Scattering Parameters

Scattering Parameters 2

One-Port Network S-Parameter

A B j
V ( x) Ae j x
Be j x ; I ( x) e j x
e x
Zo Zo
V ( x) A
V ( x) Ae j x
; I ( x) e j x
Z0 Z0
V ( x) B
V ( x) Be j x
; I ( x) e j x
Z0 Z0
V ( x)
( x)
V ( x)

Normalization
V ( x)
v( x) ; i ( x) Z 0 I ( x)
Z0 b( x )
( x)
V ( x) V ( x) a( x)
a( x) Z 0 I ( x ) ; b( x ) Z 0 I ( x)
Z0 Z0
 Scattering Parameters 3

V ( x) V ( x) V ( x) V ( x) V ( x)
v( x) v( x) a ( x ) b( x )
Z0 Z0 Z0 Z0
i ( x) Z 0 I ( x) Z 0 I ( x) Z 0 I ( x) i ( x) a ( x ) b( x )
b( x )
( x) s b( x ) s a( x)
a( x)

v ( x ) a ( x ) b( x ) a( x) 1
2 [v( x) i ( x)]
i ( x ) a ( x ) b( x ) b( x ) 1
2 [v( x) i ( x)]

1
a( x) 1
2 [v( x) i ( x)] V ( x) Z 0 I ( x)
2 Z0
1
b( x ) 1
2 [v( x) i ( x)] V ( x) Z 0 I ( x)
2 Z0
 Scattering Parameters 4

Two-Port Network S-Parameter

b1 (l1 ) s11 a1 (l1 ) s12 a2 (l2 ) s11 , s12 , s21 , and s22 are
b2 (l2 ) s21 a1 (l1 ) s22 a2 (l2 ) the scattering parameters

b1 (l1 ) s11 s12 a1 (l1 ) s11 s12

S
b2 (l2 ) s21 s22 a2 (l2 ) s21 s22
scattering matrix
 Scattering Parameters 5

Normalization: Input
V1 ( x1 )
a1 ( x1 ) Z 01 I1 ( x1 )
Z 01
V1 ( x1 )
b1 ( x1 ) Z 01 I1 ( x1 )
Z 01

V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 )
V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 ) v1 ( x1 ) v1 ( x1 ) a1 ( x1 ) b1 ( x1 )
Z 01 Z 01 Z 01
V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 )
I1 ( x1 ) I1 ( x1 ) I1 ( x1 ) i1 ( x1 ) Z 01 I1 ( x1 ) i1 ( x1 ) a1 ( x1 ) b1 ( x1 )
Z 01 Z 01
1 1
a1 ( x1 ) v1 ( x1 ) i1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 ) Z 0 I1 ( x1 )
2 2 Z 01
1 1
b1 ( x1 ) v1 ( x1 ) i1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 ) Z 0 I1 ( x1 )
2 2 Z 01
 Scattering Parameters 6

Normalization: Output
V2 ( x2 )
a 2 ( x2 ) Z 02 I 2 ( x2 )
Z 02
V2 ( x2 )
b2 ( x2 ) Z 02 I 2 ( x2 )
Z 02

V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 )
V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 ) v2 ( x2 ) v2 ( x2 ) a2 ( x2 ) b2 ( x2 )
Z 01 Z 01 Z 01
V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 )
I 2 ( x2 ) I 2 ( x2 ) I 2 ( x1 ) i2 ( x2 ) Z 02 I 2 ( x2 ) i2 ( x2 ) a2 ( x2 ) b2 ( x2 )
Z 02 Z 02
1 1
a 2 ( x2 ) v ( x ) i2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 ) Z 0 I 2 ( x2 )
2 2 2 2 Z 02
1 1
b2 ( x2 ) v ( x ) i2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 ) Z 0 I 2 ( x2 )
2 2 2 2 Z 02
 Scattering Parameters 7

Procedure to measure s11 and s21

Matching
condition

l2 b1 (l1 ) s11 a1 (l1 )

a2 (0) 0 ; a2 (l2 ) a2 (0)e 0
b2 (l2 ) s21 a1 (l1 )

b1 (l1 ) b2 (l2 )
s11 s21
a1 (l1 ) a a1 (l1 ) a
2 ( l2 ) 0 2 ( l2 ) 0
 Scattering Parameters 8

Procedure to measure s22 and s12

Matching
condition

x1 b1 (l1 ) s12 a2 (l2 )

a1 (0) 0 ; a1 (l1 ) a1 (0)e 0
b2 (l2 ) s22 a2 (l2 )
b1 (l1 ) b2 (l2 )
s12 s22
a2 (l2 ) a (l ) 0
a2 (l2 ) a (l ) 0
1 1 1 1
 Scattering Parameters 9

