Chapter 09 Book Quiz

CHAPTER 9
1) ________ refers to the amount of money charged for a product or service.

A) Payroll
B) Profit
C) Price
D) Cost
E) Salary
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
Course LO: Discuss strategies for setting and adjusting prices
2) ________ is the only element in the marketing mix that produces revenue.
A) Price
B) Place
C) Promotion
D) Product
E) Profit
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
3) Which of the following sets the upper limit for a product's pricing?
A) profits
B) product costs
C) consumer perceptions of value
D) elements of the product mix
E) competition
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
4) Which of the following sets the lower limit for a product's pricing?
A) product costs
B) profits
C) competition
D) elements of the product mix
E) consumer perceptions of value
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
5) ________ uses buyers' perceptions of what a product is worth as the key to pricing.
A) Customer value-based pricing
B) Target return pricing
C) Cost-plus pricing
D) Psychological pricing
E) Competition-based pricing
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
6) Value-based pricing is the reverse process of ________ pricing.

A) good-value
B) target costing
C) cost-based
D) value-added
E) competition-based
Answer: C
Difficulty: Moderate
Chapter LO: 1
7) A value-based pricing strategy most likely begins with ________.

A) assessing customer needs
B) designing a stylish product
C) evaluating the product's costs
D) promoting the product's benefits
E) setting a price based on perceived value
Answer: A
Chapter LO: 1
8) ________ pricing involves charging a constant low price with few or no temporary price
discounts.
A) High-low
B) Target return
C) Cost-plus
D) Everyday low
E) Market-skimming
Answer: D
Chapter LO: 1
9) Providing extra amenities to differentiate and support high-priced products is referred to as

________ pricing.
A) high-low
B) value-added
C) target return
D) everyday low
E) cost-plus
Answer: B
Chapter LO: 1
10) ________ pricing involves setting prices based on the expenses involved in producing,
distributing, and selling a product plus a fair rate of return for a company's effort and risk.
A) Competition-based
B) Value-added
C) Cost-based
D) Good-value
E) Demand-based
Answer: C
Chapter LO: 1
11) Rent, electricity, and executive salaries that do not vary with production level are referred to
as ________ costs.
A) fixed
B) variable
C) break-even
D) target
E) promotional
Answer: A
Chapter LO: 1
12) ________ costs are also known as overhead.

