B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC NNG LM TP.HCM

B MN CNG NGH HA HC

N CNG NGH HA HC

THIT K H THNG C C NC CAM

CHN KHNG MT NI LIN TC VT CP
NNG SUT 1000L/M

GVHD: PGS.TS.TRNG VNH

Sinh vin thc hin: Hong Th Nga
Ngnh: Cng ngh ha hc
Nin kha: 2014-2018

Thng 7/2017
THIT K H THNG C C NC CAM
CHN KHNG MT NI LIN TC

Tc gi

HONG TH NGA

Ngnh: CNG NGH HA HC

Ging vin hng dn

PGS.TS.TRNG VNH

Thng 7/2017
 NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN

 NHN XT CA GING VIN PHN BIN

 LI CM N
Trong cng cuc cng nghip ha hin i ha t nc nh hin nay th cng ngh - k
thut ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng trong i sng. Con ngi khng ngng tm
ti, nghin cu, sng to v ng dng nhng thnh tu khoa hc cng ngh - k thut
phc v cho i sng.
n cng ngh ha hc l mt mn hc minh chng cho nhng iu y. Chng em xin
chn thnh cm n B mn cng ngh ha hc, thy PGS.TS.TRNG VNH bin
son v a vo chng trnh hc mt mn hc cc k thit thc, b ch v y ngha
i vi sinh vin ngnh cng ngh ha hc. Trong qu trnh thc hin n mn hc, xin
chn thnh cm n Thy tn tnh hng dn, ch bo, gip chng em hon thnh tt
n ny. Cm n cc bn sinh vin lp DH14HH gip chia s kinh nghim trong
qu trnh tnh ton.
 MC LC
PHN 1. TNG QUAN .................................................................................................... 1
I. TNG QUAN V CAM ......................................................................................... 1
1.1. Ngun gc .......................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Phn loi ............................................................................................................ 1
1.3. Thnh phn ha hc ......................................................................................... 3
1.4. Thu hoch v bo qun .................................................................................... 4
II. TNG QUAN V C C ................................................................................... 5
2.1. nh ngha v qu trnh c c........................................................................ 5
2.2. Cc phng php c c .................................................................................. 5
III. QUY TRNH SN XUT NC CAM C C .............................................. 7
3.1. Gii thiu cng ngh c c nc p tri cy .................................................. 7
3.2. S quy trnh cng ngh .................................................................................. 9
3.3. Thuyt minh quy trnh ..................................................................................... 9
IV. LA CHN THIT B C C NC CAM ................................................ 13
PHN 2. TNH TON CHO THIT B CHNH ........................................................ 15
I. Phn l thuyt ........................................................................................................... 15
1.1. t vn .......................................................................................................... 15
1.2. Cn bng vt liu cho ton b qu trnh ......................................................... 15
1.3. Cn bng vt liu cho ni c c ...................................................................... 16
II. TNH TON THIT B C C MT NI ..................................................... 16
2.1. Cn bng vt cht v nng lng.................................................................. 16
2.2. Cn bng vt cht ........................................................................................... 17
2.3. Cn bng nhit lng ..................................................................................... 18
2.4. Tnh b mt truyn nhit ............................................................................... 23
2.5. Kch thc bung t ..................................................................................... 26
2.6. Kch thc bung bc .................................................................................... 28
2.8. Tng kt thit b chnh ................................................................................... 30
PHN 3. TNH TON CHO THIT B PH ............................................................. 32
I. Thit b ngng t baromet .................................................................................... 32
1.1. Lng nc lnh cn thit ngng t ....................................................... 32
 1.2. Th tch khng kh v kh khng ngng cn ht ra khi baromet ............ 32
1.3. Kch thc ch yu ca thit b ngng t .................................................... 33
II. Thit b gia nhit .................................................................................................... 37
III. Tnh v chn lc bm ............................................................................................ 39
3.1. Bm nhp liu ................................................................................................. 39
3.2. Bm tho liu .................................................................................................. 41
3.3. Bm a nc vo thit b ngng t ............................................................ 42
3.4. Chn bm chn khng ................................................................................... 45
IV. Chn h thng ng dn kh................................................................................... 45
4.1. Xc inh dn kh ca cc ng dn v tr lc ca ton h thng .......... 45
4.2. Xc nh thi gian ht kh v p sut ti hn ca h thng ....................... 47
V. Tnh c kh ............................................................................................................. 48
5.1. Chiu dy thit b ............................................................................................ 48
5.2. Bung bc ........................................................................................................ 52
5.3. V ng ............................................................................................................... 54