S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s11

Matching
condition

b1 (l1 ) V1 (l1 ) / Z 01 V1 (l1 )

s11
a1 (l1 ) a V1 (l1 ) / Z 01 V1 (l1 ) I
2 ( l2 ) 0 Z 02 I 2 ( l2 ) 0 2 ( l2 ) 0

s11 has the form of a reflection coefficient

Z T 1 Z 01
s11
Z T 1 Z 01
 Scattering Parameters 10

S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s21

Matching
condition

b2 (l2 ) Z 02 I 2 (l2 ) Z 02 I 2 (l2 )

s21
a1 (l1 ) a Z 01 I1 (l1 ) Z 01 I1 (l1 )
2 ( l2 ) 0
Z 02 I 2 ( l2 ) 0 I 2 ( l2 ) 0

From transmission line theory,

I (l2 ) I 2 (l2 ) I 2 (l2 ) . Since I 2 (l2 ) 0 I (l2 ) I 2 (l2 )
Z 02 I 2 (l2 )
s21
Z 01 I1 (l1 ) I 2 ( l2 ) 0
 Scattering Parameters 11

S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s21 (Cont.)

The circuit can be re-drawn as (see next page)
Z 02 I 2 (l2 )
s21
Z 01 I1 (l1 ) I 2 ( l2 ) 0

V2 (l2 )
I 2 (l2 ) IL
Z 02
1
a1 (l1 ) V1 (l1 ) Z 01 I1 (l1 ) and a1 (l1 ) Z 01 I1 (l1 )
2 Z 01
1 1
Z 01 I1 (l1 ) V1 (l1 ) Z 01 I1 (l1 ) I1 (l1 ) V (l ) Z 01 I1 (l1 )
2 Z 01 2 Z 01 1 1
From the circuit above V1 (l1 ) E1,TH Z 01 I1 (l1 ) Then
1 E1,TH
I1 (l1 ) E1,TH Z 01 I1 (l1 ) Z 0 I1 (l1 ) I1 (l1 )
2 Z 01 2 Z 01
 Scattering Parameters 12

S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s21 (Cont.)

The circuit can be re-drawn as (see next page)

Taking into account that

E1,TH
I1 (l1 )
Z 02 I 2 (l2 ) 2 Z 01
s21 Then
Z 01 I1 (l1 ) V2 (l2 )
I 2 ( l2 ) 0 I (l2 ) IL
Z 02

Z 02 I 2 (l2 ) Z 02 V2 (l2 ) / Z 02 Z 01 V2 (l2 )

s21 2 s21 2
Z 01 I1 (l1 ) I 2 ( l2 ) 0
Z 01 E1,TH / Z 01 Z 02 E1,TH
 Scattering Parameters 13

Appendix: Calculate the Thevenin Equivalent at port 1.

Calculation of the Thevenin Equivalent Impedance at Port 1

Z1,TH Z 01
 Scattering Parameters 14

Calculation of the Thevenin Equivalent Voltage

V (d ) A1 (e j d
0e
j d
) A1 (e j d
e j d
)
A1 j A1 j
1 I (d ) (e ) (e )
d j d d j d
0e e
0 Z 01 Z 01
V (d 0) V ( x1 l1 ) E1,TH 2 A1
j l1
E1,TH E1 e

V (d ) ej d
0e
j d
ej l1
e j l1
Z in (d ) Z 01 j for d l1 Z in (d l1 ) Z 01 j l1 j l1
I (d ) e d
0e
j d
e e
ej l1
e j l1

j l1 j l1 Z in (d l1 ) Z 01
ej l1
e j l1
V (d l1 ) A1 (e e ) E1 ej l1 j l1 E1
Z in (d l1 ) Z 01 Z 01 Z 01
e
A1 calculation
ej l1
e j l1

e j l1 e j l1 E1
A1 (e j l1
e j l1
) E1 A1 e j l1

ej l1
e j l1 e j l1 e j l1
2
 Scattering Parameters 15

S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s21 (Cont.)

Original Circuit

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

 Scattering Parameters 16

S-Parameter Calculation for Two-Port Networks: s12, s22

Matching
condition

ZT 2 Z 02
s22
ZT 2 Z 02

Z 02 V1 (l1 )
s12 2
Z 01 E2,TH
 Scattering Parameters 17

Example 1: Calculate the S-parameters of the circuit where

both ports are referenced to Zo=50.

s11 calculation
Z T 1 Z 01 ZT 1 Z 0
s11
Z T 1 Z 01 ZT 1 Z 0
ZT 1 R1 R3 //( R2 Z o ) 34 60 //( 40 50 ) 70
ZT 1 Z 0 70 50 20 1
s11 s11
ZT 1 Z 0 70 50 120 6
 Scattering Parameters 18