A) Fixed
B) Variable
C) Target
D) Capital
E) Payroll
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 2
13) Costs that change directly with the level of production are referred to as ________ costs.
A) fixed
B) variable
C) target
D) capital
E) payroll
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
14) ________ costs refer to the sum of the fixed and variable costs for any given level of
production.
A) Target
B) Marginal
C) Value-based
D) Total
E) Break-even
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
15) A company designs what it considers to be a good product, calculates the expenses of
making the product, and sets a price that adds a standard markup to the cost of the product. This
approach to pricing is called ________ pricing.
A) value-added
B) good-value
C) cost-plus
D) competitor-based
E) break-even
Answer: C
Chapter LO: 1
16) ________ pricing is when a firm tries to determine the price at which it will break even or
make the profit it is seeking.
A) Competition-based
B) Target return
C) Cost-plus
D) Good-value
E) Value-added
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
17) The Fashion Store, a new startup, sets product prices so that revenues will equal
manufacturing and marketing costs. The pricing strategy used by the company is referred to as
________ pricing.
A) good-value
B) value-added
C) cost-plus
D) competition-based
E) target return
Answer: E
Difficulty: Difficult
Chapter LO: 1
AACSB: Analytic thinking
18) Which of the following statements about break-even analysis is most likely true?
A) It determines how customer-perceived value changes with value-added pricing.
B) It is a tool used to calculate fixed costs.
C) It is used to determine the maximum price that can be set on a product.
D) It is a tool marketers use to examine the relationship between supply and demand.
E) It fails to consider customer value and the relationship between price and demand.
Answer: E
Chapter LO: 1
19) Which of the following is an external factor that affects pricing decisions?
A) the marketing mix
B) competition
C) top management
D) marketing objectives
E) marketing strategy
Answer: B
Chapter LO: 2
20) Radox, a luxury watch brand, identifies a market segment that is willing to pay premium
prices for its watches, and Radox managers select an ideal selling price. Managers then
determine the costs to create watches that meet the ideal selling price. The company's pricing
approach is referred to as ________.
A) mass production
B) cost-plus pricing
C) target costing
D) value-added pricing
E) target return pricing
Answer: C
Chapter LO: 2
21) In ________, the market consists of many buyers and sellers trading in a uniform
commodity, such as wheat, copper, or financial securities.
A) pure competition
B) monopolistic competition
C) oligopolistic competition
D) a pure monopoly
E) a pure monopsony
Answer: A
Chapter LO: 2
22) There are more than 20 stores on a street in Sao Paulo that specialize in selling the same
quality and brand of wheat products. An individual seller cannot charge more than the going
market price without the risk of losing business to the other stores. What type of market does this
example represent?
A) pure competition
D) a pure monopoly
E) a black market
Answer: A
Chapter LO: 2
23) Under ________, the market consists of many buyers and sellers trading over a range of
prices rather than a single market price.
A) pure competition
D) a pure monopoly
E) a pure monopsony
Answer: B
Chapter LO: 2
24) Under ________, the market consists of a few large sellers who are highly sensitive to each
other's pricing and marketing strategies.
A) pure competition
D) a pure monopoly
E) pure monopsony
Answer: C
Chapter LO: 2
25) The relationship between the price charged for a product and the resulting demand level can
be shown in a ________.
A) demand curve
B) supply curve
C) elastic demand slope
D) break-even chart
E) inelastic demand slope
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 2
26) When demand hardly changes with a small change in the price of a product, then the demand
for the product is best described as ________.
