymmetrical. no simtrico. Said of
universal veil. velo universal. A coat- a flower in which al the parts are
ing of hyphae which completely not regular.
surrounds the fruit body of a fun- unstable gene. gen inestable. A gene
gus. liable to frequent mutations.
upcurved 463 utricle
upcurved. recurvado. To curve in an uredinium. uredinio. A blister-like
upward direction. prominence bearing uredospores of
upgrowth. excrescencia. crecimiento. rust fungi.
aumento. desarrollo. The proc- urediospore. urediospora. See uredo-
ess of growing in an upward di- spore.
rection. uredium. uredinio. An area of fun-
upper. superior. Higher in physical gal tissue within which uredospores
position; posterior. develop in plants infected with rust
upper lip. labio superior. The adax- fungi (Urediniomycetes).
ial portion of the limb of a bilabiate uredo stage. etapa uredo. The phase
corolla. when rusts develop one-celled sum-
upper surface. haz. The top surface, mer spores with red or yellow spots.
as the upper surface of a leaf; op- uredosorus. uredosoro. See uredium.
posite of the lower or under sur- uredospore. uredspora. A nonsexual
face. fungal spore produced by some
upright plant. planta de crecimiento rusts in their uredo stage; summer
erecto. Standing or growing in an spore.
erect or straight up direction. urent. urticante. Stinging, as urent
uproot. desraizar. desarraigar. errad- hairs; stinging hairs.
icar. To root up, remove, or tear uridine. uridina. A form of uracil
out by the roots. present in RNA that binds and car-
uracil. uracilo. A pyrimidine base that ries sugar particles to where they
occurs in RNA, corresponding to are needed in the growth process.
thymine in DNA. uridylic acid. cido uridlico. The
urceolate. urceolado. Having the shape nucleotide formed from uracil.
of a flask or urn; descriptive of a urn. urna. The theca where the spores
corolla of united petals having a of moss (Musci) are produced; also,
bulbous tube, a narrow neck, and the bottom portion of a pyxis; the
a very small limb. capsule of a moss.
urceolus. urceolo. Resembling a small urn-shaped. urniforme. Having the
pitcher or flask. shape of an urn.
urceus. urceo. Any structure that re- uro-. uro-. A Greek prefix that means,
sembles a pitcher, hollow, and tailed.
contracted near the mouth. urticate. urticado. To sting.
urease. ureasa. An enzyme present usnic acid. cido usnico. A substance
in various fungi, bacteria, and found in some lichens that has
beans; also, an enzyme which ca- antibiotic activity; useful in some
talyses the splitting of urea into local skin infections involving
ammonia and water. Gram-positive bacteria.
urecicole. urecicolo. Growing as a uterus. tero. The peridium of some
parasite on rust fungi. fungi, especially the Gastero -
uredinial. uredinial. Of or relating mycetes.
to the uredinium. utricle. utrculo. A one-seeded fruit
urediniospore. urediniespora. See with a thin wall, frequently dehis-
uredospore. cent by a lid; also, a small bag or
utricular 464 uvarious
sac-like structure, such as a thin have floating bladders.
seed vessel resembling a bladder, utriculiform. utriculiforme. Having
as in spinach (Chenopodiaceae). the shape of a utricle.
utricular. utricular. Like a baldder; utriform. utriforme. Bag-like.
also, pertains to the utriculus. uva. uva. A berry formed from a su-
utricular leaf. hoja utricular. The perior ovary.
leaves of aquatic bladderwort uvarious. uvarious. Latin meaning like
(Lentibulariaceae) plants which a bunch of grapes.
vacuolar 465 valvate
V
vacuolar. vacuolar. Of or relating to valence. valencia. The combining
a vacuole, as a vacuolar wall. power of an atom based on the
vacuolar membrane. membrana vacu- number of electrons it can give or
olar. A thin membrane that encir- take.
cles the vacuole of a plant, sepa- valid. vlido. Of names, in accord with
rating it from the cytoplasm; tono- the International Rules of Botanical
plast. Nomenclature.
vacuolate. vacuolado. Pertains to a valine. valina. An amino acid in pro-
cell or cytoplasm having one or teins, essential for growth.
more vacuoles; vesicular. vallecula. valecula. A furrow, groove,
vacuole. vacola. vacuola. In a plant or depression.
cell, the centrally located, often vallecular. valecular. Of or pertain-
quite large cavity, which is limited ing to vallecula.
by a unit membrane and filled with vallecular canal. canal valecular. The
a dilute solution of sugar and salt, canal-like intercellular space run-
sometimes referred to as cell sap; ning in the cortex beneath a stem
also, the agueous cavity within the groove, and outside the carinal
cytoplasm which is surrounded by canal, as in the horsetails (Equiset-
the tonoplast that stores low mo- aceae).
lecular weight ions and molecules. valleculate. valeculado. Having a val-
vacuolization. vacuolizacin. The for- lecula.
mation of vacuoles. valsoid. valsoide. Having the perithecia
vagile. vgil. Applies to a plant that in a circle in the stroma; also, hav-
is free to move about, as vagile ing groups of perithecia with their
organisms. beaks pointing inwards or paral-
vagility. vagilidad. The condition of lel to the surface.
being able to move around freely, value (color). valor (color). One of
as spores and seeds blown by the the three measurements of color
wind which may float in the air for (hue, chroma, value) with value
several miles. indicating the degree of lightness
vagina. vagina. A sheath, as the sheath- or darkness; a color value of 5 is
ing petiole in grasses (Poaceae). visually midway between absolute
vaginate. vaginado. Sheathed. white and absolute black in the
vaginiferous. vaginfero. Bearing Munsell Soil Color Charts.
sheaths. valvate. valvar. An arrangement of
vaginule. vaginula. A minute sheath sepals, petals, bracts, cone scales,
surrounding the base of the seta etc. that have edges meeting but
in the bryophytes. not overlapping, as valvate petals.
valvate dehiscence 466 variety
Also a type of capsule or legume variant. variante. Within a popula-
dehiscence in which valves (seg- tion, an individual plant or group
ments) separate. of plants that can be recognized
valvate dehiscence. dehisencia valv- and defined; considered by some
ado. Liberation of pollen from an- to be the same as variety; also, a
thers or seeds from dry fruits by variable quantity whose measure-
means of little flaps of upraised ment or frequencies form all or part
wall material of the data for analysis; also, a
valve. valva. A part of a fruit wall specimen differing slightly in its
which separates at dehiscence; also, characteristics from the type.
half the cell wall (frustule) of a variant character. carcter variante.
diatom; also, a section in an an- A specific character that varies from
ther that opens like a lid; also, the the parent.
three enlarged inner sepals covering variation. variacin. Differences from
the fruit of Rumex (Polygonaceae). a standard or norm occurring within
valvular. valvar. Having the form or individuals of the same species,
function of a valve, as a valvular which may be eliminated or con-
calyx; also, opening by means of tinued by natural selection; devia-
valves. tion from the parental form or struc-
valvular capsule. cpsula valvar. A ture; also, the occurrence of dif-
type of capsule having valves that ferences in the permanent struc-
break away from the septa, as in ture of cells; also, the occurrence
Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae). of differences in the environment;
valvular dehiscence. dehiscencia also, the differences between the
valvar. A type of anther which offspring of a single mating.
dehisces through a pore covered varicose. varicoso. Swollen or enlarged
by a flap of tissue. in places.
vane. vexilo. See vexillum; standard; variegated. variegado. abigarrado.
banner. rayado. jaspeado. veteado. Marked
variable. variable. Deviating from the with spots or patches of different
normal or recognized type, as a colors.
variable species; aberrant. variegation. variegacin. The con-
variability. variabilidad. The capacity dition of having varied leaf or flower
of an individual or group of indi- colors that may be inherited or from
viduals to produce gametes hav- the presence of a virus; also, ir-
ing genotypic variation. regular variation in color of a plant
variable expressivity (gene). expresivi- organ, e.g. leaves or flowers due
dad variable (gen). Different phe- to the suppression of normal pig-
notypes produced by the same geno- ment development, which may occur
type. because of the action of a marginal
.variance. varianza. variancia. The genotype, somatic mutation, or
mean square deviation of a variate infection.
from its mean. Estimated as the varietal. varietal. Of or relating to
Mean Square. The square of the a variety.
Standard Deviation. variety. variedad. In taxonomy, plants
variously 467 vegetable
that are classified below the spe- vascular ray. rayos vascular. A sheet
cies and subspecies level, as they of conducting vascular tissue
differ morphologically in some formed during secondary growth
minor but transmissible character- of the plant axis; extending radially
istic. A taxonomic variety is known from the xylem through the camb-
by the first validly published name ium into the phloem; medullary ray.
applied to it so that the nomencla- vascular strand. cordn vascular. See
ture tends to be stable; cultivar. vascular bundle.
variously. diversamente. With diver- vascular system. sistema vascular. A
sity, as variously colored flowers. specialized network of tissues, the
vascular. vascular. Conductive tissue, xylem and phloem, forming a con-
as xylem and phloem which con- tinuous system for the circulation
vey fluids. of fluids throughout the plant. See
vascular anastomosis. anastomosis vas- vascular tissue.
cular. A small transverse vascu- vascular tissue. tejido vascular. The
lar bundle acting as a link between tissue, mostly phloem and xylem,
the main vascular bundles of a stem that conducts water and other nu-
or root. trients through the higher plants
vascular bundle. haz vascular. hace- (ferns and seed plants); conduc-
cillo vascular. A long, continu- tive tissue; vascular bundle.
ous strand of vascular tissue in seed vasculiform. vasculiforme. Shaped
plants and pteridophytes that goes like a little pot.
from the roots through the stem and vasculose. vasculoso. The substance
into the leaves, along which wa- composing the principal part of the
ter and soluble nutrients pass; plants vascular tissue.
contributes to the plants structural vasculum. vasculo. An ascidium.
support; fascicle. vasicentric. vasicentrico. Paratracheal.
vascular cambium. cambium vascu- vasiform tracheid(e). traqueida vasi-
lar. An actively dividing cell tis- forme. A wide tracheid capable of
sue in stems and roots which in- conducting water.
creases the girth of plants; char- vector. vector. A transfer agent, such
acteristic of secondary growth, giv- as an insect, in the process of pol-
ing rise to secondary xylem and sec- lination; also, in recombinant DNA
ondary phloem; lateral meristem. activities, the plasmid or phange
vascular cryptogam. criptgamo vas- chromosome used to carry the
cular. A non-flowering organism cloned DNA segment.
which has vascular tissue. vegetable. verdura. vegetal. In botany,
vascular cylinder. cilindro vascular. the word is used only as descrip-
See stele. tive word (adjective) not as a nam-
vascular plant. planta vascular. A ing word (noun), as vegetable mat-
plant formed in part of vascular ter or vegetable substance. In com-
tissue that comprise the seed-pro- mon usage (as a noun), vegetable
ducing plants (spermatophytes) and may refer to a group of plants, such
the fern and fern-like plants (pteri- as lettuce (Asteraceae) or cabbage
dophytes); tracheophyte. (Bassica).
vegetable ivory 468 vein
vegetable ivory. marfil vegetal. The tativo. A collective term referring
bony endosperm of certain palms to the growth of stems and foli-
(Palmae). age.
vegetable kingdom. reino vegetal. See vegetative nucleus. ncleo vegetativo.
Plant kingdom. The tube-nucleus of a pollen grain
vegetal. vegetal. Having character- in flowering plants.
istics common to both plants and vegetative pattern. diseo vegetativa.
animals, as absorption, growth, and The study of community diversity
nutrition. in relation to habitat diversity within
vegetation. vegetacin. A collective a geographic area.
term for the total plant life grow- vegetative propagation. propagacin
ing in a particular area; a mass of vegetativa. A form of asexual re-
growing plants. productive process in multicellu-
vegetation mosaic. mosaico de vegetac- lar plants in which new plants de-
in. A general term for a virus in- velop from the unspecialized plant
fection in plants in which angular parts (roots, stems, leaves) of the
patches of yellow appear on leaves parent plant.
forming a mosaic pattern. vegetative reproduction. reproduccin
vegetative. vegetativo. A state, con- vegetativa. A type of propagation
dition, or structure concerned with or reproduction that occurs with-
feeding and growing rather than out fertilization and seed forma-
with sexual reproduction, as veg- tion. Asexual reproduction by de-
etative reproduction is asexual; also, tachment of part of the plant which
in describing microbial develop- then develops into a complete plant.
mental stages, a metabolically ac- See vegetative propagation.
tive feeding and dividing form, as vegetative state. estado vegetativa.
distinct from dormant, seemingly A stage in a plants life cycle when
inert, non-dividing form, as a bac- reproduction occurs asexually with
terial cell versus its spore. the detachment of some part of the
vegetative bud. yema vegetativa. A plant and its ensuing development
bud that forms new branches and into a complete plant; also, the non-
leaves but not flowers. infective state in a phage.
vegetative cell. clula vegetativo. A vehicle. vehiculo. An inanimate ma-
growing cell, which differs from terial (solid object, liquid, or air)
a cell that forms spores (spore that serves as a transmission agent
Mother Cell). This refers particu- for pathogens.
larly to the tube cell of angiosperm veil. velo. An evanescent membrane
pollen grains, which is the only over an apothecium; also, a sheath
vegetative cell of the male game- of hyphae forming a complete mem-
tophyte. brane over the fruit body of an
vegetative core. corazn vegetativo. agaric.
The apical meristem of a shoot. vein. nervadura. vena. One of the
vegetative frond. fronda vegetativo. strands or bundles of conducting
Fronds that lack sporangia. tissue (xylem and phloem) that
vegetative growth. crecimiento vege- forms the main framework of a leaf
veinal 469 ventricose
or petal. Smooth or soft to touch or taste.
veinal. venal. nerval. Of or pertain- venation. venacin. nervadura. The
ing to veins. pattern of vein development in a
vein-band. banda de vena. nervadura leaf; the surface arrangement of vis-
de banda. An indicator of a virus ible leaf veins.
infection in which bands of lighter venenatus. venenatus. Latin mean-
or darker color occur along the ing poisonous.
main leaf vein. venomous. venenoso. Poisonous.
vein-clearing. vena-aclarado. nerva- venose. venoso. Veiny.
dura-aclarado. An indicator of a venous. venosa. Of or pertaining to
virus infection in which the leaf veins.
veins become unnaturally clear or venter. ventir. In moss (Musci) and
translucent. fern (Filicopsida), the expanded
vein islet. islote de vena. A very small basal area of an archegonium in
patch of photosynthetic tissue in which the oosphere is developed.
a leaf, more or less surrounded by ventral. ventral. Refers to the surface
a small vein. that is toward or nearest the axis;
veined. nervado. Having veins or inner or lower face of an organ,
vein-like markings. as a carpel; the upper surface of a
veinless. enervio. Without veins. leaf; also, anterior or in front; adax-
veinlet. nrvulo. A small vein, usu- ial.
ally branching off from a larger vein. ventral placentation. placentacin ven-
veiny. venia. Multi-veined. tral. A placenta position along the
velamen. velamen. A cork-like outer margin of a simple ovary; marginal
covering on the aerial roots of cer- placentation.
tain plants, e.g. epiphytic orchids ventral canal cell. clula canal del
(Orchidaceae), consisting of sev- vientre. An unwalled cell which
eral layers of dead cells, often with lies in the venter of an archegon-
spirally thickened and perforated ium, above the egg, which is a sister
walls, which soak up water run- cell.
ning over it. ventral side. lado ventral. Refers to
velate. velado. Having a velum or the top or upper side of a perianth
veil. part.
velum. velo. A membranous flap that ventral suture. sutura ventral. The
covers or partially covers the spo- presumed line of junction of the
rangium, as in Isoetaceae; veil. edges of the unfolded carpel.
velum partiale. parcial velo. Partial ventral trace. traza ventral. One of
veil. the two laterally placed vascular
velum universale. velo universal. Uni- strands often present in the wall
versal veil. of a carpel.
velutinous. velutino. A type of hairy ventral wall. pared ventral. In a guard
covering in which the trichomes cell, the wall closest to the stomatal
are dense, straight, long, velvety, pore.
and soft. ventricose. ventricoso. Swelling out
velvety. velutino. aterciopelado. on one side, as a perianth and
ventricosus 470 verticil
hypanthium structure that is inflated to bloom and bear fruit early by
on one side near the middle; a ven- subjecting the seed or bulb to low
tricose calyx; also, having an in- temperatures.
flated bulge at one side. vernation. vernacin. The arrange-
ventricosus. ventricosus. Latin that ment of bud scales, young leaves,
means, swollen, especially on one or fronds in the bud, when refer-
side. ring to their folding, coiling, or
ventricular. ventricular. Having a bulge other similar characteristics; condu-
in the middle. plicate.
ventriculose. ventriculoso. Slightly verruca. verruga. A wart or wart-like;
ventricose. also, wart-like outgrowth on a thal-
venule. vnula. A small vein, espe- lus.
cially one that connects to a larger verruciform. verruciforme. Resembling
one. a wart.
venulose. vnula. Having veinlets. verruculose. verruculoso. Slightly ver-
venulous. vnulo. See venulose. rucose.
vermicular. vermicular. Having the verrucose. verrugoso. Having a wart-
shape of a worm. like appearance; tuberculate.
vermiform. vermiforme. Having the versatile. verstil. Attached at the back,
shape of a worm. near the middle rather than at one
vernacular. habla local. The common end, as an anther, which gives the
name of a plant, differing from the appearance of swinging free on the
scientific name, as Black-eyed filament, helping in the dispersal
Susan for Rudbeckia hiria. of pollen.
vernal. vernal. In the late spring; also, versicolor. versicolor. Having vari-
used in reference to the six part ous colors; iridescent.
division of the year: vernal, aestival, versicolorous. versicoloro. Not all
autumnal, hibernal, prevernal, and the same color; also, changing color
vernal; also, appearing in the late with maturity.
spring, as vernal flowers. versiform. versiforme. Changing form
vernalis. vernalis. Latin meaning with age; also, said of organs of
spring. the same kind but which are not
vernalization. vernalizacin. The proc- all the same shape.
ess of vernalizing or transforming, vertex. vrtice. vertex. The point op-
as changing winter cereals into posite to and farthest from the base
spring varieties by soaking and of a triangle or other similar shapes
chilling; also, a flowering process with a base.
by which floral induction in some vertical. vertical. Lying in the direc-
plants is promoted by exposing the tion of the stem or axis, as leaves
plants to a chilling temperature for position with the blade perpendicu-
a specified time period; lowering lar, so that neither side is obviously
temperatures of a plant to shorten the upper or lower surface; length-
the interval between sowing and wise.
flowering. verticil. verticilo. An arrangement of
vernalize. vernalizar. Forcing a plant three or more flowers, leaves, or
verticillaster 471 vexillary
other parts which surround the stem cation with adjacent elements by
at the same plane; a whorl, as the means of numerous pits in the side
inflorescence in many Lamiaceae; walls.
whorl. vessel element. elemento vaso. In-
verticillaster. verticilastro. Arising dividual cells of xylem, that com-
from the nodes of an elongated ra- bine end to end, to form a vessel;
chis, a pair of axillary flower clus- also, one of two homologous
ters facing each other; a kind of tracheary elements, tracheid and
inflorescence which appears like vessel, with the vessel element
a dense whorl of flowers, but is perforate and found in some spe-
really a combination of two crowded cies of Equisetum (Equisetaceae)
dichiasal cymes, one at each side and Selaginella (Selaginellaceae),
of the stem; false whorl. a few ferns (Marsilea ((Marsile-
verticillate. verticilado. Arranged in aceae)), Pteridium ((Dennstaedti-
one or more whorls or verticils; as aceae)) , the Gnetales (Gneto-
verticillate leaves or flowers. psida), and almost all angiosperms.
vesicle. vescula. Any small cavity, sac, vessel member. miembro elemento.
or bladder-like structure contain- See vessel element.
ing fluid or air, as often occurs in vestige. vestigio. A part or organ that
the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells; is no longer fully developed struc-
also, membrane-found particles turally or functionally useful.
pinched off by the constriction of vestigial. vestigial. A part or organ
a membrane, as in the Golgi ap- that is no longer fully developed
paratus. structurally or functionally, although
vesicular. vesicular. Of or pertain- believed historically to have been
ing to a vesicle; bladder-like. complete at an earlier time.
vesiculose. vesiculado. Having vesi- vestigial organ. rgano vestigial. An
cles; also, swollen like a bladder; organ or structure which is greatly
also having the appearance of be- reduced in size; often non-func-
ing composed of small bladders. tioning.
vespertine. vespertino. Opening in the vestigial stipel. estipela vestigial. The
evening, as vespertine flowers that remnants of a small or a minute
open in the evening or night; also, stipel found at the base of a leaf.
parts that appear or expand dur- vestigial stipule. estpula vestigial.
ing the evening. The remnants of small or minute
vessel. vaso. A tube carrying liquids leaf- like appendages (stipules) at-
and mineral salts, and acts in me- tached at the base of a leaf stalk
chanical support; in angiosperms, or leaf petiole.
the primary water-conducting cell vestiture. indumento. Any hairy, epi-
system in the xylem. It is a non- dermal covering on the surface of
living element of the xylem com- organs or parts.
posed of a tube-like series of cells, vexillar. vexilar. Relating to the stand-
arranged end-to-end, running par- ard.
allel to the long axis of the organ vexillary. vexilar. Of or pertaining
in which it lies, and in communi- to the vexillum.
vexillary estivation 472 virgatus
vexillary estivation. estivacin vexilar. villous. viloso. Having or covered with
A form of estivation or prefloration long, soft, crooked hairs, but not
when the exterior petal, as in the matted.
case of the vexillum, is the larg- villus. villus. A thin branching out-
est, and sheathes the other petals. growth from the stem of a moss
vexillum. vexilo. estandarte. The (Musci).
upper, usually wide petal in a vimen. vimen. Long, flexible shoots.
papilionaceous corolla; standard; vimina. vimina. A long, flexible shoot.
banner; vane. vimineous. vimineo. Producing vimina
viability. viabilidad. The period of or long flexible twigs or shoots,
time an organism remains alive; as a vimineous plant.
also, used to describe the length vinaceous. vinaceo. Wine colored.
of time before a seed will fail to vine. bejuco. A type of annual or per-
germinate; also, the measure of the ennial plant that is characterized
number of individuals surviving in by an elongated, weak stem which
one class relative to another stand- climbs or trails on some support;
ard class. may have either a herbaceous or
viable. viable. Having the capacity to woody texture.
live, grow, or develop, as a spore, vinicolor. vinicolor. Having the color
or seed. of wine.
vicariad. vicariade. See vicariance. violaceous. violaceo. Violet in color;
vicariance. vicariancia. The geographi- also, pertaining to Violaceae, the
cal separation of similar species violet family.
by a barrier such as a mountain violet color. color violeta. A bluish-
range or by a shift in the earths purple color.
crust. viral. viral. vrico. Of or pertain-
vicarious distribution. distribucin vi- ing to a virus.
varia. Closely related species pairs virdescent. virdescente. See virescent.
which are derived from a common virens. virens. verde. Green.
ancestor; as one species replaces virescence. virescencia. Plant parts
the other geographically (not eco- changing to a green color, by the
logically) their distribution is said abnormal presence of chlorophyll.
to be vicarious. virescent. virescente. Becoming green;
vicarious species. especies vicario. See greenish; also, an abnormal green
vicariance. condition, sometimes accompanied
vicillin. vicilina. A globulin occuring by the development of small,
in pea seeds. crowded leaf-like structures, due
vicinism. vicinismo. An unexpected to the attack of a parasite or other
outcrossing. disease.
villi. vellosidad. Long, straight, soft virgate. virguliforme. Wand-like; also,
hair that cover some fruit and flow- producing a large number of long,
ers. slender, and straight twigs, as a
villose. viloso. See villous. virgate stem.
villosulous. vilosule. Covered with tiny, virgatus . virgatus. Latin meaning
soft, crooked trichomes. twiggy.
virgin soil 473 visible
virgin forest. selva virgen. bosque teriophage that destroys the host
virgen. A forest in its natural state, bacteria by lysis; intemperate phage.
never cleared or cut by humans; virus (pl.viruses). virus. A crystal-like,
old-growth forest. non-cellular organism or particle,
virgin soil. suelo virgen. A soil that which has no metabolism of its own
has not been significantly disturbed and depends on other living cells
from its natural environment. for reproduction and growth; com-
virgin. virgen. In a natural state. posed of a protein coat and a central
virguliform. virguliforme. Rod or core of DNA or RNA, but not both.
wand-shaped. virusoid. virusoide. A particle similar
viridi-. viridi-. A Latin prefix for to a viroid but located inside the
green. protein coat of a true virus.
virion. virin. A mature individual virus virus particle. partcula vrica. See
particle composed of RNA or DNA virion.
surrounded by a protein shell (cap- viscid. vscido. Covered with a thick,
sid), sometimes enclosed in an en- sticky, or glutinous substance, as
velope, and constituting the infec- viscid leaves.
tious form of the virus. viscid disseminule. disemnulo vscida.
virogene. virogen. A virus producing A seed or spore with a sticky sur-
gene. face or hair, and is commonly dis-
viroid. viroide. Disease causing pieces persed by becoming attached to an
of nucleic acid which resemble vi- animal.
ruses, but are only small, closed viscidosus. viscidosus. Latin mean-
circles of RNA with no capsid. ing sticky or clammy surface.
Although all known viroids are plant viscidulum. viscidulado. A glandu-
pathogen, it is possible that ani- lar structure attached to the pollinia
mal versions exist. of an orchid; adheres to the body
virological. virolgico. Petaining to of pollinating insects.
viruses. viscin. viscina. The sticky substance
virology. virologa. The study of vi- produced in the fruits of mistle-
ruses. toe.
virologist. virologista. One who studies viscoid. viscoide. Viscid; rather sticky.
viruses. viscosity. viscosidad. A property of
virulence. virulencia. The disease pro- fluids that causes them to resist
ducing capacity of a microorgan- flowing.
ism; the capacity of a pathogen to viscotaxis. viscotaxis. A change in
invade and harm host cells; also, the direction of movement in a
the degree or measurement of patho- motile organism or cell, respond-
genicity. ing to a change in the viscosity of
virulent. virulento. Having the ca- the surrounding fluid.
pacity to break down or overcome viscous. viscico. Thick and highly
the resistance of the host; highly dense.
infectious, as virulent microorgan- visible. visible. In genetics, a mutant
isms. whose phenotype may be observed;
virulent phage. fago virulento. A bac- differing from lethals, which are
vital staining 474 vulviform
only inferred. essential oil.
vital staining. coloracin vital. tincin volatilization. volatilizacin. The
vital. A process of staining than process of evaporation; to pass into
can enter a living cell without caus- the atmosphere as a gas.
ing it injury. volcanic soil. suelo de volcnico. A
Vitamin C. ceviatmico. vitamina C. soil derived from volcanic ash under
See ascorbic acid. tropical conditions. If basic they
vitamin. vitamina. A complex organic develop rapidly into fertile soils,
substance produced mostly by but take much longer if they are
photosynthetic organisms, essen- acid.
tial in minute amounts for human voluble. voluble. Ascending around
growth and development. other branches or stems in a spi-
viti-. viti-. A Latin prefix that means, ral; twining.
pertaining to a vine. volubilis. volubilis. Latin meaning
vitelline. vitelina. Egg-yellow in color. twining.
vitreous. vtreo. Transparent. volunteer plant. planta voluntario. A
vitta. vita. One of the many long, club- plant that occurs through natural
shaped tubes for carrying oil in the propagation rather than by having
fruit of the Umbelliferae; also, a been planted by humans.
type of virus disease in which volute. voludo. Rolled up.
necrotic streaks develop. volutin granules. grnulos de volutina.
vitate. vitado. Having longitudinal Granular cytoplasmic inclusions
ridges or stripes. which stain intensely with basic
viviparous. vivparo. Sprouting on the dyes. They are believed to con-
parent plant, as bulblets which form tribute to the formation of chro-
in some inflorescences, as in some matin; also, stored food substances
grasses (Poaceae), the spider plant in fungi, especially yeasts.
(Commelinaceae) and in some volva. volva. A cup-shaped (cupuli-
mangroves; also, a form of asexual form) sheath that surrounds the stem
reproduction, as in onions (Lilia- of some agaric fruit in the early
ceae), in which a bulb-like struc- stages of growth, rupturing as the
ture develops, forming a new plant fruit body enlarges, and sometimes
when detached from the parent. remaining around the base of the
viviporous. viviporoso. Character- stipe, as a cup or pouch.
ized by beginning embryo growth volvate. volvado. Possessing a volva.
while still attached to the mother vulgaris. vulgaris. Common.
plant. vulviform. vulviforme. Cleft with
volatile oils. aceite voltil. Terpenes projecting edges.
made of two to four isoprene units;
W 475 water leaf
X
x. x. The basic or haploid number of X-chromosome. cromosoma X. The
chromosomes. sex chromosome containing numer-
xanthein. xanteina. The water-soluble ous genes which show sex-linkage.
coloring pigment in flowers, as xenia. xenia. The genetic effects pro-
distinguished from xanthine, the duced by pollen on a developing
non-water-soluble portion; also, a embryo or on the maternal tissues
yellow pigment sometimes present (endosperm) of the fruit; as corn
in cell sap. with white endosperm being pol-
xanthic. amarillento. Yellowish in linated by one with dark yellow
color; especially flower colors rang- endosperm producing seeds with
ing from yellow through orange to pale yellow endosperm.
red; also, of or pertaining to xan- xenobiotic. xenobitico. A foreign
thine. substance capable of harming or
xanthin(e). xantina. The yellow, non- affecting an organism.
water-soluble coloring pigment in xenogamous. algamo. xengamo.
flowers, as distinguished from Of or pertaining to xenogamy or
xanthein, the water soluble portion. produced by cross-fertilization.
xantho-. xanto-. A Greek prefix that xenogamy. xenogamia. Pollination
means, yellow. between flowers of separate plants;
xanthocarpous. xantocrpico. Bearing cross fertilization.
yellow fruit. xenogenesis. xenogene. The supposed
xanthophore. xantforo. A type of making of offspring wholly
chromatophore that contains a yel- xeric. xerico. Xerophyte.
low pigment which does not nu- xeric environment. medio ambiente
merically increase or decrease in xeric. A very dry environment;
response to outside stimuli as other lacking moisture; xerophytic.
types. xero-. xero-. A Greek prefix that
xanthophyll. xantofla. A yellow crys- means, dry, as xerophyte; also,
talline pigment located in plastids xer- before vowels.
and made of oxygenated deriva- xeromorph. xeromorf. A plant that
tives of carotene, acting as acces- thrives in saltwater marshes or in
sory pigments during photosynthe- alkaline soils.
sis; seen in the autumn leaves. xeromorphic. xeromorfo. Having a
xanthophyllic. xantoflaico. Pertaining form not typical of the species as
to or containing xanthophyll. a result of habitat influences; also,
xanthospermous. xantospermo. Bear- having adaptations for surviving
ing yellow seeds. drought or life in a dry environ-
xeromorphy 482 xyloid
ment, as the succulent, water-stor- found in the cell walls of woody
ing stem of cacti; also, plants which tissues which yields xylose on hy-
are protected from water loss by drolysis; a hemicellulose made of
specialized morphological charac- xylose units.
teristics, e.g. thick cuticle. xylem. xilema. The woody tissue of
xeromorphy. xeromorfismo. Having higher plants, composed mostly of
morphological characters which aid woody fibers, tracheids, parenchy-
in the reduction of water loss. matous cells, and tracheae (in
xerophile. xerfile. A xerophyte. angiosperms), through which most
xerophilous. xerfilo. Thriving in hot, of the water and dissolved miner-
dry habitats. als utilized by a plant are conducted
xerophyte. xerfita. Plants that thrive upward from the roots.
in dry or arid habitats. xylem core. corazn de xilema. A solid
xerophytic. xerfito. Of or pertain- strand of xylem in the center of a
ing to xerophytes. stele.
xerophytism. xerofitismo. The quality xylem Mother Cell. clula madre de
or condition of being xerophytic. xilema. A daughter cell cut off from
xerosere. xerosere. xeroserie. The a cell of the cambium which is later
sequence of communities reflect- converted into a component of the
ing the stages of plant succession xylem.
which begins in an arid habitat or xylem parenchyma. parnquima xil-
with bare rock. ema. Parenchymatous cells occur-
xerothermic. xerotermo. Being both ring in the xylem, apart from those
hot and dry, as a xerothermic re- occurring in the vascular rays.
gion; also, thriving in hot, dry habi- xylic gap. espacio de xilico. A gap
tats, as xerothermic organisms. in the xylem opposite a leaf base.
xerothermous. xerotermo. Pertaining xylem ray. rayo xilema. Parenchyma
to xerothermic. cells growing from the pith to the
x generation. generacin x. The gam- cambium in a woody stem; wood
etes. ray.
xiphoid. xifoide. Shaped like a sword; xylo-. xilo-. A Greek prefix that means,
ensiform. wood or woody, as xylocarp.
xiphophyllous. xiffilo. Having ensi- xylocarp. xilocarpo. A hard, woody
form or sword-shaped leaves. fruit.