Example 1 (Cont.) : s21 calculation

Z 01 V2 (l2 ) V2 (l2 ) V2(l2)= 1/6 E1,TH (see next page)

s21 2 2
Z 02 E1,TH E1,TH

V2 (l2 ) 1 / 6 E1,TH 1
s21 2 2 s21
E1,TH E1,TH 3
 Scattering Parameters 19

Example 1(Cont.): V2(l2) calculation

Applying Thevenin at A-A Z 01 Z 02 Z0 50

RTH R3 //( Z 0 R1 ) 60 //(50 34 ) 35

R3 60 5
VTH E1,TH E1,TH E1,TH
Zo R1 R3 50 34 60 12
Z0 50 5 50 5
V2 (l2 ) VTH E1,TH E1,TH
RTH R2 Z0 35 40 50 12 125 12
1
V2 (l2 ) E1,TH
6
 Scattering Parameters 20

Example 1(Cont.) : s22 calculation

ZT 2 Z 02 ZT 2 Z0
s22
ZT 2 Z 02 ZT 2 Z0
ZT 2 R2 R3 //( R1 Z o ) 40 60 //(34 50 ) 75
ZT 2 Z0 75 50 25 1
s22 s22
ZT 2 Z0 75 50 125 5
 Scattering Parameters 21

Example 1 (Cont.) : s12 calculation

Z 02 V1 (l1 ) V1 (l1 ) V2(l2)= 1/6 E1,TH (see next page)

s12 2 2
Z 01 E2,TH E2,TH

V1 (l1 )
s12 2
E2,TH 1
s12
1 / 6 E2,TH 3
2
E2,TH
 Scattering Parameters 22

Example 1 (Cont.): V1(l1) calculation

Applying Thevenin at A-A Z 01 Z 02 Z0 50

RTH R3 //( Z 0 R2 ) 60 //(50 40 ) 36

R3 60 2
VTH E2,TH E2,TH E2,TH
Zo R2 R3 50 40 60 5
Z0 50 2 50 2
V1 (l1 ) VTH E2,TH E2,TH
RTH R1 Z 0 36 34 50 5 120 5
1
V1 (l1 ) E2,TH
6
 Scattering Parameters 23

Example 1 (Cont.): Answer

Z 01 Z 02 Z0 50

1 1
s11 s12 6 3
S 1 1
s21 s22 3 5
 Scattering Parameters 24

Example 2: Calculate the S-parameters of the circuit where

both ports are referenced to Zo.

Circuit to the calculate s11 & s21

 Scattering Parameters 25

Example 2 (Cont.).
Z T 1 Z 01 ZT 1 Z 0
s11
Z T 1 Z 01 ZT 1 Z 0
ZT 1 Z Z0
Z Z0 Z0 Z
s11 s11
Z Z0 Z0 Z 2Z 0

Z 01 V2 (l2 ) V2 (l2 )
s21 2 2
Z 02 E1,TH E1,TH
Z0 Z0
V2 (l2 ) E1,TH E1,TH
Z0 Z Z0 Z 2Z 0
Z0
E1,TH
Z 2Z 0 2Z 0
s21 2 s21
E1,TH Z 2Z 0
 Scattering Parameters 26

Example 2 (Cont.). Circuit to calculate s11 : s21

ZT 2 Z0 Z
s22 ; ZT 2 Z Z0 s22
ZT 2 Z0 Z 2Z 0
Z 02 V1 (l2 ) V1 (l1 ) Z0 Z0
s21 2 2 ; V1 (l1 ) E2,TH E2,TH
Z 01 E2,TH E2,TH Z0 Z Z0 Z 2Z 0

Z0
E2,TH
Z 2Z 0 2Z 0
s12 2 s12
E2,TH Z 2Z 0
 Scattering Parameters 27

Example 2 (Cont.).

Z 2Z 0
s11 s12 Z 2Z 0 Z 2Z 0
[S ]
s21 s22 2Z 0 Z
Z 2Z 0 Z 2Z 0
 Scattering Parameters 28

Example 3: Calculate the S-parameters of the circuit where

both ports are referenced to Zo.

Circuit to the calculate s11 & s21

 Scattering Parameters 29

Example 3 (Cont.).
ZT 1 Z 0
s11 ;
ZT 1 Z 0
1 (1 / Y ) Z 0 Z0
ZT 1 // Z 0
Y (1 / Y ) Z 0 1 YZ 0
Z0
Z0
1 YZ 0 1 (1 YZ 0 ) YZ 0
s11 s11
Z0
Z0 1 1 YZ 0 2 YZ 0
1 YZ 0
Z0 Z 01 V2 (l2 ) V2 (l2 )
ZT 1 1 YZ 0 s21 2 2
V2 (l2 ) E1,TH E1,TH Z 02 E1,TH E1,TH
Z 0 ZT 1 Z0
Z0
1 YZ 0
2
1 1 s21
V2 (l2 ) E1,TH E1,TH 2 YZ 0
1 YZ 0 1 2 YZ 0
 Scattering Parameters 30

Example 3 (Cont.).

1
E1,TH
2 YZ 0

ZT 2 Z0 1 Z0 YZ 0
s22 ; ZT 2 // Z 0 s22
ZT 2 Z0 Y 1 YZ 0 2 YZ 0

Z 02 V1 (l1 ) V1 (l1 )
s12 2 2
Z 01 E2,TH E2,TH

ZT 2 1 2
V1 (l1 ) E2,TH E2,TH s12
Z 0 ZT 2 2 YZ 0 2 YZ 0
 Scattering Parameters 31

Example 3 (Cont.).

