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Abstract
The main goal of this work was to study the feasibility of the combination of physico-chemical treatment with
nanofiltration to reuse wastewater of a printing, dyeing and finishing textile industry. For the physico-chemical
treatment two coagulants (one containing Al3+ and another containing Fe2+) were compared by carrying out jar-tests
using different chemical concentrations and pH values. After that, nanofiltration experiments with physico-chemically
treated wastewater were performed at different operating pressures and cross-flow velocities. The results showed
that the COD and conductivity of the nanofiltration permeates were lower than 100 mg/L and 1000 S/cm respectively.
0011-9164/03/$ See front matter 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
74 A. Bes-Pi et al. / Desalination 157 (2003) 7380
Many processes have been studied to treat Evaluation of the efficiency of two coagulants
textile wastewaters. Biological treatment by in the physico-chemical treatment for waste-
activated sludge offers high efficiencies in COD water of a printing, dyeing and finishing textile
removal but it does not eliminate completely the plant.
colour from the water [2]. Chemical oxidation by Study of the water quality after treating the
ozone, or a combination of UV-radiation and wastewater with a combination of physico-
ozone and H2O2, are of great interest but their costs chemical treatment and nanofiltration mem-
are very high to treat raw textile wastewater. Thus, branes.
these techniques should be applied in combination Selection of the membrane according to the
with conventional treatments [3,4]. salts and COD retention and permeate flow
Jar-tests are a valuable tool in wastewater rate.
treatment to evaluate the efficiency of the physico- Optimization of the best operating conditions
chemical treatment [5]. The optimum operating for nanofiltration process (feed pressure and
conditions (pH, chemical concentrations) are cross flow velocity).
determined by means of these experiments.
According to the double layer theory, electrical
repulsion forces prevent from colloids aggre- 3. Material and methods
gation. In order to achieve an effective agglo- This work was carried out in three steps. The
meration, the compression of the thickness of the first step consisted in the characterization of the
electrical double layer or a charge reduction of wastewater samples. The next step was a physico-
the particles have to be carried out. This implies chemical treatment by means of jar-tests to reduce
the zeta potential reduction [6]. In this way the COD. Once the best efficiencies were obtained,
colloids can be settled. the clarified water was treated with nanofiltration
Additional treatments like membrane tech- membranes in a laboratory plant to improve the
niques could be necessary according to the envi- quality of the physico-chemically treated waste-
ronmental laws for the disposal of treated water water.
or for its reuse in a textile plant.
The possible approaches for the membrane 3.1. Wastewater characterization
purification treatment are nanofiltration or reverse
The parameters analysed were COD, BOD5,
osmosis, since ultrafiltration membranes can
pH, and conductivity. COD was determined with
hardly remove COD and conductivity, having only
Spectroquant Nova 60 from Merck and BOD5
a slight effect on colour [7,8]. Nanofiltration does
with the Oxitop system from WTW.
not reach the retentions of reverse osmosis, but
the permeate quality is good enough for its reuse
3.2. Jar-tests
in rinse processes (COD <100 mg/L and conduc-
tivity <1000 S/cm). Physico-chemical experiments were carried
In this work, the combination of the physico- out in a multiple stirrer Jar-Test apparatus from
chemical treatment with nanofiltration to reuse Selecta. The chemicals used in the jar-tests were
wastewater of a printing, dyeing and finishing the commercial products DK-FER 505-1 from
textile industry is proposed. Acideka S.A. and UPAX-33 from Kemira S.A.
The general procedure consisted in introducing
900 mL of the sample in the jars, the coagulant
2. Objectives
was added and rapidly mixed (180 rpm) during
The objectives of this work were the following: 3 min. After that, the paddles were withdrawn so
A. Bes-Pi et al. / Desalination 157 (2003) 7380 75
5 9 9 Table 2
6 7 10
Wastewater characterization
11 Parameter Feedwater
Fig. 1. Scheme of NF laboratory plant. 1, feed tank; 2, T, C 20
thermometer; 3, stirring; 4, heat exchanger; 5, regulation pH 12.0
valve; 6, filtration system; 7, feed pump; 8, security valve; Conductivity, mS/cm 4.53
99, manometer; 10, NF module; 11, permeate stream; BOD5, mg/L 490
12, regulation valve; 13, speed control; 14, rejection stream. COD, mg/L 1630
76 A. Bes-Pi et al. / Desalination 157 (2003) 7380
1600 1600
1200 1200
COD (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
800 800
400 400
0 0
500 600 700 8 00 200 300 400 500
DK-FER 505-1 coagulant (mg/L) UPAX-33 coagulant (mg/L)
Fig. 2. Influence of DK-FER 505-1 concentration on COD Fig. 3. Influence of UPAX-33 concentration on COD of
of treated water. treated water.
observed that DK-FER 505-1 concentrations of a COD removal of 70.5% at pH 12 (the raw waste-
500 mg/L and 600 mg/L produced only a slight water pH).
COD reduction. This occurred because of the in- In Fig. 5 it is shown that the best yield was
sufficient reduction in the zeta potential of the waste- reached at pH 11.0 (COD removal of 66.0%). The
water. The maximum COD removal yield (72.5%) other tested pH did not improve the COD
was reached with a concentration of 700 mg/L. efficiency.