A) elastic
B) flexible
C) inelastic
D) variable
E) cyclical
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 2
27) Which of the following is an economic factor that affects the pricing decisions of a
company?
A) market-penetration practices
B) top management decisions
C) promotional activities
D) reseller policies
E) interest rates
Answer: E
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 2
28) A firm uses ________ when it charges a high, premium price for a new product with the
intention of reducing the price in the future.
A) market-skimming pricing
B) target costing
C) deceptive pricing
D) market-penetration pricing
E) predatory pricing
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 3
29) The strategy of setting a low initial price to attract a large number of buyers quickly and win
a large market share is referred to as ________.
B) market-penetration pricing
C) value-added pricing
D) target costing
E) deceptive pricing
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 3
30) Which of the following conditions is most likely essential for implementing a successful
market-skimming pricing strategy for a product?
A) The product's quality and image support its high price.
B) Lower-priced alternatives can enter the market easily.
C) Low prices promote more market growth than high prices.
D) The product's price matches its manufacturing costs.
E) A low-price position of the product is maintained.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 3
31) Which of the following conditions is most likely essential for implementing a successful
market-penetration pricing strategy for a product?
A) The product's quality supports its high price.
B) Alternative products can enter the market easily.
C) The market for the product is highly price sensitive.
D) Prices increase incrementally as sales volume increases.
E) Production costs rise with an increase in marketing efforts.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 3
32) Qriosity Inc. released a new antivirus program at half-price to attract buyers. This is most
likely an example of ________.
B) market-penetration pricing
C) optional-product pricing
D) by-product pricing
E) allowance pricing
Answer: B
Chapter LO: 3
33) NerdHerd Electronics sells three different sizes of televisions at three different prices. In this
case, the company's pricing strategy is referred to as ________ pricing.
A) product line
B) optional-product
C) by-product
D) product bundle
E) captive-product
Answer: A
Chapter LO: 4
34) Selling accessory products along with the main product is referred to as ________ pricing.
A) product bundle
B) optional-product
C) market-penetration
D) by-product
E) product line
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 4
35) Setting a price for products that must be used along with a main product is known as
________ pricing.
A) by-product
B) market-penetration
C) product line
D) product bundle
E) captive-product
Answer: E
Chapter LO: 4
36) How do firms that use captive-product pricing make up for the low prices of their main
products?
A) They reduce the cost of the captive products.
B) They provide the captive products as freebies.
C) They set high markups on the captive products.
D) They increase the price of the main products.
E) They offer the captive products and main products together at a reasonable price.
Answer: C
Chapter LO: 4
37) Netcorp, an Internet service provider, charges its users a fixed rental fee for its basic
package, which has a download limit. If a user exceeds this download limit, an additional fee is
charged for every download. In this case, the firm's pricing strategy is referred to as ________
pricing.
A) by-product
B) two-part
C) optional-product
D) segmented
E) promotional
Answer: B
Chapter LO: 4
38) Combining several products and offering the collection at a reduced price is referred to as
________ pricing.
A) by-product
B) product bundle
C) captive-product
D) optional-product
E) product line
Answer: B
Chapter LO: 4
39) Which group is most likely offered functional discounts by manufacturers?