YZ 0 2
s11 s12 2 YZ 0 2 YZ 0
[S ]
s21 s22 2 YZ 0
2 YZ 0 2 YZ 0
 Scattering Parameters 32

Example 4: Calculate the S-parameters of the circuit where both

ports are referenced to Zo.

1 1 1
Y0 Y YIN (l ) Y jY0 cot l
Z0 Z IN (l ) jZ 0 tan l

From the previous example:

YZ 0 Z0 Z0 1
s11 s22 s11 s22
2 YZ 0 (2 / Y ) Z 0 2 jZ 0 tan l Z 0 2 j tan l 1

2 2 2
s21 s12 s21 s12
2 YZ 0 2 jYo cot( l ) Z 0 2 j cot( l )
 Scattering Parameters 33

Example 5: Calculate the S-parameters of the amplifier

(Fig. a). Both ports are referenced to Zo. The a.c. model of
the amplifier is given b in Fig. b. Assume rce = 100 K.

IC 10 mA VBB VBE 5 V 0.7 V

IB 0.1 mA; RB 43 k
100 IB 0.1 mA
As a first step we need to calculate the parameters of the model.
VT 26 mV IC 10 mA
rbe 100 260 ; g m 385 mS; rce 100k
IC 10 mA rbe VT 26 mV
 Scattering Parameters 34

Example 5 (Cont.)
ZT 1 Z 0 rbe Z0
s11
ZT 1 Z 0 rbe Z0
260 50
s11 s11 0.677
260 50
Circuit to the calculate s11 & s21
Z 01 V2 (l2 ) V2 (l2 )
s21 2 2 ;
Z 02 E1,TH E1,TH
rbe
V2 (l2 ) g m vbe rce // Z 0 g m rce // Z 0 E1,TH
rbe Z0
260
V2 (l2 ) 385 mS (100 k //50 ) E1,TH 16.15 E1,TH
260 50
V2 (l2 ) 16.15 E1,TH
s21 2 2 s21 32.30 32.30|1800
E1,TH E1,TH
 Transmission Line Analysis 35

Example 5 (Cont.)
Note that vbe =0 Circuit to the calculate s22 & s12
ZT 2 Z0
s22
ZT 2 Z0
ZT 2 100 k
rce Z0 100 k 50
s22
rce Z0 100 k 50
s22 1

Z 02 V1 (l1 ) V1 (l1 )
s12 2 2 ; s11 s12 0.677 | 00 0
Z 01 E2,TH E2,TH [S ]
s21 s22 32.3 | 1800 1
V1 (l1 ) vbe 0 s12 0
 Scattering Parameters 36

Physical Interpretation
V1 ( x1 ) V (x )
a1 ( x1 ) ; a 2 ( x2 ) 2 2
Z 01 Z 02
V1 ( x1 ) V (x )
b1 ( x1 ) ; b2 ( x2 ) 2 2
Z 01 Z 02

V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 ) V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 )
V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 ) V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 )
I1 ( x1 ) I1 ( x1 ) I1 ( x1 ) I 2 ( x2 ) I 2 ( x2 ) I 2 ( x1 )
Z 01 Z 01 Z 02 Z 02
Incident average power at x1=0 Incident average power at x2=0
1 1
P1 (0) Re{V1 (0) [ I1 (0)]*} P2 (0) Re{V2 (0) [ I 2 (0)]*}
2 2
1 1
Re V1 (0) [V1 ( x1 ) / Z 01 ]* Re V2 (0) [V2 ( x2 ) / Z 02 ]*
2 2
2 2
1 | V1 ( x1 ) |
2
1 | V1 ( x1 ) |
2
1 | V2 ( x2 ) | 1 | V2 ( x2 ) |
P1 (0) Re P2 (0) Re
2 Z 01 2 Z 01 2 Z 02 2 Z 02

1 1
P1 (0) | a1 (0) |2 P2 (0) | a2 (0) |2
2 2
Lossless transmission lines=> P1 (0) P1 ( x1 ) P1 (l1 ) and P2 (0) P2 ( x2 ) P2 (l2 )
 Scattering Parameters 37

Physical Interpretation
V1 ( x1 ) V (x )
a1 ( x1 ) ; a 2 ( x2 ) 2 2
Z 01 Z 02
V1 ( x1 ) V (x )
b1 ( x1 ) ; b2 ( x2 ) 2 2
Z 01 Z 02