Higher coagulant concentrations did not improve Thus, experiments showed that DK-FER 505-1
the efficiency. In Fig. 3, for UPAX-33 the selected coagulant provided the best results for the physico-
coagulant concentration was 300 mg/L. For this chemical treatment of this textile wastewater. The
value the COD of the clarified water was 680 mg/L optimum operating conditions were: pH = 12.0 and
(i.e. 58.0% removal). CFe2+ = 700 mg/L. In Table 3 the characteri-zation
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 show the COD obtained after of the clarified water after the test at these
jar-test for different wastewater pH values. In conditions can be observed. It is important to
Fig. 4 it can be observed that the COD removal emphasize that a total colour removal was
slightly increased with wastewater pH, reaching accomplished.
1000 1000
800 800
COD (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
600 600
400 400
200 200
0 0
9 10 11 12 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.4
pH pH
Fig. 4. Influence of wastewater pH on COD of treated water Fig. 5. Influence of wastewater pH on COD of treated water
using 700 mg/L of DK-FER 505-1. using 300 mg/L of UPAX-33.
A. Bes-Pi et al. / Desalination 157 (2003) 7380 77
Table 3
Clarified water characterization (Jar-test conditions: CFe2+ A:P
= 700 mg/L; pH = 12)
B:Q
pH 6.14
Conductivity, mS.cm1 3.80 AB
Turbidity, NTU 4.7
V30, mL/L 260 BB
COD, mg/L 448
AA
Nanofiltration experiments were made using 0 2 4 6 8 10
wastewater treated with DK-FER 505-1 as feed
Standardized effect
water.
In Table 4 salts rejections (RSALT) and permeate Fig. 6. Standardized Pareto chart for permeate flux of
fluxes (JP) at the steady state conditions for the NF-90.
tested membranes can be observed.
Figs. 68 show the standardized Pareto charts
for permeate flux of the membranes tested. These A:P
Pareto charts display a frequency histogram where
the length of each bar is proportional to the B:Q
estimated effect and interactions of the feed flow
BB
rate (B) and feed pressure (A) on permeate flux.
The cross line indicates the significance of each AA
parameter.
For NF-90 it can be observed that feed pressure AB
and feed flow rate were significant variables. Feed
pressure variations produced an important 0 1 2 3 4 5
increase on permeate flux, while the influence of Standardized effect
the feed flow rate was substantially lower. Fig. 7. Standardized Pareto chart for permeate flux of
However, it can be seen that only feed pressure DK-5.
Table 4
Salt rejections and permeate fluxes at the steady state conditions in the different experiments
A:P 8-10
10 6-8
BB 4-6
Flux (l/m 2 h)
8
2-4
AB 6
4 20
B:Q 2 15
AA 0
200 P (bar)
300 10
0 2 4 6 8 400
Q (L/h)
Standardized effect
Fig. 8. Standardized Pareto chart for permeate flux of Fig. 9. Influence of feed pressure and feed flow rate on
DL-5. permeate flux in NF-90.
A:P A:P
B:Q B:Q
AB AA
BB BB
AA AB
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4
Standardized effect Standardized effect
Fig. 11. Standardized Pareto chart for retention salts of Fig. 12. Standardized Pareto chart for retention salts of
NF-90 membrane. DL-5.
100
A:P DL-5 DK-5 NF-90
80
BB
RSALT (%)
60
B:Q
40
AA
20
AB 0
5 10 15 20 25
0 1 2 3 4
P (bar)
Standardized effect
Fig. 13. Standardized Pareto chart for retention salts of Fig. 14. Influence of feed pressure on salts rejection in tested
DK-5. membranes.
Table 5
Analysis of permeate streams at the best operating conditions for each membrane
5. Conclusions References
By means of a physico-chemical treatment [1] A. Bes-Pi, J.A. Mendoza-Roca, M.I. Alcaina-
using the coagulant DK-FER 505-1 at pH 12 and Miranda, A. Iborra-Clar and M.I. Iborra-Clar, Reuse
with a concentration CFe2+ = 700 mg/L, COD of a of wastewater of the textile industry after its treatment
with a combination of physico-chemical treatment and
textile effluent can be reduced to values lower
membrane technologies, Desalination, 149 (2002)
than 500 mg/L (72.5% COD removal efficiency). 169174.
With UPAX-33 worse efficiencies were achieved. [2] M. Cresp Rosell and J.A. Huertas Lpez, Indutria
Nanofiltration of the physico-chemically textil: depuracin biolgica o fsicoqumica?, Revista
treated wastewater produced a permeate with a de la Industria Textil, 233 (1995) 4261.
COD lower than 100 mg/L for the three tested [3] G. Ciardelli, G. Campanelli and A. Botino, Ozone
membranes. treatment of textile wastewater for reuse, Wat. Sci.
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[4] S Baig and P.A. Liechti, Ozone treatment for bio-
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lower than for the other membranes, this was the tation of wastewater treatment plants in the textile
selected membrane, since the salts rejections were industry. Part I: Closed loop treatment/recycle system
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Acknowledgment membrane technologies, Desalination,. 138 (2001)
7582.
We thank Colortex 1967 S.L. for its support [8] A. Rozzi, M. Antonelli and M. Arcari, Membrane
in the investigation project. treatment of secondary textile effluents for direct reuse,
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