X-linked. ligado-X. Pertaining to genes xylocarpous. xilocrpico. Bearing
on the X chromosome. fruit that becomes hard or woody.
x rays. rayos X. The portion of the xylochrome. xilocromo. A mixture
suns range of radiation which is of substances containing tannins,
immediately shorter than ultraviolet; gums, and resins which produces
between 0.1 and 100 nm. the heartwood color.
x-ray crystallography. cristalografa xylogen. xilogeno. Wood in a forma-
de rayos X. A method for study- tive state; lignin. See xylem.
ing the molecular and atomic struc- xylogenous. xilgeno. Living in or on
tures of a substance. wood.
xylan. xilan. A yellow, gummy pentosan xyloid. xiloide. Of wood; wood-like;
xylology 483 xylose
ligneous. a woody tumor on a plant.
xylology. xilologa. The study of the xylophilous. xilfilo. Preferring to grow
structure of wood. on wood.
xyloma. xiloma. A sclerotium-like body xylose. xilosa. A crystalline sugar
which forms spores internally and (pentose) present in woody plants
does not put out branches which and formed by the hydrolysis of
develop into sporangiophores; also, xylan; wood sugar.
Y-chromosome 484 young plant
A
A. A. sion.
AB. AB. abscisin estrato. abscission layer.
a-. a-. absorcin. absorption.
ab-. ab-. absorcin pasivo. passive absorp-
abastonado farngeo. pharyngeal rod. tion.
abaxial. abaxial. absorcin selectivo. selective absorp-
abayado. baccate. tion.
aberracin. aberration. absorber. absorb.
aberrante. aberrant. abstricin. abstriction.
abeto. fir. abstrictar. abstrict.
abigarrado. tessellated. variegated. abullonado. puffball.
abimencial. abhymenial. abultado. turgent.
abitica. abiotic. abyecin. abjection.
abolladura. dent. abyuncin. abjunction.
abombado. puffball. acamado. lodge.
abonar. compost. acanalado. canaliculate. channelled.
abono de cobertura. top dressing. acanalado. furrowed. canaliculate.
abono orgnico. compost. channelled.
abono vegetal. compost. acanaliculacin. canaliculation.
abono. fertilizer. acanta. acantha.
aboospora. aboospore. acanto-. acantho-.
aborigen. aboriginal. acantocarpo. acanthocarpous.
abortado. abortion. acantocrpico. acanthocarpous.
abortar. abort. acantoclado. acanthocladous.
abortivo. abortive. acantofisis. acanthophysis.
aborto. abortion. acantoide. acanthoid.
abotonar. bud. acarodomatio. acarodamtium.
abortus. abortus. acaroflia. acarophily
abrazado. clasped. embracing. acarpelado. acarpous.
abrazador. embracing. acarpelo. acarpelous.
abreviado. abbreviated. acrpico. acarpous.
abrise. bloom. acarpo. acarpous.
abrojo. burr. acaudeo. acaudate. anurous.
abruptamente. abruptly. acaule. acaulous. stemless. acauline.
abrupto. abrupt. acaulescencia. acaulescence.
abscisina. abscisin. acaulescente. acaulescent. acaulous.
abscisin. abscission. acaulis. acaulis.
abscisin de las hojas. leaf abscis- accepdor de carbono dixido. car-
accesorio 490 cido palmtico
bon dioxide acceptor. acid.
accesorio. accessory. cido fitico. phytic acid.
accomicetes. sac fungi. cido frmico. formic acid.
acfalo. acephalous. cido fosfatdico. phosphatidic acid.
aceite voltil. volatile oil. cido fosfoenolpirvico. phosphoe-
aceites esencial. essential oils. nolpyruvic acid.
acelerado. accelerator. cido fosfoglicrico (AFG). phos-
acelular. acellular. phoglyceric acid (PGA).
-ceo. aceous. cido fosfrico. phosphoric acid.
acntrico. accentric. cido fosforoglicrico. phosphoro-
aceptor de hidrgeno. hydrogen glyceric acid.
acceptor. cido flvico. fulvic acid.
acerato. acerate. cido fumrico. fumaric acid.
aceroso. acerose. cido galacturnico. galacturonic
acervado. acervate. acid.
acervo gnico. gene pool. cido giberlico. gibberellic acid.
acrvulo. acervulus. cido glicrico. glyceric acid.
acetabulado. acetabuliform. cido glutmico. glutamic acid.
acetabuliforme. acetabuliform. cido graso. fatty acids.
acetabulado. cido hexuronico. hexuronic acid.
acetaldehido. acetaldehyde. cido himatomelanico. hymatomelanic
acetilacin. acetylation. acid.
achile. achilous. cido hmico. humic acid.
aciclico. acyclic. cido imino. imino acid.
aciclo. aciclum. cido indol(il)actico (AIA).
accula. acicula. indoleacetic acid (IAA).
aciculado. aciculate. cido indolbutrico (AIB). indole-
acicular. acicular. needle-like. butyric acid (IBA).
aciculifolio. needle-leaved. cido isoctric. isocitric acid.
aciculiforme. aciculiform. cido lctico. lactic acid.
acidez. acidity. cido lipnico. lipoic acid.
cido. acid. cido liqunico. lichenic acid.
cido abscisico. abscisic acid. cido luteico. luteic acid.
cido adenlico (AMP). adenylic acid cido mlico. malic acid.
(AMP). cido minioluteico. minioluteic acid.
cido alginico. alginic acid. cido murmico. muramic acid.
cido aminado. amino acid. cido nicotinico. nicotinic acid.
cido aminoglutrico. glutamic acid. cido nitroso. nitrous acid.
cido ascrbico. ascorbic acid. cido nucleico. nucleic acid.
cido butirico. butyric acid. cido octanico. octanoic acid.
cido cafeico. caffeic acid. cido oleico. oleic acid.
cido cetoglutrico. ketoglutaric acid. cido orgnico. organic acid.
cido desoxirribonucleico (ADN). cido oxalactico. oxaloacetic acid.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). cido oxlico. oxalic acid.
acido espiculisporico. spiculisporic cido palmtico. palmitic acid.
cido pantotnico 491 activacin de energia
cido pantotnico. pantothenic acid. acoplamiento. attachment.
cido par(a)aminobenzoico. Para- acoplamiento fusus. spindle
aminobenzoic (PABA). attachement.
cido parafinico. paraffinic acid. acorazonado. cordate. heart-shaped.
cido penicilnico. penicillic acid. acostillado. fluted. ribbed
cido pimlico. pimelic acid. acotiledn. acotyledon.
cido pirvico. pyruvic acid. acotiledno. acotyledonous.
cido ribonucllico (ARN). ribonu- acramfibria. acramphibrya.
cleic acid (RNA). acrandro. acrandrous.
cido saliclico. salicylic acid. acre. acrid.
cido siqumico. shikimic acid. acrescente. accrescent.
cido stipatatico. stipatatic acid. acrete. accrete.
cido succnico. succinic acid. acro- . acro-.
cido tnic. tannic acid. acroblasto. acroblast.
cido tartrico. tartaric acid. acrocrpico. acrocarpous.
cido terestrico. terrestric acid. acrocntrico. acrocentric.
cido uridlico. uridylic acid. acrdroma (nervadura). acrodromous
cido usnico. usnic acid. (veins).
acidfilo. acidophilous. acidophile. acrodroma. acrodrome.
acies. acies. acrofitio. acrophytium.
aciforme. aciform. acrgenico. acrogenic. acogenous
acigoto. azogote. acrgeno. acrogen. acrogenous.
acinceo. acinaceous. acroginia. acrogyny
acinaciforme. acinaciform. acromtico. achromatic.
acinete. akinete. acronicio. acronychius.
aciniforme. aciniform. acropetal. acropetal.
cino. acinus. acropleurogeno. acropleurogenous.
acinosa. acinous. acrosarco. acrosarcun.
aclamdeo. achlamydeous. acroscpico. acroscopic.
aclara. thin out. acrscopo. acroscopic.
aclarador. clearing agent. acrosoma. acrosome.
aclarante. clearing agent. acrospira. acrospire.
aclimacin. acclimation. acrspora. acrospore.
aclimatacin. acclimatization. hard- acrsporo. acrosporous.
ening. acrotonico. acrotonic.
aclimatar. acclimate. acclimatize. actino-. actino-.
harden-off. actinoctico. actinocytic.
aclimatar. harden off. actinodroma. actinodromous.
acodadura. layering. actinomiceto. actinomycete.
acodo areo. air layering. actinomorfa. actinomorphy.
acodo oclusiva. closing layer. actinomorfo. actinomorphic.
acolchar. mulch. actinorizo. actinorrhiza.
acomodacin. accommodation. actinostela. actinostele.
aconitrasa. aconitrase. actio. actium.
acopado. cupulate. activacin de energia. energy of
activador 492 adverso
activation. adelfogamia. adelphogamy.
activador. activator. aden-. aden-.
actfilo. actophilous. adeniforme. adeniform.
acuado. acuate. adenina. adenine.
acutico. aquatic. adenfilo. adenophyllous.
acufero. aquifer. adenoide. adenoid.
acufero limitado. confined aquifer. adenforo. adenophore.
acufero unlimitado. unconfined adenosina. adenosine.
aquifer. adenosina difosfacto (ADP). adeno-
aculeado. acanaceous. aculeate. sine diphosphate (ADP).
aculeate. acanaceous. aculeate. adenosina monofasfato. adenosine
aculeo. aculeus. monophosphate.
aculeolado. aculeolate. adenosina trifosfato (ATP). adenosine
acumbente. accumbent. triphosphate (ATP).
acuminado. acuminate. adenosintrifosfato ATP. adenosine
acumulador. accumulator. triphosphate (ATP).
acutangular. acutangular. adenoso. adenous.
acutifolio. acutifolius. adermina. adermin.
acutifoliado. acutifolius. adesmia. adesmy.
ad. ad. adherencia. adhesion.
adaptable. adaptable. adherente. adherent.
adaptacin fenotpico. phenotypic adhesin. adhesion.
adaptation. adiabatico. adiabatic.
adaptacin. adaptation. dico glutmico. glutamic acid.
adaptacin bitica. biotic adapta- dido fumrico. fumaric acid.
tion. adinamandria. adynamandry.
adaptacin cromtico. chromatic ADN. DNA.
adaptation. adnacin. adnation.
adaptacin cromtico complement- adnascens. adnascens.
ario. complementary chromatic adnato. adnate. annexed.
adaptation. adnexal. adnexal.
adaptacin directa. direct adapta- ADP. ADP.
tion. adpreso. appressed. adpressed.
adaptacin fenotpico. phenotypic adscendente. ascendent.
adaptation. adsorcin. adsorption.
adaptacin general. general adap- adsperso. adspersed.
tation. adsurgente. adsurgent.
adaptacin gentica. genetic adap- adulto. adult.
tation. adulto (arbol, planta). mature (tree,
adaptarse. adapt. plant).
adaptivo. adaptive. aduncado. aduncate.
adaxial. adaxial. advenedizo. adventive.
accrustacin. adcrustation. adventicia. adventitia.
adelfia. adelphia. adventicio. adventitious.
adelfo. adelphous. adverso. adverse.
aecidiosoro 493 agrestis
aecidiosoro. aecidiosorus. aforestacin. afforestation.
aenius. aenius. l aftico. aphotic.
aequi-. aequi- afotometrico. aphotometric.
aequihimenfero. aequ-hymeniferous. afototactico. aphototactic.
aequiltero. aequilateral. afototropico. aphototropic.
aeracin. aeration. agalla. gall.
area. air. agamandroecio. agamandroecious.
aerencima. aerenchyma. agmeta. agamete.
areo. aerial. agmeto. agamete.
aereolae. aereolae. agmico. agamic.
aerifera. stomatal. gamo. agamous.
aro. aerial. agamognesis. agamogenesis.
aerobic. aerobic. agamogentico. agamogenetic.
aerobio. aerobe. agamoginoecio. agamogynoecious.
aerobiologa. aerobiology. agamohermafrodita. agamoherm-
aerobiosis. aerobiosis. aphrodite.
aerfito. aerophyte. agamospecie. agamospecies.
aerognico. aerogenic. agamospermia. agamospermy.
aeropalinologia. aeropalynology. agamospora. agamospore.
aerotactico. aerotactic. agamotrpica. agamotropic.
aerotaxis. aerotaxis. agar (-agar). agar (-agar).
aerotolerante. aerotolerant. agaric. agaric.
aerotropismo. aerotropism. agaricaceo. agaricaceous.
aerugino. aeruginous. agaricole. agaricolous.
aestivacion ascendente. ascending agente. agent.
aestivation. agente aclarante. clearing agent.
aestomatoso. astomatous. agente activador. activator.
aetalio. aethallium. agente de polucin. pollutant.
afanisis. aphanisis. agente inductivo. inducer.
afaptotropismo. aphaptotropism agente polinizador. pollinator.
afeliotropico. apheliotropic. aphoto- agente reductor. reducing agent.
tropic. agglomerado. agglomerate.
afelpado. pannose. felted. agino. agynous.
AFG. PGA. Phosphorogyceric acid. aglomerado. conglomerate.
filo. aphyllous. leafless. aglutinado. agglutinate.
afilpodo. aphyllopodic. agrado. agrad.
afinidad. affinity. agrandado. enlarged.
afinidad diferencial. differential agrandar. enlarge.
affinity. agregacin. aggregation.
afinidad terminal. terminal affin- agregado. agglomerate. aggregate.
ity. crowded.
aflatoxina. aflatoxin. agregado. clustered. crowded.
aflebia. aphlebia. agglomerate.
aflechado. sagittiform. agrestal. agrestal.
afoliado. aphyllous. leafless. agrestis. agrestis.
agrobiologia 494 aldopentosa
agrobiologia. agrobiology. aislamiento ecolgico. ecological
agroclimatologia. agroclimatology. isolation.
agronoma. agronomy. aislamiento estacional. seasonal
agrostologa. agrostology. isolation.
agrupacin de plantas. assemblage aislamiento geogrfico. geographic
of plants. isolation.
agrupado. clustered. crowded. aislamiento reproductivo. reproduc-
agua. water. tive isolation.
agua asimilable. available water. aitionstico. aitionastic.
agua de capilar. capillary water. aitognico. aitiogenic.
agua de cepilaridad. capillary wa- ajado. wilted.
ter. ajedrezado. tessellated.
agua disponible. available water. akineto. akinete.
agua de gravitacin. gravitational ala. ala. wing.
water. alabastra. alabastrum.
agua de mar. seawater. alado. alate. winged.
agua del subsuelo. ground water. alagostmono. allagostemonous.
agua de vesicula. water vesicle. alambrino. wiry.
agua disponible. available water. alanina. alanine.
agua dulce. freshwater. alantoid. alantoide.
agua fretica. ground water. alar. alar.
agua gravitacional. gravitational alargado. elongate.
water. alas. alae.
aguarrs. turpentine. alatus. alate.
agua del suelo. soil water. albescente. albescent.
agua salada. saltwater. albidus. albidus.
agua subterrnea. ground water. albinismo. albinism.
agua unasimilable. unavailable water. albino. albino.
agua undisponible. unavailable water. albumen. albumen.
agudo. acute. albmina. albumin.
aguijn. prickle. albuminoides. albuminoids.
aguijonado. echinate. prickly. albuminoso. albuminous. endo-
aguijonoso. prickly. spermous.
aguijnulado. echinulate. albura. alburnum. sapwood.
aguja. needle. albus. albus.
aguja. spire. alcaloide. alkaloid.
ahijamiento. tillering. alcohol. alcohol.
ahilamiento. etiolation. leggy. alcohol etlico. ethyl aclohol.
ahorquillado. furcate. alcohol metilo. methyl alcohol
AIA. IAA. aldehdo. aldehyde.
AIB. IBA. aldehdo actico. acetaldehyde.
aifitia. aiphytium. aldehdo frmico. formaldehyde.
aire. air. aldohexosa. aldohexose.
airear. aerate. aldol. aldol.
aislamiento. isolation. aldopentosa. aldopentose.
aldotriosa 495 ambiente
aldotriosa. aldotriose. almidn estroma. stroma starch.
aldosa. aldose. almidn floridean. floridean starch.
aldotetrosa. aldotetrose. almidn temporario. temporary starch.
alelismo. allelism. almohadn. cushion.
alelo. allele. alocarpia. allocarpy.
alelmorfo. allelomorph. alocro. allochrous.
alelmorfo mltiple. multiple allelo- aloctono. exotic.
morph. alofanoides. allophanoids.
alelopatia. allelopathy. alogamia. allogamy.
alelos mltiples. multiple alleles. algamo. allogamous. xenogamous.
alepidota. alepidote. algeno. allogene. recessive allele.
alergeno. allergen. alometra. allometry.
alergia. allergy. alopatria. allopatry.
alesnado. awl-shaped. subulate. aloptrico. allopatric.
aleurispora. aleuriospore. alopoliploide. allopolyploid.
aleurona. aleurone. alosindesis. allosyndesis.
aleurnica. aleurone layer. alosoma. allosome.
alfabeto gentica. genetic alphabet. alotetraploide. allotetraploid.
alfa-cetoglutarado oxidasa. alpha- alotipico. allotypic
ketoglutarate oxidase. alotipo. allotype.
alfombra de polucin. pollution alotransplantar. allograft.
carpet. alpino. alpine.
alga. alga. alsade. alsad.
alga amarillo-verde. yellow-green alsio. alsium
algae. alta. high.
alga rojo. red alga. alteracin estructural. structural
algae. algae. change.
alga marina. seaweed. alternacin de generacin. alternation
alganin. alganin. algin. of generations.
alga rojo. red alga. alterno. alternate.
alga verde. green algae. altitud. altitude.
algas verdeazules. blue-green algae. alto. high.
algcolo. algicolous. altura. height.
algin. algin. alucingeno. hallucinogen.
algologa. algology. alveolado. alveolate.
aliaceo. alliaceous. alvolo. alveolus (pl. alveoli)
alianza. alliance. amacollado. tillering.
aliforme. aliform. wing-shaped. amarilleamiento. yellowing.
allela silencioso. silent allele. amarillento. yellowish. xanthic.
almacenar (nutriente). store (nu- amarillez. yellowing.
trients). amarillo plido. flavidulous.
almidn. starch. mbar. amber.
almidn cresciente. starch crescent. ambi-. ambi-.
almidn de transitorio. transitory ambiental. environmental.
starch. ambiente. ambient.
ambigua 496 anaranjado
ambigua. ambiguous. amplectivo. amplective.
ambiguo. ambiguous. amplexicaule. amplexicaul. clasp-
ambilinearidad. ambilinearity. ing.
ameboide. am(o)eboid. amplexo. amplexus.
ameiosis. ameiosis. ampliado. ampliate.
amenazado de extincin (especie). amplitud ecolgico. ecological am-
threatened with extinction (spe- plitude.
cies). ampolloso. blistered.
amensalismo. amensalism. mpula. ampulla.
amentceo. amentaceous. catkinate. ampulceo. ampullaceous.
amentfero. amentiferous. ampuliforme. ampulliform.
amentifloras. amentaceous. anabionte. anabiont.
amentiforme. amentiform. catkinate. anablico. anabolic.
amento. ament. catkin. amentum. anabolismo. anabolism.
ameristico. ameristic. anacintica. anakinetic.
amerospora. amerospore. anacintomera. anakinetomere.
amfibitico. amphibiotic. andromo. anadromous.
amfitrfico. amphitrophic. anaerobio. anaerobe. anaerobic.
amida. amide. anaerobio facultativo. facultative
amigdaliforme. amygdaliform. anaerobes.
amigdoloide. amygdoloid. anaerobio obligado. obligate anaerobe.
amilaceo. amylaceous. anaerobiosis. anaerobiosis.
amilasa. amylase. anaerofito. anaerophyte.
amiloide. amyloid. anfase. anaphase.
amilopectina. amylopectin. anafisis. anaphysis.
amiloplasto. amyloplast. anagnesis. anagenesis.
amilosa. amylose. anlisis de nodal. nodal analysis.
amilostatolito. amylostatolith. anlisis de ttrada. tetrad analysis.
amina. amine. anlisis estadticos. statistical analysis.
aminillae anillado. annulate lamellae. anlisis gradiente. gradient analy-
aminocido. amino acid. sis.
aminocido de alfa. alpha amino acid. anlisis inverso. inverse analysis.
aminacin reductivo. reductive anlisis normal. normal analysis.
anmination. anlisis secuencial. sequential analysis.
aminoazcar. amino sugar. anlogico. analogous.
amitosis. amitosis. anlogico variacin. analogous vari-
amitotico. amitotic. ation.
amfilo. ammophilous. anlogo. analog(ue).
amoniaco. ammonia. anlogo de base. base analog. ba-
amonificacin. ammonification. sal analog.
amonio. ammonium. anamorfosis. anamorphosis.
amorf. amorph. anandro. anandrous.
amorfo. amorphous. anantero. astemonous.
AMP. AMP. ananto. ananthous.
amplectante. amplectant. anaranjado (color). orangish (color).
anascistico 497 angustifolio
anascistico. anascistic. anemogamia. wind pollination.
anastomosado. anastomosing. anemotropismo. anemotropism.
anastomosar. anastomose. aneuploide. aneuploid.
anastomosis. anastomosis. aneuploidia. aneuploidy.
anastomosis vascular. vascular anas- aneurina. aneurine.
tomosis. anexo. annexed. adnate.
anatoma de Kranz. Kranz cycle. anfi-. amphi-.
Kranz anatomy. anfister. amphiaster.
anatoma fisolgia. physiological anfibio. amphibian. amphibious.
anatomy. anfibitico. amphibiotic.
anatoma vegetal. plant anatomy. anficario. amphikaryon.
antropo. anatropous. anficrpia. amphicarpy.
ancad. ancad. anficrpico. amphicarpic. amphicarp-
anceps. anceps. ous.
ancipital. ancipital. anfdiploide. amphidiploid.
ancipito. ancipitous. anfiflle. amphiphlole.
ancistriode. ancistroid. anfigastr(i)os. amphigastria.
ancistroso. barbellate. anfigeno. amphigenous.
andro-. andro-. anfiges. amphigean.
androceo. androecium. anfigino. amphigynous.
androcito. androcyte. anflepsis. amphilepsis.
androdinamo. androdynamous. anfmixis. amphimixis
androceo. androecium (pl. androecial). anfploide. amphiploid.
androdiocio. androdioecious. anfspora. amphispore.
androecio. androecious. anfitecio. amphithecium.
andrforo. androphore. anftrico. amphitrichous.
andrgeno. androgyne. androgenous. anfitrfico. amphitrophic.
andrognesis. androgenesis. anfteno. amphitene.
andrginia. androgyny. anfitropo. amphitropous.
andrgino. androgynous. anfora. amphora.
androginforo. androgynophore. anfolito. ampholyte.
andromonoico. andromonoecious. anfractuosus. anfractuosus.
andropetalario. andropetalous. angiocarpia. angiocarpy.
andrspora. androspore. angiocarpo. angiocarp. angiocarpous.
androsporangio. androsporangium. angiosperma. angiosperm.
andrtomo. androtomous. angostada. narrowed.
anegado. waterlogged. angosto. angustate. narrow.
anemo-. anemo-. anguilluliforme. anguilluliform.
anemocoria. anemochory. wind dis- angulado. angulate.
persal. anemochorous. angular. angular.
anemocoro. anemochoric. ngulo. angle.
anemoe. anemosis. anguloso. angular.
anemofilia. anemophily. wind pol- angusti-. angusti-.
lination. angustifolio. angustifoliate. lepto-
anemfilo. anemophile. anemophilous. phyllos.
angusto 498 antiptalo
angusto. angustate. anomocitico. anomocytic.
anhidrasa carbnica. carbonic an- anormal. abnomal. atypical.
hydrase. anotinal. annotinal. yearly.
anhdrido. anhydride. anotino. annotinous.
anilla. nipple. annotinus. annotinus.
anillado. ringed. anotomia. anatomy.
anillo. annulus. ansiocarpico. ansiocarpic.
anillo (anual). ring (annual). ansometrico. anisometric.
anillo anual. tree ring. annual ring. antagonismo. antagonism.
anillo anual falso. false annual ring. antagonismo de iones. ionic
anillo anual indicador de arbol. tree antagonims.
ring index. antagonismo inico. ionic antago-
anillo de arbol. tree ring. nism.
anillo de crecimiento. growth ring. ante-. ante-.
anillo de hada. fairy ring. antela. anthela.
anillo-poroso. ring-porous. anteptalo. antepetalous.
anillo qumico. ring (chemcial). antera. anther.
anillo tetrapirole. tetrapyrrole ring. anterid(i)foro. antherid(i)ophore.
anion. anion. anterido. antheridium.
anin. anion. anteridio. antherid(ium).
aniso-. aniso-. anterfero. antheriferous.
ansiocarpico. anisocarpic. anteriforme. antheriform.
anisocitico. anisocytic. anterior. anterior.
anisoctilo. anisocotylous. anterocito. antherocyte.
anisofilia. anisophylly. anteroide. anteroide.
anisofilo. anisophyllous. anterozoide. antherozoid.
anisogameto. anisogamete. anterozoide. sperm.
anisogamia. anisogamy. antespalo. antesepalous.
anisogenie. anisogeny. antesis. anthesis.
anisogamo. anisogamous. antheridio. antheridium.
anisogenomatico. anisogenomatic. anti-. anti-.
anisomeria. anisomery. antibiosis. antibiosis.
anisomero. anisomerous. antibitico. antibiotic.
ansometrico. anisometric. anticlinal. anticlinal.
anisoptalo. anisopetalous. antico. anticous.
anisoplanogametos. aniso- anticodn. anticondon.
planogametes. anticuerpo. antibody.
anisospalo. anisosepalous. antidromia. antidromy.
anisostmono. anisostemonous. antienzima. antienzyme.
anisotropia. anisotropy. antfite. antiphyte.
anisotropico. anisotropic. antifolio. oppositifolious.
anitspalo. oppositisepalous. antigeno. antigen.
anual. annual. antimorf. antimorph.
nodo. anode. antiparalela. antiparallel.
anomala. anomaly. antiptalo. antepetalous. antipetalous.
antiptalo 499 apogamia reducido
antiptalo. oppositipetalous. apndice. appendage. appendix.
antispalo. antisepalous. apndice bifurcado. biramous ap-
antitetico. antithetic. pendage.
antitropico. antitropic. apndiclado. appendicled.
antitropo. antitropous. apendiculado. appendiculate.
antitrorso. antrorse. apergaminado. pergamentaceous.
anto-. antho-. apertura (flora). opening (flowers).
antocarpo. anthocarp. apertura opiotial. opiothial aper-
antocia(ni)na. anthocyan(in). ture.
antocianina. anthcyanin. aptalia. apetaly
antocano. anthocyan(in). aptalo. apetalous.
antforo. anthophore. anthophorous. apical. apical.
antoide. anthoid. pice. acumen. apex. tip.
antoleucina. antholeucin(e). pice de la raz. root cap. root tip.
antolisis. antholysis. pice del las ramas. stem apex.
antolita. antholite. pice del vstago. stem apex.
antotaxia. anthotaxy. pice foliar. leaf tip.
antoxantina. anthoxanthin(e). pice punzante. pungent tip.
antracinia. anthraciny. pice radical. root tip.
antracnosa. anthracnose. apiculado. apiculate.
antropo-. anthropo-. apculo. apiculus.
antropocoria. anthropochory. apileado. apileate.
antropfite. anthropophyte. aplanado. applanate. planate.
antrorso. antrorse. aplandado. flat.
anual. yearly. annual. aplaneismo. aplanetism.
annual estival. summer annual. aplanogmeta. aplanogamete.
anual invernal. winter annual. aplangameto. aplanogamete.
anualmente. yearly. aplanospora. aplanospora.
aublo. blight. smuts. aplestrino. alpestrine. subalpine.
anular. annular. annulate. ring-like. aplicada. applied.
anuro. anurous. alpestris. alpestris.
apandro. apandrous. apo-. apo-.
aparato de Golgi. Golgi apparatus. apobasidio. apobasidium.
aparato de ovular. egg apparatus. apocarpia. apocarpy.
aparato de neuromotor. neuromo- apocrpico. apocarpous.
tor apparatus. apocarpo. apocarp.
apareamiento al azar. randon mat- apcito. apocyte.
ing. apoenzima. apoenzyme.
apareamiento de cromasomas. pairing apfisis. apophysis.
of chromosomes. apogametia. apogamety.
apareamiento de semejanza. apogamia. apogamy.
assortative breeding. apogamia diploide. diploid apogamy.
apareamiento de bases. base pair- apogamia generativo. generative
ing. apogamy.
apareamiento torsin. torsion pairing. apogamia reducido. reduced apogamy.
apogamia somtica 500 arilo
apogamia somtica. somatic apogamy. arbreo. arboreal.
apogmico. apogamic. arborescente. arborescent. tree-like.
apogenia. apogeny. sterility. arboreto. arboretum.
apogeotrpico. apogeotropic. aborto necrogenico. necrogenic
apogeotropismo. apogeotropism. abortion.
apomict. apomict. arbusclar. arbusclar.
apomctico. apomictic. arbuscule. arbuscule.
apomixis. apomixis. arbustivo. shrubby.
apomorf. apomorph. arbutsto. shrub.
apoptalo. apopetalous. arcilla. clay.
apoplastico. apoplastic. arcilloso. clayey.
apoplasto. apoplast. ardela. ardella.
aporcar. raise. rea cribosa. sieve area. sieve field.
aporogamia. aporogamy. rea de distribucin extendido. wide
apospalo. aposepalous. distribution.
aposicin. apposition. rea de distribucin. distribution
apospria. apospory. area.
aposprico. aposporic. rea minima. minimal area.
apostase. apostasis. rea reliquia. refuge.
apostmono. apostemonous. rea vital. life zone.
apstrofe. apostrophe. arecto. arrect.
apotecio. apothecium. arena. sand.
apotropo. apotropous. arenaceo. arenaceous.
apresorio. appressorium. arencola. arenicolous. psammo-
apricus. apricus. philous. sand-dwelling.
aproximado. approximate. arenoso. arenose.
ptero. apterous. arola. areole.
aqeneceto. achenecetum. areolacin. areolation.
aqunico. achenial. areolado. areolar. areolate.
aquenio. achene. akenium. arerramiento. warping (of land).
aquenio esquizocarpico. schizocarpic arescente. arescent.
achene. argnteo. argenteous. silvery.
aquenodio. achenium. argnteo. silvery.
aquillado. keeled. argilcola. argillicolous.
arabino. arabinose. argilfilo. argillophilous.
aracnoide. arachnoid. argiloso. argilose.
ARA-mensajero. messenger RNA arginina. arginine.
(mRNA). argos. argos.