V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 ) V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 )
V1 ( x1 ) V1 ( x1 ) V2 ( x2 ) V2 ( x2 )
I1 ( x1 ) I1 ( x1 ) I1 ( x1 ) I 2 ( x2 ) I 2 ( x2 ) I 2 ( x1 )
Z 01 Z 01 Z 02 Z 02
Reflected average power at x1=0 Reflected average power at x2=0
1 1
P1 (0) Re{V1 (0) [ I1 (0)]*} P2 (0) Re{V2 (0) [ I 2 (0)]*}
2 2
1 1
Re V1 (0) [V1 ( x1 ) / Z 01 ]* Re V2 (0) [V2 ( x2 ) / Z 02 ]*
2 2
2 2
1 | V1 ( x1 ) |
2
1 | V1 ( x1 ) |
2
1 | V2 ( x2 ) | 1 | V2 ( x2 ) |
P1 (0) Re P2 (0) Re
2 Z 01 2 Z 01 2 Z 02 2 Z 02

1 1
P1 (0) | b1 (0) |2 P2 (0) | b2 (0) |2
2 2

Lossless transmission lines=> P1 (0) P1 ( x1 ) P1 (l1 ) and P2 (0) P2 ( x2 ) P2 (l2 )

 Scattering Parameters 38

Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis

Matching
condition

Peak

At x1=0 V1 (0) E1 Z 01 I1 (0)

1
It has been proven previously that: 1 a ( 0) V1 (0) Z 01 I1 (0) Then
2 Z 01
Consequently,
1 E1 | E1 |2
a1 (0) E1 Z 01 I1 (0) Z 01 I1 (0) | a1 (0) | 2
Then
2 Z 01 2 Z 01 4 Z 01

1 2 | E1 |2
P1 (0) | a1 (0) |
2 8 Z 01
 Scattering Parameters 39

Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis

Available power from the source (PAVS): maximum
power out of the source. It is obtained when the load
to the generator is the complex conjugate of the
impedance of the generator ZL=Z*01 . Since Z01 is
resistive with no imaginary part ZL=Z*01=Z01 Peak

*
1 1 Z 01 E1 | E1 |2
PAVS {V1 (0) [ I 1 (0)]*} E1 PAVS
2 2 Z 01 Z 01 2 Z 01 8Z 01

2
It has been proven previously that: 1 | E |
P (0) 1 | a1 (0) |2 1
P1 ( x1 ) P1 (l1 )
Consequently,
2 8 Z 01

1 2 | E1 |2 1 1
PAVS P1 (0) | a1 (0) | P1 ( x1 ) | a1 ( x1 ) |2 P1 (l1 ) | a1 (l1 ) |2
2 8 Z 01 2 2
Important: PAVS is independent from ZT1
 Scattering Parameters 40

Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis

1 1 *
P1 (l1 ) Re{V1 (l1 ) [ I 1 (l1 )]* } V1 (l1 ) V1 (l1 ) I1 (l1 ) I 1 (l1 )
2 2
*
1 V1 (l1 ) V1 (l1 )
P1 (l1 ) Re V1 (l1 ) V1 (l1 )
2 Z 01 Z 01

1
P1 (l1 ) Re V1 (l1 ) [V1 (l1 )]* V1 (l1 )[V1 (l1 )]* V1 (l1 ) [V1 (l1 )]* V1 (l1 )[V1 (l1 )]*
2 Z 01

1
P1 (l1 ) Re | V1 (l1 ) |2 | V1 (l1 ) |2 V1 (l1 )[V1 (l1 )]* V1 (l1 ) [V1 (l1 )]*
2 Z 01
Real Number Imaginary Number

Check bottom of next page for clarification

 Scattering Parameters 41

Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis (Cont.)

1
P1 (l1 ) Re | V1 (l1 ) |2 | V1 (l1 ) |2 V1 (l1 )[V1 (l1 )]* V1 (l1 ) [V1 (l1 )]*
2 Z 01
Real Number Imaginary Number

2
1 1 | V1 (l1 ) | | V1 (l1 ) |2
P1 (l1 ) | V1 (l1 ) |2 | V1 (l1 ) | 2
2 Z 01 2 Z 01 Z 01
2 2
1 V1 (l1 ) 1 V1 (l1 ) 1 2 1 2
P1 (l1 ) P1 (l1 ) a1 (l1 ) b1 (l1 )
2 Z 01 2 Z 01 2 2
1 2 1 2 | E1 |2
P1 (l1 ) a1 (l1 ) b1 (l1 ) P1 (l1 ) P1 (l1 ) Since PAVS P1 (0) P1 (l1 )
2 2 8 Z 01
P1 (l1 ) PAVS P1 (l1 )
z1 a jb ; z2 c jd
z1 z 2* (a jb) (c jd )* (a jb) (c jd ) ac bd j (bc ad )
z1* z 2 (a jb)* (c jd ) (a jb) (c jd ) ac bd j (ad bc)
Math Review z1 z 2* z1* z 2 2 j (bc ad ) is an imaginary number
z1 z 2* z1* z 2 2(ac bd ) is a real number
 Scattering Parameters 42

Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis (Cont.)