A) trade-channel members that perform sales tasks
B) consumers who buy products in large quantities
C) buyers who pay their bills before the due date
D) buyers who purchase merchandise out of season
E) retailers that participate in advertising programs
Answer: A
Chapter LO: 5
40) Glow, a gift card store, offers a price reduction to customers who buy Christmas cards the
week after Christmas. In this case, the store offers a ________.
A) functional discount
B) seasonal discount
C) promotional allowance
D) trade-in allowance
E) quantity discount
Answer: B
Chapter LO: 5
41) Vac "N" Sew, a consumer electronics outlet, offers a price reduction of $100 when customers
bring in a used vacuum cleaner and exchange it for a new vacuum cleaner or sewing machine.
This is an example of a ________.
A) functional discount
B) cash discount
C) seasonal discount
D) trade-in allowance
E) by-product allowance
Answer: D
Chapter LO: 5
42) When Luxury Motors gives price reductions to its new car dealers to reward them for
participating in advertising and sales support programs, the firm is granting ________.
A) cash discounts
B) seasonal discounts
C) quantity discounts
D) promotional allowances
E) trade-in allowances
Answer: D
Chapter LO: 5
43) Metro Museum has different admission prices for students, adults, and seniors. All three
groups are entitled to the same services. This form of pricing is called ________ pricing.
A) time-based
B) location-based
C) customer-segment
D) by-product
E) product form
Answer: C
Chapter LO: 5
44) Busch Stadium in St. Louis charges different prices for seats in different areas of the ball
park, even though each seat costs the same for the owners of the stadium. What is this form of
pricing called?
A) location-based pricing
B) market-skimming pricing
C) product-form pricing
D) time-based pricing
E) market-penetration pricing
Answer: A
Chapter LO: 5
45) When a firm varies the price of a product by the season, month, day, or even hour, without
changing product features, it is using ________ pricing.
A) product form
B) market-penetration
C) market-skimming
D) time-based
E) value-added
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 5
46) Pricing a product based on consumers' reference prices is referred to as ________ pricing.
A) geographical
B) psychological
C) allowance
D) by-product
E) captive-product
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 5
47) Consumers rely less on price to judge the quality of a product when they ________.
A) lack information about the product
B) are unable to research the product
C) have prior experience with the product
D) are unable to judge the quality of the product
E) rely on cues from sellers to differentiate a high or low price
Answer: C
Chapter LO: 5
48) ________ prices are carried in buyers' minds and used when looking at a given product.
A) Captive-product
B) Reference
C) Promotional
D) Geographical
E) Dynamic
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 5
49) What type of pricing is being used when a company temporarily prices its products below the
list price to create buying excitement and urgency?
A) segmented pricing
B) psychological pricing
C) geographical pricing
D) promotional pricing
E) dynamic pricing
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 5
50) When a manufacturer offers a ________, a customer buys a product from a manufacturer's
dealer within a specified time period, and the manufacturer sends the customer a check.
A) cash rebate
B) quantity discount
C) promotional allowance
D) flash sale
E) functional discount
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 5
51) Which of the following pricing strategies charges the same price plus freight to all
customers, regardless of their location?
A) basing-point pricing
B) freight-absorption pricing
C) FOB-origin pricing
D) zone pricing
E) uniform-delivered pricing
Answer: E
Chapter LO: 5
52) Which of the following pricing strategies is the opposite of FOB-origin pricing?
A) basing-point pricing
B) dynamic pricing
C) uniform-delivered pricing
D) freight-absorption pricing
E) zone pricing
Answer: C
Chapter LO: 5
53) Wilkinson & Company sells plumbing supplies across the United States. Wilkinson uses
Chicago as its central location for determining freight costs regardless of the city from which
products are actually shipped. For example, a Dallas customer pays the freight cost from Chicago
to Dallas even if the goods are shipped from Dallas. Wilkinson most likely uses ________
pricing.
A) basing-point
B) FOB-origin
C) freight-absorption
D) zone
E) reference
Answer: A
Chapter LO: 5
54) Computer Works is a computer accessories manufacturer based in Brazil. All customers in
South America pay the same freight charge, $20, when they order products from the company.
All customers in North America pay a freight charge of $50. The company's pricing strategy is
referred to as ________ pricing.
A) basing-point
B) FOB-origin
C) freight-absorption
D) zone
E) uniform-delivered
Answer: D
Chapter LO: 5
55) Chef Brown's Health Food Store sells nutritional, energy-producing foods. Product prices are
adjusted frequently to meet the needs of individual customers and situations. For example, long-
time customers receive discounts. This strategy is most likely an example of ________ pricing.
A) zone
B) competition-based
C) dynamic
D) basing-point
E) penetration
Answer: C
Chapter LO: 5
56) Which of the following would most likely trigger a price increase?
A) cost inflation
B) reduced demand
C) cheaper alternatives
D) reduced expenses
E) overproduction
Answer: A
Chapter LO: 6
57) The Sherman Act, Clayton Act, and Robinson-Patman Act are all federal laws that were
initially adopted to curb the formation of ________.
A) monopolies
B) oligopolies
C) competitive markets
D) international markets
E) limited partnerships
Answer: A
Chapter LO: 6
AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning
58) ________ pricing refers to selling below cost with the intention of punishing a competitor or
gaining higher long-run profits by putting competitors out of business.
A) Oligopolistic
B) Captive
C) Dynamic
D) Zone
E) Predatory
Answer: E
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 6
59) Penny Bank, a discount store, is highly competitive. When entering a new market, Penny
Bank often cuts prices so deeply that it sells below costs, effectively pushing smaller retail stores
with less purchasing power out of the market. In this case, Penny Bank is using ________.
A) market skimming
B) psychological pricing
C) predatory pricing
D) deceptive pricing
E) cost-plus pricing
Answer: C
Chapter LO: 6
60) ________ pricing occurs when a seller states prices or price savings that mislead consumers
or are not actually available to consumers.
A) Predatory
B) Psychological
C) Deceptive
D) Cost-plus
E) Allowance
Answer: C
Chapter LO: 6
61) A small percentage improvement in price can generate a large percentage increase in
profitability.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
62) Everyday low pricing is a cost-based pricing strategy.

Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
63) Cost-based pricing relies on consumers' perceptions of value to drive pricing.

Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
64) The simplest pricing method is break-even pricing, which involves adding a standard markup
to the cost of a product.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 1
65) A break-even chart shows the total cost and total revenue expected at various sales volume
levels of a product.
Answer: TRUE
Chapter LO: 1
66) Target return pricing is a variation of break-even pricing.

Answer: TRUE
Chapter LO: 1
67) Target costing starts with an ideal selling price based on customer value considerations and
then aims at costs that will ensure that the price is met.
Answer: TRUE
Chapter LO: 2
68) In small companies, prices are typically set by the sales or marketing departments.
Answer: FALSE
Chapter LO: 2
69) Under oligopolistic competition, the market consists of only a few large sellers.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 2
70) The demand curve shows the number of units the market will buy in a given time period at
similar prices.
Answer: FALSE
Chapter LO: 2
71) If demand hardly changes with a small change in price, the demand is said to be elastic.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 2
72) If demand is elastic rather than inelastic, sellers typically consider increasing their prices.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 2
73) Pricing strategies usually remain the same as a product passes through its life cycle.
Answer: FALSE
Chapter LO: 2
74) Market skimming makes sense when a product's quality and image support its higher price,
and enough buyers want the product at that price.
Answer: TRUE
Chapter LO: 3
75) When using product line pricing, a firm sets one price for all products in the line based on
average manufacturing costs.
Answer: FALSE
Chapter LO: 4
76) Andy Candy Stores prices its candy displays at ten different price levels, ranging from $2.00
per pound to $4.95 per pound. This is an illustration of price steps.
Answer: TRUE
Chapter LO: 4
77) When World Movers, a house mover, sells boxes and pads that must be used in moving a
household's furniture, the company is practicing dynamic pricing.
Answer: FALSE
Chapter LO: 4
78) When a manufacturer seeks a market for by-products and accepts a price that covers more
than the cost of storing and delivering those by-products, the manufacturer is able to reduce the
main product's price to make it more competitive.
Answer: TRUE
Chapter LO: 4
79) When using product bundle pricing, sellers combine several products and offer the bundle at
an increased price for increased profit.
Answer: FALSE
Chapter LO: 4
80) Used too frequently, promotional pricing can have a negative effect of decreasing a brand's
value in the eyes of customers.
Answer: TRUE
Chapter LO: 5
81) Freight-absorption pricing is used for market skimming and holding on to monopolistic
markets.
Answer: FALSE
Chapter LO: 5
82) The price that a company should charge in a specific country depends on the nature of the
wholesaling and retailing system in that country.
Answer: TRUE
Chapter LO: 5
83) The Robinson-Patman Act seeks to prevent unfair price discrimination by ensuring that
sellers offer the same price terms to customers at a given level of trade.
Answer: TRUE
Chapter LO: 6
84) Federal legislation on price-fixing states that sellers must set prices after talking to customers
and competitors.
Answer: FALSE
Chapter LO: 6
85) Price discrimination is allowed if a seller can prove that its costs are different when selling to
different retailers.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
Chapter LO: 6
86) What is customer value-based pricing? Describe the two types of value-based pricing.
Answer: Customer value-based pricing uses buyers' perceptions of value as the key to pricing.
Value-based pricing means that the marketer cannot design a product and marketing program
and then set the price. Price is considered along with all other marketing mix variables before the
marketing program is set. The company first assesses customer needs and value perceptions. It
then sets its target price based on customer perceptions of value. The targeted value and price
drive decisions about what costs can be incurred and the resulting product design. As a result,
pricing begins with analyzing consumer needs and value perceptions, and the price is set to
match perceived value. It is important to remember that "good value" is not the same as "low
price." The two types of value-based pricing are good-value pricing and value-added pricing.
More and more, marketers have adopted the strategy of good-value pricingoffering the right
combination of quality and good service at a fair price. In many cases, this has involved
introducing less-expensive versions of established, brand name products. Many companies also
adopt value-added pricing strategies. Rather than cutting prices to match competitors, they attach
value-added features and services to differentiate their offers and thus support their higher prices.
Chapter LO: 1
87) What are the two different types of costs a company incurs? Explain with examples.
Answer: A company's costs take two forms: fixed and variable. Fixed costs (also known as
overhead) are costs that do not vary with production or sales level. For example, a company must
pay each month's bills for rent, heat, interest, and executive salaries regardless of the company's
level of output. Variable costs vary directly with the level of production. Each PC produced by
HP involves a cost of computer chips, wires, plastic, packaging, and other inputs. Although these
costs tend to be the same for each unit produced, they are called variable costs because the total
varies with the number of units produced. Total costs are the sum of the fixed and variable costs
for any given level of production. Management wants to charge a price that will at least cover the
total production costs at a given level of production.
Chapter LO: 1
88) Explain competition-based pricing.