ARN soluble. soluble RNA (s-RNA). argfilo. argophyllous.
araneo. araneose. argutus. argutus.
rbol. tree. aridez. aridity.
rbol frondoso. broad-leaved for- rido. arid.
est (hardwood). broad-leaved tree. arilado. arillate.
rbol joven. sapling. ariliforme. arilliform.
arbolado. forested. wooded. arilo. aril(lus).
arilodio 501 ascostoma
arilodio. arillode. arroyo. stream.
arista. arista(pl. aristae). awn. arruga. corrugation. rootless. ruga.
aristado. aristate. awned. wrinkle.
aristulado. aristulate. arrugarse. shrivel (fruit).
arizoma. arhizous. arrugoso. rugose.
armado. armed. arrugulado. rugulate.
armado de pas. hamulate. arruguloso. rugulose.
armadura. armature. armor. arruinar. blight.
armilado. armillate. articulacin. articulation.
ARN. RNA. articulado. articulate. jointed.
ARN de transferencia (ARNt). trans- articulo. article.
fer ribonucleic acid (tRNA). artro-. arthro-.
ARN de transferencia. transfer-RNA. artrogeno. arthrogenous.
ARN m. m-RNA. artrspora. arthrospore.
ARN ribosmico. ribosomal artrosterigma. arthrosterigma.
RNA(rRNA). arundinceo. arundinaceous.
ARN ribosmico. rRNA. arvense. weedy.
ARN soluble. soluble RNA (s-RNA). arvensis. arvensis.
ARNt. tRNA. asca. ascus.
aroma. aroma. scent. ascdocarpo. ascocarpous.
aromtico. aromatic. suaveolent. ascend(i)ente. ascending. ascend-
arqueado. arching. arcuate. bowed. ent. assurgent.
arquegoniforo. archegoniophore. ascendencia. descent.
arquegonio. archegonia. archegonium. asci. asci.
arqueobacterial. archaebacteria. ascidiforme. ascidiform.
arquesporio. archesporium. ascidio. ascidium. pitcher.
arquesporo. archespore. ascifo. ascyphous.
arquicarpo. archicarp. asciforme. asciiform.
arquigoniforo. archigoniophore. ascigero. ascigerous.
arquiliquens. archilichens. asco. ascus.
arquimicetes. archimycetes. ascocarpo. ascocarp. ascocarpous.
arquiplasma. archiplasm. ascociacin. association.
arquoplasm. archoplasm. ascocnidio. ascoconidium.
arraigado. radicate. rooted. ascocnidiforo. ascoconidiophore.
arrecife de coral. coral reef. ascforo. ascophore.
arrecife de coralino. coral reef. ascogenoico. ascogenous
arreglar. arrange. ascogonial. ascogonial.
arrenconcarion. arrhenokaryon. ascogonio. ascogonium.
arrenoncleo. arrhenokaryon. ascoliquen. ascolichen.
arriba. face. ascoma. ascoma.
arrizo. arrhizal. rootless. ascomicetes. sac fungi.
arrollamient recproco. relational ascomiceto. ascomycetous. sac fungi.
coiling. ascomicetos. ascomycete. sac fungi.
arropar. mulch. ascospora. ascospore.
arrosetado. rosulate. ascostoma. ascostome.
ascostroma 502 autecologia
ascostroma. ascostroma. astroesclereida. astrosclereid(e).
aspalo. asepalous. atactoestela. atactostele.
aseptado. aseptate. atado de races. rootbound.
asexual. agamous. asexual. sex- atavismo. atavism.
less. atelomitico. atelomitic.
asimetria molecular. molecular asym- atenuado. attenuate. tapering.
metry. ater. ater.
asimtrico. asymmetric. aterciopelado. velvety.
asimilacin. assimilation. aterramiento. warping (of land).
asimilacin del carbono. carbon atpico. atypical.
assimilation. atmsfere. atmosphere.
asimilacin de nitrgeno. nitrogen atmosfrico. atmospheric.
assimilation. atomado. atomate.
asimilacin de nutrientes. nutrient tomo. atom.
absorption. ATP. ATP.
asimilar. assimilate. ATPasa. ATPase.
asimilativo. assimilative. atrapamoscas. fly trap.
asinapsis. asynapsis. atrato. atratous.
asociacin. association. atributo. attribute.
asociacin bitica. biotic associa- atricolor. atricolor. inky.
tion. atro-. atro-.
asociacin secundario. secondary atrofa. stunt. atrophy.
associaiton. atrofiado. stunted.
asociacin vegetal. plant associa- atrofiar. atrophy.
tion. tropo. atropous.
asocie. associes. atropurpureus. atropurpureus.
asparagina. asparagine. atrovirens. atrovirens.
asperado. asperate. -atus. atus.
asperifoliado. asperifoliate. atutfito. autophyte.
aspergilliforme. aspergilliform. augua asimilable. available water.
aspermo. aspermous. aulfito. aulophyte.
spero. asperous. scabrous. aumentacin primario. primary in-
sperso. harsh. crease.
asperulado. asperulate. aumento. upgrowth.
asporgeno. asporogenous. asporous. aurantico. auranticous.
astelico. astelic. aureo. aureous.
ster. aster. aureus. aureus.
asterfisis. asterophysis. aurcula. auricle.
asteroide. asteroid. auriculado. auriculate.
astico. astichous. ausente. absent. lacking. wanting.
astilo. without a style. australis. australis.
astro-. astro-. aut-. aut-.
astroesclereida. astrosclereid. autapomorf. autapomorph.
astroflado. astropholate. autecio. autecious. autoecious.
astroide. astroid. autecologia. autecology.
auteforme 503 azureus
auteforme. auteform. autosoma. autosome.
auto-. auto-. autospora. autospore.
auto. self. autotetraploide. autotetraploid.
autoadaptacin . self-adaptation. auttrofico. autotrophic.
autoalogamia. autoallogamy. auttrofo. autotroph.
autobasidimiceto. autobasidiomycete. auttrofo fotosinttico. photosyn-
autobasidio. autobasidium. thetic autotroph.
autocarpo. autocarp. autotropismo. autotropism.
autocatlisis. autocatalysis. auxanmetro. auxanometer.
autocolor. self-colored. auxesis. auxesis.
autocompatibilidad. self-compatibil- auxina. auxin.
ity. auxocito. auxocyte.
autctono. autochthonous. auxospirema. auxospireme.
autodelicuescente. autodeliquescent. auxospora. auxospore.
autoecologia. autecology. auxspora. auxospore.
autoestril. self-sterile. auxtrofo. auxotroph.
autfagia. autophagy. avascular. avascular. non-vascular.
autofecundacin. self-fertilization. avenius. avenius.
selfing. axenia. axeny.
autofertilidad. self-fertility. axial. axial. axile.
autfito. autophyte. axila de la hoja. leaf axil.
autogamia. autogamy. axila. axil. axilla.
autgamo. autogamous. axilar. axillary.
autogno. autogenic. axillante. axillant.
autoico. autoicous. axn embrionario. embryonic axis.
autoincompatibilidad. self-incom- axonema. axoneme.
patibility. axonomorfa (raz). tap root.
autolisina. autolysin. axospermo. axospermous.
autolisis. autolysis. ayustar. splice.
automixis. automixis. azar. random.
autonomismo. autonomism. azigospora. azygospore.
autoparasito. autoparasite. azcar. sugar.
autopolinizacin. self-replication. azcar aminado. amino sugar.
self-pollination. azcar de fruto. fruit sugar.
autopoliploide. autopolyploid. azucar de madera. wood sugar.
autopotamo. autopotamous. azcar furanoso. furanose sugar.
autopropagacin. self-progagation. azcar simple. simple sugar.
autoramificacin. self-branching. azufre. sulfur.
autoreplicacin. self-replication. azuloso. bluish.
autosndesis. autosyndesis. azureus. azureus.
B 504 barrera contra el viento
B. B. bacterifago. bacteriophage.
B. B. bacteriologia. bacteriology.
bab. bamboo. bacterioncina. bacteriocin.
bacario. baccacetum. bacteririza. bacteriohiza.
bacca. bacca. bacteriostasis. bacteriostasis.
bacci-. bacci-. bacteriostt. bacteriostat.
baccfero. bacciferous. bacteriosttico. bacteriostatic.
bacciforme. bacciform. bacteroide. bacteroid.
baciliforme. bacilliform. baculiforme. baculiform.
bacilo. bacillus (pl. bacilli). badius. badius.
bacteria. bacteria. bacterium. baecita. baeocyte.
bacteria esfrico. spherical bacte- baja. low.
rium. bajo. low. shallow.
bacteria gramnegativo. gram-negative bajo tierra. underground.
bacteria. balance nitrogenado. nitrogen bal-
bacteria grampositivo. gram-posi- ance.
tive bacteria. balanza de naturaleza. balance of
bacteria termofilico. thermophilic nature.
bacteria. barlovento. windward.
bacteria termfilo. thermophilic balsamfero. balsamiferous.
bacteria. blsamo. balsam.
bacterial. bacterial. ballistspora. ballistospore.
bacteria mesofilico. mesophilic bac- balusta. balausta.
teria. bamb. bamboo.
bacteria nitrificante. nitrifier bac- banco de semillas. seed bank.
terium. banda de Caspary. Casparian strip.
bacteriano. bacterial. banda de proteccin. shelterbelt.
bacterias de azufre. sulfur bacte- banda de sporangiognico. sporang-
ria. iogenic band.
bacterias de(s)nitrificantes. banda de vena. vein-band.
denitrifying bacteria. barba. beard.
bacterias nitrificantes. nitrifying barbado. barbate. bearded.
bacteria. barbula. barbule.
bactericida. bactericidal. barbelulado. barbellulate.
bacterio. bacteria. bacterium. barbilla. barbel.
bacterioclorina. bacteriochlorin. barlovento. windward.
bacterioclorofla. bacteriochlorophyll. barranca. ravine.
bacteriode. bacteriod. barrera contra el viento. windbreak.
barrera dispersin 505 bifenils policlorinado
barrera dispersin. dispersal bar- baya. berry. pod.
rier. baya esquizocarpico. schizocarpic
barrera fisico. physical barrier. berry.
barrilla. saltwort. baya falso. false berry.
basal. basal. bejin. puffball.
basal libre placentacin. free bejuco leoso. woody vine.
basal placentation. bejuco. liane. vine.
base. base. bellota. acorn.
base foliar. leaf base. bntico. benthic.
base nitrogenada. nitrogen base. bentos. benthos.
nitrogenous base. bentos nectonico. nectonic benthos.
basi-. basi-. bentos ssil. sessile benthos.
basicromatina. basichromatin. betacina(ni)na. betacyan(in).
bsico. basic. bi-. bi-.
basidial. basidial. bialdo. dipterous.
basidio. basidium. bianual. biannual.
basidiocarp. basidiocarpo. biarticulado. biarticulate.
basidio fasciculado. fasciculate biaxial. biaxial.
basidium. bibacca. bibacca.
basidiforo. basidiophore. bibulo. bibulous.
basidiogentico. basidiogenetic. bicalcarado. bicalcarate.
basidioliquen. basidiolichene. bicapsular. bicapsular.
basidiomicento. basidiomycetous. bicarpelar. bicarpellate.
basidiomicetes. basidiomycetes. club bicelular. bicellular.
fungi. bicclica. bicyclic.
basidiomiceto(e). basidiomycete. biciliado. bicilate.
basidforo. basidiophore. bicoloro. bicolor. bicolorous.
basidio. basidium (pl. basidia). bicomuado. bicornulate.
basidios. basidia. bicncavo. biconcave.
basidiospora. basidiospore. biconico. biconic.
basidispora. basidiospore. basidio- biconjugar. biconjugate.
sporous. biconvexo. biconvex.
basifjo. basifixed. bicornuado. bicornuate.
basifugal. basifugal. acropetal. bicostillado. bicostate.
basigamico. basigamic. bicrenado. bicrenate.
basilar. basilar. bicuminado. bicuminate.
basinervio. basinerved. bicspide. bicuspid.
baspeto. basipetal. bidentado. bidentate.
basiscpico. basiscopic. biduo. biduous.
basitonico. basitonic. bienal. biennial.
basodiogentico. basidiogenetic. bifacial. bifacial.
basfilo. basophilous. bifacialmente. bifacially
bast. bast. bifaro. bifarious.
basura. litter. bifenils policlorinado (BPCs).
baumgrenza. baumgrenze. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
bfero 506 bion
bfero. biferous. biodinmica. biodynamics.
bfido. bifid. biodiversidad. biodiversity.
bifistuloso. bifistular. bioecologa. bioecology.
biflabelado. biflabellate. bioelctrico. bioelectric.
biflagelado. biflagellate. bioelectromagnetico. bioelectro-
bifloro. biflorous. magnetics.
bifolio. bifoliate. bioenergtica. bioenergetic.
bifoliolado. bifoliolate. bioensayo. bioassay.
bifurcacin. A fork. bioestadstica. biostatistics.
bifurcada. forked. biotica. bioethics.
bifurcado. bifurcate. forked. bifago. biophilous. biogenous.
bifurcarse. fork. bioflavonoide. bioflavonoid.
bigeminado. bigeminate. bifilo. biophilous. biogenous.
bigenrico. bigeneric. biforo. biophore
bigutulado. biguttulate. biognesis. biogenesis.
bilabiado. bilabiate. two-lipped. biognico. biogenic.
bilacinado. bilaciniate. bigeno. biogen(e).
bilaminar. bilaminar. biogeno. biogenous.
bilateral. bilateral. biogeocenosis. biogeoc(o)enosis.
bilobado. bilobate. biogeografa. biogeography.
bilobar. bilobed. biogeografa isla. island biogeog-
bilobular. two-lobed. bilocular. raphy .
bilocular. bilocular. two-celled. two- biogeografa orgnica. biogeogra-
lobed. phy.
bimaculado. bimaculate. bilisis. biolysis.
bimero. bimerous. biologa. biology.
bimodal. bimodal. biologa agrcola. agribiology.
binado. binate. biologa celular. cell biology.
binomial. binomial. biologa cuantitativo. quantitative
binucleado. binucleate. biology.
binuclolado. binucleolate. biologa del desarrolo. developmental
bio-. bio-. biology.
bioacumulacin. bioaccumulation. biologa marina. marine biology.
bioacstica. bioacoustics. biologa molecular. molecular bi-
bioblasto. bioblast. chondriosome. ology.
biocenoso. biocenose. biolgico. biological.
bioc(o)enosis. bioc(o)enosis. bilogo. biologist.
biocoenosio. biocoenosium. bioluminiscencia. bioluminescence.
bioc(o)entico. biocoenotic. bioma. biome.
biocida. biocide. bioma del desierto. desert biome.
bioclima. bioclimate. biomasa. biomass.
bioclimatologia. bioclimatology. biomecnica. biomechanics.
biocora. biochore. biometria. biometry.
biocroma. biochrome. biomtrica. biometric.
biodegradable. biodegradable. bion. bion.
bionomico 507 bosque caliza
bionomico. bionomic. biunciado. biunciate.
bionte. biont. bivalente. bivalent.
bioplasma. bioplasm. bivalvado. bivalve.
bioqumica. biochemistry. biverticilado. biverticillate.
bioqumico. biochemical biyugado. bijugate.
bioremediacin. bioremediation. blanco-amarillento. ochroleucous.
biorritmo. biorhythm. blanquecino. whitish.
bioserie. bioseries. blastema. blastema.
biosfera. biosphere. blasteniospora. blasteniospore.
biosintesis. biosynthesis. blasto-. blasto-.
biositematica. biosytematics. blastocoro. blastochore.
biostadstica. biometric. blastognesis. blastogenesis.
biota. biota. blastogeno. blastogenic.
biotas isla. island biotas. blastomiceto. blastomycete.
biotecnologia. biotechnology blastoparenquimtica. blastoparen-
bitica. biotic. chymatous.
biotina. biotin. blastospora. blastospore.
biotipo. biotype. blefaroplasto. blepharoplast.
bitopo. biotope. blematogeno. blemmatogen.
biotrof. biotroph. bola espora. spore ball.
biozona. biozone. life zone. bolsa. pouch.
bipalmado. bipalmate. bolsa digestiva. digestive pouch.
biparo. biparous. bombicina. bombycine.
biparticin. bipartition. borde. edge. rim.
bipartido. bipartite. borde de camino. raodside.
bipetalado. bipetalous. borde dentado. serration.
biptalo. bipetal. bordeado. bordered. edged.
bipinnado. bipinnate. boreal. boreal.
bipinnatifido. bipinnatifid. borla. tassel.
bipolar. bipolar. boro. boron.
birefringencia. birefringence. boscoso. woody.
birramoso. biramous. bosque. forest. woodland.
bisacado. bisaccate. bosque abierto. open forest. open
bisceo. byssaceous. woodland.
biscutado. biscutate. bosque aciculifolio. conifer forest
bisecto. bisected. bosque boreal. boreal forest.
biseriado. biseriate. bosque caducifolio de verano.
biserrado. biserrate. double serrated. deciduous summer forest.
bisetceo. bisetous. bosque caducifolio estacional.
bisexual. bisexual. deciduous seasonal forest.
bisulado. bisulcate. bosque caducifolio temperado.
bisulco polar. polar cleft. temperate deciduous forest.
bisimtrico. bisymmetric. bosque (plano)caducifolio. deciduous
biternado. biternate. forest. montane rain forest.
bitunicado. bitunicate. bosque caliza. limestone forest.
bosque de coniferas 508 brezo
bosque de coniferas. conifer forest. botnica. botany.
bosque de frondosas. broad-leaved botnica sistemtica. plant system-
forest (hardwood). atics.
bosque de galera. gallery forest. botnico. botanical. botanist.
bosque de lluvia tropical. tropical botn floral. flower bud.
rain forest. botn preventitio. preventitious bud.
bosque de manglar. mangrove for- botri-. botry-.
est. botriode. botryoid.
bosque de neblina. cloud forest. botuliforme. botuliform. sausage-
bosque esclerofilo. sclerophyllous shaped.
forest. bourgeone. bourgeon.
bosque espina. thorn forest. bozo. down.
bosque estacional tropical. tropi- BPCs. PCBs
cal seasonal forest. brctea. bract.
bosque lago. lake forest. brctea foliosa. bract-leaf.
bosque latifoliadas. broad leaf for- brctea involucral. chaff. involucral
est. bracts.
bosque liquen. lichen woodlands. brctea pericaetial. perichaetial bract.
bosque lluvioso. rain forest. brctea periognial. perigonial bract.
bosque mezclado perennifolio. ev- bracteado. bracteate.
ergreen mixed forest. brcteas espatiformes. falls.
bosque mixto. mixed forest. bracteodia. bracteody.
bosque montano tropical. tropical bractola. bracteole. bractlet.
montane forest. bractomania. bracteomania.
bosque montano. montane forest. bractoso. bracteose.
bosque monznico. monsoon forest. bradi-. brady-.
bosque natural. natural woodland. bradispora. bradyspore.
bosque pantanoso. swamp forest. braditlico. bradytelic.
bosque perennifolio. evergreen forest. braqui-. brachy-.
bosque pluvial. rain forest. braquiblasto. brachyblast.
bosque ribereo. riparian forest. braquicladio. brachycladous.
bosque sabana. savannah woodland. braquiforme. brachyform.
bosque secundario. secondary for- braquimeiosis. brachymeiosis.
est. braquiesclereida. brachysclereid.
bosque septentrional. boreal forest. braquial. brachiate.
bosque subalpino. subalpine forest. brazo. arm.
bosque tropical. tropical forest. brazo cromosmico. chromosome arm.
bosque virgen. old-growth forest. breoso. bushy.
virgin forest. brevemente. shortly.
bosquelatifoliadas. broad leaf for- brevi-. brevi-.
est. brevibrote. short shoot.
bosques manglar. mangrove forest. brevicolado. brevicollate. short-
bstrix. bostryx. necked.
botnica sistemtica. plant system- brezal. heath.
atics. brezo. heath.
brillante 509 butrous
brillante. glossy. shining. lustrous. bulbfero. bulbiferous.
brifita. bryophyte. bulbiforme. bulbiform.
brifitas. bryophytes. bulbilado. bulbillate.
brioftos. bryophytes. bulbillo del tallo. stem bulblet.
briologa. bryology. muscology. bulbillo. bulbel.
brionia. bryony. bullillo del tallo. stem bulblet.
bromelia. bromeliad. bulbilo. bulbil.
bromeliiforme. bromeliiform. bulbo. bulb.
broquiddroma. brochidodromous. bulbo aro. aerial bulb.
brotar. bud. sprout. burgeon. bulbo escamiforme. scaly bulb.
brote. innovation. outgrowth. shoot. bulbo laminado. laminated bulb.
brote adventicio. sucker. bulbo tunicadado. tunicate bulb.
brote areo. aerial shoot. bulbosa. bulbous.
brote lateral. lateral shoot. bulto. bulge.
brote terminal. terminal shoot. burdn. burdo.
brumalis. brumalis. bursicula. bursicule.
brunneus. brunneus. bursiculado. bursiculate.
bucle de regulacin. feedback loop. bursiforme. bursiform.
bulado. bullate. butrous. butro.
C 510 callejero
C. C. calcreo. calcareous.
Ca. Ca. calcariforme. calcarate. calcariform.
cabezuela. head. calceiforme. calceiform. calceolate.
cabezuela compuesta. compound head. calccola. calcicole.
cabezuela floral. flower head. calccolo. calcicolous.
cabillo. stalk. calcificacin. calcification.
ccico carbonato. calcium carbon- calcfilo. calciphilous.
ate. calciflorado. calyciflorate.
cadena alimentaria. food chain. calciforme. calciform.
cadena alimenticia. food chain. calcifuga. calcifuge.
cadena polinucleotdica. polynucle- calcfugo. calcifugugous
otide chain. calcio. calcium.
cadena polipeptica. polypeptide chain. calcio carbonato. calcium carbon-
cadena respiratorio. respiratory chain. ate.
cadena transportadora de electrones. calic-. calyc-.
electron transport chain. calicado. calycate.
cadena trfica. food chain. calicantemia. calycanthemy.
cadillo. burr. sticker. calciflorado. calyciflorate.
caducifloro. caduciflorous. calicifloral. calycifloral.
caducifolio. caducifolious. decidu- calciforme. calyciform.
ous. calcifuga. calcifuge.
caduco. caducous. calcifugo. calcifugous.
caeco. caecum. calicinar. calycine.
caedizo. caducous. calicino. calycine.
caeoma. caeoma. calicoide. calycoid.
caepitoso. caepitose. caliculado. calyculate.
caesius. caesius. calculo. calycle. calyculus.
cafeina. caffeine. caliculo. epicalyx.
caistobasidio. chaistobasidium. calino. caline.
cal. lime (agricultural). caliptra. calyptra. root cap.
calabasa. gourd. caliptrado. calyptrate. capped.
calamfero. calamiferous. caliptrgeno. calyptrogen.
calamiforme. calamiform. reed-like. cliz. calyx. cup.
clamo. calamus. cliz de agua. water calyx.
calatidio. calathidium. calathide. cliz floral. flower cup.
claza. chalaza. caliza. limestone.
calazogamia. chalazogamy. calizo. calcareous.
calcar. calcar. callejero. rambler.
calli- 511 capitelado
calli-. calli-. canal resinfero. resin canal.
callo (orqudea). callus (orchid). canal secretfero. canal secretory.
callosidad. callosity. canal secretorio. secretory canal.
caloria. calorie. canal valecular. vallecular canal.
calosa. callose. canalizacin. canalization.
calvescente. calvescent. canala. culmicole.
cama de siembra. seedbed. caavera. sedge.
cmara. chamber. cancelado. cancellate.
cmara aerfera. air chamber. cancro. canker.
cmara de anteridial. antheridial candidus. candidus.
chamber. canescente. canescent. hoary.
cmara polinica. pollen chamber. canoso (en indumentos). white
cmara prelaminar. prelamellar (haired).
chamber. canus. canus.
cmara substomatico. substomatic capa. scum. spumeous.
chamber. capacidad de adaptacin. adaptive
cmbio. cambium (pl. cambia). capacity.
cambio adaptivo. adaptive break- capacidad de cambio. exchange
through. capacity.
cambio de bases. base exchange. capacidad de cambio anion. anion
cambio de cationes. cation exchange. exchange capacity.
cambio de cultivo. shifting cultivation. capacidad de cambio base. base
cambium estratificado. stratified exchange capacity.
cambium. capadidad de cambio cation. cation
cmbium fascicular. fascicular exchange capacity.
cambium. capacidad de campo. field capac-
cmbium interfasicular. interfascicu- ity.
lar cambium. capacidad de carga. carrying capacity.
cmbium subergeno. cork cambium. capacidad de fotosinttico. photosyn-
cambium vascular. vascular cambium. thetic capacity.
cam-. chamae-. capacidad reproductor. reproduc-
cam(o)fito. chamae(o)phyte. tive capacity.
camelinus. camelinus. capa de aleurona. aleurone layer.
camnio. camnium. capa de esporgeno. sporogenous
campaniforme. campaniform. layer.
campanulado. campanulate. capa del ozona. ozone layer.
campestris. campestris. capa esponjoso. spongy layer.
campildroma. campylodromous. capa pilfera. pilerous layer.
camptodromous. caperuza. cap.
campiltropo. campylotropous. capilar. capillaceous. capillary.
campo. field. capilicio. capillitium.
camptdroma. camptodromous. capiliforme. capiliform.
caa. cana. cane. haulm. reed. culm. capitado. capitate.
canal. canal. capitalista. capitalist.
canal estilar. stylar canal. capitelado. capitellate.
capitelo 512 cariopsis
capitelo. capitellum. character.
capitular. capitular. carcter mendeliano. mendelian
capituliforme. capituliform. inheritance.
captulo. capitulum. carcter poco fidedigo. unreliable
captulo esprangiolfero. sporangioli- character.
ferous head. carcter polignico. polygenic char-
captulo floral. flower head. acter.
capreolado. capreolate. carcter unidad. unit character.
capreolo. capreolus. carcter variante. variant charac-
caprificacin. caprification. ter.
cpsida. capsid. caracterstica hereditario. heredi-
capsmero. capsomere. tary characteristic.
cpsula. boll. capsule. caracteristica. trait.
cpsula acrocidal. acrocidal capsule. caracteristico. characteristic.
cpsula basicida. basicidal capsule. carters genrico. generic charac-
cpsula denticida. denticidal cap- ters.
sule. carbohidrato. carbohydrates.
cpsula operculado. operculate cap- carbohidraza. carbohydrase.
sule. carbono. carbon.
cpsula de semilla. seed capsule. carbono 14 radiactivo. radioactive
cpsula seminal. seed capsule. carbon -14.
cpsula valvar. valvular capsule. carboxidismutasa. carboxydismutase.
cpsulado. capsulate. carboxilasa. carboxylase.
capsular. capsular. carboxlico. carboxyl group.
capuchn. hood. carcrulo. carcerulus.
capullo. blossom. carcrulo esquizocarpico. schizo-
capullo floral. flower bud. carpic carcerule.
carcter. character. carenado. keeled.
carcter accesorio. accessory char- carga gentica. genetic load.
acter. cariallagico. caryallagic.
carcter adaptivo. adaptive char- carister. karyaster.
acter carina. carina.
carcter adquirido. acquired char- carinado. carinate.
acter. cario-. caryo-. karyo-.
cracter complejo. complex char- carioide. caryoid.
acter. cariocinesis. karyokinesis.
carcter cualitativo. qualitative cariogamia. karyogamy.
characters. cariolinfa. karyolymph.
carcter cuantitativo. quantitative cariologa. karyology.
characters. carimero. karomere.
carcter de adaptacin. adaptive cariomicrosoma. karyomicrosome.
character. carimito. chromosome.
carcter especfico. specific char- caripdide. caryopsis.
acter. carioplasm. karyoplasm.
carcter hereditario. hereditary cariopsis. caryopsis. grain.
cariorrexis 513 caulifloro
cariorrexis. karyorhexis. casmfito. chasmophyte.
cariosoma. karyosome. casmgama. chasmogamous.
carioteca. karyotheca. casmogamia. chasmogamy.
cariotina. karyotin. chromatin. casmgamico. chasmogamic.
cariotipo. karyotype. casquete nuclear. nuclear cap.
carneus. carneus. casquete polar. polar cap.
carnicero. carnivorous. castao. castaneous.
carnivoro. carnivore. castracin parsita. parasitic cas-
carnvoro. carnivorous. tration.
carnosa. carnose. cata-. kata-.
carnoso. fleshy. sarcous. catabolismo. catabolism.
carnuloso. carnulose. catacintico. katakinetic.
caroteno. carotene. catacinetmero. katakinetomere.
carotenoide. carotenoid. catacorola. catacorolla.
carotina. carotin. catadroma. katadromous. catadro-
carotinoide. carotinoid. mous.
carozo. stone. catafasa. kataphase.
carpelar. carpellary. carpellate. catafilo. cataphyll.
carpelo. carpel. catalasa. catalase.
carpeloide. carpelloid. catlisis. catalysis.
carpido. carpid. catalizador. catalyst.
carpo-. carpo-. catalizar. catalyze.
carpfita. carpophyte. catatecio. catathecium.
carpforo. carpophore. catecol. catechol.
carpogeno. carpogenous. categoria. rank.
carpogonio. carpogonium. categorizacin de Raunkiaer.
carpologa. carpology. Raunkiaer categorization.
carpopodio. carpopodium. catenacin. catenation.
carpospora. carpospore. catenuliforme. catenuliform.
carposporfito. carposporophyte. catenado. catenate.
carposprangio. carposporangium. catin. cation.
carpotrfico. carpotrophic. catotecio. cathothecium.
cartceo. chartaceous. paper-like. cauda. cauda.
cartceo. paper-like. caudado. caudate. tailed.
cartilaginoso. cartilaginous. cudice. caudex.
carncula. caruncle. caudiculado. caudiculate.
carunculado. carunculate. caudculo. caudicle.
cscara. husk. rind. shell. caul-. caul-.
cscara delgada. thin-shelled. caulescente. caulescent.
cscara espesa. thick-shelled. caulicula. caulicule.
casco. helmet. cauliculo. cauliculus.
casco. hull. caulculo. caulicle.
casideo. cassideous. caulfero. cauliferous.
casmocleistogamico. chasmocleisto- caulifloria. cauliflory.
gamic. caulifloro. cauliflorous.
cauliforme 514 clula esporgeno
cauliforme. cauliform. stem-like. clula anteridial. antheridial cell.
cauligeno. cauligenous. clula antipodal. antipodal cell.
caulinar. cauline. stem-like. clula apical. apical cell.
caulino. cauline. clula auxiliar. auxilliary cell.
caulis. caulis. clula axil. axial cell.
caulocrpico. caulocarpic. clula asogenico. asogenic cell.
caulocrpo. caulocarpous. clula basal. basal cell.
caulocistidio. caulocystidium. clula buliforme. bulliform cell.
caulocole. caulicolous. clula cambiforme. cambiform cell.
cauloide. cauloid. clula canal. canal cell.
caulomo. caulome. clula canal del cuello. neck canal
causada por un hongo. wet rot. cell.
caverncola. cavernicolous. clula canal del vientre. ventral canal
cavidad. cavity. reservoir. sac. cell.
cavidad branquial. gill cleft. gill clula caperuza. cap cell.
slit. clula circular. ring cell.
cavidad espora. spore sac. clula de cierre. guard cell.
cavidad frontal. frontal cavity. clula colector. collecting cell.
cavidad punteadura. pit cavity. clula columnar. columnar cell.
cavidad savia. sap cavity. clula corporal. body cell.
cavitacin. cavitation. clula cribosa. sieve cell.
cecideo. cecidium. clula cpula. dome cell.
cecidizacin. cecidization. clula de cierre. guard cell.
cefal-. cephal-. clula de guarda. guard cell.
cefalina. cephalin. clula de labio. lip cells.
cefalio. cephalium. clula de los radios medulares.
cefalobranquial. cephalobranchial. medullary ray cell.
cefalodeo. cephalodium. clula del tapete. tapetal cell.
cefaloide. cephaloid. clula de malpighi(o). malpighian cell.
cegamiento. warping (of land). clula de paso. passage cell.
ceilocistidio. cheilocystidium. clula de relleno. packing cell.
ceimplasma. keimplasm. clula de transicin. transition cell.
cellulaso. cellulase. clular de transfusin. transfusion
cellulosa fngico. fungal cellulose. cell.
celo-. coelo. clula digestiva. digestive cell.
celobiosa. cellobiose. clula en empalizada. palisade cell.
celomicetos. coelomycetes. clula enjambre. swarm cell.
celospermo. coelospermous. clula en reposo. resting cell.
clula. cell. clula epibasal. epibasal cell.
clula accesorio. accessory cell. clula esclerosa. stone cell.
clula acompaante. companion cell. clula esclertico. sclerotic cell.
clula adhesivo. adhesive cell. clula espermatgeno. spermatog-
clula albuminoso. albuminous cell. enous cell.
clula andrgino. androgonal cell. clula esponjoso. spongy cell.
clula anexa. companion cell. clula esporgeno. sporogenous cell.
clula estril 515 centro gentico
clula estril. sterile cell. celular embudo. funnel cell.
clula germinal. germ cell. clular generador. generative cell.
clula germinal primaria. primor- clular generativo. generative cell.
dial germ cell. celular hibrido. hybrid cell.
clula germinativa. germ cell. clular opercular. opercular cell.
clula hermana. sister cell. celular polar. polar cell.
clula hialina. hyaline cell. clula receptora. receptor cell.
clula hija. daughter cell. clula rizoidal. rhizoidal cell.
clula hiperbasal. hyperbasal cell. clula somtica. somatic cell.
clula huevo. egg cell. clula turbinado. turbinate cell.
clula inicial. initial cell. clula de tubo. tube cell.
clula intercalar. intercalary cell. clula vegetativo. vegetative cell.
clula ltex. latex cell. clular transferencia. transfer cell.
clula madre. mother cell. celular verde. green cell.
clula madre del polen. pollen mother celulosa. cellulose.
cell. clulosa de reserva. reserve cellu-
clula madre de xilema. xylem Mother lose.