P1 (l1 ) PAVS P1 (l1 ) P1 (l1 ) PAVS P1 (l1 )

The generator sends the available power, PAVS = P1+(l1), towards

port 1. This power is independent from the ZT1.
- -
If ZT1= Z01, => P1 (l1)= P1 (0)=0
- -
If ZT1 Z01, P1 (l1)= P1 (0)=0 => part of the power is reflected back
to the generator.
 Scattering Parameters 43

Physical Interpretation: Input port analysis (Cont.)

1 | E1 |2 E1 E1*
P1 (0) | a (0) |
2 1
2
8 Z 01 8 Z 01
Taking into account that E1 V1 (0) Z 01 I1 (0)
*
1 V1 Z 01 I1 (0) V1 Z 01 I1 (0) V1 Z 01 I1 (0) V1* Z 01 I1* (0)
P1 (0) | a1 (0) |2
2 8 Z 01 8 Z 01
1 1
P1 (0) | a1 (0) |2 | V1 |2 Z 01 I1* (0) V1 Z 01 I1 (0) V1* (0) Z 012 | I1 (0) |2
2 8 Z 01
1 1 1
P1 (0) | b1 (0) |2 b1 (0)b1* (0) b1 (0) V1 (0) Z 01 I1 (0)
2 2 where 2 Z 01
1 1 1 * 1
P1 (0) V1 (0) Z 01 I1 (0) V1 (0) Z 01 I1 (0) V1 (0) Z 01 I1 (0) V1* (0) Z 01 I1* (0)
2 2 Z 01 2 Z 01 8 Z 01
1
P1 (0) | V1 (0) |2 Z 01 I1* (0) V1 (0) Z 01 I1 (0) V1* (0) Z 01 | I1 (0) |2
8 Z 01
1 1
P1 (0) P1 (0) P1 (0) | a1 (0) |2 | b1 (0) |2
2 2 Power delivered
1 to port 1
P1 (0) | V1 |2 Z 01 I1* (0) V1 Z 01 I1 (0) V1* (0) Z 012 | I1 (0) |2
8 Z 01
1
| V1 (0) |2 Z 01 I1* (0) V1 (0) Z 01 I1 (0) V1* (0) Z 01 | I1 (0) |2
8 Z 01
2 1 * 1
P1 (0) Z 01 I1* (0) V1 Z 01 I1 (0) V1* (0) I1 (0) V1 (0) I1 (0) V1* (0) P1 (0) Re I1 (0) V1* (0)
8 Z 01 4 2
 Scattering Parameters 44

Physical Interpretation: Output port analysis

Similar to the input port analysis, it can be shown that

1 2 | E2 |2 1 1
PAVS P2 (0) | a2 (0) | P2 ( x2 ) | a2 ( x2 ) |2 P2 (l2 ) | a2 (l2 ) |2
2 8 Z 01 2 2

1 2 1 2
P2 (l2 ) a2 (l2 ) b2 (l2 ) P2 (l2 ) P2 (l2 )
2 2

P2 (l2 ) PAVS P2 (l2 )

 Scattering Parameters 45

Measuring S11 and S21

The bias tees are used to bias
the device under test (DUT) if
required. This is the typical
case to measure amplifiers.

The instrument measures signal proportional to V1+, V1-, and V2- .

The instrument calculates the ratios.
b1 V1 b2 V2
S11 and S 21
a1 a2 0
V1 V2 0
a1 a2 0
V1 V2 0

Note that V2+ =0 because the load (ZL) is 50 ..

 Scattering Parameters 46

Measuring S22 and S12

The instrument measures signal proportional to V2+, V2-, and V1- .

The instrument calculates the ratios:
b1 V1 b2 V2
S12 and S 22
a2 a1 0
V2 V1 0
a2 a1 0
V2 V1 0

Note that V1+ =0 because the load (ZL) is 50 .

 Scattering Parameters 47

Shifting Reference Planes of S-Parameters

j j
a1 (l1 ) a1 (0)e 1
a2 (l2 ) a2 (0)e 2

j j
b1 (l1 ) b1 (0)e 1
b2 (l2 ) b2 (0)e 2

Reference planes x1 =l1 and x2 =l2 Reference planes x1 =0 and x2 =0

b1 (l1 ) s11 a1 (l1 ) s12 a2 (l2 ) b1 (0) s11, a1 (0) s12, a2 (0)
, ,
b2 (l2 ) s21 a1 (l1 ) s22 a2 (l2 ) b2 (0) s21 a1 (0) s22 a2 (0)
b1 (l1 ) s11 s12 a1 (l1 ) b1 (0) s11, s12, a1 (0)
b2 (l2 ) s21 s22 a2 (l2 ) b2 (0) ,
s21 ,
s22 a2 (0)
 Scattering Parameters 48

Shifting Reference Planes of S-Parameters: (Cont.)

j j
a1 (l1 ) a1 (0)e 1
a2 (l2 ) a2 (0)e 2

j j
b1 (l1 ) b1 (0)e 1
b2 (l2 ) b2 (0)e 2

It can be proven that (see next page):

s11, s12, s11e j 2 1 s12 e j ( 1 2)