Answer: Competition-based pricing involves setting prices based on competitors' strategies,
costs, prices, and market offerings. Consumers will base their judgments of a product's value on
the prices that competitors charge for similar products. In assessing competitors' pricing
strategies, a company should consider several factors. First, it must find how the company's
market offering compares with competitors' offerings in terms of customer value. If consumers
perceive that the company's product or service provides greater value, the company can charge a
higher price. If consumers perceive less value relative to competing products, the company must
either charge a lower price or change customer perceptions to justify a higher price. Next, the
company should determine the strength of its current competitors and their current pricing
strategies. If the company faces a host of smaller competitors charging high prices relative to the
value they deliver, it might charge lower prices to drive weaker competitors from the market. If
the market is dominated by larger, lower-price competitors, the company may decide to target
unserved market niches with value-added products and services at higher prices. Finally, no
matter what price the company chargeshigh, low, or in betweenit must try to give customers
superior value for that price.
Chapter LO: 1
89) With reference to the different types of markets, compare pure competition with
monopolistic competition.
Answer: Under pure competition, the market consists of many buyers and sellers trading in a
uniform commodity. No single buyer or seller has much effect on the going market price. Under
monopolistic competition, the market consists of many buyers and sellers trading over a range of
prices rather than a single market price. A range of prices occurs because sellers can differentiate
their offers to buyers.
Chapter LO: 2
90) With reference to pricing in different types of markets, compare oligopolistic competition
with a pure monopoly.
Answer: Under oligopolistic competition, the market consists of only a few large sellers. As
there are few sellers, each seller is alert and responsive to competitors' pricing strategies and
marketing moves. In a pure monopoly, the market is dominated by one seller. The seller may be
a government monopoly, a private regulated monopoly, or a private unregulated monopoly.
Pricing is handled differently in each case.
Chapter LO: 2
91) What is a demand curve? Why is it useful to marketers?

Answer: Each price a company might charge will lead to a different level of demand. The
relationship between the price charged and the resulting demand level is illustrated in a demand
curve. The demand curve shows the number of units the market will buy in a given time period
at different prices that might be charged. In the normal case, demand and price are inversely
relatedthat is, the higher the price, the lower the demand. Understanding a demand curve is
crucial to good pricing decisions. In a monopoly, the demand curve shows the total market
demand resulting from different prices. If a company faces competition, its demand at different
prices will depend on whether competitors' prices stay constant or change with the company's
own prices.
Chapter LO: 2
92) Explain the concept of price elasticity.

Answer: Price elasticity refers to how responsive demand will be to a change in price. If demand
hardly changes with a small change in price, the demand is inelastic. If demand changes greatly,
the demand is elastic. If demand is elastic rather than inelastic, sellers will consider lowering
their prices. A lower price will produce more total revenue. This practice makes sense as long as
the extra costs of producing and selling more do not exceed the extra revenue. At the same time,
most firms want to avoid pricing that turns their products into commodities.
Chapter LO: 2
93) What external factors affect the pricing decisions made by organizations?
Answer: External factors that affect pricing decisions include the nature of market and demand,
competitor's strategies, and competitor's prices. Economic conditions can also have a strong
impact on the firm's pricing strategies. Economic factors such as a boom or recession, inflation,
and interest rates affect pricing decisions because they affect consumer spending, consumer
perceptions of the product's price and value, and the company's costs of producing and selling a
product. Beyond the market and the economy, a company must consider several other factors in
its external environment when setting prices. It must know what impact its prices will have on
other parties in its environment, such as resellers' reactions to prices. The company should set
prices that give resellers a fair profit, encourage their support, and help them to sell the product
effectively. The government is another important external influence on pricing decisions. Finally,
social concerns may need to be taken into account. In setting prices, a company's short-term
sales, market share, and profit goals may need to be tempered by broader societal considerations.
Chapter LO: 2
94) Distinguish between market-skimming pricing and market-penetration pricing.

Answer: Many companies that invent new products set high initial prices to skim revenues layer
by layer from the market. This is known as market-skimming pricing. For this strategy to work,
the product's quality and image must support its higher price, and enough buyers must want the
product at that price. The costs of producing a smaller volume cannot be so high that they cancel
the advantage of charging more. Competitors should not be able to enter the market easily and
undercut the high price. Market-penetration pricing is used to penetrate the market quickly to
attract a large number of buyers in a short period and win a large market share by setting a low
initial price. For this strategy to work, the market must be highly price sensitive so that a low
price produces more market growth. Production and distribution costs must fall as sales volume
increases. Also, the low price must help keep out competition and be maintained over time.
Chapter LO: 3
95) Explain product line pricing.