Cell. cementacin. cementation.
clula motor. motor cell. ceno-. coeno-.
clula nudo. node cell. cenobio. coenobium.
clula nutricia. nurse cell. cenocentro. coenocentrum.
clula oclusiva. guard cell. cenocisto. coenocyst.
clula pediculo. pedicle cell. cenocito. coenocyte.
clula pericentral. pericentral cell. cenogametangio. coenogametangium.
clula perifrico. peripheral cell. cenogameto. coenogamete.
clula ptrea. stone cell. cenosoro. coenosorus.
clula placentaria. placental cell. cenospecie. coenospecies.
clula primordial. primordial cell. cenote. sinkhole.
clula radial marginal. marginal ray censairo mecanismo. censer mecha-
cell. nism.
clula raqueta. racket cell. centonado. centonate.
clula receptora. receptor cell. central (raz). tap root.
clula secretora. secretory cell. central. central.
clula sexual. gamete. sex cell. centrfugo. centrifugal.
clula somtica. somatic cell. centrolo. centriole.
clula subsidiaria. accessory cell. centrpeta. centripetal.
subsidiary cell. centro activo. active site.
clula tectriz. cover cell. centro ascigero. ascigerous centrum.
clula vegetativo. vegetative cell. centro de diversidad. center of di-
celular. cellular. versity.
celular central. central cell. centro de origen. center of origin.
celular complementario. complemen- centrodesma. centrodesmus.
tary cell. centro de reaccin. reaction center.
clular de transfusin. transfusion centro reductor. reducing center.
cell. centro gentico. genecenter.
centro gnico 516 cigfito
centro gnico. genecenter. cclica hdrico. hydrologic cycle.
centrmero. centromere. cclica hrico. hydrologic cycle.
centrosoma. centrosome. cclico. cyclic.
cepceo. cepaceous. ciclo. cycle.
cera. wax. ciclo-. cyclo-.
ceranoide. ceranoid. ciclo alimentario. food cycle
cerat-. cerat-. ciclo alimenticio. food cycle.
cercano. near. ciclo biogeoqumico. biogeochemical
cerda. bristle. cycle.
cerdoso. bristly. ciclo clula. cell cycle.
cereales. cereals. ciclo cromosmico. chromosome cycle.
cerebriforme. cerebriform. ciclo de Krebs. Krebs cycle.
cerfero. ceriferous. ceraceous. ciclo de nutrientes. nutrient cycle.
cero fisiolgia. physiological zero. ciclo de oxgeno. oxygen cycle.
ceroso. waxy. ciclo de sequa. drought cycle.
certacin. certation. ciclo de vida. life cycle.
ceruus. ceruus. ciclo del cido ctrico. citric acid
csped. lawn. cycle. Krebs cycle.
cespitoso. caespitose. cespitose. ciclo del cido tricarboxilico.
cestilla de propgulos. cyathus. tribarboxylic acid cycle.
gemma cup. ciclo del agua. water cycle.
cetona. ketone. ciclo del azufre. sulfur cycle.
cetosa. ketose. ciclo del carbono. carbon cycle.
ceto-uracilo. keto-uracil. ciclo del glioxalato. glyoxylic cy-
ceviatmico. Vitamin C. cle.
chaparral. chaparral. ciclo del nitrgeno. nitrogen cycle.
charfita. charophytes. ciclo glioxlico. glyoxylic cycle.
chimenea. chimney. ciclo pentosa-fosfato. pentose-phos-
choclo. maize. corn. phate cycle.
choque trmica. thermal shock. ciclo vital. life cycle.
chupn. sucker. ciclosis. cyclosis
ciano-. cyano-. ciclosporo. cyclosporous.
cianobacteria. cyanobacteria. ciego. blind.
cianoplasto. cyanoplast. cinaga. morass.
ciat-. cyath-. ciencia del suelo. soil science.
ciatiforme. cyathiform. ciencias ambientales. environmen-
ciatio. cyathium. tal science.
cicad. cycad. ciencias biolgicas. life sciences.
cicatricoso. scarred. ciencias naturales. natural science.
cicatriz. cicatrix. scar. blemish. cinega. swamp. morass.
cicatriz de la hoja. leaf scar. cieno. ooze. silt.
cicatriz foliar. leaf scar. cifela. cyphella.
cicatriz imperfeccin. blemish. cigo-. zygo-.
cicatriz stipular. stipular scar. cigfase. zygophase.
cicatriz trasa. trace scar. cigfito. zygophyte.
cigforo 517 cistolito
cigforo. zygophore. cimula. cymule.
cigomorfismo. zygomorphism. cinarrodon. hip.
zygomorphy. cinc. zinc.
cigomorfo. zygomorphic. cincino. cincinnus.
cignema. zygonema. cinreo. cinereous.
cigosis. zygosis. cinerus. cinerus.
cigospora. zygospore. cinetmero. kinetomere.
cigsporangio. zygosporangium. cinetosoma. kinetosome.
cigosporforo. zygosporophore. cingulado. cingulate.
cigteno. zygotene. cininado. cinnate.
cigtico. zygotic. cino. kino.
cigoto. zygote. cinoplasma. kinoplasm.
cigoto diploide. diploid zygote. cinorrodon. cynarrhodion.
cigtropismo. zygotropism. cipsela. cypsela.
cigozoospora. zygozoospore. cipsela erizada. bur.
cilia. cilia. cirado. cirrate.
ciliado. ciliate. circadiano. circadian.
ciliatulado. ciliatulate. circinado. circinate.
cilndrical. cildrical. circuito de regulacin. feedback loop.
cilndrico. cyclindric circulacin. circulation.
cilindro. cylinder. circular. circular.
cilindro estereoma. stereome cyl- circulo. circle.
inder. crculo de renovacin. renewal cy-
cilindro vascular. vascular cylinder. cle.
cilio. cilium. crculo de renuevo. renewal cycle.
cilolado. ciliolate. circulacin. circulation.
cima. cyme. circun-. circum-.
cima (de rbol). tree-top. circunbasal. circumbasal.
cima bpara. dichasium. circucaulo. circumcaulous.
cima escorpioide. scorpioid cyme. circumnudado. circumnutate.
cima helicoide. helicoid cyme. circumnutacin. circumnutation.
cima simple. simple cyme. circuncaulo. circumcaulous.
cima unpara. uniparous cyme. circuncisil. circumscissile.
cimasa. zymase. circunferencia. circumference. girth.
cimbiforme. boat-shaped. cymbiform. circunferencial. circumferential.
cmbium. cambium. cirriforme. cirrhous.
cimfito. zymophyte. cirro. cirrus (pl. cirri).
cimgeno. zymogen. zymogenic. ciste. cyst.
zymogenous. cisteina. cysteine.
cimognero. zymogenus. cisternae. cisternae.
cimhexosa. zymohexose. cistidio. cystidium.
cimolisis. zymolysis. cistina. cystine.
cimologa. zymology. cistocarpo. cystocarp.
cimoso. cymose. cistgeno. cystogenous.
cimotico. zymotic. cistolito. cystolith.
cistosoro 518 clima
cistosoro. cystosorus. cladistico. cladistic.
cistosporo. cystospore. clado. clade.
cistrn. cistron. cladocarpo. cladocarpous.
cistrn redundante. redundant cistron. cladodio. cladode.
citiqumica. cytochemistry. claddromo. cladodromous.
cito-. cyto-. cladofilo. cladophyll.
citobiologa. cytobiology. cladosifnico. cladosiphonic.
citocinesis. cytokinesis. cladognesis. cladogenesis.
citcroma. cytochrome. cladogeno. cladogenous.
citcromo. cytochrome. cladograma. cladogram.
citodiresis. cytodiaeresis. clamideo. chlamydeous.
citodo. cytode. clamido-. chlamydo-.
citoesqueleto. cytoskeleton. clamidspora. chlamydospore.
citofaringe. cytopharnyx. clan. clan.
citogamia. cytogamy. claro. clearing.
citognesis. cytogenesis. clase. class.
citogentica. cytogenetics. clasificacin. classification.
citogeno. cytogenous. clasificacin artifcial. artificial
citolinfa. cytolymph. classification.
citolisina. cytolysin. clasificacin del suelo. soil classi-
citlisis. cytolysis. fication.
citologa. cytology. clasificacin fenetico. phenetic clas-
citolgico. cytological. sification.
citomicrosoma. cytomicrosome. clasificacin filtica. phyletic
citomorfosis. cytomorphosis. classification.
citopatgeno. cytopathogenic. clasificacin filogentico.
citoplasma. cytoplasm(a). phylogenetic classification.
citoplasma fundamental matriz. clasificacin natural. natural clas-
cytoplasmic matric. sification.
citoplasma perifrico. peripheral clatroide. clathroid.
cytoplasm. clatrado. latticed. clathrate.
citoplasmtica. cytoplasmic matrix. clatriforme. clathriform.
citoplasmtico. cytoplasm(at)ic clatrodo. clathrate.
citoplsmico. cytoplasm(at)ic. clava. clava.
citoqumica. cytochemistry. clavado. clavate.
citoquinesis. cytokinesis. clave gentica. genetic code.
citoquinina. cytokinin. claviforme. claviform. club-shaped.
citosina. cytosine. clavulado. clavulate.
citosoma. cytosome. cledio. chledium.
citotaxonomia. cytotaxonomy. cleistocarpo. cleistocarp.
citoma. ytome. cleistgamo. cleistogamous.
citotropismo. cytotropism. cleistogamia. cleistogamy.
citriforme. citriform. lemon-shaped. cleistogen. cleistogene.
cizaa. darnel. weed. cleistotecio. cleistothecium.
Cl. Cl. clima. climate.
climacterico 519 coeficiente de seleccin
climacterico. climacteric. coadunato. coadunate. connate.
clmax bitico. biotic climax. coagulacin. coagulation.
clmax climtico. climatic climax. coalescente. coalescent.
climax de antropognico. anthro- cobre. copper.
pogenic climax. cocaina. cocaine.
clmax de bosque. forest climax. coarctado. coarctate.
climax dominante. climax dominant. cobertizo. lath house.
clmax edfica. edaphic climax. cobre. copper. cupreous.
clmax fisiogrfico. physiographic coccineus. coccineus.
climax. coccoide. coccoid.
climax predominante. prevailing coco. coccus (pl. cocci).
climax. cochleado. cochleate.
clina. cline. cociente de asimilacin. assimila-
clinandrio. clinandrium. tory quotient.
clinanto. clinanthium. cociente repiratorio (CR). respiratory
clinstato. clinostat. klinostat. quotient (RQ).
clinotrfico. klinotrophic. cclea. cochlea.
clipeado. clypeate. coclear. cochlear. spoon-shaped.
clipeiforme. clypeiform. cdigo degenerado. degenerate code.
clon. clone. cdigo gentico. genetic code.
clonal. clonal. Cdigo Internacionales de Nomencl-
clono. clone. atura Botnico. International Code
clorantia. chloranthy. of Botanical Nomenclature.
clornquima. chlorenchyma. codominante. codominant.
cloro. chlorine. codn. condon.
cloro-. chloro- cdon absurdo. nonsense condon.
clorofila. chlorophyll. cdon sin sentido. nonsense condon.
clorfilase. chlorophyllase. coefciente de coincidencia. coef-
clorfilo. chlorophyllous. ficient of coincidence.
clorofilgeno. chlorophyllogen. coeficiente de consanguinidad. in-
cloroplasto. chloroplast. breeding coefficient.
cloroplasto axil. axile chloroplast. coeficiente de defusin. diffusion
clorosis. chlorosis. coefficient.
clorstatolito. chlorostatolith. coefciente de endogamia. coeffi-
cloruro de sodio. sodium chloride. cient of inbreeding.
cloruro sdico. sodium chloride. coeficiente de heterogonico. hetero-
closterospora. closterospore. gonic coefficient.
closteroviruses. closteroviruses. coeficiente de inbreeding. inbreeding
clusa. nutlet. coefficient.
CMP. PMC. coeficiente de marchitamiento. wilting
co-. co-. coefficient.
coa(da)ptacin. coadaption. coeficiente de regresin. regression
coaccin. coaction. coefficient.
coacervado. coacervate. coeficiente de seleccin. selection
coadnato. coadnate. joined. coefficient.
coeficiente de temperatura 520 complementacin intercistrnica
coeficiente de temperatura (Q 10 ). colonizacin. colonization.
temperature coefficient (Q 10 ). colonizaar. colonize.
coeficiente fotosinttico. photosyn- color. color.
thetic quotient. color amarillo. yellow color.
coenzima. coenzyme. colorante cido. acid dye.
coenzima 1 . coenzyme 1. colorante bsico. basic dye.
coenzima 2. coenzyme 2. colorante nuclear. nuclear stain.
coenzima A. coenzyme A. color blanco. white color.
coetneo. coetaneous. color malva. mauve color.
coevolucin. coevolution. color oro. gold color. yellowish.
cofactor. cofactor. color protectora. protective color.
cofia. root cap. color roja-violeta. red-violet color.
coherirse. cohere. color violeta. violet color.
coherente. coherent. coloracin vital. vital staining.
cohesin. cohesion. columela. columella.
cohesin mecansimo. cohesion mecha- columelliforme. columelliform.
nism. columna. column.
cohorte. cohort. columnar. columnar.
cojinete foliar. leaf cushion. com-. com-.
colabente. collabent. coma. coma.
colateral. collateral. comado. comate.
colchicina. colchicine. comedor de fango. mull.
colnquima. collenchyma. comensals. commensals.
colnquima permanente. permanent comensalismo. commensalism
collenchyma. comisura. commissure.
colnquima temporario. temporary comfito. chomophyte.
collenchyma. como hilo. thread-like.
colegeno. coleogen. como pluma. feathery.
coleptilo. coleoptile. comoso. comose. papose.
coleriza. coleorhiza. compaginado. compaginate.
colesterol. cholesterol. compartimental(liza)cin. compart-
colgante. pendulous. alization.
coliculoso. colliculose. compatible. compatible.
colinearidad. colinearity. compensacin. compensation.
colquicina. colchicine. compensacin de dosificain. dos-
colina. choline. age compensation.
colinearidad. colinearity. competencia interespecfica. inter-
collete. collet. collar. specific competition.
collinus. collinus. competencia. competition.
colmatacin. warping (of land). compital. compital.
colofonia. colophony. rosin. complanado. complanate.
coloide. colloid. complejo sinptinemal. synaptinemal
colonia. community. complex.
colonial. colonial. complementacin intercistrnica.
colonista. colonist. interchange.
complemento cromosmico 521 confluente
complemento cromosmico. chro- con parches. patchily.
mosome complement. conato. connate.
composicin florstica. floristic conato perfoliado. connate-perfoliate.
compostion. concatenado. concatenate.
comprimido. complanate. compressed. cncavo. concave.
compuestas. Compositae. concentracin de hidrogeniones.
compuesto. composite. compound. hydrogen ion concentration.
compuesta orgnico. organic com- conceptculo. conceptacle.
pound. conchado. conchate.
compuesta tripinado. tripinnately concinnus. concinnus.
compound. concolor. unicolored. concolor.
compuesto inorgico. inorganic concoloro. concolorous.
compound. concordancia. concordance.
compuesto secundario. secondary concrescencia. concrescence. sym-
compounds. physis.
comunidad abierta. open commu- concrescente. concrescent. concrete.
nity. coalesced.
comunidad bitica. biotic commu- condensacin. condensation.
nity. condensado. condensed.
comunidad cerrado. closed commu- condicin de la tierra. tilth.
nity. condiciones meterolgicas. weather.
comunidad climcico. climax com- condioesporangio. condiosporangium.
munity. condispora. condiospore.
comunidad climtico. climatic com- condominancia. codominance.
munity. condominante. codominant.
comunidad climax. climax community. cndon absurdo. nonsense condon.
comunidad complementario. com- cndon de paro. terminator condon.
plementary community. cndon sin sentido. nonsense condon.
comunidad estable. stable commu- condrioconto. chondriocont.
nity. condriolisis. chondriolysis.
comunidad final. climax community. condriomita. chondriomite.
comunidad inestable. unstable com- condriosoma. chondrisome.
munity. condroide. chondroid.
comunidad inmaduro. immature conduccin de agua. water conduction.
community. conduccin fototrpico. phototropic
comunidad marginal. marginal com- conduction.
munity. conducto. duct.
comunidad pionera. pioneer com- conducto resinoso. resin duct.
munity. conduplicado. complicate. condupl-
comunidad reliquial. relic(t) com- icate.
munity. conectivo. connective.
comunidad seral. seral community. confertus. confertus.
comunidad vegetal. plant commu- confervoide. confervoid.
nity. configuracin. configuration.
conacin. connation. confluente. confluent.
congnere 522 convoluto estivacin
congnere. congeneric. conspecific. constricto. constricted.
congnito. congenital. consumidor. consumer.
congestado. congested. consumidor primario. primary con-
conglobado. conglobate. sumer.
conglomerado. agglomerate. conglom- consumidor secundario. second-
erate. ary consumer.
conglutinado. conglutinate. contabescente. contabescent.
congregado. congregate. contaminacin. pollution.
congresin. congression. contaminacin del agua. water pol-
cnico. conic. conical. cone-shaped. lution.
conideo. conidium (pl. conidia). contaminacin del aire. air pollu-
conidiforo. conidiophore. tion.
conidiosporangio. condiosporangium. contaminante. contaminant.
confera. conifer. contaminar. pollute.
confero. coniferous. contaminarase. contaminated.
conivente. connivent. contermino. conterminous.
conjugacin. conjugation. contexto. context.
conjugado. conjugate. contingente. contingent.
conjunto. group. contiguo. contiguous.
conjunto de matas. thicket. continuo. continuum. continuous.
cono. cone. continuo de apareamiento. mating
cono de fertilizacin. fertilization continuum.
cone. contorsionado. contorted.
cono entrada. entrance cone. contorsionduplicado. contorto-
con parches. patchily. duplicate.
conparecido. consimilar. contrafuerte. buttress.
consanguinea. consanguinous. contraccin secundario. secondary
conservacin. conservation. contraction.
conservacin de la naturaleza. con- control de estructural. structural
servation of nature. control.
conservacin del biolgico. biological control genotpica. genotypic con-
conservation. trol.
conservacin del medio abmiente. control quimico. chemical control.
biological conservation. convergencia. convergence.
conservacin del suelo. soil conser- convergencia adaptivo. adaptive
vation. convergence.
consociacin. consociation. convergente de efarmonico.
consortismo. consortism. epharmonic convergence.
conspecifco. conspecific. conversin de gene. gene conver-
conspicuamente. distinctly. sion.
constelado. constellate. convertir en abono. compost.
constipado. constipate. convexo. convex.
constriccin. constriction. convoluto. convolute.
constriccin primario. primary con- convoluto estivacin. convolute
striction. aestivation.
copa del rbol 523 corteza
copa del rbol. tree crown. corniculado. corniculate
copa propagulfera. cyathus. gemma corola. corolla.
cup. corolceo. corollaceous.
copa. crown. corolado. corollate.
copa floral. cup. corolete. corollet.
copa propagulfera. gemma cup. corolfero. corolliferous.
copado. crown. coroliforme. corolliform.
copal. copal. corolino. corolline.
coprfilo. coprophilous. corona. corona.
cpula. copulation. coronado. coronate. with corona.
copulacin. copulation. coroniform. coroniform.
coral. coral. coronula. coronule.
coralino. coralline. corporal alimenticia. food body.
coraloide. coral-like. coralloid. corriente. streaming.
corazn. core. corriente de transpiraction. tran-
corazn de la madera. heartwood. spiration stream.
corazn vegetativo. vegetative core. corriente plasmtica. protoplasmic
corazn de xilema. xylem core. streaming.
corcho. cork. corriente transpiratoria. transpi-
corchoso. corky ration stream.
cordifolous. cordifolius. corte tranversal. section.
cordiforme. heart-shaped. cordiform. corteza. shreddy bark.
cordn vascular. vascular strand. corteza cscara. shell bark.
coremio. coremium. corteza exterior. outer bark.
coremiforme. coremiform. corteza secundario. secondary cortex.
cornezuelo. ergot. cortina. curtain. cortin.
co-represor. corepressor. corpsculo. corpuscle.
cori-. chori-. corpsculo basal. basal corpuscle.
coriacelado. coriacellate. corpsculo central. central body.
coriceo. coriaceous. corpsculo de inclusin. inclusion
corion. corium. body
corimbiforme. corymbiform. corpsculo polar. polar body.
corimbo. corymb. corpsculo primaria. primary body.
corimboso. corymbose. correlacin. correlation.
corion. corium. correpresor. corepressor.
coriptalo. choripetalous. corriente. streaming.
corispalo. chorisepalous. corrugado. corrugated.
corisis. chorisis. cortar y quemar agricultura. slash
cormillo. cormel. and burn agriculture.
cormo. corm(us). corte tranversal. section.
cormfito. cormophyte. crtex. cortex.
crneo. horny. corneous. crtex fastigiado. fastigate cortex.
cornezuelo. ergot. crtex fibrosa. fibrous cortex.
cornculo. horn. corteza. bark. cortex. rind. shreddy
corniforme. corniform. bark.
corteza alado 524 crimio
corteza alado. winged bark. tip growth.
corteza anillado. ringed bark. crecimiento celular. cell growth.
corteza exterior. outer bark. crecimiento deslizante. gliding
corteza fisurada. fissured bark. growth. sliding growth.
corteza liso. smooth bark. crecimiento difuso. diffuse growth.
corticado. corticate. crecimiento elstico. elastic growth.
cortical. cortical. crecimiento estndar. standard.
corticcola. corticolous. crecimiento exponencial. exponential
cortiledn. seminal leaf. growth.
cortina. cortin(a). crecimiento exponencial ecuacin.
coscinocistidio. coscinocystidium. exponential growht equation.
coscinoide. coscinoid. crecimiento horizontal. sympodial
coser. splice. growth.
cosmopolita. cosmopolitan. crecimiento intercalar. intercalary
costa. costa. shoreline. growth.
costal. costal. crecimiento linear. linear growth.
costa litoral. seacoast. crecimiento primario. primary growth.
costapalmado. costapalmate. crecimiento secundar. second growth.
costato. fluted. ribbed. crecimiento secundario. secondary
costilla. costule. ridge. rib. growth.
costillado. fluted. ribbed. crecimiento simpodial. sympodial
costilla media. midrib. growth.
costra. scab. crecimiento tricotalico. trichothallic
cotiledn. cotyledon. seed leaf. growth.
cotiliforme. cotyliform. crecimiento vegetativo. vegetative
cozaa. weed. growth.
CR. RQ. cremnfito. kremnophyte.
crampn. crampon. cremocarpo. cremocarp.
crassi-. crasi-. crenado. crenate.
crasicarpo. pachycarpous. crenio. crenium.
crasicaule. pachycaulous. sarco- crenulado. crenulate.
caulous. crepuscular. crepuscular.
crasiclado. pachycladous. crescentrico. crescentric.
craspeddromo. craspedodromous. crespo. crispate.
crassus. crassus. cresta. cresta. ridge. comb.
crsula. crassula (pl. crassulae). bar crestado. crested. cristate.
of Sanio. Sanios band. Sanios crestas mitocondriales. crista(e).
rim. cra. breeding.
crateriforme. crateriform. criador de semillas. seed breeder.
Creacin especial. special Creation. cria verdadera. true breeding.
creacionismo. creationism. crianza de lineas. line breeding.
creacionista. creationist. cribar. sieve.
crecer. grow. cribforme. sieve-like.
crecimiento. growth. upgrowth. cribriforme. cribriform.
crecimiento apical. apical growth. crimio. crymium.
crinito 525 cruciado
crinito. crinite. cromforo. chromophorous.
crinitus. crinitus. cromforo de sobra. shade chromo-
criobiologa. cryobiology. phore.
crifilo. cryophil. cromogeno. chromogen.
crifito. cryophyte. cromogeno respiratorio. respiratory
criplancton. cryoplankton. chromogen.
cript-. crypto-. cromogenico. chromogenic.
criptbiosis. cryptobiosis. crommero. chromomere.
criptfito. cryptophyte. cromonema. chromonema (pl. chromo-
criptgamo. cryptogam(ous). nemata).
criptgamo vascular. vascular cryp- cromopara. chromoparous.
togam. cromoplasto. chromoplast.
criptmero. cryptomere. cromosoma. chromosomes.
criptomerisomo. cryptomerism. cromosoma accesorio. accessory
criptfito. cryptophyte. chromosome.
criptplasma. cryptoplasm. cromosoma acntrico. accentric
criptstoma. cryptostoma. chromosome.
crisocromo. chrysochrome. cromosoma anular. ring chromosome.
crisogonidio. chrysogonidium. cromosoma arlequin. harlequin chro-
cristalografa de rayos X. x-ray mosome.
crystallogrphy. cromosoma hijo. daughter chromo-
cristaloide. crystalloid. some.
cristalwort. glasswort. cromosoma homlogo. homologous
cristato. cristate. chromosome.
cristatus. cristatus. cromosoma metacntrico. metacentric
critalografa de rayos X. x-ray chromosome.
crystallography. cromosoma mltiple. multiple chro-
croma. chroma. mosome.
cromasico. chromasic. cromosoma sexual. sex chromosome.
cromtida. chromatid. cromosoma telocntrico. telocentric
cromtida hermana. sister chromatid. chromosome.
cromtida hermana de cambio. sister cromosoma W. W-cromosoma.
chromatid exchange. cromosoma X. X-chromosome.
cromatidio. chromatid. cromosoma Y. Y-chromosome.
cromatidios. chromatidia. cromosoma Z. Z-chromosome.
cromatina. chromatin. cromosomal. chromosomal.
cromatforico. chromatophoric. cromosmico. chromosomal.
cromatforo. chromatophore. cronispora. chronispore.
cromatlisis. chromatolysis. cronospecie. chronospecies.
cromatoplasma. chromatoplasm. crosier. crosier.
cromidio. chromidium (pl. chromidia) cruce. cross breed. cross.
cromiolo. chromiole. cruce dihibrido. dihybrid cross.
cromo-. chromo-. cruce monohbrido. monohybrid cross.
cromocentro. chromocenter. cruce recproco. reciprocal cross.
cromocondria. chromochondria. cruciado. cruciate.
cruciforme 526 curvatura geotrpica
cruciforme. cross-shaped. cruciform. cuculado. cucullate. cuculliform.
cruentus. cruentus. cuculiforme. cuculliform.
crustceo. crustaceous. cucurbitceo. cucurbitaceous.
crustoso. crustose. cuello. collar. neck.
cruza. cross breed. cross. cuello de la raz. root collar.
cruzamiento. cross breeding. inbreed- cuerctina. quercitin.
ing. cuerpo basal. basal body.
cruzamiento de prueba. test cross. cuerpo cintica. kinetic energy.
cruzamiento exgeno. outcrossing. cuerpo de Golgi. Golgi body.
cruzamiento recproco. reciprocal cuerpo de incluson. inclusion body.
cross. cuerpo fructfero. fruiting body.
cruzamiento retrgrado. backcross. cuerpo impulsor. stem body.
cruzar. cross breed. cross. cuerpo oleoso. elaioplast. oil body.
cruzas radiales. top cross. cuerpo receptivo. receptive body.
cteno-. cteno-. cuesco. stone.
ctenoide. ctenoid. cultigeno. cultigen.