,
s21 ,
s22 s21e j ( 1 2 ) s22 e j 2 2

where:
1 l1 and 2 l2
 Scattering Parameters 49

Shifting Reference Planes of S-Parameters (Cont.)

b1 (l1 ) b1 (0)e j 1
e j 1
0 b1 (0)
b1 (l1 ) s11 s12 a1 (l1 ) b2 (l2 ) b2 (0)e j 2
0 e j 2
b2 (0)
where
b2 (l2 ) s21 s22 a2 (l1 ) a1 (l1 ) a1 (0)e j 1
e j 1
0 a1 (0)
a2 (l2 ) a2 (0)e j 2
0 e j 2
a2 (0)
e j 1
0 b1 (0) s11 s12 e j 1
0 a1 (0)
0 e j 2
b2 (0) s21 s22 0 e j 2
a2 (0)
1 1
e j 1
0 e j 1
0 b1 (0) e j 1
0 s11 s12, e j 1
0 a1 (0)
0 e j 2
0 e j 2
b2 (0) 0 e j 2
s21 s22 0 e j 2
a2 (0)
1
b1 (0) e j 1
0 s11 s12 e j 1
0 a1 (0) e j1 0 e j 1
0
;
b2 (0) 0 e j 2
s21 s22 0 e j 2
a2 (0) 0 e j 2
0 e j 2

b1 (0) e j 1
0 s11e j 1
s12 e j 2
a1 (0) s11e j 2 1 s12 e j ( 1 2)
a1 (0)
b2 (0) 0 e j 2
s21e j 1
s22 e j 2
a2 (0) s21e j ( 1 2 ) s22 e j 2 2
a2 (0)
b1 (0) s11, s12, a1 (0) s11, s12, s11e j 2 1 s12 e j ( 1 2)

b2 (0) ,
s21 ,
s22 a2 (0) ,
s21 ,
s22 s21e j ( 1 2 ) s22 e j 2 2
 Scattering Parameters 50

Two-port network parameter conversion

V1 z11 z12 I1 V1 V1 z11 z12 I1 I1

;
V2 z 21 z 22 I2 V2 V2 z 21 z 22 I2 I2
V1 V1 z11 z12 I1 I1 Z 01 I1 V1 Z 01 I1 V1
; ;
V2 V2 z 21 z 22 I2 I2 Z 02 I 2 V2 Z 02 I 2 V2
Z 01 I1 Z 01 I1 z11 z12 I1 I1
;
Z 02 I 2 Z 02 I 2 z 21 z 22 I2 I2
Z 01 0 I1 Z 01 0 I1 z11 z12 I1 I1
0 Z 02 I2 0 Z 02 I2 z 21 z 22 I2 I2
 Scattering Parameters 51

Two-port network parameter conversion (Cont.)

Z 01 0 I1 Z 01 0 I1 z11 z12 I1 I1
0 Z 02 I2 0 Z 02 I2 z 21 z 22 I2 I2
V1 V1 I1 I1
[V ] ; [V ] ;[ I ] [I ] ;
V2 V2 I2 I2
z11 z12 Z 01 0
[Z ] ; [Z 0 ]
z 21 z 22 0 Z 02
[ Z 0 ][ I ] [ Z 0 ][ I ] [ Z ][ I ] [ Z ][ I ]
[ Z ][ I ] [ Z 0 ][ I ] [ Z ][ I ] [ Z 0 ][ I ]
[Z ] [Z 0 ] [ I ] [Z ] [Z 0 ] [ I ]
1
[I ] [Z ] [Z 0 ] [Z ] [Z 0 ] [ I ] (1)
 Scattering Parameters 52

Two-port network parameter conversion (Cont.)

b1 s11 s12 a1 a1 Z 01 I1 b1 Z 01 I1
; ; ;
b2 s21 s22 a2 a2 Z 02 I1 b2 Z 02 I 2
Z 01 I1 s11 s12 Z 01 I1
;
Z 02 I 2 s21 s22 Z 02 I1
Z 01 0 I1 s11 s12 Z 01 0 I1
;
0 Z 02 I2 s21 s22 0 Z 02 I1

1/ 2 Z 01 0 s11 s12
[Z 0 ] ;[S ]
0 Z 02 s21 s22
[ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ I ] [ S ] [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ I ] [ Z 0 ] 1/ 2 [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ I ] [ Z 0 ] 1/ 2 [ S ] [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ I ]
1/ 2
[ I ] [Z 0 ] [ S ] [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ I ] (2)
 Scattering Parameters 53

Two-port network parameter conversion (Cont.)