Answer: In product line pricing, management must decide on the price steps to set between the
various products in a line. The price steps should take into account cost differences between
products in a line. More important, they should account for differences in customer perceptions
of the value of different features.
Chapter LO: 4
96) Which pricing mix strategy should be used in relation to saleable scrap materials? How does
this strategy function?
Answer: Producing products and services often generates by-products. If the by-products have
no value and if getting rid of them is costly, this will affect the pricing of the main product.
When using by-product pricing, a manufacturer can seek a market for scraps or by-products and
accept any price that covers more than the cost of disposing of or storing and delivering the by-
products. By-product pricing allows the seller to reduce the main product's price to make it more
competitive.
Chapter LO: 4
97) What is segmented pricing? Briefly describe the different types of segmented pricing.
Answer: In segmented pricing, the company sells a product or service at two or more prices,
even though the difference in prices is not based on differences in costs. Segmented pricing takes
several forms. Under customer-segment pricing, different customers pay different prices for the
same product or service. Under product-form pricing, different versions of the product are priced
differently but not according to differences in their costs. Using location-based pricing, a
company charges different prices for different locations, even though the cost of offering each
location is the same. Finally, using time-based pricing, a firm varies its price by the season, the
month, the day, and even the hour.
Chapter LO: 5
98) Explain how companies that market their products internationally decide what prices to
charge in different countries.
Answer: Companies that market their products internationally must decide what prices to charge
in different countries. In some cases, a company can set a uniform worldwide price. However,
most companies adjust their prices to reflect local market conditions and cost considerations. A
firm must consider economic conditions, competitive situations, laws and regulations, and
development of the wholesale and retail system. Consumer perceptions and preferences also may
vary from country to country, calling for different prices. The company may have different
marketing objectives in various world markets. Costs play an important role in setting
international prices. In some cases, price escalation may result from differences in selling
strategies or market conditions. In most instances, however, it is simply a result of the higher
costs of selling in another countrythe additional costs of operations, product modifications,
shipping and insurance, import tariffs and taxes, exchange-rate fluctuations, and physical
distribution.
Chapter LO: 5
99) Identify a few situations in which price cuts or price increases might be necessary.
Answer: Several situations may lead a firm to consider cutting its price. Price cuts may be
necessary when there is excess capacity. Another is falling demand in the face of strong price
competition or a weakened economy. In such cases, a firm may aggressively cut prices to boost
sales and market share. A company may also cut prices in a drive to dominate the market through
lower costs. A major factor in price increases is cost inflation. Rising costs squeeze profit
margins and lead companies to pass cost increases along to customers. Another factor leading to
price increases is over-demand. When a company cannot supply all that its customers need, it
may raise its prices, ration products to customers, or both.
Chapter LO: 6
100) What is the difference between price-fixing and predatory pricing? How do governments
discourage firms from engaging in such practices?
Answer: Federal legislation on price-fixing states that sellers must set prices without talking to
competitors. Otherwise, price collusion is suspected. Price-fixing is illegal per sethat is, the
government does not accept any excuses for price-fixing. As such, companies found guilty of
these practices can receive heavy fines. Recently, governments at the state and national levels
have been aggressively enforcing price-fixing regulations in industries ranging from gasoline,
insurance, and concrete to credit cards, CDs, and computer chips. Price-fixing is also prohibited
in many international markets.
Sellers are also prohibited from using predatory pricingselling below cost with the intention of
punishing a competitor or gaining higher long-run profits by putting competitors out of business.
This protects small sellers from larger ones that might sell items below cost temporarily or in a
specific locale to drive them out of business.
Chapter LO: 6

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CHAPTER 9

1) ________ refers to the amount of money charged for a product or service.

6) Value-based pricing is the reverse process of ________ pricing.

7) A value-based pricing strategy most likely begins with ________.

9) Providing extra amenities to differentiate and support high-priced products is referred to as

12) ________ costs are also known as overhead.

39) Which group is most likely offered functional discounts by manufacturers?

62) Everyday low pricing is a cost-based pricing strategy.

63) Cost-based pricing relies on consumers' perceptions of value to drive pricing.

66) Target return pricing is a variation of break-even pricing.

88) Explain competition-based pricing.

91) What is a demand curve? Why is it useful to marketers?

92) Explain the concept of price elasticity.

94) Distinguish between market-skimming pricing and market-penetration pricing.

95) Explain product line pricing.

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