Cu. CU. cultivar. cultivar. raise.
cuadrado. quadrate. cultivo. culture.
cuadrangular. quadrangular. cultivo axnico. axenic culture.
cuadrate. quadrat. cultivo de tejido. tissue culture.
cuadri-. quadri-. cultivo de agua. water culture.
cuadricpsular. quadricapsular. cultivo hidropnico. hydroponics.
cuadrifario. quadrifarious. cultivo puro. pure culture.
cuadrifido. quadrifid. cultivo tisular. tissue culture.
cuadrifilo. quadriphyllous. cultriforme. cultriform.
cuadrifoliado. quadrifoliate. cultura de arena. sand culture.
cuadrifoliolado. quadrifoliolate. cumulado. cumulate.
cuadrifurcado. quadrifurcate. cuneado. cuneate. cuneiform.
cuadrilateral. quadrilateral. cuneiforme. cuneiform. wedge-shaped.
cuadrilobado. quadrilobate. cuneado.
cuadrilocular. quadrilocular. cpula. cupule. dome.
cuadriparticin. quadripartition. cupulado. cupulate.
cuadripinnatdo. quadripinnatifid. cupuliforme. cup-shaped. cupulate.
cuadriplexo. quadriplex. cupuliform.
cuadrivalente. quadrivalent. curva de crecimiento. growth curve.
cuadriyugado. quadrijugate. curva de respuesta. response curve.
cuadruplexo. quadruplex. curva de supervivencia. surviorship
cuantasoma. quantasome. curve.
cuanto. quantum. curva normal. normal curve.
cuarteto. quartet. curvado. bent. curved.
cuaternado. quaternate. curvatura. curvature.
cbico. cubical. curvatura de crecimiento. growth
cubierta. hood. curvature.
cubre. cover. curvatura geotrpica. geotropic
cubrir de csped. sod. bending.
curvatura trpica 527 cyaneus
curvatura trpica. tropic response. cuticular. cuticular.
cspidado. cuspidate. cutina. cutin.
cspide. cusp. cutinizacin. cutinization.
cutcula. cuticle. cyaneus. cyaneus.
dacrioide 528 de(s)hidrogenacin
D
dacrioide. dacryoid. dediploidizacin. dediploidization.
dactiloide. dactyloid. de doble filo. two-edged.
daedaleo. daedaleous. dedoblemente. dedoublement.
dar. bear. de dos filas. two-ranked.
dasi- dasi-. de dos hoja. two-leaf.
dasfilo. dasyphyllous. de dos partidos. two-parted.
datacinde radiocarbnica. radio- de dos semillas. two-seeded.
carbon dating. de(s)hidrasa. dehydrogenase.
de-. de-. de(s)hidrogenacin. dehydrogena-
dealbado. dealbate. tion.
dealmidn. destarch. de(s)hidrogenasa. dehydrogenase.
deasimilacin. deassimilation. defensor de la naturaleza. conser-
debajo. underneath. vationist.
dbil. weak. deficiencia. deficiency.
dbito de oxgeno. oxygen cycle. dficit de la presin de difusin
de botnica. botanical. (DPD). diffusion pressure defi-
deca-. deca-. cit (DPD).
decmero. decamerous. definida. definite.
decandro. decandrous. deflexo. deflexed.
decaploide. decaploid. deflorado. deflorate.
de celosia. latticed. defoliacion. defoliation.
decem-. decem-. defoliador. defoliant.
de central libre. free-central. defoliante. defoliant
deciduo. deciduous. defoliar. defoliate.
decipiens. decipiens. de(s)forestacin. deforestation.
declinado. declinate. deformacin. deformation.
declinado. declined. deforme. malformed.
declivado. declivate. sloping. degeneracin. degeneration.
decoloracin. fading. degeneracin consangunea. inbreed-
decolorado. etiolated. decolorate. ing depression.
decomponerse. decompose. degenerar. degenerate.
decompuesto. decompound. degradacin. degradation.
deconjugacin. deconjugation. degradacin ambiental. environmental
decorticacin anular. girdling. degradation.
decorticado. decorticate. degradador. decomposer.
decumbente. decumbent. degradar. degrade.
decurrente. decurrent. de grava. gravelly.
decurvado. decurved. dehidrogenar. dehydrogenate.
decusado. decussate. de(s)hidrasa. dehydrase.
dediferenciacin. dedifferentiation. de(s)hidrogenacin. dehydrogena-
de(s)hidrogenasa 529 deplasmlsis
tion. deltoide. deltoid.
de(s)hidrogenasa. dehydrogenase. demanda quimica de oxygeno (DQO).
de(s)hidrogenasa cido glutmico. chemical oxygen demand
glutamic acid dehydrogenase. (COD).
de(s)hidrogenasa auccnico. succinic dematoide. dematoid.
dehydrogenase. demediado. dimidiate.
de(s)hidrogenasa frmico. formic demersus. demersus.
dehdrogenase. demicclico. demicyclic.
de(s)hidrogenasa lctico. lactic demo. deme.
dehydrogenase. demoler. degrade.
de(s)hidrogenasa malado. malate dendriforme. dendriform.
dehydrogenase. dendrtico. dendritic.
de(s)hidrogenasa triosa fosfato. triose dendro-. dendro-.
phosphate dehydrogenase. dendrocronologa. dendrochronology.
de(s)hidrogenar. dehydrogenate. tree-ring dating.
de hierbas. herbal. dendroecologa. dendroecology.
dehisce. dehisce. dendrgrafo. dendrograph.
dehiscencia. dehiscence. dendroide. dendroid.
dehiscencia bilabiado. bilabiate dendrologa. dendrology.
dehiscence. dendrometro. dendrometer.
dehiscencia brevicidal. brevicidal -dendro. dendron.
dehiscence. dendrfisis. dendrophysis.
dehiscencia longitudinal. longitu- denigrado. denigrate. blackened.
dinal dehiscence. dens. dens.
dehiscencia poroso. porous dehis- densidad de (la) poblacin. popu-
cence. lation density.
dehiscencia transversal. transverse denso. crowded.
dehiscence. dentacin. dentation.
dehiscencia valvado. valvular dentado. dentate. toothed.
dehiscence. denticulado. denticulate.
dehiscente. dehiscent. dentiforme. dentiform.
de hoja caduca. deciduous. dentro. with in.
de hoja perenne. evergreen. denudado. denudate.
de hoja persistente. indeciduous. de ojos trum. thrum-eyed.
de hojas caedizas. deciduous. deoperculado. deoperculate.
de horticultura. horticultural. Departamento de Agricultura de
de la grand explosin. big bang theory los Estados Unidos. United States
del la vegetacin arbrea. tree-line. Department of Agriculture (USDA).
timberline. depauperado. depauperate.
delecin. deletion. dependiente. dependent.
delgadamente. thinly. dependiente de la densidad. den-
delgado. slender. thin. sity dependent.
delicuescente. deliquescent. depilacin. depilation.
delignificacin. delignification. deplandado. deplanate.
deltado. deltate. deplasmlsis. deplasmolysis.
de poros anillados 530 determinismo evolutivo
de poros anillados. ring-porous. deshojado. leafless.
de poros encirculos. ring-porous. desicacin. desiccation.
depresin consangunea. inbreed- desierto. desert. wilderness.
ing depression. desimilacin. dissimilation.
deprimado. depressed. desinapsis. desynapsis.
deriva. drift. desinfeccin. disinfection.
dermal. deremal. desmenuzar. shred.
dermatocaliptrogeno. dermato- desmolasa. desmolase.
calyptrogen. desmonte. deforestation.
dermatcistidio. dermatocystidium. desnaturalizacin. denaturation.
dermatgeno. dermatogen. desnaturalizar. denature
dermatosoma. dermatosome. desnitrificacin. denitrification.
dermis. dermis. desnuda. naked.
dervia gentica. genetic drift. desnudo. naked.
desafilado. blunt. desonsoma. desmosome.
desalinizacin. desalinization. desoxirribosa. deoxyribose.
desalacin del agua. desalinization. desparicin. exteinction.
desaminacin. deamination. desparramado. sprawling.
desaparecido. extinct. desprenderse (hojas). abscise (leaves).
desarraigar. uproot. desprendible. detachable.
desarrollo. development. desprendimiento abscisin de las
desarrollo. upgrowth. hojas. shed(ding).
desarticlado. disarticulated. despuntado. pinching.
desarticulndose. disarticulating. desraizar. uproot.
desarticular. disarticulate. destiobiotina. desthiobiotin.
descarboxilacin. decarboxylation. destrana. dextran(e).
descarboxilacin oxidativa. oxidative desviacin. deviation.
decarboxylation. desviacin al azar. random drift.
descarboxilasa. decarboxylase. desviacin estndar. standard de-
descendencia. offspring. viation.
descendente. descending. desviacin estructural. structural
descendientes. offspring. deviation.
descolarido. faded. desviacin normal. normal devia-
descomponedor. decomposer. tion.
descomposicin. decay. decompo- desviacin standard. standard de-
sition. viation.
desdoblar(se). degrade. detectar. sense.
desecho. waste. determinacin. determination.
desequilibrio de ligamiento. link- determinacin del sexo. sex deter-
age disequilibrium. mination.
deserticola. eremophilous. determinado. determinate.
desertificacin. desertification. determinante. determinant.
desertizacin. desertification. determinante hereditario. heredi-
desfloracin. deflowering. tary determinant.
deshilada. strap. determinismo evolutivo. evolutionary
detersil 531 diferenciacin celular
determinism. diastasa. diastase.
detersil. detersile. diaster. diaster.
de transicin. transitional. distole. diastole.
detrito. detritus. diatomeas. diatoms.
detritus. detritus. diatropismo. diatropism.
deutero. deut(o)(er)(o). diazotrof. diazotroph.
deuteroconidio. deuteroconidium. dicario(n). dicaryon.
deutrogamia. deutrogamy. dicarionte. dicaryon.
deuteromicetos. deuteromycetes. dicarpelar. dicarpellary.
deuteroplasma. deuteroplasm. meta- dicario. dikaryon.
plasm. dicariofase. dikarophase.
de vida libre. free-living. dicarionte. dikaryon.
dextrana. dextran(e). dicasi. dichasium.
dextrinasa. dextrinase. dicasio. dichasium.
dextrinas. dextrins. dicntrico. dicentric.
dextrorso. dextrorse. dicha-. dica-.
di-. di-. dichotomia elicoide. helicoid
dia-. dia-. dichotomy.
diachenium. cremocarp. dicclico. dicyclic.
diacinesis. diakinesis. diclamdeo. dichlamydeous.
diada. dyad. diclino. diclinous.
diadelfo. diadelphous. dicfisis. dichophysis.
diadromo. diadromous. dicogamia. dichogamy.
difisis. diaphysis. dicgamo. dichogamous.
diafototropismo. diaphototropism. dicopodio. dichopodium.
diafragma. diaphragm. dicot. dicot.
diageotropico. diageotropic. dicoteledno. dicotyledonous.
diageotropismo. diageotropism. dicotiledn. dicotyledon.
diagnstico. diagnosis. dicotiledneas. Dicotyledoneae.
diagonal. diagonal. dicotilednico. dicotyledonous.
diagrama floral. floral diagram. dicotomia falso. false dichotomy.
diallico. diallelic. dicotmico. dichotomous.
dialicarpo. dialycarpous. dictomo. dichotomous.
dialiptalo. dialypetalous. dictiosoma. dictyosome.
dialispalo. dialysepalous. dictiosporangio. dictyosporangium.
dilisis. dialysis. dictiospora. dictyospore.
dialistelico. dialystelic. dictiostela. dictyostele.
diaminas. diamines. didimo. didymous.
diamorfsomo sexual. sexual dia- didmospora. didymospore.
morphism. didnamo. didynamous.
diandro. diandrous. diente. tooth.
diaquenio. diachene. diachenium. dientes. teeth.
diaquinesis. diakinesis. diferenciacin. differentiation (of
daspora. diaspore. cells).
diasquistico. diaschistic. diferenciacin celular. cell differ-
diferenciacin sexual 532 disco estaminal
entiation. lation dynamics.
diferenciacin sexual. sex differen- dinucletido. dinucleotide.
tiation. diofilo. diphyllous.
diferencial de seleccin. selection dioico. dioecious.
differential. dixido de carbono. carbon diox-
difiltico. diphyletic. ide.
difotico. diphotic. dioxina. dioxin.
diforme. difformed. dipptido. dipeptide.
difrctea. diffract. dipetalado. dipetalous. two-petaled.
difundir. suffuse. diplanetismo. diplanetism.
difusin. diffusion. diplo-. diplo-.
difusin cuticular. cuticular diffu- diplobionte. diplobiont.
sion. diplocariotico. diplokaryotic.
difusin facilitado. faciltated dif- diplocaulescente. diplocaulescent.
fusion. diploclamideo. diplochlamydeous.
difuso. diffuse. diplococo. diplococcus.
difuso-poroso. diffuse-porous. diplocromosoma. diplochromosome.
dignico. digenic. diplodesmico. diplodesmic.
digerir. digest. diplodizacion. diplodization.
digestin. digestion. diploide. diploid.
digino. digynous. diploide gametfito. diploid gameto-
digitado. digitate. phyte.
digitiforme. digitiform. diploidia. diploidy.
diheterocigoto. diheterozygote. diplonema. diplonema.
diheterozigoto. diheterozygote. diplonte. diplont.
dehidrogenasa glicerico. glyceric diplofase. diplophase.
dehyddrogenase. diplosis. diplosis.
dihridisomo. dihybridism. diplosoma. diplosome.
dikontn. dikontan. diplosporia. diplospory.
dilacerado. dilacerate. diplostmono. diplostemonous
dilatacin. dilatation. dipltena. diplotene.
dilatar. enlarge. diplteno. diplotene.
dilatido. dilated. diptero. dipterous.
dilutido. diluted. dipterocarpo. dipterocarp.
dimer. dimer. disacrido. disaccharide.
dmero. dimerous. disafilado. blunt.
diminuto (-amente). minute(ly). disapareamiento de semejanza.
diminuto(-ament). diminute(-ly). disassortative breeding.
diminuto. diminutive. discal. discal.
dimitico. dimittic. discifloral. discifloral.
dimonocio. dimonoecious. disciforme. disciform.
dimorfismo. dimorphism. disclmax. disclimax.
dimorfo. dimorphous. disco. disco. disk.
dimrifico. dimorphic. discocarpo. discocarp.
dinmica de las poblaciones. popu- disco estaminal. staminal disk.
disco germinal 533 diversidad gentica
disco germinal. germinal disk. disponer. arrange.
discoide. discoid. discoide. disk- distal. distal.
like. distancia de mapa. map distance.
discoloro. discolorous. distante. distant.
discoplancton. discoplankton. dstico. distichous.
disco de separacin. separation disk. dstco. distichous.
discreto. discrete. distinto. distinct.
disecado. dissected. distribucin. distribution.
disecar. dissect. distribucin cntrica. unicentric
diseminacin. dissemination. distribution.
diseminar. disseminate. distribucin de frecuencia. frequency
diseminula. disseminule. distribution.
diseminula carnoso. fleshy dissemin- distribucin de la poblacin. popu-
ule. lation distribution.
disemnulo. disseminule. distribucin discontinuo. discon-
disemnulo comado. comate dissemin- tinuous distribution.
ule. distribucin independiente (de los
disemnulo comoso. comose dissemin- genes). independent assortment
ule. (of genes).
disemnulo con plumas. plumed distribucin regular. regular distri-
disseminule. bution.
disemnulo uncinado. hooked distribucin vivaria. vicarious dis-
disseminule. tribution.
disemnulo vscida. viscid disseminule. distrfia. dystrophy.
disempimento falso. false dissemp- distrfico. dystrophic.
iment. disyuncin. disjunction.
diseo vegetativa. vegetative pat- disyunto. disjunct.
tern. disyuntor. disjunctor.
disepalo. disepalous. ditcica. dithecal.
disepimento. dissepiment. diteo. ditheous.
disftica. dysphotic. diurno. diurnal.
disgregacin. weathering. diurno circadiano. circadian rhythm.
disiliente. dissilient. divaricado. divaricate.
disociacin. dissociation . divergencia. divergence.
disoma. disome. bivalent. divergencia anguloso. angular di-
disomia. disomy. vergence.
disomico. disomic. divergencia foliar. leaf divergence.
disprmico. dispermic. divergens. divergens.
dispermo. dispermous. divergente. divergent.
dispersar. disperse. diversamente. variously.
dispersin. dispersal. diversidad. diversity.
dispersin de la poblacin. popu- diversidad de especies. species di-
lation dispersion. versity.
disftica. dysphotic. diversidad gentica. genetic diver-
dispiema. dispireme. sity.
divertculo 534 durmiente
divertculo. diverticulum (pl. dominance.
diverticuli). dominancia. dominance.
dividido. divided. dominancia apical. apical dominance.
dividido en cmaras. chambered. dominancial incompleta. partial
divisin. division. dominance.
divisin binaria. binary fission. dominante. dominant.
divisin celular. cell division. donador de hidrgeno. hydrogen
divisin conjugado. conjugate donor.
division. dormina. dormin.
divisin cruciforme. cruciform dorsal. dorsal.
division. promitosis. dorsifero. dorsiferous.
divisin de nuclear libre. free nu- dorsifijo. dorsifixed.
clear division. dorsiventral. dorsiventral.
divisin de ttrada. tetrad division. dosel. canopy.
divisin ecuacional. equational di- dosel abierta. open canopy.
vision. dosel cerrado. closed canopy.
divisin ecuatorial. equatorial dosis gnica. gene dosage.
division. dotacin cromosmico. chromosome
divisin nuclear. nuclear division. set.
divisin octante. octant division. doticiaceo. dothidiaceous.
divisin postmeiotic. postmeiotic doble-serrado. double-serrated.
division. DQO. COD.
divisin progresiva. progressive drepaniforme. drepaniform. sickle-
cleavage. like.
divisin reduccional. reduction(al) drepanio. drepanium.
division. driodio. driodium.
divisin reductora. reduction(al) drupa. drupe. pyrenocarp.
division. drupado. drupaceous.
divisin secundo. second division. drupola. drupelet.
divisoria de agua. watershed. dulce. sweet
DNA recombinante. recombinant dulcis. dulcis.
DNA. dumoso. dumose. shrubby.
doble. double. duplexo. duplex.
doble fusin. double fusion. duplicacin. duplication.
doble hlice. double-helix (pl.helices). duplicacin de gene. gene dupli-
doble-serado. double-serrated. cation.
dodeca-. dodeca-. duplicacin somtico. somatic dou-
dolabriforme. dolabrate. dolabriform. bling.
doliforme. doliform. duplicado. twofold.
dormania. dormany. duracion. duration.
domatio. domatium. duracin del dia. day-length.
domesticacin. domestication. duramen. duramen.
dominacin incompleto. incomplete durmiente. dormant.
e 535 eficiencia ecolgica
F. F. faencarpo. phaenocarpous.
F1. F1. faengamo. phaenogamous.
F2. F2. faeneologa. phaenology.
faboide. faboid. faeo-. phaeo-.
faceta. facet. faeofitina. phaeophytin.
facies. facies. faeoplasto. phaeoplast.
factor. factor. faeospora. phaeosporous.
factor bios. bios factor. fago. phage. bacteriophage.
factor bitico. biotic factor. fagocitosis. phagocytosis.
factor climtico. climatic factor. fago lisognico. lysogenic phage.
factor complementario. complemen- fago ltico. lytic phage.
tary factor. fago temperado. temperate phage.
factor de crecimiento. growth fac- fagotrfico. phagotrophic.
tor. fagtrofo. phagotroph.
factor de lluvia. rain factor. fago virulento. virulent phage.
factor de transformacin. transfor- fagocitosis. phagocytosis.
mation factor. fagotrfico. phagotrophic
factor ecollogico. ecological factor. fagtrofo. phagotroph.
factor edfica. edaphic factor. Fahrenheit. Fahrenheit.
factor extensin. extension factor. failido. phalide.
factor fisico. physical factor. failospora. phailospore.
factor frecuencia. frequency factor. faja de proteccin. shelterbelt.
factor hereditario. hereditary fac- falange. phalange.
tor. gene. falcado. falcate.
factor interno. internal factor. falcado-secundo. falcato-secund.
factor letal. lethal factor. falcforo. flciphore.
factor liberador. releasing factors. falciforme. falciform. sickle-like.
factor limitador. limiting factor. falsa indusio. false indusium.
factor limitante. limiting factor. falsa septado. false septate.
factor mayor. master factor. falso eje. false axis.
factor mltiple. multiple factors. falso septo. false septum.
factor perturbador. disturbance. falso. false.
factor sigma. sigma factor. falta. lack.
factors de liberacin. releasing factors. famtico. gametic.
factors liberador. releasing factors. familia. family.
facultativo. facultative. familia gene. gene family.
FAD. FAD. fanero-. phanero.
faenantro. phaenantherous. fanerantero. phaenantherous.
fanercarpo 550 fertilizante orgnico
fanercarpo. phaenocarpous. felio. phellium.
fanerfito. phanerophyte. fellandrena. phellandrene.
fanergamia. phanerogam. fenocopia. phenocopy.
fangal. swamp. feloderma. phelloderm.
farctado. farctate. felgeno. phellogen.
farinoso. farinose. farinaceous. feloide. phelloic.
farinous. fenestrada. fenestrate.
fasa. stage. fenestrado. cancellate. fenestrate.
fasciacin. fasciation. fenilalanina. phenylalanine.
fasciada. fasciated. fenilporpano. phenylpropane.
fasciado. fasciated. fenocopia. phenocopy.
fasciculada. fasciculate. fenol. phenol.
fascculado (tricoma). tufted. fenologa. phenology.
fasciculado. fasciculate. fenotpico. phenotypic.
fascculo. fascicle. fenotipo. phenotype.
fascculo. tuft. feofitos. brown algae.
fase. phase. fermentacin. fermentation.
fase de acoplamiento. coupling phase. fermentacin aerobio. aerobic
fase de atraccin. coupling phase. fermentation.
fase de reposo. resting stage. fermentacin alcohlica. alcoholic
fase de retardo. lag-period. fermentation.
fase dicaritica. dikarophase. fermentar. ferment.
fase diploide. diplophase fermento amarillo. flavoprotein.
fase haploide. haploid phase. yellow enzyme.
faseoliforme. phaseoliform. -fero. ferous.
fase metablico. metabolic stage. feromona. pheromone.
fase reproductora. reproductive phase. ferrodoxina. ferrodoxin.
fastigiada. fastigiate. ferrugineo. ferruginous.
fatiscente. fatiscent. frtil. fertile.
faveolado. faveolate. fertilidad. fertility.
Fe. Fe. fertilidad de isla. island of fertil-
fecundacin. fecundation. ity.
fecundacin cruzada. cross ferti- fertilizacin. fertilization.
lize. fertilizacin cruzada. cross fertili-
fecundacin doble. zation.
fecundacin selectiva. selective fer- fertilizacin del suelo. soil fertili-
tilization. zation.
fecundar. fecundate. fertilize. fertilizacin doble. double fertili-
fecundar mediante. cross fertilize. zation.
fecundidad. fecundidad. fecundity. fertilizacin reducido. reduced fer-
fecundo. fecund. tilization.
fedundacin doble. double fertili- fertilizacin selectivo. selective
zation. fertilization.
feiculio. geniculum. fertilizante. fertilizer.
felem. phellem. fertilizante orgnico. organic ferti-
festoneado 551 fimcolo
lizer. filamentoide. filamentoid.
festoneado. scalloped. filamentoso. filamentose. filamentous.
ftido. fetid. stringy.
fiacin de nitrgeno. nitrogen fixation. filar. filar.
fialide. phialid(e). filaria. phyllary.
fialiforme. phialiform. filtico. phyletic.
fialopora. phialopore. filiacin consanguinea. inbred line.
fibra. fiber. filicicoide. filicicoid.
fibra bruta. crude fiber. filiciforme. fern-like. filiciform.
fibra cruda. crude fiber. filifero. filiferous.
fibra del huso. spindle fiber. filiforme. filiform. thread-like.
fibre engrosamiento. thickening fiber. filipndulo. filipendulous.
fibra floema. phlem fiber. -filo. philous.
fibra libriforme. libriform fiber. filo-. phyllo-.
fibra pericclica. pericyclic fiber. filo. phylum.
fibra septado. septate fiber. filcladio. phylloclade.
fibra trctil. tractile fiber. filocladio. phyllocladium.
fibrilar. fibrillar. filocobionte. phycobiont.
fibrilla. fibril. filclorina. phyllochlorin.
fibriloso. fibrillose. filodia. phyllody.
fibroso. fibrous. stringy. filodial. phyllodial.
fibrovascular. fibrovascular. filodio. phyllode. phyllodium.
ficobilinas. phycobilins. filognesis. phylogenesis.
ficobilosomas. phycobilosomes. filognia. phylogeny.
ficocianina. phycocyanin. filoide. phylloid.
ficocrisina. phycochrysin. filoma. phyllome.
ficoeritrina. phycoerythrin. filomania. phyllomania.
ficologa. phycology. filn. phylon.
ficomicetes. phycompycetes. filoplasmodio. filoplasmodium.
ficomicetos. phycomycetes. alga fungi. filpodico. phyllopodic.
ficopirina. phycopyrrin. filopodio. phyllopodium.
ficoxantina. fucoxanthin. filpodo. phyllopodium.
fidelidad. philopatry. filosifinico. phyllosiphonic.
fido. fid. filotaxia. phyllotaxy.
fijacin. fixation. filotaxia quincuncial. quincuncial
fijacin de carbonado dixido. carbon phyllotaxy.
dioxide fixation. filotaxis. phyllotaxis.
fijacin de nitrgeno. nitrogen fixation. filum (pl. filums). phylum (pl. phyla).
fijo. fixed. fimbria. fringe.
fil-. fil-. fimbriado. fimbriate.
filamento. filament. fimbrias. fimbria(e).
filamento gonimoblasto. gonimoblast fimbricolo. fimbricolous.
filament. fimbriado. fimbriolate.
filamento intermedio. intermediate fimetario. fimetarious.
filament. fimcolo. fimicolous. fimbricolous.
fiscin 552 foeniceus
fiscin. physcion. fitosociologa. phytosociology.
fisible. fissile. fitosteriina. phytosterol.
fis(i)ogonoma. physiogonomy. fitotaxonomia. plant systematics.
fisiologa vegetal. plant physiology. fitotoma. phytotomy.
fisin. fission. fitotxico. phytotoxic.
fison binaria. binary fission. fitotoxina. phytotoxin.
fisin de yema. bud-fission. fixativo. fixative.
fisin ternario. ternary fission. flabelado. flabellate.
fisparo. fissiparous. splitting. flabeliforme. flabelliform.
fisologa. physiology. flabelinervio. flavellinerved.
fisolgico. physiologic(al). flccido. flaccid. limp.
fistulo. fistulose. flacidez. flaccidity.
fistuloso. fistular. fistulous. flcido. limp.
fistuloso (en rganos cilndricos). flagela. flagella.
hollowed. flagelado. flagellate.
fisura. fissure. flagelar. flagellar.
fitasa. phytase. flageliforme. flagelliform. whip-like.
fitina. phytin. flagelo. flagellum. whiplash.
fitness. fitness. flavelinervio. flabellinerved.
-fito. phyte. flavescente. flavidulous.
fito-. phyto-. flavi-. flavi-.
fitoalexina. phytoalexin. flavina. flavin.
fitobentn. phytobenthon. flavinas. flavins.
fitocenosis. phytocoenosis. flavin-adenin-dinueletido (FAD).
fitoncida. phytoncide. flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
fitocromo. phytochrome. flavin-mononucletido (FMN). flavin
fitoecologa. plant ecology. mononucleotide (FMN).
fitfago. phytophage. phytophagous. flavona. flavone.
fitfilo. phytophilous. flavonoide. flavonoid.
fitogeografa. phytogeography. flavoproteina. flavoprotein.
fitografa. phytography. flavus. flavus.
fitohormona. phytohormone. plant fleco. fringe.
hormone. flequillo. fringe.
ftol. phytol. flexicaule. flexicaulis.
fitolitologa. phytolithology. flexuoso. flexuous.
fitologa. phytology. flobfeno. phlobahene.
fitlogo. botanist. flocculente. flocculent.
fitomitgenos. phytomitogens. flocoso. floccose.
fitomorfologa. phytomorphology. floema. phloem.
fitoncida. phytoncide. floema interno. intrenal phloem.
fitopatologa. phytopathology. floema interxilaria. interxylary
fitoplancton. phytoplankton. phloem.
fitoqumica. phytochemistry. floema primario. primary phloem.
fitoremediacin. phytoremediation. floema secundario. secondary phloem.
fitosterol. phytosterol. foeniceus. phoenocin.
foenocina 553 folio opuesto
foenocina. phoenocin. flor neutral. neutral flower.
floeoterma. phloeoterma flor neutro. neuter flower.
flor. blossom. bloom. flower. -floro. florous.
flor anual. summer annual. flor perfecta. perfect flower.
flor estaminada. staminate flower. flor pistilada. pistillate flower.
flor polnica. pollen flower. flor radial. ray floret.
flor regular. regular flower. flor regular. regular flower.
flora. flora. flor singular. single flower.
floracin. blooming. flowering. flor terminal. terminal flower.
efflorescence. flor tubulosa. tubiform floret.
floracin continua. perpetual flow- -florus. florus.
ering. flos. flos.
floracin doble. double flower. floscular. floscular.
flora completa. complete flower. flsculos. floscule.
complete flower. flsculo disco. disk floret.
flora del suelo. soil flora. flsculo discoide. disk floret.
flora hembra. female flower. flsculo radial. ray floret.
floral. floral. flotante. floating.
floral capullo. floral bud. fluitans. fluitans.
floral yema. floral bud. flujo de energia. energy flow.
flora masculina. male flower. flujo de gene. gene flow.
flor con aroma. scented flower. flujo de mucus. slime flux.
flor de agua. water bloom. flujo de savia. sap flow.
flor de alotropo. allotropous flower. flujo energtico. energy flow.
flor de mariposa. butterfly flower. flujo gnico. gene flow.
flor desnuda. naked flower. flujo plasmtico. protoplasmic stream-
flor doble. double flower. ing.
florece constante. ever-blooming. fluorescencia. fluorescence.
florecer. bloom. flower. fluorescente. fluorescent.
florecilla. floret. FMN. FMN.
florecilla radial. ray flower. fobotactismo. phobotaxis.
florecita. floret. fobotaxia. phobotaxis.
flores del disco. disc flowers. foliceo. foliaceous.
flor espiralada. spiral flowers. foliacin. foliation.
forestacin. forestation. foliado. foliate. foliiferous. leafy.
flor estaminada. staminate flower. foliar. foliar.
flor estril. sterile flower. folice. follice.
floret. floscule. folicole. folicolous.
floribundus. floribundus. folcolo. folicole.
floridus. floridus. folculo. follicle.
florfero. floriferous. bearing. folculo esquizocarpico. schizocarpic
florgeno. florigen. follicle.
flor incompleta. incomplete flower. foliifero. foliate. foliiferous.
florstico. floristics. foliiforme. foliiform. leaf-like
flor lateral. lateral flower. folio opuesto. oppositifolious.
folioado 554 fotolisis
folioado. foliolate. fornix. fornix.
folioform. folioform. foro. phore.
fololo. foliole. leaflet. forzado. forcing.
fololo secundario. secondary leaf- fosfatasa. phosphatase.
let. fosftido. phosphatide.
fololo unifoliado. unifoliate leaf- fosfilipina. phosphilipine.
let. fosfolpido. phospholipid.
folioloso. foliolose. fosfononucletido. phosphonucleotide.
folioso. foliate. foliferous. foliose. fsfor ciclo. phosphorus cycle.
leafy. fosforilacin. phosphorylation.
-folium. folium. fosforilasa. phosphorylase.
follaje. foliage. fsforo. phosphorous.
follaje aromtico. scented foliage. fosforescencia. phosphorescence.
foma fisiolgico. physiologic form. fosforescente. phosphorescent.
fondo del mar. seafloor. fosforilacin. phosphorylation.
fondo gentico. gene pool. fosforilacin oxidativa. oxidative
fondo marino. seafloor. phosphorylation.
foramen. foramen. fosforilasa. phosphorylase.
forb. forb. fsforo. phosphorus.
forcipado. forcipate. fosfoserina. phosphoserine.
forestacin. forestation. fsil. fossil.
forficulado. forficulate. fsil caracterstico. index fossil.
forma. shape. form. fsil viviente. living fossil.
forma biolgica. life form. fsiles combustibles. fossil fuels
formacin del suelo. soil formation. fosilizacin. fossilization.
forma de abanico. fan-shaped. fosilizado. fossilzed.
forma de crecimeiento. growth form. fot-. phot-.
forma enol. enol form. ftic. photic.
forma furanoso. furanose form. fotoauttro. photoautotroph.
forma hbitat. habitat group. fotoautotrfico. photoautotrophic.
forma juvenil. juvenile form. fotoauttrofo. photoautotroph.
formacin. formation. fotobotnica. photobotany.
formacin. formation. fotocinesis. photokinesis.
formacin celular libre. free cell fotodinmico. photodynamic.
formation. fotodisociacin. photodissociation.
formacin del suel. soil formation. fotostato. photostage.
formacin gameto. gamete forma- fotfilo. photophilous.
tion. fotofosforilacin. photophosphor-
formacin de puffs. puffing. ylation.
formaldehdo. formaldehyde. fotofosforilacin cclica. cyclic
formativo. formative. photophosphorylation.
forme. form. fotognico. photogenic.
frmula floral. floral formula. fotohetertrofo. photoheterotroph.
forniculado. fornicate. fotoinhibicin. photoinhibition.
fornculo. fornicle. fotolisis. photolysis.
fotlisis 555 fruto rincosporgeno
fotlisis. photolysis. freatofito. phreatophyte.
fotolitottrofo. photolithotroph. frecuencia. frequency.
fotomorfosis. photomorphosis. frecuencia de genes. gene frequency.
fotomorfognesis. photomorpho- frecuencia de mutacin. mutation
genesis. rate. mutation frequency.
fton. photon. frecuencia de recombinacin. re-
fotonastia. photonasty. combination frequency.
fotonegativo. photonegative. frecuencia gnica. gene frequency.
foto-organtrofo. photo-organotroph. frecuencias de raz. root frequency.
fotooxidacin. photooxidation. friable. friable.
fotopata. photopathy. frijol. bean.
fotoperceptor. photoperceptor. fronda. frond.
fotoperiodicidad. photoperiodism. fronda vegetativo. vegetative frond.
fotoperiodismo. photoperiodism. fronde. frond.
fotoperodo. photoperiod. frondescencia. frondescence.
fotopositivo. photopositive. frondescente. frondescent.
fotorecepcin. photoreception. frondoso. frondose. frondescent.
fotoreduccin. photoreduction. fructfero. fructiferous.
foto(rre)ceptor. photo(re)ceptor. fructificacin. fructification. fruiting.
fotorespiracin. photorespiration. fructificacin accesorio. accessory
fotosensibilidad. photosensitivity. fructification.
fotosntesis. photosynthesis. fructofuranoso. fructofuranose.
fotosinttico. photosynthetic. fructopiranoso. fructopyranose.
fototctica. phototactic. fructosa. fructose.
fototaxia. phototaxis. frstulo. frustule.
fototaxis. phototaxis. fruta colectiva. collective fruit.
fototrofo. phototroph. fruta espora. spore fruit.
fototrpico. phototropic. frutescente. frutescent.
fototropismo. phototropism. frtice. frutex.
fvea. fovea. pitt(ed). fruticola. fruticole.
fovado. foveate. fruticoso. fruticose.
fovola. foveola. fruto. fruit.
foveolado. foveolate. pitted. fruto accesorio. accessory fruit.
fovila. fovilla. fruto agregado. aggregate fruit.
fragancia. fragrance. fruto alado. winged fruit.
fraganicia. scent. fragrance. fruto carnoso. fleshy fruit.
fragante. fragrant. suaveolent. fruto colectiva. collective fruit.
fragmobasidio. phragmobasidium. fruto compuesto. composite fruit.
fragmentacin. fragmentation. compound fruit.
fragmentacin nuclear. nuclear frag- fruto falso. false fruit.
mentation. fruto mortar. mortar fruit.
fragmento. fragment. fruto mltiple. multiple fruit.
fragmoplasto. phragmoplast. fruto pireno. stone fruit.
fragmospora. phragmospore. fruto rincosporgeno. rhynchosporous
franja. banded. fruit.
fruto sacciforme 556 fusus
fruto sacciforme. saccate fruit. fungicida. fungicide.
fruto simple. simple fruit. fngico. fungal.
fruto verdadero. true fruit. fungiforme. fungiform.
fuco. fucus. fungisttico. fungistatic.
fucoide. fucoid. fungoide. fungoid.
fucopiranoso. fucopyranose. funiculado. funiculate.
fucosn. fucosan. funicular. funicular.
fucoso. fucose. funiculo. funicle. funiculus.
fucoxantina. fucoxanthin. funiculoso. funiculose.
fuego bacteriano. fire blight. funiforme. funiform.
fuego clmax. fire climax. furipulado. furcipulate.
fuego superficie. surface fire. furfurceo. furfuraceous.
fuerte. strong. furipulado. furcipulate.
fugaz. fugacious. fusiforme. fusiform. spindle-shaped.
fulcrado. fulcrate. fusin celular. cell fusion.
fulcrante (raz). stilt. fusin cntrica. centric fusion.
flcrea. stilt. fusin del protoplasto. protoplast
fulcrado. fulcrate. fusion.
fulcro. fulcrum. fusin doble. double fusion.
fuligno. fulignous. fusin triple. triple fusion.
fumagino. fumaginous. fusionar(se). fuse.
fumarasa. fumarase. fusionarse. coalesce. fused.
funcin. function. fusoide. fusoid.
funcin discrimenante. discrimenant fuste. bole.
function. fusus. spindle.