By comparing (1) and (2)
1
[I ] [Z ] [Z 0 ] [Z ] [Z 0 ] [ I ] (1)

[ I ] [ Z 0 ] 1/ 2 [ S ] [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ I ] (2)
1
[ Z 0 ] 1/ 2that:
Results [ S ] [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [Z ] [Z 0 ] [Z ] [Z 0 ]
1
[ S ] [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 [ Z ] [ Z 0 ] [ Z ] [ Z 0 ] [ Z 0 ] 1/ 2 (3)
where
z11 z12 Z 01 0 Z 01 0 s11 s12
[Z ] ; [Z 0 ] ; [ Z 0 ]1/ 2 ; [S ]
z 21 z 22 0 Z 02 0 Z 02 s21 s22
The formula above indicates that meanwhile the Z-parameters are unique,
the S-parameters depend on the characteristic impedances at each port.
In the case that Z01=Z02=Z0 , equation (3) reduces to
1
[S ] [Z ] [Z0 ] [Z ] [Z0 ]
 Scattering Parameters 54

Two-port network parameter conversion (Cont.)

See Textbook for

a better copy
 Scattering Parameters 55

Chain Scattering Parameters (T-Parameters)

The T-parameters are defined as follows:

a1 (l1 ) T11 b2 (l2 ) T12 a2 (l2 )

b1 (l1 ) T21 b2 (l2 ) T22 a2 (l2 )
In matrix form,

a1 (l1 ) T11 T12 b2 (l2 )

b1 (l1 ) T21 T22 a2 (l2 )
 Scattering Parameters 56

Chain Scattering Parameters (T-Parameters)-(Cont.)

Cascade Connection of two-port networks

Note that
b 1x

a1x T11x T12x b2 x b2 x a1 y a1 y T11y T12y b2 y

b1x T21x T22x a2 x a2 x b1 y b1 y T21y T22y a2 y
The overall T-parameters are
a1x T11 T12 b2 y a1x T11x T12x T11y T12y b2 y
b1x T21 T22 a2 y b1x T21x T22x T21y T22y a2 y

T11 T12 T11x T12x T11y T12y

Then
T21 T22 T21x T22x T21y T22y
 Scattering Parameters 57

Relationship between T and S parameters.

a1 (l1 ) T11 b2 (l2 ) T12 a2 (l2 )
b1 (l1 ) T21 b2 (l2 ) T22 a2 (l2 )
For a2(l2)=0 For b2(l2)=0
a1 (l1 ) b1 (l1 ) a1 (l1 ) b1 (l1 )
T11 ; T21 T12 ; T22
b2 (l2 ) a b2 (l2 ) a a2 (l2 ) b (l a2 (l2 ) b (l
2 ( l2 ) 0 2 ( l2 ) 0 2 2) 0 2 2) 0

a1 (l1 ) 1 b2 (l1 ) 1
T11 ; s21 T11
b2 (l2 ) a b2 (l2 ) a1 (l1 ) a s21
2 ( l2 ) 0 2 ( l2 ) 0
a1 (l1 ) a2 ( l2 ) 0

a1 (l1 ) a1 (l1 ) s22 s22

T12 ; b2 (l2 ) s21 a1 (l1 ) s22 a2 (l2 ) 0 T12 T12
a2 (l2 ) b (l a2 (l2 ) b (l s21 s21
2 2) 0 2 2) 0

b1 (l1 ) b1 (l1 )
s11
b1 (l1 ) a1 (l1 ) a a1 (l1 ) a s11
2 ( l2 ) 0 2 ( l2 ) 0
T21 ; T21
b2 (l2 ) a b2 (l2 ) b2 (l2 ) s21
2 ( l2 ) 0 s21
b1 (l1 ) a b1 (l1 ) a
2 ( l2 ) 0 2 ( l2 ) 0

b1 (l1 ) a (l )
b1 (l1 ) s11 a1 (l1 ) s12 a2 (l2 ) s11 1 1 s12
b1 (l1 ) a2 (l2 ) a2 (l2 ) b1 (l1 ) s22
T22 ; T22 s12 s11
a2 (l2 ) b (l a1 (l1 ) s22 a2 (l2 ) b (l s21
2 2) 0 b2 (l2 ) s21 a1 (l1 ) s22 a2 (l2 ) 0 2 2) 0
a2 (l2 ) b (l ) 0 s21
2 2
 Scattering Parameters 58

Relationship between T and S parameters.

1 s22
T11 T12 s21 s21
T21 T22 s11 s22
s12 s11
s21 s21
It can be proven that:

T21 T21T22
s11 s12 T22
T11 T11
s21 s22 1 T12
T11 T11
 Scattering Parameters 59

Process for two-port networks in cascade

s11x s12x s11y s12y

x x
s21 s22 s21y s22y

1 i
s22
T x
T x
T y
T y T11i T12i i
s21 i
s21
11 12 11 12
x x y y T21i T22i s11i i i
i
s22
T21 T22 T21 T22 i
s12 s i
11
s21 s21
i x, y
T11 T12 T11 T12 T11x T12x T11y T12y
T21 T22 T21x T22x T21y T22y
T21 T22

T21 T T
s11 s12 s11 s12 T22 21 22
T11 T11
s21 s22 s21 s22 1 T12
T11 T11