Fungi. Fungi.
gajo 557 gmula
H
H. H. haplostromatico. haplostromatic.
hbitat. habitat. haploxlico. haploxylic.
hbitat parcial. partial habitat. hapterios. haptera.
hbito. habit. haptonastia. haptonasty.
habla local. vernacular. haptotropismo. haptotropism.
hacecillo fibrovascular. fibrovascular harinoso. mealy.
bundle. hastado. hastate.
hacecillo vascular. vascular bundle. hastiforme. hastiform.
hacia afuera. outward. haustrico. haustorial.
hadromasa. hadromase. haustorio. haustorium (pl. hausto-
haliplancton. haliplankton. ria).
halo-. halo-. hayucos. mast.
halobiontico. halobiontic. haz. bundle. upper surface.
halobitico. halobiotic. haz abierta. open bundle.
halfilo. halophilous. halophilic. haz anfivasal. amphivasal bundle.
halophile. haz axial. axial bundle.
halfita. halophyte. haz bast. bast bundles.
halfobo. halophobe. haz caulinar. cauline bundle.
halonado. halonate. haz cerrado. closed (vascular) bundle.
haloser(i)e. halosere. haz comn. common bundle.
hamoso. hamate. hooked. haz concentrico. concentric bundle.
hapaxntico. hapaxanthic. haz cortical. cortical bundle.
hapaxanto. hapaxanthic. haz estpite. stipe bundles.
haplo-. haplo-. haz fibrovascular. fibrovascular.
haplobionte. baplobiont. haz medular. medullary bundle.
haplocaulescente. haplocaulescent. haz radial. radial bundle.
haplodioecia. haplodioecious. haz vascular. vascular bundle.
haplodiplonte. haplodiplont. haz vascular abierto. open vascu-
haplofase. haplophase. lar bundle.
haplogonidio. gaplogonidium. haz vascular hadrocentrico. hadro-
haploide. haploid. centric vascular bundle.
haploidia. haploidy. haz vascular liptocentrico. lepto-
haplomonoecia. haplomonoecios. centric vascular bundle.
haplomorfo. haplomorphic. hebetado. hebetate.
haplonte. haplont. hedeca-. hendeca-.
haplopoliploide. haplopolyploid. hediondo. fetid.
haplosinoecia. haplosynoecious. hekistotermina. hekistotherm.
haplosis. haplosis. helecho. fern.
haplostela. haplostele. helecho arborescent. tree fern.
haplostmono. haplostemonous. helechos gimnogramoide. gymno-
hlice alfa 563 herencia intermediaria
grammoid ferns. hendido. cleft.
hlice alfa. alpha helix. hendidura. slit.
hlice. helix. hendidura branquial. gill cleft.
helicoidal. helical. hendidura. slit.
helicoide. helicoid. hepta-. hepta-.
helifilo. heliophilous. heptica. hepatica. liverwort.
helifita. heliophyte. heptamero. heptamerous.
helioscfita. heliosciphyte. heptandro. heptandrous.
heliospora. heliospore. heptaptalo. heptapetalous.
heliotaxis. heliotaxis. heptaspalo. heptasepalous.
heliotrpico. heliotropic. heptaspermo. heptaspermous.
heliotropismo. heliotropism. heptoso. heptose.
helodrio. helodrilum. herangio. haerangium.
helfito. helophyte. herangiomicetos. haerangiomycetes.
helotismo. helotism. herbceo. herbaceous.
helmintoide. helminthoid. worm- herbario. herbarium.
shaped. herbicida. herbicide.
hema. haem. herbicidal. herbicidal.
hemtina. haematin. herbvoro. herbivore.
hematocromo. haematochrome. herbolario. herbalist.
hembra. female. herborista. herbalist.
hemi-. hemi-. herborizar. botanize.
hemiasca. hemiascus. hercogamia. hercogamy.
hemiasco. hemiascus. heredabilidad. heritability.
hemiantropo. hemianatropous. heredable. heritable.
hemiautfito. hemiautophyte. heredar de. inherit from.
hemiangiocarpo. hemiangiocarpic. hereditario. hereditary.
hemicarpo. hemicarp. mericarp. herencia. heredity. inheritance.
hemicelulosa. hemicellulose. herencia alosmico. allosomal in-
hemicclico. hemicyclic. heritance.
hemicigoto. hemizygote. herencia alternativa. alternative
hemicriptfito. hemicryptophyte. inheritance.
hemiforme. hemiform. herencia (cito)plsmico. (cyto)plasmic
hemigamo. hemigamous. inheritance.
hemincleo. hemikaryon. herencia cruzada. criss-cross inher-
hemiparsito. hemiparasite. itance.
hemisaprfito. hemisaprophyte. herencia cualitativo. qualitative
hemispora. hemispore. inheritance.
hemtropo. hemianatropous. herencia cuantitativo. quantitative
hemitropous. inheritance.
hemizigtico. hemizygous. herencia discomico. disomic inher-
hemizigoto. hemizygote. itance.
hemocromgenos. haemochromogens. herencia intermedia. intermediate
hendecagio. hendecagynous. inheritance.
hendecandro. hendecandrous. herencia intermediaria. intermediate
herencia maternal 564 heterospreo
inheritance. heterocinesis. heterokinesis.
herencia maternal. maternal inher- heterociste. heterocyst.
itance. heterocisto. heterocyst.
herencia materno. maternal inher- heteroclamideo. heterochlanydeus.
itance. heterocromtico. heterochromatic.
herencia mendeliana. particulate heterocromatina. heterochromatin.
inheritance. hetercromo. heterochromous.
herencia mezclada. blending inher- heterocromosoma. heterochromo-
itance. somes.
herencia plastdica. plastid inher- heterocronia. heterochrony.
itance. heterodinamco. heterodynamic
herida. wound. hybrid.
heridado. inherited. heterodromo. heterodromous.
hermafrodita. hermaphroditic. her- heteroestilismo. heterostylism.
maphrodite. monoclinous. heterostyly.
hermafroditismo. hermaphroditism; heterofertilizacin. heterofertilization.
gynandry. heteroflia. heterophylly.
herrumbre (color). rust (color). heterfilo. heterophyllous.
herrumbre. rubiginous. rust (color). heterogamtico. heterogametic.
hesperidina. hesperidin. heterogameto. heterogamete.
hesperidio. hesperidium. heterogametangico. heterogametangic.
heter-. hetero-. heterogamia. heterogamy.
hetero-. hetero- hetergamo. heterogamous.
heterandro. heterandrous. heterogeneidad. heterogeneity.
hetercromo. heterochromous. heterogneo. heterogeneous.
hetergamtico. heterogametic. heterognesis. heterogenesis.
hetergamia. heterogamy. hetergeno. heterogeneous.
hetero-. hetero-. hetergnico. hetergenic.
heteroalelo. heteroallele. heterogonia. heterogony.
heteroalelo. heteroallele. hetergono. heterogonous.
heterauxiana. heteroauxin. heteroico. heteroecious. heteroxenous.
heterobasidio. heterobasidium. hetermero. heteromerous.
heterobraquial. heterobrachial. heteromrfico. heteromorphic.
heterocarin. heterokaryon. heteromorfo. heteromorphous.
heterocarionte. heterocaryon. heternomo. heteronomous.
heterocariosis. heterokaryosis. heteroptalo. heteropetalous.
heterocarpia. heterocarpy. heteropicnosis negativo. negative
heterocarpo. heterocarpous. heteropycnosis.
heterocia. heteroecy. heteroploide. heteroploid.
heterocclica. heterocylic. heteroproteido. conjugated protein.
heterocigosis. heterozygosis. heteropucnosis. heteropucnosis.
heterocigtico. heterozygous. heterospalo. heterosepalous.
heterocigoto. heterozygote. heterosinapsis. heterosynapsis.
heterocigoto doble. double hetero- heterosis. heterosis.
zygote. heterospreo. heterosporous.
heterosporangia 565 hidrogenin
heterosporangia. heterosporangy. hibridacin imperfecto. imperfect
heterosporia. heterospory. hybridization.
heterosprico. heterosporic. hibridacin introgresiva. introgressive
heterospro. heterosporous. hybridization.
heterostilia. heterostyly. heterostylism. hibridar. hybridize.
heterostilia dimrfico. dimorphic hibridez. hybritity.
heterostyly. hibridismo. hybridism.
heteroestilismo. heterostylism. hbrido. hybrid.
heterostilo. heterostylous. hbrido anfclino. amphiclinous
heterotlico. heterothallic. hybrid.
heterotalismo. heterothalism. hbrido de clula somtica. somatic
heterotaxis. heterotaxis. cell hybrid.
heterotipica (inflorescencia). het- hbrido de injerto. graft hybrid.
erotypic. hbrido derivado. derivative hybrid.
heterotrfico. heterotrophic. hbrido de estructural. structural
hetertrofo. heterotroph. hybrid.
heterotropous. hbrido doble. derivative hybrid.
heteroxenia. heteroxeny. hbrido falso. false hybrid.
heterozigosis. heterozygosis. hbrido homodinamico. homodynamic
heterozigtico. heterozygous. hybrid.
heterozigotismo. heterozygo(si)ty. hbrido interespecie. interspecies
heterozigoto. heterozygote. hybrid.
hexa-. hexa-. hbrido interespecfico. interspecific
hexamero. hexamerous. hybrid.
hexandro. hexandrous. hbrido numrico. numerical hybrid.
hexaploide. hexaploid. hbrido permanente. permanent
hexaploidia. hexaploidy. hybrid.
hexosa. hexose. hidatodo. hydathode. water pore.
hexosns. hexosans. hidatodo epitema. epithem hydathode.
hexasomico. hexasomic. hidatodo tricoma. trichome hydathode.
hexoquinasa. hexokinase. hidracin. hydration.
hialina. diaphanous. hyaline. hidrasa. hydrase.
hialo-. hyalo-. hidratado. hydrous.
hialognesis. hyalogenesis. hidrato de carbono. carbohydrates.
hialgeno. hyalogen. hidro. hydric.
hialoplasma. hyaloplasm. hidrocarburo. hydrocarbon.
hialosporo. hyalosporous. hidrocarpico. hydrocarpic.
hians. hians. hidrocoro. hydrochoric.
hiascente. hiascent. hidrofitio. hydrophytium.
hibernacin. hibernation. hidrofbico. hydrophobic.
hibernculo. hibernaculum. hidroflico. hydrophilic.
hibernal. hibernal. hidrfilo. hydrophilous.
hibernante. hibernating. hidrfita. hydrophyte.
hibernar. hibernate. hidrofbico. hydrophobic.
hibridacin. hybridization. hidrogenin. hydrogen ion.
hidrgeno 566 hipgino
hidrgeno. hydrogen. hilfito. hylophyte.
hidrogenliasa frmico. formic himantoide. himantoid.
hydrogenlyase. himenio. hymenium.
hidrogensa. hydrogenase. himenpodio. hymenopodium.
hidroide. hydroid. himenpteros. hymenophore.
hidrolasa. hydrolase. hinchado. distended. swollen.
hidrlisis. hydrolysis. hinchazn. swelling.
hidroltico. hydrolytic. hipanto. hypanthium.
hidrolizar. hydrolyze. hipantodio. hypanthodium.
hidropni(c)a. hydroponics. hiper-. hyper-.
hidropota. hydropote. hiperdiploida. hyperdiploidy.
hidroser(i)e. hydrosere. hipermorf. hypermorph.
hidrosfere. hydosphere. hiperploide. hyperploid.
hidrotactismo. hydrotaxis. hiperparasto. hyperparasite.
hidrotaxis. hydrotaxis. hiperplasia. hyperplasia.
hidrotrpico. hydrotropic. hiperploide. hyperploid.
hidrotropism. hydrotropism. hiperquimera. hyperchimaera.
hielo. frost. hipersisibilidad. hypersensitivity.
hielo estante. shelf ice. hiperstromatico. hyperstromatic.
hielo marino. sea ice. hipertnico. hypertonic.
hiematis. hiematis. hipertrfito. hypertrophyte.
hierba. herb. hipertrfia. hypertrophy.
hierro. iron. hipnociste. hypnocyst.
hifa. hypha. hipnspora. hypnospore.
hifa espiralada. spiral hypha. hipncigo. hypnozygous.
hifa frtil. fertile hypha. hipo-. hypo-.
hifa flexuoso. flexuous hypha. hipoascidio. hypoascidium.
hifa prodiploidizacin. prodiploidiz- hipobasidio. hypobasidium.
ation hypha. hipobiosis. hypobiosis.
hifa receptivo. receptive hypha. hipocarpgeno. hypocarpogenous.
hifomiceto. hyphomycetous. hipoctilo. hypocotyl. embryonic axis.
hifopodio. hyphopodium. hipocrateriforme. hypocrateriform.
higo estrangulamiento. strangling hipocraterimorfo. hypocraterimorph-
fig. ous. salverform.
higrfano. hygrophanous. hipocrepiforme. hippocrepiform.
higrfilo. hygrophilous. hipodermal. hypodermal.
higrfita. hygrophilous. hipodermis. hypodermis.
higrfobo. hygrophobe. hipodermo. hypodermis.
higromtrico. hygrometric. hipofloeodal. hypophloeodal.
higroquistic. hygrochastic. hipgeno. hypogenous.
higroscpico. hygroscopic. hipogeo. hypogean.
hija. daughter. hipgeo. hypogeous.
hijuelo. offset. tiller. hipoginia. hypogyny.
hilo. hilum. hylium. hipoginio. hypogynium.
hilodio. hylodium. hipgino. hypogynous.
hipolimnion 567 hoja simple
hipolimnion. hypolimnion. histologa. histology.
hipomorf. hypomorph. histona. histone.
hiponastia. hyponasty. histoqumico. histochemistry.
hipofilo. hypophyllous. historia natural. natural history.
hipoplasia. hypoplasia. historia vivo. life history.
hiploide. hyploid. hoja. leaf.
hipopoliploide. hypopolyploid. hoja acicular. acicular leaf.
hipoquinoide. hypochnoid. hoja acutica. water leaf.
hipostasis. hypostasis. hoja alado. winged leaf.
hiposttico. hypostatic. hoja almacenaje. storage leaf.
hipostomtica. hypostomatic. hoja articulado. articulate leaf.
hipostroma. hypostroma. hoja carpelar. carpophyll.
hipotalo. hypothallus. hoja compuesta. compound leaf.
hipoteca. hypotheca. hoja compuesta ternada. ternately
hipotecio. hypothecium. compound leaf.
hiptesis. hypothesis. hoja compuesto tripalmado. tripalm-
hiptesis de secuencia. sequence ately compound leaf.
hypothesis. hoja de pino. pine needle.
hipotnico. hypotonic. hoja deshilada. strap leaf.
hipotrfia. hypotrophy. hoja de reserva. storage leaf.
hipoxiloide. hypoxyloid. hoja de sombra. skiophyll.
hircinus. hircinus. hoja embrionaria. germ layer.
hirti-. hirti-. hoja emergida. emersed leaf.
hirsuto. hirsute. hoja entera. entire leaf.
hirsutidina. hirsutidin. hoja exterior del perigonio. outer
hirstulo. hirsutulous. perigone leaf.
hirtoso. hirtose. hoja floral. floral leaf.
hrtulo. hirtellous. hoja folicea. folliage leaf.
hirtus. hirtus. hoja germinal. germ layer.
hispido. hispid. hoja hisofilaria. hysophyllary leaf.
hispdulo. hispidulous. hoja juvenil. juvenile leaf.
histeranto. hysteranthous. hoja laciniada. laccate.
histeresis. hysteresis. hoja lateral. lateral leaf.
histeriaceo. hysteriaceous. hoja linear. linear leaf.
histeriforme. hysteriform. hoja mediana. median leaf.
histerfito. hysterophyte. hoja palmado compuesta. palmately
histerotecio. hysterothecium. compound leaf.
histidina. histidine. hoja pinnado compuesta. pinnately
histocompatibilidad. histocompat- compound leaf.
ibility. hoja primaria. primary leaf.
histognesis. histogenesis. hoja primordial. primordial leaf.
histogenia. histogeny. hoja radical. root leaf.
histgeno. histogen. hoja de semilla. seed leaf. seminal
histoide. histoid. leaf.
histlisis. histolysis. hoja simple. simple leaf.
hoja terminal 568 horizonte A
hoja terminal. terminal leaf. homogno. homogenous.
hoja utricular. utricular leaf. homomero. homimerous.
hoja vegetativa. foliage leaf. homoinjerto. homograft.
hojarasca. litter layer. homologa. homology.
hojas caulinares. stem leaves. homlogo. homologous.
hojilla. leaflet. homologue. homolog(ue).
hojoso. leafy. homomorfismo. homomorphism.
holndrico. holandric. homomorfo. homomorphic.
holistico. holistic. homnimo. homonym.
holo-. holo-. homoptalo. homopetalous. isopetal-
holobasidio. holobasidium. ous.
holobntico. holobenthic. homoplsmico. homoplasmic.
holoblstico. holoblastic. homosigosis. homozygosis.
holocarpico. holocarpic. homosinapsis. homosynapsis.
holocentrico. holocentric. homosporangico. homosporangic.
holoenzima. holoenzyme homosporia. homospory.
holfita. holophyte. homosprico. homosporic.
holofitico. holophytic. homsporo. homosporous.
hologameto. hologamete. homeostasis. homoeostasis.
hologamia. hologamy. homostilia. homostyly.
holosaprfito. holosaprophyte. homostlo. homostylous.
holtipo. holotype. homotalia. homothallism.
hom(e)ostasis gentica. genetic homotlico. homothallic.
hom(o)eostasis. homotalismo. homothallism.
homeostasis. homoeostasis. homozigosis. homozygosis.
homo-. homo-. homozigtico. homozygous.
homoalelo. homoallele. homozigotismo. homozygosity.
homobasidio. homobasidium. homozigoto. homozygote.
homobio. homobium. hongo. fungus. mushroom.
homocario. homocaryon. homokaryon. hongo de la raz. root fungus.
homocarin. homocaryon. homokar- hongo estante. shelf fungus.
yon. hongo imperfecto. imperfect fungus.
homocarpo. homocarpous. hongo viscoso. slime fungus.
homocigoto. homozygote. hongos. fungi.
homoclamideo. homochlamydeous. hongos inferiores. lower fungi.
homodroma. homodromous. hongos superiores. higher fungi.
homoeosis. homoeosis. hongos txico. toadstool.
homfilo. homophyllous. hongos venenosas. poisonous fungi.
homoftico. homophytic. hongos venenosos. poisonous fungi.
homogamtico. homogametic. hongos verdaderos. true fungi.
homogamia. homogamy. hordeina. hordein.
homgamo. homgamous. horitcultura. horticulture.
homogneo. homogeneous. horizontal. horizontal.
homognesis. homogenesis. horizonte. horizon.
homognico. homogenic. horizonte A. A-horizon.
horizonte C 569 huso nuclear
horizonte C. C horizon. husped diferencial. differential host.
horizonte edfico. soil horizon. huevo. egg. ovum (pl. ova).
horizonte slico. salic horizon. huida. escape.
hormesis. hormesis. humedad. humidity. moisture.
hormociste. hormocyst. humedad relativa. relative humid-
hormogneo. hormogonium. ity.
hormogonio. hormogone. hmedo. humid. moist. wet.
hormona. hormone. humico. humicolous.
hormona florgena. florigen. humificacin. humification.
hormona vegetal. plant hormone. humifusus. humifusus.
hormospora. hormospore. humilis. humilis.
horolgico. horological. humina. humin.
horotlico. horotelic. humo. smoke.
horotmente. horotely. humus. humus.
hortensis. hortensis. humus cido. mor. acid humus.
horticola. horticultural. humus bruto. mor.
hortus siccus. hortus siccus. huso acromtico. achromatic spin-
hospedero. host. dle.
hospedero-especfico. host-specific. huso inicial. initial spindle.
hueco. hollow. huso meitico. meiotic spindle.
hueso. pit. stone. huso microtubular. microtubular
husped. host. spindle.
husped alternativo. alternate host. huso mittico. mitotic spindle.
alternative host. huso nuclear. nuclear spindle.
i.e. 570 indicador anillo anual
jaculator. jaculator.
jaspeado. variegated.
jicaro. gourd.
jugo celular. cell sap.
juego de cromosomas. set of chro-
mosomes.
jugo nuclear. nuclear sap.
jugum. jugum.
julaceo. julaceous.
junceous. junceous.
juncia. sedge.
junco. juncous. rush. sedge.
juncoide. juncoid. rush-like.
jungla. jungle.
juventud. juvenility.
K. K. kino. kino.
kelp. kelp. krummholz. krummholz
kinase. kinasa.
L 576 latencia
L. L. lagoon.
labelado. labellate. laguna. lacuna (pl. lacunae).
labelo. labellum. lip. lagunar. lacunose.
labiado. labiate. lipped. larmarckismo. lamarckism.
labial. labial. lamarquismo. lamarckism.
labio. labium (pl. labia). lip. lamela medio. middle lamella .
labio superior. upper lip. lamelado. lamellate.
labirintiforme. labyrinthiform. lamelar. lamellar.
labium. labellum. lip. lameliforme. lamelliform.
laccado. laccate. lameloso. lamellose.
lacerado. lacerate. lmina. blade. lamina.
lacieo. lacyeous. lmina celular. cell plate
lacinia. lacinia. lmina de agua. water table.
laciniado. laciniate. lmina de hoja. leaf blade.
laciniforme. laciniform. lmina entero. undivided blade.
lacinla. lacinla. lmina foliar. leaf blade.
lacrimacin. bleeding. laminacin. lamination.
lacrimiforme. lacrimiform. laminado. laminate.
lactasa. lactase. laminar. laminar.
lactescencia. lactescence. laminarina. laminarin.
lactfero. lactiferous. laminilla. fungal gill. gill. lamella
lactifico. lactific. (pl. lamellae).
lactoflavina. lactoflavin. laminilla intergranular. intergrana
lactona. lactone. lamella.
lacustre. lacustrine. laminilla primario. primary lamella.
ladera. slope. lana. wool.
lado ventral. ventral side. lanceolado. lanceolate.
ladrillo (color). rusty (color). ru- lanceoloide. lanceoloid.
biginous. lanci-. lanci-.
ladrillo. rubiginous. rusty (color). lani-. lani-.
laevi-. laevi-. lanoso. wooly.
laevgado. laevigate. lanso. lanate.
lageniforme. flask-shaped. lanuginoso. lanuginose. wooly.
lageniforme. lageniform. lanugo. lanugo.
lago. lake. lanuloso. lanulose.
lago mestrofo. mesotrophic lake. lapidiclo. lapidicolous.
lago salino. salt lake. lasio-. lasio-.
lago salobre. salt lake. lastre gentico. genetic load.
lagua de aguas residuales. wastewater latencia. dormancy. latent.
latencia invernal 577 levulosa
latencia invernal. winter dormancy. lea estrecho. latewood.
la teoria del big bang. big bang lea picnoxilico. pynoxylic wood.
theory. lea tardio. latewood. summer wood.
lateral. lateral. lea temprano. earlywood (spring
ltex. latex (pl. latices). wood). primary wood.
latexosis. latexosis. lengua. tongue.
lati-. lati-. lengua de compensacin. compen-
latiacostillado. laticostate. sation tongue.
laticfero. laticifer. laticiferous. leosa. hardwood. lignified.
latidentado. latidentate. leoso. ligneous. woody.
latidtud. latitude. lenteja. lentil.
latifolio. broad-leaved. latifoliate. lenticela. lenticel.
latifolioso. broad-leaved. lntico. lentic.
latifolius. latifolius. lenticular. lenticular.
latihoja. broadleaf. lentiforme. lentiform.
latiofolioso. latifolious. lentiginoso. lentiginous.
latiseptado. latiseptate. leonado. tawy.
latitud. latitude. lepido-. lepido-.
latn de color. aenius. lepidoto. lepidote.
latrorso. latrorso. lepis. lepis.
laurio. laurium. leproso. leprose.
lavar. leach. lepto-. lepto-
laxamente. loosely. leptoderma. leptodermous.
laxi-. laxi-. leptfilo. leptophyllos.
laxo. lax. loose. leptoforma. leptoform.
lecanorina. lecanorine. leptoma. leptome.
lecho de un rio. riverbed. leptonema. leptonema.
lecho marino. seafloor. leptosporangiado. leptosporangiate.
lecideina. lecideine. leptteno. leptotene.
lecitoproteina. lecithoprotein. lepttico. leptotichous.
lecitina. lecithin. lesin. wound.
lecitinasa. lecithinase. letal. lethal.
lectina. lectin. letal equilibrado. balanced lethal.
lectotipo. lectotype. letargo. dormancy.
legumbre (enleguminosas). pod. letargo estival. summer dormancy.
legumbre. legume. leucina. leucine.
leguminosa. leguminous. leuco-. leuco-.
leio-. leio-. leucoanto. leucoanthous.
leiosporo. leiosporous. leucoplasto. leucoplast.
lema. lemma. leuosporo. leucosporous.
lea. wood. levadura. yeast.
lea de otoo. latewood. levana. levan.
lea de primavera. earlywood (spring levigado. levigate.
wood). primary wood. levovoluble. sinistrorse.
lea de verano. summer wood. levulosa. levulose.
ley biogentica fundamental 578 lipocondria
ley biogentica fundamental. bio- lmbo. limb.
genetic law. limero. lime tree.
ley de Hardy-Weinberg. Hardy- limcolo. limicolous.
Weinberg law. limitacin. restraint.
Ley de las herencia de Mendel. limitado por el sexo. sex-limited.
Mendels Law of Inheritance. limite de arbols. limit of trees.
leyes de Mendel. Mendels laws. limite del arbolado. tree-line.
leyes de Galton. Galtons laws. lmite de tolerado. tolerance limit.
liana. liana. lmite de tolerancia. tolerance limit.
liasa. lyase. lmite del arbolado. timberline. tree-
lber. liber. bast. line.
liber duro. hard bast. limites de tolerado. limits of toler-
liberacin. liberation. ance.
liberar. liberate. limites de tolerancia. limits of tol-
libra. free. erance.
libriforme. libriform. limivoro. mull.
LIC. ICF. limntico. limnetic.
licopina. lycopene. limnio. limnium.
licopino. lycopene. limnodio. linmodium.
lea evolutiva. evolutionary lineage. limnologa. limnology.
ligado al sexo. sex-linked. limn. lemon.
ligado-X. X-linked. limoniforme. limoniform.
ligado-Y. Y-linked. linaje. lineage.
ligamiento. linkage. linaje celular. cell lineage.
ligamiento al sexo. sex-linkage. linaje evolutivo. evolutionary line-
ligande. ligand. age.
ligasa. ligase. linamarina. linamarin.
ligeramente pdulo. nutant. lnea. line.
lignescente. lignescent. linea celular. cell line.
ligncola. lignicolous. linea consanguinea. inbred line.
lignificacon. lignification. lina de nieve. snow-line.
lignificarse. lignify. lnea pura. pure line.
ligniforme. ligniform. lineas zona. zone lines.
lignina. lignin. lineado. lineate.
lignocelulosa. lignocellulose. lineal. linear (leaf).
lgula. ligule. linear (hoja). linear (leaf).
ligulada. ligulate. lineolado. lineolate.
ligulado. bearded. lingiforme. linguiform.
ligular. ligulate (of shape). lingulado. lingulate.
liguliflorado. liguliflorate. linina. linin.
liguliforme. liguliform. linkage. linkage. ligamiento.
lila (color). lilac (color). linkage inico. ionic linkage.
lima (fruta). lime (fruit). Linnaeus. Linnaeus.
limbato. limbate. lipasa. lipase.
limbo (foliar). leaf blade. lipocondria. lipochondria.
lpido 579 lunular
lpido. lipid(e). lobular. lobular.
lipocromo. lipochrome. lbulo. lobule.
lipoide. lipoid. localizacin. localization.
lipofilco. lipophilic. localizado. localized.
lipoxidasa. lipoxidase. locelado. locellate.
lipoprotena. lipoprotein. lochmio. lochmium.
liposoma. liposome. loci. loci.
liquen. lichen. locomocin. locomotion.
liquencolo. lichenicolous. loculacin. loculation.
liquenina. lichenin. loculado. loculate.
liqueno. lichenous. locular. locular.
liquenologa. lichenology. loculacin. loculation.
liquenometra. lichenometry. loculatus. loculatus.
lirado. lyrate. loculicida. loculicidal.
lirella. lirella. lculo. locule (pl. loculi). loculus.
liriforme. lyriform. cell.
lisina. lysine. lculo de semilla. seed cavity.
lisis. lysis. loculoso. loculose.
liso. even. smooth. locus. locus (pl. loci or loca).
lisogenia. lysogeny. locus activo. active site.
lisosoma. lysosome. locus de gene. gene locus.
lisozima. lysozyme. locusta. locusta.
listado. streaked. striped. lodcula. lodicule.
litfilo. lithophilous. lfilo. lophium.
litfito. lithophyte. loftrico. lophotrichous.
litoral. littoral. lomentceo. lomentaceous.
litoral zona. littoral lomento. loment(um).
litosere. lithosere. longevidad. longevity.
litoserie. lithosere. longi-. longi-.
littrofo. lithotroph. longicolo. longicollous.
lituado. lituate. longiflor(o)(a). longiflorous.
liturado. liturate. longitud. longitude.
liveus. liveus. lorado. liguliform.
lixivacin. leaching. loriforme. lorate. loriform.
lixiviar. leach. lotco. lotic.
llanura. moor. prairie. lubrico. lubricous.
lluvia. rain. luciferasa. luciferase.
lluvia cido. acid rain. luciferina. luciferin.
lluvioso. rainy. lucfugo. lucifugous.
lobado. lobate. lugar receptivo. receptive spot.
lobo. lobe. lumen. lumen.
lobo cliz. calyx lobe. luminescencia. luminescence.
lobo lateral. lateral lobe. luminescente. luminescent.
lobulada. lobed. lunular. crescentric. lunate. cres-
lobulado. lobulate. cent-shaped.
lustroso 580 luz polarizada
lustroso. nitid. (UV light).
luz. lumen. luz polarizada. polarized light.
luz ultraviolete (UV). ultraviolet light
macollamiento 581 malformacin
n. n. nefro-. nephro-.
N. N. nefroide. nephroid.
Na. Na. negativo. negative.
naciente. nascent. negruzco. nigrescent.
nacreo. nacreous. nematecio. nemathecium.
NAD. NAD nemoral. nemoral.
NADP. NADP. nenfar. water lily.
nanismo. nanism. neo-. neo-.
(e)nanandrio. nannandrium. neognesis. neogenesis.
(e)nanocito. nannocyte. neoglucognesis. gluconeogensis.
(e)nano-. nano-. neomorf. neomorph.
(e)nanofanerofito. nanophanerophyte. neoplasma. neoplasm.
(e)nanfilo. nanophylous. neotypic. neotype.
(e)nanofosil. nanofossil. nertico. neritic.
nanus. nanus. nernalizar. vernalize.
napiforme. napiform. nervado. costate. veined. nervose.
naranja (color). orange (color). nervate. ribbed.
nastia. nasty. nervado libre. free veins.
nstico. nastic. nervadura. nervation. nervature.
natans. natans. venation. vein.
natante. natant. nervadura-aclarado. vein-clearing.
nativo. indigenous. native. nervadura de banda. vein-band.
natural. natural. nervadura espuria. false vein.
naturalizaar. naturalize. nervadura media. midvein.
naturalizado. naturalized. nervadura paralela. parallel vena-
nautiloide. nautiloid. tion.
navicular. navicular. nervadura reticulada. net-veined.
nebuloso. nebulose. nerval. veinal.
necario. nectary. nervicolo. nervicolous.
necrohormona. wound hormone. nerviforme. nerviform.
necrosis. necrosis. nervio. nerve. nerved.
necrtico. necrotic. nervio foliar. nervure.
necrotrfico. necrotrophic. nervio medio. midrib.
nctar. nectar. nrvulo. veinlet.
nectarfero. nectariferous. netaplasmodio. netplasmodium.
nectario. nectary. netro. netrum.
nectario extrafloral. extrafloral neucecilla. nucule. nutlet.
nectary. neumtodo. pneumathode.
necton. necton. nekton. neumatforo. pneumatophore.
neumotaxis 592 non-ciclico fotofosforilacin
neumotaxis. pneumotaxis. nitrgeno atmosfrica. atmospheric
neumotropismo. pneumotropism. nitrogen.
neurotoxina. neurotoxin. nitrgeno de fijacin. fixation of
neuston. neuston. nitrogen.
neutra. neuter. nitrosacin. nitrosation.
neutralismo. neutralism. nivalis. nivalis.
neutro. agamous. nivel de agua fretica. ground
neutrfilo. neutrophilous. water table.
neutrn. neutron. nivel del mar. sea level.
nicho. niche. nivel fretico. ground water table.
nicho ecolgico. ecological niche. nivel trfico. trophic level.
nicotina. nicotine. niveus. niveus.
nicotinamida-adenina-dinucletide no apareamiento homlogo.
(NAD). nicotinamide adenine non-homologous pairing.
dinucleotide (NAD). no articulado. non-articulate.
nicotinamida-adenina-dinucletido- no celular. noncellular.
fosfato (NADP). nicotinamide non-ciclico fotofosforilacin. non-
adenine dinucleotide phosphate cyclic photophosphorylation.
(NADP). no conjuncin. non-conjunction.
nictanto. nyctanthous. nocturno. nocturnal.
nictgamo. nyctigamous. nodal. nodal.
nictinastia. nyctinasty. no deciduo. indeciduous.
nictitrpico. nyctitropic. nodifero. nodiferous.
nictonastia. nictonasty. nodo. nodum.
nido. nidus. nodoso. nodose.
nidoso. nidose. nodulacin. nodulation.
nidulante. nidulant. nodulado. nodulate.
niebla. fog. nodular. nodular.
niebla txica. smog. ndulo. geniculum. nodule.
nieve amarillo. yellow snow. ndulo polar. polar nodule.
nieve rojo. red snow. ndulo radical. root nodule.
niger. niger. noduloso. nodulose.
ninfea. water lily. no disjuyuncin. nondisjunction.
niple. nipple. nombre cientfico. scientific name.
ntido. nitid. nombre especfico. specific name.
nitrato. nitrate. nombre genrico. generic name.
nitrificacion. nitrification. nombre vulgar. common name.
nitrificar. nitrify. nomen. nomen.
nitrito. nitrite. nomenclatura. nomenclature.
nitrobacteria. nitrobacterio. nomenclatura binomial. binomial
nitrobacterio. nitrobacteria. nomenclature.
nitrfilo. nitrophilous. no modificar. non-modified.
nitrogenado. nitrogenous. non-. non-.
nitrogenasa. nitrogenase. non-ciclico fotofosforilacin. non-
nitrgeno. nitrogen. cyclic photophosphorylation.
nondisyuncin 593 nmero cigtico
nondisyuncin. nondisjunction. nucleolado. nucleolate.
nondisyuncin meitico. meiotic nucleolar. nucleolar.
nondisjunction. nucleolina. nucleoline.
nondisyuncin meytico. meiotic ncleolo. nucleolus.
nondisjunction. nucleolocentrosoma. nucleolo-cen-
nondisyuncin mittico. mitosis trosome.
nondisjunction. nucleoma. nucleome.
nonmotil. nonmotile. ncleo metablica. metabolic nucleus.
no polar. non-polar. nucleoplasma. nucleoplasm.
no poroso. impervious. impermeable. nucleoplasmtico ratio. karyoplas-
no protnico. non-protein. matic ratio.
no reduccin. non-reduction. ncleo polar. polar nucleus.
norma. norm. nclelo poliengida. polyenergid
no sensibilidad. non-sensibility. nucleus.
no septado. unseptate. nucleoproteina. nucleoprotein.
no sexual. nonsexual. nucleoquilema. nucleochylema.
no simtrico. unsymmetrical. ncleo restitucin. restitution nu-
notado. notate. cleus.
novem-. novem-. ncleo secundario. secondary nu-
no vascular. avascular. non-vascu- cleus.
lar. ncleo vegetativo. tube nucleus.
novem-. novem-. nuclesido. nucleoside.
no viable. non-viable. nucleosoma. nucleosome.
nucela. nucellus. nucletida. nucleotide.
nucelar. nucellar. nuclear. nucletido. nucleotide.
nuceleolar. nucleolar. ncleo vegetativo. tube-nucleus.
nuceloide. nucleoid. vegetative nucleus.
nucifero. nuciferous. ncula. nucule. nutlet.
nuciforme. nuciform. nculo. nutlet.
nucleado. nucleate. nudacin. nudation.
nuclear. nuclear. nudi-. nudi-.
nuclei conjugado. conjugate nuclei. nudicaule. nudicaul.
nuclei polar. polar nuclei. nudo. joint. knot. node.
ncleo. nucleus (pl. nuclei). nudo de macollamiento. tillering node.
ncleo de fusin. fusion nucleus. nudo neta. net knot.
ncleo del tubo polnico. tube nu- nudo primario. primary node.
cleus. nudoso. knotty. knotted.
ncelo difuso. diffuse nucleus. nuececilla. nutlet.
ncleo en reposo. resting nucleus. nuececilla esquizocarpic. schizocarpic
ncleo espermatico. sperm nucleus. nutlet.
ncleo generativo. generative nu- nuez. nut.
cleus. nuez alado. winged nut.
ncleo hermana. sister nucleus. nuliplexo. nulliplex.
ncleo hijo. daughter nucleus. nulismico. nullisomic.
ncleo humus. humus nucleus. nmero cigtico. zygotic number.
nmero cromosmico 594 nyctitrpico
nmero cromosmico. chromosome nutrientes unasimilable. unavailable
number. nutrients.
nmero gamtico. gametic number. nutrientes undisponible. unavail-
numero fotosinttico. photosynthetic able nutrients.
number. nutritivo limitante. limiting nutri-
numeroso. numerous. ent.
nutacin. nutation. nuz. nut.
nutante (ligeramente pdulo). nutant. nyctanto. nytanthous.
nutricin. nutrition. nyctgamo. nyctigamous.
nutriente. nutrient. nyctitrpico. nyctitropic.
nutrimente. nutriment.
O 595 oidiosporo
O. O. ocelado. ocellated.
oasis. oasis. ocelo. ocellus.
ob-. ob-. ocheria. ochery.
obclaviforme. obclavate. ochrosporo. ochrosporous.
obcomprimido. obcompressed. ocre. ocher. ochre.
obcnico. obconic. crea. ochrea. ocrea.
obcordiforme. obcordiform. ocreado. ochreate. ocreate.
obcordate. ocreocarpo. ochrocarpous.
obdeltatdo. obdeltate. ocreolado. ocreolate.
obdeltoide. obdeltoid. octamero. octamerous.
obdiplostmono. obdiplostemonous. octandro. octandrous.
obeltico. obelliptic. octapptido. octapeptide.
oblanceolado. oblanceolate. octo-. octo-.
oblanceoloide. oblanceoloid. octgino. octogynous.
oblato. oblate. octolocular. octolocular.
oblicuo. oblique. octomero. octomerous.
obligado. obligate. octapptido. octapeptide.
obliterado. obliteration. octopetalario. octopetalous.
oblongo. oblong. octoploidia. octoploidy.
obovado. egg-shaped. obovate. octoradio. octoradiate.
obovoide. egg-shaped. obovoid. octospaloso. octosepalous.
obpiramidal. obpyramidal. octosporo. octosporous.
obpiriforme. knob-like. obpiriform. oculsin. occulsion.
obscuro. obscure. ocurrir. occurs.
obsolescencia. obsolescence. odonto-. odonto-.
obsolescente. obsolescent. odontoide. odontoid.
obsoleto. obsolete. oferta. tender.
obtriangular. obtriangular. officinales. officinales.
obtrulado. obtrullate. ofio-. ophio-.
obtruncado. obtruncate. oide. -oid. ose.
obtuso. obtuse. oidia. oidium.
obvoide. egg-shaped. ojo (yema). eye (bud)
occidentalis. occidentalis. oleaginoso. oleaginous.
ocenico. oceanic. oleiferus. oleiferus.
ocano de desierto. ocean desert. olena. olein.
oceanografa. oceanography. oleosoma. oleosome.
oceangrafo. oceanographer. olesa. oil.
oceanologa. oceanology. oidiosporo. oidiospore.
olig- 596 organizacin
olig-. oligo. oo-. oo-.
oligo-. -oligo. ooblasto. ooblast.
oliocarpia. oligocarpy. oocito. oocyte.
oliocrpico. oligocarpous. oofito. oophyte.
oligoelemento. minor element. oogameto. oogamete.
oligofilo. oligophyllous. oogamia. oogamy.
oligogen. oligogene. ogamo. oogamous.
oligohalino. oligohaline. oogentico. oogenetic.
oligmero. oligomerous. oognesis. oogenesis.
oligomictico. oligomictic. oogonia. oogonium.
oligonucletida. oligonucleotide. oolisis. oolysis.
oligonucletido. oligonucleotide. ooplasma. ooplasm.
oligopptido. oligopeptide. oosfera. oosphere.
oligoptalo. oligopetalous. oosfera cntrica. centric fusion.
oligosacrido. oligosaccharide. oosfera compuesta. compound
oligospalo. oligosepalous. oosphere.
oligsida. oligosaccharide. oosfera subcntrica. subcentric
oligospermo. oligospermous. oosphere.
oligosporo. oligosporous. oospora. oospore.
oligostmono. oligostemonous. otida. ootid.
oligotaxia. oligotaxy. opaco. dull. opaque.
oligotrofia. oligotrophy. operador. operator.
oligotroficacin. oligotrophication. operculado. operculate.
oligotrfico. oligotrophic. operculiforme. operculiform.
oligtrofo. oligotrophic. oprculo. lid. operculum.
oligotroffito. oligotrophophyte. opern. operon.
oliocpico. oligocarpous. -opsis. opsis.
oliohalino. oligohaline. opsis-forma. opsis-form.
olivceo. olivaceous. opuesto. opposite. averse.
olor. odor. scent. orbicular. orbicular. orbiculate. disc-
olorifero. odoriferous. shaped.
oloroso. fragrant. scented. orbitario. oribtal.
ombligo. umbilicus. orculiforma. orculiform.
ombrfila. ombrophilous plant. orden. order.
ombrfilo. ombrophilous. rain-loving. ordinal. ordinal.
ombrfito. ombrophyte. oreo-. oreo-.
ombrfobo. ombrophobe. orgadio. orgadium.
omnivoro. omnivore. omnivorous. rgan de sujecin. holdfast.
ondulacin. corrugation. organela. organelle.
ondulado. corrugated. organela sensorial. sense organelle.
ondular. undulate. orgnico. organic.
onduloso. wavy. organismo. organism.
ontogentico. ontogenetic. organismo pionera. pioneer organ-
ontogenia. ontogeny. ism.
ontognesis. ontogenesis. organizacin. organization.
organizado 597 oxicromatina
organizado. organized. ortotropismo. orthotropism.
organizador. organizer. orttropo. orthotropous.
organizar. organize. sculado. osculate.
rgano. organ. osculante. osculant.
rgano acoplamiento. attachment sculo. oscule (pl. oscula).
organ. oscuro. dark.
rgano anexo. accessory organs. seo. osseous.
rgano fijador. holdfast. osiculo. ossiculus.
organogenia. organogeny. osiforme. ossiform.
organognesis. organogenesis. -osis. osis.
organografa. organography. osmoflico. osmophilic.
rgano invernante. perennating organ. osmoregulacin. osmoregulation.
organologa. organology. osmosis. osmosis.
rganos esencial. essential organs. smosis. osmosis.
rgano sensorial. sense organ. osmtico. osmotic.
orgnos no esencial. non-essential osmotrfico. osmotrophic.
organs. osteosclereida. osteosclereide.
organtrofo. organotroph. ostilo. ostiole.
rgano vestigial. vestigial organ. ostilado. ostiolate.
orgnulo. organelle. otoal. autumnal.
orgnulo sensorial. sense organelle. otoo. autumn. fall.
oria. fringe. outbreeding. outbreeding.
orientale. orientale. outliera. outlier.
orientacin. orientation. ovado. ovate.
orilla del mar. seashore. ovalado. oval.
orificio eisodal. eisodal aperature. ovarcolo. ovaricolous.
ornitina. ornithine. ovario. ovary.
ornito-. ornitho-. ovario compuesta. compound ovary.
ornitocoprfilo. ornithocoprophilous. ovario infero. inferior ovary.
ornitfilo. ornithophilous. ovario spero. superior ovary.
ornitfilia. ornithophilous. ovi-. ovi-.
orfilo. orophilous. oviforme. oviform.
orfita. orophyte. ovisac. ovisac.
orfitio. orophyte. ovoclula. egg cell.
orqudea. orchid. ovognesis. ovogenesis.
ort-. ortho-. ovogentico. ovogenetic.
ortiga. nettle. ovoide. ovoid.
orto-. ortho-. ovtida. ootid.
ortoclado. orthocladous. ovulado. ovulate.
ortogensis. orthogenesis. ovular. ovular.
ortogeotropismo. orthogeotropism. vulo. cell. ovule.
ortoseleccin. orthoselection. vulo anfitropo. amphitropous ovule.
ortsticos. orthostichies. oxi-. oxy-.
orttropico. orthotropous. oxibiosis. aerobiosis.
ortotrpo. orthotropic. oxicromatina. oxychromatin.
oxidacin 598 -oxidacin
oxidacin. oxidation. oxygen.
oxidacin beta. beta oxidation. oxgeno. oxygen.
oxidante. oxidant. oxilfito. oxylophyte.
oxidar. oxidize. oxitaxis. oxytaxis.
oxidasa. oxidase. oxodio. oxodium.
oxidasa polifenol. polyphenol oxi- ozona. ozone.
dase. ozonsfera. ozonosphere.
oxidoreductasa. oxidoreductase. -oxidacin. -oxidation.
oxgeno atmosfrica. atmospheric
P 599 papila dehiscencia
P. P. pound leaf.
pagina. pagina. palmatifido. palmatifid.
paidognesis. p(a)edogenesis. palmatiforme. palmatiform.
pajizo. stramineous. palmatisecto. palmatisect.
paladar. palate. palmeado. webbed.
pal(a)eoclimnologa. pal(a)eoclimno- palmela. palmella.
logy. palmeloide. palmelloid.
pal(a)eoecologa. pal(a)eoecology. palmera. palm.
pal(a)eoespecie. pal(a)eospecies. paldico. paludal.
pal(a)eofitologa. pal(a)eophytology. paludcola. palustrine.
pal(a)eoflora. pal(a)eoflora. paludcolo. paludicolous.
pal(a)eola. pal(a)eola. pampinodia. pampinody.
pal(a)eolado. pal(a)eolate. panal. faveolate.
pal(a)eolae. pal(a)eolae. pandurado. pandurate.
pal(a)eomorfo. pal(a)eomorphic. panduriforme. panduriform.
pal(a)eontologa. pal(a)eontology. panfotomtrico. panphotometric.
pal(a)eotropical. pal(a)eotropical pangnesis. pangenesis.
paladar. palate. panicoide. panicoid.
palaeceo. paleaceous. pancula. panicle.
plea. palea. paniculado. paniculate.
palea inferior. inferior palea. paniculiforme. paniculiform.
paleceo. chaffy. paniform. panniform.
paleo-. paleo-. panmixes. panmixes.
paleoa. paleoa. panmixia. panmixes.
paleobotnica. paleobotany. pannosus. pannosus.
paleobotnico. paleobotanical. pantano. bog. marsh. swamp.
paleocronologa. paleochronology. wetland.
palescente. pallescent. pantano de manglar. mangrove
paliforma. paliform. swamp.
palingnesis. palingenesis. pantano interior. inland wetland.
palinologa. palynology. pantano salada. salt marsh.
pallens. pallens. pantanoso. marshy. paludal.
plido. pallid. panto-. panto-.
palinologa. palynology. pantfago. pantophase.
palma. palm. pantropical. pantropical.
palmado. palmate. papaina. papain.
palmado. webbed. papila. papilla (pl. papillae).
palmado-pinnado. palmate-pinnate. papila dehiscencia. dehiscense pa-
palmaticompuesta. palmately com- pilla.
papila receptivo 600 parnquima en empalizada
papila receptivo. receptive papilla. parsito internal. endoparasite.
papilioncea. papilionaceous. parsito obligado. obligate parasite.
papiloso. papillate. papillose. parsito parcial. partial parasite.
papirceo. papery. papyraceous. paraspora. paraspore.
papo. pappus. parasporangio. parasporangium.
paposo. pappose. paratecio. parathecium.
papular. papular. parsticos. parastichies.
paqui-. paqui-. paratipo. paratype.
paquicarpo. pachycarpous. paratnico. paratonic.
paquicaule. pachycaulous. paratraqueal. paratracheal.
paquiclado. pachycladous. parchada. patchy.
paqufilo. pachyphyllous. parche. patch (pl. patches).
paqunemo. pachynema. parcial. partial.
paqupleuro. pachypleurous. parcial velo. velum partiale.
paquteno. pachytene. par de bases. base pair.
paquiteno. pachytene. par de genes. gene pair.
para-. para-. pardo (color). brown (color).
parablico. parabolic. pardo-amarillento (color). tan.
paracrpico. semicarpous. fulvous (color).
paracorola. paracorolla. pardo oscuro (color). fuscous (color).
paradesmosa. paradesmose. pardo rojizo. tawy.
parfilo. paraphyllum. pardusco. brownish.
parfisis. paraphysis. pareado. paired.
parafisoide. paraphysoid. pared. wall.
parafisos. paraphyses. pared cellular. cell wall.
parafototrpico. paraphototropic. pared celular primario. primary cell
paragino. paragynous. wall.
paralelinervio. parallelodromous. pared celular secundario. second-
paralelo. parallel. ary cell wall.
paraleldromo. parallelodromous. pared celular. cell wall.
paralelotrpico. parallelotropic. pared delgada. thin-walled.
parmetro. parameter. pared dorsal. dorsal wall.
paramilo. paramylum. pared espesa. thick-walled.
pramo. fell. moor. pared grueso. thick-walled.
paranema. paranema. pared primario. primary wall.
parapatrico. parapatric. pared radial. radial wall.
paraplasma. paraplasm. pared secundario. secondary wall.
paraplectnquima. paraplectenchyma. pared ventral. ventral wall.
parasimbiosis. parasymbiosis. pareja de bases. base pair.
parasndesis. parasyndesis. parquima. parenchyma.
parasito. parasite. parnquima conjuctivo. conjuctive
parsito espacial. space parasite. parenchyma.
parsito de herida. wound parasite. parnquima de suelo. ground pa-
parsito facultativo. facultative renchyma.
parasite. parnquima en empalizada. pali-
parquima esponjoso 601 pednculo floral
sade parenchyma. patente. patent.
parquima esponjoso. spongy pa- patognico. pathogenic.
renchyma. patgeno. pathogen.
parnquima floema. phloem paren- patologa vegetal. plant pathology.
chyma. patologa. pathology.
parnquima de madera radial. wood patroclino. patroclinal.
ray parenchyma. patromorfo. patromorphic.
parnquima xilema. xylem paren- patrn. rootstock.
chyma. patron. understock.
parequimato. parenchymatous. patulo. patulous.
parichinos. parichinos. pauci-. pauci-.
parietal. parietal. paucifloro. pauciflorous.
parimarca. parichinos. pauciflorus. pauciflorus.
paripinnado. even-pinnate. pari- pauciverticilo. pauciwhorls.
pinnate. parvi-. parvi-.
paroico. paroicous. parviflorus. parviflorus.
parte de la playa entre la pleamar parvifoliado. parvifoliate.
y la bajamar. foreshore. peciolado. petiolate.
parte. part. peciolar. petiolar.
parte espora. part spore. pecolo (enhelechos). stipe.
partenoapogama. parthenoapogamy. pecolo. petiole. leafstalk.
partenocarpia. parthenocarpy. peciolo. stalk (petiole).
partenocarpico. parthenocarpic. pecolo secundario. secondary petiole.
partenodo. parthenote. peciolulado. petiolulate.
partenognesis. parthenogenesis. peciolulo. petiolule.
partenognetico. parthenogenetic. pectina. pectin.
partenspora. parthenospore. pectinasa. pectinase.
particin. partition. pectinado. pectinate. comb-like.
particula transportadora de pedafido. pedafid.
electrones, PTE. electron transport pedato. pedate.
particle, ETP. pedicelado. pedicellate.
partcula vrica. virus particle. pedeognesis. pedogenesis.
particulas subatmico. subatomic pedicelado. pedicelate.
particles. pedicelo. pedicel.
partido. divided. parted. pediculado. pediculate.
partim. partim. pedculo. pedicle. stalk.
pas(m)mosere. psammosere. pedculo de semilla. seed stalk.
pasando. merging. pedogamia. pedogamy.
past excesiva. overgrazing. pedognesis. p(a)edogenesis.
paste(u)rizacin del suelo. soil pas- pedigree. pedigree.
teurization. pedologa. pedology.
pastizal. grassland. meadow. pedunculado. pedunculate.
pasto. herb. lawn. pednculo. peduncle. stalk (peduncle).
patela. patella. pednculo desnuda. naked stalk.
pateliforme. patelliform. pednculo floral. flower stalk.
pednculo secundario 602 perianto persistente
pednculo secundario. secondary penniforme. penniform.
peduncle. penninervado. penninerved.
pegajosidad. stickiness. penta-. penta-.
pegajoso. sticky. pentacarpelar. pentacarpellary.
pelado. bald. pentaciclico. pentacyclic.
pelgico. pelagic. pentacocco. pentacoccous.
pelgio. pelagium. pentadactilo. pentadactylous.
pelargonidina. pelargonidin. pentadelfo. pentadelphous.
pelculo. pellicle. pentgino. pentagynous.
peligro. hazard. pentagonal. pentagonal.
pelo. fur. pentmero. pentamerous.
pelo absorbente. root hairs. pentandro. pentandrous.
pelo escamoso. scale hair. pentaptalo. pentapetalous.
pelfilo. pelophile. pentaploide. pentaploid.
pelo malpigiceo. malpighiaceous pentaspalo. pentasepalous.
hair. pentosa. pentose.
pelo radical. root hairs. pentosana. pentosan.
pelo radicular. root hairs. peonidina. peonidin.
peloria. peloria. pepa. stone.
peloso (en general). pubescent. pepita. kernel. pip.
peloso. hairy. pepnida. pepo.
peloso-glandular. glanduar-pubes- pptido. peptide.
cent. peptono. peptone.
pelotn. peloton. pequea. small.
pelo urticante. stinging hair. per-. per-.
peltado. peltate. percepcin. perception.
peltafido. peltafid. percolacin. percolation.
peltiforme. peltiform. percurrente. percurrent.
pelcido. pellucid. perennado. perennate.
pelusa. bloom. perenne. perennial.
pendiente. pendent. perennidad. perennation.
pndulo. nodding. pendent. sus- perennifolio. evergreen. indeciduous.
pended. perfecta. perfect.
penetrancin (gnica). penetrance perfil del suelo. soil profile.
(genetic). perfoliado. perfoliate.
penetracin completa. complete perforacin. perforation.
penetrance. perforado. perforated.
penetracin radical. root penetra- perforacin. perforation.
tion. perfumado. scented.
penicil. penicil. pergelico. pergelic.
penicilliopsina. penicilliopsin. peri-. peri-.
peniclina. penicillin. periantado. chlamydeous. with peri-
penicilado. penicillate. penicilliform. anth.
pennatinervio. penninerved. perianto. perianth.
penni-. penni-. perianto persistente. persistent peri-
periblema 603 ptalo opuesto
anth. periplastico. periplastic.
periblema. periblem. periplasto. periplast.
pericaetio. perichaetium. perisperma. perisperm.
pericmbio. pericambium. perispermo. perisperm.
pericarpo. pericarp. perispermado. perispermous.
pericarpio. pericarp. perispora. perispore.
periciclo. pericycle. peristoma. peristome.
pericldico. pericladial. peristomado. peristomate.
periciclo. pericycle. peristromio. peristromium.
perciloso. perichylous. peritecio. perithecium.
periclinal. periclinal peritrico. peritrichous.
periderm. periderm. permafrost. permafrost.
peridermal. peridermal. permeabilidad. permeability.
peridinina. peridinin. permeabilidad del suelo. soil per-
peridio. peridium. meability.
peridolo. peridiolum. permeabilidad diferencial. differ-
periferia. periphery. ential permeability.
perifrico. peripheral. permeable. permeable. pervious.
perifises. periphyses. permeable parcialmente. partially
perigamio. perigamium. permeable.
periginio. perigynium. permeasa. permease.
pergino. perigynum. pernicioso. pernicious.
perigino. perigynous. peronado. booted.
perigonio. perigone. perigonium peroxidasa. peroxidase.
perina. perine. peroxisoma. peroxisome.
perinio. perinium. perpusillus. perpusillus.
periodicidad. periodicity. perumpente. perrumpent.
perodo crtico. sensitive period. persistente. persistent.
perodo de compensacin. compen- personado. personate.
sation period. pertecia. perthecia.
perodo de crecimiento. growing pertfita. perthophyte.
season. pertusato. pertusate.
perodo de generacin. generation prula. bud scale.
time. perulado. perulate.
perodo de incubacin. incubation perulo. perule.
period. petalceo. petaliferous.
perodo de latencia. latent period. petalantero. petalantherous.
rest(ing) period. petalia. petaly.
perodo de reposo. resting period. ptalo. petal.
perodo de sensitivo. sensitive pe- petalo. petalous.
riod. petalodia. petalody.
perodo de vida media. half-life. petalodio. petalode.
perodo sensible. sensitive period. petaloide. petal-like. petaloid.
periplasma. periplasm. petalomania. petalomania.
periplasmodia. periplasmodium. ptalo opuesto. oppositipetalous.
petalostmono 604 pirenomicetos
petalostmono. petalostemonous. pinada desigualmente. unequally
petinate. comb-like. pinnate.
petraeus. petraeus. pinar. pine forest.
petrifacin. petrifaction. pinares de sabanas. pine barrens.
petrificado. petrified. pinna (pl. pinnas). pinna (pl. pin-
petrio. petrium. nae)
pezizoide. pezizoid. pinnacin. pinnation.
pezn. mammilla. pinnado. pinnate.
pH (potencial de hidrgeno). pH pinnado abrupto. abruptly pinnate.
(hydrogen ion concentration). pinnado compuesta interrumpido.
pH. pH. interrupted pinnately compound.
picar. sting. pinnatifido. pinnatifid.
picaro. rogue. pinnatilobado. pinnatilobate.
picnidio. pycnidium. pinnatinervio. penninerved.
picnio. pycnium. pinnatisecto. pinnatisect.
picnocondio. pycnocondium. pinnula. pinnule.
picnforo. pycnidiophore. pino. pine.
picnogonidio. pycnogonidium. pinocitosis. pinocytosis.
picnosis. pycnosis. pionnado. pionnate.
picnspora. pycnidiospore. pipa. pipe.
pycnospore. piperidina. piperidine.
picnotecio. pycnothecium. piramidal. pyramidal.
picro-. picro-. pirmide alimenticia. food pyramid.
pictus. pictus. pirmide de la biomass. biomass
pie. foot. understock. rootstock. pyramid.
piedra calcrea. limestone. pirmide de la energia. energy pyra-
piedra caliza. limestone. mid.
piel. skin. pirmide de los nmeros. numbers
pigmentacin. pigmentation. pyramid.
pigmento. pigment. pirmide ecolgico. ecological pyra-
pigmento accesorio. accessory pig- mid. Eltonian pyramid.
ments. pirmide numrica. numerical pyra-
pigmento respiratorio. respiratory mid.
pigment. pirmide trfica. food pyramid.
pigmentos primaria. primary pig- pirenio. pyrenium.
ments. pirano. pyran.
pigmentosa. pigmentosa. pireno. putamen. pyrene. stone.
pileado. pileate. pirenocarpo. pyrenocarp.
pilifero. piliferous. pirenoide. pyrenoid.
piliforme. hair-like. piliform. pirenoide compuesto. compound
pilo. pilus (pl. pili). pyrenoid.
pilocistidio. pilocystidium. pirenoide polar. polar pyrenoid.
piloso. pilose. piriforme. pear-shaped. piriform.
pimpollo. blossom. a flower. pyriform.
pia. pine cone. pirenomicetos. pyrenomycetes.
pirimidina 605 planta de crecimiento erecto
pirimidina. pyrimidine. placentation.
primino. primine. placentacin ventral. ventral placent-
primitivo. primitive. ation.
primordial. primordial. placentfero. placentiferous.
piro-. pyro-. placentiforme. placentiform.
pirfilo. pyrophilous. placodiode. placodiod.
pirofito. pyrophyte. placodiomorf. placodiomorph.
pisceo (color). pisaceous (color). plagio-. plagio-.
pisfero. pisiferous. plagiclimax. plagioclimax.
pisiforme. pea-shaped. pisiform. placodio. placodium.
piso de vegetacin. storey. plagiotropico. plagiotropic.
pistilada. female. plagiotropismo. plagiotropism.
pistilado. pistillate. plagitropo. plagiotropous.
pistilidio. pistillidium. planado. plane.
pistilo. pistil. plancentacin axil. axile plancent-
pistilo compuesto. compound pis- ation.
til. plancentacin axial. axile plancent-
pistiloidio. pistillode. ation.
pixidado. pyxidate. plancton. plankton.
pixidio. pyxidium. pyxis. pixide. planetismo. planetism.
placa. plaque. plano-. plano-.
placa celular. cell plate. plano. plano. applanate.
placa cribosa. sieve plate. planocigoto. planozygote.
placa ecuatorial. equatorial plane. planocito. planocyte.
equatorial plate. plano de seccin. plane of section.
placa intercalar. intercalary plates. plano ecuatorial. equatorial plane.
placa metafase. metaphase plate. planoespora. planospore.
placa nuclear. nuclear plate. planogameto. planogamete.
placa postcingular. postcingular plate. plano oblicuo. oblique plane.
placa precingular. precingular plate. planosoma. planosome.
placea. plakea. planozigoto. planozygote.
placenta. placenta (pl. placentae). planta. plant.
placenta pndulo. suspended pla- planta cido. acid plant.
centa. planta aclimatado. naturalized plant.
placentacin. placentation. planta area. air plant.
placentacin apical. apical planta areo. aerial plant.
placentation. planta de almidn. starch plant.
placentacin basal. basal placentation. planta amida. amide plant.
placentacin centro. central planta brevidiurna. short-day plant.
placentation. planta calcfuga. calciphobe.
placentacin laminado. laminate planta caracol. snail plant.
placentation. plantacin de bosques. afforestation.
placentacin marginal. marginal planta corto-dia. short-day plant.
placentation. planta de crecimiento erecto. up-
placentacin parietal. parietal right plant.
planta de dia intermedio 606 platiforme
planta de dia intermedio. interme- plant.
diate-day plant. plntula. young plant.
planta de dia corto. short-day plant. plasma. plasm(a).
planta de noche-corta. short-night plasmagel. plasmagel.
plant. plasmagen(e). plasmagen(e).
planta de da largo. long-day plant. plasma germinal. germ plasm.
planta de noche larga. long-night plasmalema. plasmalemma.
plant. plasmasol. plasmasol.
planta de playa. strand plant. plasmatoogosis. plasmatoogosis.
planta de semillero. young plant. plasmatparo. plasmatoparous.
planta de sol. sun plant. plsmido. plasmid.
planta de sombra. shade plant. plasmoderma. plasmoderm.
planta de tallos suculento. stem plasmodesma. plasmodesma.
succulent. plasmodesmo. plasmodesma.
planta escifila. skiophyte. plasmodesmata. plasmodesmata.
planta macrohmera. long-day plant. plasmodio. plasmodium (pl. plasmo-
planta madre. parent. dia)
planta microhmera . short-day plant. plasmodiocarpo. plasmodiocarp.
planta ombrfito. ombrophilous plant. plasmodio tapete. tapetal plasmo-
planta palustre. marsh plant. dium.
planta parsita. parasitic plant. plasmlisis. plasmolysis.
planta promogenitor. parent. plasmlisis incipiente. incipient
planta rastrera. creeper. plasmolysis.
planta rupestre. epilithic plant. plasmn. plasmon.
rupicolous. petrophyte. plasmosoma. plasmosome.
planta rupcola. petrophilous. plasogamia. plasogamy.
planta saprfita. saprophytic plant. plasticidad. plasticity.
planta sensitiva al frio. chilling- plstico. plastic.
sensitive plant. plastido. plastid.
planta vascular. vascular plant. plastidoma. plastidome.
planta voluntario. volunteer plant. plastina. plastin.
plantas de cereal. cereal plants. plasto. plast.
plantas de dia-neutro. day-neutral plasto. plastid.
plants. plastocianina. plastocyanin.
plantas en almohadilla. cushion plant. plastoconte. plastocont.
plantas pulvinadas. cushion plant. plastocrona. plastochrone.
plantas pulviniformes. cushion plant. plastgeno. plastogene.
plantas de semilla. seed plant. plastonema. plastonema.
plantas social. social plants. plastoquinona. plastoquinone.
plantel. seedbed. plastosoma. plastosome.
plantilla. template. plati-. platy-.
plantilla ARN. template RNA. platicarpico. platycarpous.
plantio. seedbed platfilo. dplatyphyllous.
plantn. plantlet. platisperma. platysperm.
plntula. plantule. seedling. young platiforme. platyform.
playa 607 poliad
playa. beach. plumbeus. plumbeus.
plectnquima. plectenchyma. plumoso. plumose. feathery.
plectostela. plectostele. plmula. plumule.
pleiandro. pleiandrous. pluri-. pluri-.
pleio-. pleio-. pluriclula. pluricelled.
ple(i)casio. pleiochasium. pluricelular. pluricellular. multi-
ple(i)ofilo. pleiophyllous. cellular.
ple(i)mero. pleiomerous. plurifoliculo. follicetum.
ple(i)omrfico. pleomorphic. plurilocular. plurilocular. multilocular.
ple(i)omorfo. pleiomorphy. plurinucleado. multinecleate(d).
ple(i)optalo. pleiopetalous. pluripotente. pluripotent.
ple(i)ospalo. pleiosepalous. plurismara. samaracetum.
pleiospora. pleiosporous. pluriseriado. pluriseriate.
ple(i)otaxia. pleiotaxy. plurisporo. plurisporous.
pleiotomia. pleiotomy. plurivalente. plurivalent.
ple(i)otropia. pleiotropy. plurivoro. plurivorous.
ple(i)otropico. pleiotropic. pluvioso. rainy.
pleiotropismo. pleiotropism. pluv(i)selva. rain forest.
plegado. pleated. plicate. po(te)tmetro. potometer.
pleio-. pleio-. poblacin. population.
plefago. pleophagous. poblacin abierto. open population.
pleomorfa. pleomorphic. poblacin cerrado. closed popula-
pleomorfismo. pleomorphism. tion.
pleroma. plerome. poblacin vegetal. stand.
plertico. plerotic. poco profundo. shallow.
plesimorf. plesiomorph. poculiforme. poculiform.
plesiomorfo. plesiomorphic. poda. pruning.
pletismotalo. plethysmothallus. podar. prune.
pleuracrgino. pleuracrogynous. podetio. podetium.
pleur(o)-. pleur(o)-. podio. podium.
pleurocrpico. pleurocarpous. podo-. podo-.
pleurocrpico moss. pleurocarpous podocarpo. podocarp.
moss. podogiene. podogyne.
pleurgeno. pleurogenous. podredumbre de la madera causada
pleurorizal. pleurorhizal. por un hongo. wet rot.
pleurospora. pleurosporous. poio. poium.
pleurtropo (dorsal). pleurotropous polar. polar (sperm).
(dorsal). polaridad. polarity.
pleurtropo (ventral). pleurotropous polarilocular. polarilocular.
(ventral). polarinucleado. polarinucleate.
plegado. plicate. polarizacin. polarization.
plexiforme. plexiform. polen. pollen.
pleyotaxis. pleiotaxy. polen alimenticio. food pollen.
plococarpia. plococarpium. poli-. poly-.
pluma. plume. poliad. polyad.
poliadelfo 608 polipptido
poliadelfo. polyadelphous. polihalino. polyhaline.
poliandria. polyandry. polihaploide. polyhaploid.
poliandro. polyandrous. poliholsido. polysaccharide.
polianto. polyanthous. poliloidia. polyploidy.
poliasca. polyascus. polimerasa ARN. RNA polymerase.
poliasco. polyascus. polimerasa. polymerase.
policario. multinecleate(d). polimeria. polymery.
policrpico. polycarpic. polmero. polymer. polymerous.
policarpelar. polycarpellary. polmictico. polymictic.
policarpia. polycarpy. polimitosis. polymitosis.
policarpo. polycarpous. polimofismo equilibrado. balanced
policsio. polychasium. polymorphism.
policteo. polychateous. polimorfsmo foliar. heterophylly.
policeflo. polycephalous. polimorfismo gentica. genetic poly-
policntrico. polycentric. morphism.
policclico. polycyclic. polimorfismo transente. transient
policiliado. multiciliate. polymorphism.
policlimax. polyclimax. polimorfismo. polymorphism.
policormico. polycormic. polimorfsmo cromosmico. chro-
policotiledn. polycotyledon. mosome polymorphism.
policotiledno. polycotyledonous. polimorfismo foliar. heterophylly.
policromo. polychrome. polimorfismo transente. transient
polieder. polyeder. polymorphism.
poliembrinado. polyembryonate. polimorfo. polymorphic.
poliembrionia. polyembrony. polinfero. polleniferous.
poliengida. polyenergid. polinio. pollinium (pl. pollinia).
poliespora. polyspore. polinizacin. pollination.
poliesporangio. polysporangium. polinizacin cruada. cross pollinate.
poliestilo. polystylous. polinizacin cruzada. cross-polli-
polifactorial. polyfactorial. nation.
polifagia. polyphagy. polinizacin entomfila. entomophily.
polifenol. polyphenol. polinizacin ilegitimo. illegitimate
polifiltico. polyphyletic. pollination.
polifiletismo. polyphyletism. polinizacin regulada. controlled
polifilo. multifoliate. polyphyllous. pollination.
polforo. polyphore. polinizante. pollinator.
polgamo. polygamous. polinizar. pollinate.
poligamodioico. polygamodioecious. polinizar cruada. cross pollinate.
poligamomonoico. polygamomono- polinodio. pollinodium.
ecious. polinucleado. polynucleate.
poligen(e). polygene. polinucleolus. polynucleus.
poligen. multiple factors. polioicio. polyoicius.
polignico. polygenic. polioplasma. polioplasm.
poligino. polygynous. polisido. polysaccharide.
poligonal. polygonal. polipptido. polypeptide.
poliptalo 609 postico
poliptalo. polypetalous. polutante secundaria. secondary
poliplanetismo. polyplanetism. pollutant.
poliploide. polyploid. pomceo. pomaceous.
poliploide desequilibrado. unbal- pomiforme. pomiform.
anced polyploid. pomo. pome.
polipodiceo. polypodiaceous. pomologa. pomology.
poliribosoma. polyribosome. porandro. porandrous.
polisacrido. polysaccharide. porcentaje de marchitamiento. wilting
polisaprobio. polysaprobe. percentage.
polispalo. polysepalous. porfina. porphin.
polisifono. polysiphonous. porfirina. porphyrin.
polisimtrico. polysymmetrical. poricida. poricidal.
polisoma. polysome. poriforme. poriform.
polismico. polysomic. pormotora. promoter.
polispermia. polyspermy. poro areolado. bordered pit.
polispermo. polyspermous. porofilo. porophyllous.
polispora. polyspore. poro germinal. germ pore.
polistmono. polystemonous. poroide. poroid.
polstico. polystichous. poro nuclear. nuclear pore.
polittico. polythetic. poro. pore.
politipco. polytypic. porofilo. porophyllous.
politipismo. polytypism. porogamia. porogamy.
poltomo. polytomous. porosidad. porosity.
politopismo. polytopism. porosidad del suelo. soil porosity.
politus. politus. poros difusos. diffuse-porous.
poluar. pollute. poros dispersos. diffuse-porous.
poluntante. pollutant. poroso. porous.
poluante no degradable. nondegrad- porrecto. porrect. salient.
able pollutant. portado. borne.
polo. pole. portador. bearer. carrier.
polocito. polocyte. portadora deslizante. sliding car-
poluante no degradable. nondegrad- rier.
able pollutant. portado de defusin. diffusion carrier.
polucin del agua. water pollution. portainjerto. rootstock.
polucin del atmosfrica. air pol- portgino. protogynous.
lution. posicin. postion.
polucin trmica. thermal pollution. posicin de dia. day position.
polucin. pollution. posicin fijo de luce. fixed light
polucin trmica. thermal pollution. position.
polucionar. pollute. posicin perfil. profile position.
poluntante. pollutant. positivo. positive.
polutante del aire primaria. primary postclmax. postclimax.
air pollutant. posterior. posterior.
polutante del aire secundario. sec- postical. postical.
ondary air pollutant. postico. posticous.
postmaduracin 610 procambio
postmaduracin. after-ripening. presere. prisere.
postrado. prostrate. presin de mutacin. mutation pres-
postventitio. postventitious. sure.
potamio. potamium. presin de succin. suction pressure.
potamoplacton. potamoplankton. presin de turgencia. tugor pres-
potasio (K). potassium (K). sure.
potencial bitico. biotic potential. presin endodermal. endodermal
potencial de soluto. solute poten- pressure.
tial. presin osmtica. osmotic pressure.
potencial del agua. water potential. presin parietal. wall pressure.
potencial de inculo. inoculum po- presin potencial. pressure poten-
tential. tial.
potencialidad. potence. presin radical. root pressure.
potencial osmtica. osmotic potential. presin seleccin. selection pressure.
potencial redox. redox potential. presin trgida. tugor pressure.
potenicial de matriz. matric poten- prevernal. prevernal.
tial. Prueba Fefling. Fehlings Test.
po(te)tmetro. potometer. prevernal. prevernal.
postreduccin. post-reduction. primario. primary.
potrero. pasture. primavera. spring.
pousieroide. poussieroid. primera ley de Mendel. Mendels
pradera. grassland. range. prai- first law.
rie. primino. primine.
pradera temperado. temperate grass- primitivo. primitive.
land. primordio. primordium (pl. primordia).
prae-. prae-. primordio de hoja. leaf primordium.
praecox. praecox. primordio floral. floral primordium.
pratal. pratal. primordio foliar. leaf primordium.
pratensis. pratensis. primospora. primospore.
pre-. pre-. principio de exclusin. exclusion
prebitico. prebiotic. principle.
precolo. leafstalk. principio de Gause. Gause princi-
precipitacin. precipitation. ple.
precipitacin pluvial. rain. principio de la exclusin competitiva.
preclimax. preclimax. competitive exclusion principle.
precocidad. precocity. prirmide de la biomass. biomass
precoz. early. precocious. pyramid.
prefloracin. prefloration. priser(i)e. prisere.
prefoliacin. prefoliation. prismtico. prismatic.
prematuro. premature. pristino. pristine.
premorso. praemorse. premorse. pro-. pro-.
prensil. prehensile. proantesis. proanthesis.
prepotencia. prepotency. probasidio. probasidium.
prerreduccin. prereduction. probar. taste.
pre-reduccin. prereduction. procambio. procambium.
procariotas 611 protergino
procariotas. procaryotes. procariotas. promotor. promoter.
procarotico. prokaryotic. promotora. promoter.
procaroto. prokaryote. propagacin vegetativa. vegetative
procarpo. procarp. propagation.
procedencia. provenance. propagacin. propagation.
procerus. procerus. propagar. breed. propagate.
procromosoma. prochromosome. propgulo. propagule. propagulum.
procumbente. procumbent. proplastido. proplastid.
produccin primaria. primary pro- proplectquima. proplectenchyma.
duction. proporcin de asimilacin. assimi-
producir. breed. lation ratio.
producir. spawn. proporcin de crossing-over. crosso-
productividad. productivity. ver value.
productividad primaria. primary proporcin de (los) sexos. sex ra-
productivity. tio.
productor. producer. proporcin sexual. sex ratio.
producto sustancia contaminadora. prosnquima. prosenchyma.
contaminant. prosoro. prosorus.
proembrin. proembryo. prosporangio. prosporangium.
proenzima. proenzyme. prosporia. prospory.
profgo. prophage. prosteca. prostheca.
profase. prophase. prtalio. prothallium.
profilo. prophyll. protlo. prothallus.
profundamente. profoundly. protamina. protamine.
profundidad compensacin. com- protandria. protandry.
pensation level. protndrico. proterandrous.
progagar. propagate. protandro. protandrous.
progametangia. progametangia. proteasa. protease.
progametangio. progametangium. proteccin de la naturaleza. con-
progenie. offspring. servationist.
prohbrido. prohybrid. protena. protein.
prolado. prolate. protena conjugada. conjugated
prolamina. prolamine. protein.
prole. offspring. proteina de transporte. transpos-
prolptico. proleptic. able element.
proletarian. proletario. protena fibrosa. fibrous protein.
prolificacin. prolification. proteina globular. globular protein.
prolfico. proliferous. proteina nativa. native protein.
prolina. proline. protena nuclear. nucleoprotein.
promeristemo. promeristem. proteinasas. proteinase.
prometafase. prometaphase. proteolisis. proteolysis.
promicelio. promycelium. protelisis. proteolysis.
prominencia. projection. protrusion. proteosa. proteose.
prominente. prominently. proteranto. protantherous.
promitosis. promitosis. protergino. proterogynous.
protistas 612 pulchellus
protistas. protists. Protista. proyectado. salient.
protistos. protists. prueba cis-trans. cis-trans test.
proto-. proto-. prueba de complementacin. comp-
protobasidio. protobasidium. lementation test.
protoblematgeno. protoblemma- prueba de descendenca. progeny
togen. test(ing).
protocooperacin. protocooperation. prueba de progenie. progeny test(ing).
protocormo. protocorm. pruina. bloom.
protoderma. protoderm. pruinoso. pruinose.
protoecidio. protoaecium. prulaurasina. prulaurasin.
protfil. protophyll. prunasina. prunasin.
protfito. protophyte. pruniforme. pruniform.
protofloema. protophloem. pruriens. pruriens.
protogamia. protogamy. psa(m)mon. psammon.
protoginia. protogyny. (p)samfil. psammophile.
protgino. protogynous. psamfilas. sand plants.
protogonidia. protogonidium. (p)samfilo. psammophilous.
protogonidio. protogonidium. psamfitas. psammophytes.
protohimenial. protohymenial. psa(m)mosere. psammosere.
protolisis. protolysis. psicrfilio. psychrophilic.
protn. proton. psicrfilo. psychrophile.
protonema. protonema (pl. psicrfito. psychrophyte.
protonemata). psicrtrofo. psychrotroph.
protopectina. protopectin. psilio. psilium.
protoperitcio. protoperithecium. psilfilo. psilophilous.
protoplasma. protoplasm. pterado. pterate.
protoplasma germinal. germinal pteridofita. pteridophyte.
protoplasm. pteridologa. pteridology.
protoplasto. protoplast. ptero-. ptero-.
protosoma. protosoma. pterocarpo. pterocarpous.
protospora. protospore. pterocaulo. pterocaulous.
protostela. protostele. pteroide. pteroid.
prototalo. protothallus. pteridospermas. pteridosperms.
prototipo. prototype. pterpsidos. pteropsida.
prototrofo. prototroph. pterospermo. pterospermous.
protouredinio. protouredium. ptixis. ptxyis.
protoxilema. protoxylem. pa. quill-like.
protozoario. protozoa. pa de injerto. scion.
protozoo. protozoa. puberulento. puberulent.
protuberancia. protrusion. protu- pubescente (en particular). pubes-
berance. process. cent.
provincia florstica. floral province. pudricin de las plntulas. damp-
provirus. provirus. ing-off.
proxiamal. proximal. puente de hidrgeno. hydrogen bond.
prximo. near. proximate. pulchellus. pulchellus.
pulpa 613 pygmaeus
pulpa. flesh. pulp. punctiforme. punctiform.
pulpejo. fleshy. punto (eado). pitted.
pulpo. pulpous. punto culminante. acme.
pulso. pulse. punto de compensacin. compen-
pulsulo. pulsule. sation point.
pululacin. pullulation. punto de contacto. contact point.
pululado. pullulate. punto de marchitez. wilting point.
pulular. pullulate. punto de marchitez permanente.
pulverulento. powdered. pulveru- permanent wilting point.
lent. punto isoelctrico. isolelectric point.
pulvinado. pulvinate. punto vegetativo. growing point.
pulvinforme. pulviniform. puntos cardinal (tempertura). car-
pulvinular. pulvinar. dinal points (temperature).
pulvinulo. pulvinule. punzante. pungent.
pulvnulo. pulvinus. pura. true.
pumilus. pumilus. purina. purine.
punctato. dotted. puro. true.
punctum vegetationis. punctum prpura (color). purple (color).
vegetationis. purpreo. purplish.
punteado. punctate. purpureus. purpureus.
punctiforme. punctiform. pusillus. pusillus.
puniceus. puniceus. pstula. pustule.
punto radial. radial dot. pstula bolsa. sack-pustule.
punta radicular. root tip. pustulado. pustulate. pustulose.
punteado. punctate. dotted. pustuloso. pustulose.
punteado-glandular. glandular-punc- pusulo. pusule.
tate. puteado. dotted.
punteadura areolada. bordered pit. putrefaccin. putrefaction.
punteadura tctil. tactile pit. pygmaeus. pygmaeus.
punticulado. puncticulate.
Q 10 614 quitina
U
ubiquinol. ubiquinol. ua. claw.
ubicuo. ubiquitous. uncado. uncate.
ubiquinona. ubiquinone. uncinado. hooked. uncinate. unci-
uliginoso. uliginose. nate.
ulmina. ulmin. uncinulado. barbed.
ltima. ultimate. uncinulo. barb.
ultra-. ultra-. unguiculado. unguiculate.
ultracentrifugador. ultracentrifuge. ungula. ungula.
ultramicroscopio. ultramicroscope. ungulado. ungulate.
ultramicroscopico. ultramicroscopic. uni-. uni-.
ultrasomo. ultrasome. uniaristado. uniaristate.
ultrastructura. ultrastructure. uniaxial. uniaxial. monoaxial.
ultraviolados. ultraviolet rays. unixico. monaxial. uniaxial.
umbela. umbel. unicarpelar. unicarpellate.
umbela compuesto. compound um- unicarpognico. unicarpellous.
bel. unicaule. unicaulous.
umbela parcial. partial umbel. unicelular. one-celled. unicellular.
umbela radiante. radiant umbel. single celled.
umbela simple. simple umbel. unicolor. unicolored.
umbelado. umbellate. umbellulate. unidad de crossing-over. crossover
umbelifero. umbelliferous. unit.
umbeliforme. umbelliform. unidad de sobrecruzamiento. crosso-
umblula. umbellet. umbellule. ver unit.
umbelulado. umbellulate. unidad fotosinttico. photosynthetic
umbilicado. umbilicate. unit.
umbiliforme. umbiliform. unido. affixed. joined. united.
umbn. umbo. unifactorial. unifactorial.
umbonado. umbonate. unifloro. uniflorous.
umbonula. umbonule. unifoliado. unifoliate.
umbonulado. umbonulate. unifoliolado. unifoliolate.
umbraclido. umbraculate. uniforme. even.
umbraculfero. umbraculiferous. uniformemente. evenly.
umbraculiforme. umbraculiform. unilateral. one-sided. unilateral.
umbraculo. umbraculum. secund.
umbral. threshold. uniloculado. uniloculate.
umbral caracteristica. threshold trait. unilocular. one-celled. unilocular.
umbrinus. umbrinus. uninervado. unicostate.
umbrfilo. sciophilous. shade-loving. uninucleado. uninucleate.
umbroso. shady. unin. union.
umbrosus. umbrosus. unin fibular. clamp-connection.
uniovular 641 uvarious
nodose-septum. uredinial. uredinial.
uniovular. uniovular. uredinio. uredinium. uredium.
uniptalo. unipetalous. uredinioespora. urediniospore.
unipolar. unipolar. uredo primario. primary uredo.
unirama. uniramous. urediospora. urediospore.
uniseptado. uniseptate. uredspora. uredospore.
uniseriado. uniseriate. uredosoro. uredosorus.
unisexual. unisexual. uredspora. uredospore.
uni(e)stratificado. unistratose. uridina. uridine.
unitunicado. unitunicate. urna. urn.
univalente. univalent. urniforme. urn-shaped.
univoltino. univoltine. uro-. uro-.
unixial. monaxial. urticado. urticate.
uniyugado. unijugate. urticante. urent.
untuoso. greasy. unctuous. utriculiforme. utriculiform.
untuoso. unctuous. tero. uterus.
urecicolo. urecicole. utricular. utricular.
uracilo. uracil. utriculiforme. utriculiform.
urceo. urceus. utrculo. utricle.
urceolado. urceolate. utriforme. utriform.
urceolo. urceolus. uva. uva.
ureasa. urease. uvarious. uvarious.
vacuola 642 variedad precoz
V
vacuola. vacuole. vara. twig.
vacola. vacuole. varec. seaweed.
vacuola autofgico. autophagic vacu- variable. variable.
ole. variabilidad. variability.
vacuola de gas. gas vacuole. variacin. variation.
vacolo de gas. gas vacuole. variacion adquirido. acquired vari-
vacuolado. vacuolate. ation.
vacuolar. vacuolar. variacin analgico. analogous vari-
vacuolizacin. vacuolization. ation.
vgil. vagile. variacin continua. continuous vari-
vagilidad. vagility. ation.
vagina. vagina. variacin definida. definite varia-
vaginado. vaginate. tion.
vaginfero. vaginiferous. variacin de substantivo. substan-
vaginula. vaginule. tive variation.
vaina. pod. sheath. variacin de yema. bud variation.
vaina de almidn. starch sheath. variacin discontinuo. discontinu-
vaina de la hoja. leaf sheath. ous variation.
vaina de la rameal. rameal sheath. variacin fenotpico. phenotypic
vaina fascicular. bundle sheath. variation.
vaina floral. flower sheath. variacin gentica. genetic varia-
vaina foliar. leaf sheath. tion.
vaina medular. medullary sheath. variacin genotpica. genotypic
vaina pctica. pedtic. sheath. variation.
vaina radical. root sheath. variacin homlogo. homologous
valecula. vallecula. variation.
valecular. vallecular. variacin meristemtico. meristematic
valeculado. valleculate. variation.
valencia. valence. variacin transgresin. transgres-
vlido. valid. sion variation.
valina. valine. variancia. variance.
valor (color). value (color). variante. variant.
valor adaptativo. adaptive value. varianza. variance.
valor central. median. varicoso. varicose.
valor de adaptacin. adaptive value. variedad. breed. variety.
valor medio. mean. variedad +. +strain.
valor selectivo. selective value. variedad de las mareas. tidal range.
valsoide. valsoid. variedad fisiolgico. physiologic
valva. valve. variety.
valvar. valvate. valvular. variedad precoz. early.
variegacin 643 vernacin plegado
variegacin. variegation. velo parcial. partial veil.
variegado. variegated. velo universal. universal veil. velum
varietal. varietal. universale.
vasco de semilla. seed vessel. velo universal primario. primary
vascular. vascular. universal veil.
vasculiforme. vasculiform. velocidad de crecimiento. growth
vasculo. vasculum. rate.
vasculoso. vasculose. velodidad de evolucin. evolution-
vasicentrico. vasicentric. ary rate.
vaso. vessel. velutino. velutinous. velvety.
vaso punteado. pitted vessel. vena. vein.
vstago. shoot. sprout. vena-aclarado. vein-clearing.
vstago de agua. water sprouts. vena estril. sterile vein.
vstago de yema largo. long bud venacin. venation.
shoot. venacin neta. net venation.
vstago epicormico. epicormic shoot. venacin simple. simple venation.
vstago lamas. lammas shoot. venal. veinal.
vstago largo. long shoots. venenatus. venenatus.
vstago lateral. lateral shoot. veneno. poison.
vstago multinodal. multinodal shoot. venenosa. poisonous.
vstago sileptico. syleptic shoots. venenoso. venomous.
vector. vector. venia. veiny.
vegetacin. vegetation. venosa. venous.
vegetacin climcica. climax veg- venoso. venose.
etation. ventaja selectiva. selective advan-
vegetacin climax. climax vegeta- tage.
tion. ventir. venter.
vegetacin de unidad. unit of veg- ventral. ventral.
etation. ventricoso. ventricose.
vegetacin esclerofilo. sclerophyllous ventricosus. ventricosus.
vegetation. ventricular. ventricular.
vegetacin marisma. salt-marsh ventriculoso. ventriculose.
vegetation. vnula. venule. venulose.
vegetacin matorrales. scrub veg- vnulo. venulous.
etation. verano. summer.
vegetal. vegetable. vegetal. verdadero. true.
vegetativo. vegetative. verde. green. unripe. virens.
vehiculo. vehicle. verde lima. lime green.
vejiga llenade aire. air bladder. verdoso. greenish.
velado. velate. verdura. vegetable.
velamen. velamen. vermicular. vermicular.
vello. bloom. vermiforme. vermiform.
vellosidad. villi. vernacin. vernation.
velo. velum. veil. vernacin doblado. folded vernation.
velo mrginal. marginal veil. vernacin plegado. folded vernation.
vernal 644 vitado
vernal. vernal. viejo. senescent.
vernalis. vernalis. viento. wind.
vernalizacin. vernalization. vigor hbrido. hybrid vigor.
vernalizar. vernalize. vilano. pappus.
verriga. wart. villus. villus.
verruciforme. verruciform. viloso. villose. villous.
verrucoso. warty. vilosule. villosulous.
verruculoso. verruculose. vimen. vimen.
verruga. verruca. wart. vimina. vimina.
verrugoso. verrucose. vimineo. vimineous.
verstil. versatile. vinaceo. vinaceous.
versicolor. versicolor. vinculo peptideo. peptide bond.
versicoloro. versicolorous. vinicolor. vinicolor.
versiforme. versiform. violaceo. violaceous.
vertex. vertex. viral. viral.
vertical. vertical. virdescente. virdescent.
vrtice. vertex. virens. virens.
verticilado. verticillate. vesiculose. virescencia. virescence.
whorled. virescente. virdescent.
verticilastro. verticillaster. virgatus. virgatus.
verticilo. verticil. whorl. virgen. virgin.
verticilo falsa. false whorl. virguliforme. virgate. virguliform.
vescula. vesicle. bladder. vrico. viral.
vescula germinal. germinal vesi- viridi-. viridi-.
cle. virin. virion.
vescula subsporangial. subsporangial virogen. virogene.
vesicle. viroide. viroid.
vesiculado. bladder-like. vesiculose. virologa. virology.
vesicular. vesicular. virolgico. virological.
vesiculiforme. bladder-shaped. virologista. virologist.
vesiculoso. bladder-like. virulencia. virulence.
vespertino. vespertine. virulento. virulent.
vestigial. vestigial. virus. virus.
vestigio. vestige. virusoide. virusoid.
veteado. marbled. variegated. viscico. viscous.
vexilar. vexillary. vexillar. vscido. viscid.
vexilo. vane. vexillum. viscidosus. viscidosus.
via metablica. metabolic pathway. viscidulado. viscidulum.
viabilidad. viability. viscina. viscin.
viable. viable. viscoide. viscoid.
vicariade. vicariad. viscosidad. stickiness. viscosity.
vicariancia. vicariance. viscotaxis. viscotaxis.
vicilina. vicillin. visible. visible.
vicinismo. vicinism. vita. vitta.
vidrioso. glassy. vitado. vitate.
vitamina 645 xilosa
vitamina. vitamin. volubilis. volubilis.
vitamina C. Vitamin C. voluble. climbing. voluble. twin-
viti-. viti-. ing.
vitelina. vitelline. voludo. volute.
vtreo. vitreous. volva. volva.
vivparo. viviparous. volvado. volvate.
viviporoso. viviporous. vulgaris. vulgaris.
volatilizacin. volatilization. vulviforme. vulviform.
W. W Watson-Crick. Watson-Crick.
X
x. x. xeroserie. xerosere.
xanteina. xanthein. xerotermo. xerothermic. xero-
xantina. xanthin(e). thermous.
xant(o)-. xanth(o)-. xiffilo. xiphophyllous.
xantocrpico. xanthocarpous. xifoide. xiphoid.
xantofla. xanthophyll. xilan. xylan.
xantoflaico. xanthophyllic. xilema. xylem.
xantforo. xanthophore. xilema centrfugo. centrifugal
xantospermo. xanthospermous. xylem.
xenia. xenia. xilema centripeta.
xenobitico. xenobiotic. xilema primario. primary xylem.
xenogamia. xenogamy. xilema radial. wood ray.
xengamo. xenogamous. xilema secundario. secondary
xenogen(e). xenogenesis. xylem.
xerico. xeric. xilo-. xylo-.
xero-. xero-. xilocrpico. xylocarpous.
xerfile. xerophile. xilocarpo. xylocarp.
xerfilo. xerophilous. xilocromo. xylochrome.
xerfita. xerophyte. xilfilo. xylophilous.
xerofitismo. xerophytism. xilgeno. xylogen. xylogenous.
xerfito. xerophytic. xiloide. xyloid.
xeromorf. xeromorph. xilologa. xylology.
xeromorfismo. xeromorphy. xiloma. xyloma.
xeromorfo. xeromorphic. xilosa. wood sugar. xylose.
xerosere. xerosere.
yema 646 zimasa