VI. Khi lng v tai .............................................................................................. 55
6.1. Khi lng thp lm ng truyn nhit.......................................................... 55
6.2. Th tch thp .................................................................................................... 55
6.3. Khi lng nc ............................................................................................. 56
VII. Chn s dng 4 tai .................................................................................... 57
7.1. Mt bch ........................................................................................................... 58
7.2. Bulong v ren .................................................................................................. 60
7.3. ai c................................................................................................................ 60
CHNG 4. TNH TON KINH T THIT B ........................................................ 61
KT LUN ...................................................................................................................... 63
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................... 64
 DANH MC BNG
Bng 1. Thnh phn dinh dng ca cam ti.................................................................... 3
Bng 2. c im cam qut Vit Nam ................................................................................ 4
Bng 3. So snh hm lng cn li ca mt s cht thm trong sn phm c c bng hai
phng php theo Grenco ................................................................................................... 8
Bng 4. Khi lng ring ca dch p cam ....................................................................... 15
Bng 5. Nhit v p sut hi ca ni ............................................................................ 18
Bng 6. Tn tht nhit do nng nng cao ................................................................ 18
Bng 7. Tm tt tn tht nhit do p sut thy tnh ..................................................... 20
Bng 8. Nhit dung ring ca dung dch ........................................................................... 21
Bng 9. Cc thng s v nng lng ................................................................................. 22
Bng 10. Lng nhit do hi cung cp ............................................................................. 23
Bng 11. Nhit ti ring q1 pha hi ngng ....................................................................... 25
Bng 12. H s cp nhit theo thi gian ............................................................................ 26
Bng 13. Nhit ti ring q2 pha dung dch si .................................................................. 26
Bng 14. B mt truyn nhit ............................................................................................ 26
Bng 15. Kch thc bung bc ........................................................................................ 29
Bng 16. Kch thc cc ng dn ...................................................................................... 30
Bng 17. Tm tt thit b chnh ......................................................................................... 30
Bng 18. Kch thc c bn ca thit b ngng t Baromet ............................................. 35
Bng 19. K hiu cc i lng ca thit b gia nhit ....................................................... 37
Bng 20. Kt qu tnh cn bng nng lng ca thit b gia nhit .................................... 38
Bng 21. K hiu cc i lng ca bm .......................................................................... 39
Bng 22. Cc h s tr lc cc b ca bm nhp liu ...................................................... 40
Bng 23. Cc h s tr lc cc b ca bm tho liu ....................................................... 42
Bng 24. Cc h s tr lc cc b ca bm ngng t ....................................................... 43
Bng 25. Kt qu tnh bm ................................................................................................ 44
Bng 26. Kch thc cc loi ng dn............................................................................... 45
Bng 27. Th tch cc thit b ............................................................................................ 47
Bng 28. Tng hp chiu dy bung t, bung bc ........................................................ 54
Bng 29. Th tch thp ....................................................................................................... 55
Bng 30. Th tch y v np thit b ................................................................................ 56
Bng 31. Th tch ca nc ............................................................................................... 57
Bng 32. Kch thc tai ................................................................................................ 58
Bng 33. Mi ghp bch ni cc b phn ca thit b v ng dn ..................................... 59
Bng 34. Bch ni bung bc bung t v bung t - y ......................................... 60
Bng 35. Tnh kinh t thit b ............................................................................................ 62
 DANH MC HNH NH
Hnh 1. Cy cam .................................................................................................................. 1
Hnh 2. Cam ng ............................................................................................................. 3
Hnh 3. Thit b c c c ng tun hon trung tm ........................................................... 7
Hnh 4. S quy trnh c c nc cam ........................................................................... 9
Hnh 5. Cam sn xut nc p........................................................................................... 10
Hnh 6. Quy trnh ra cam ................................................................................................. 10
Hnh 7. My p cam ca hng FMC Food Technology .................................................... 11
Hnh 8. C c chn khng mt ni lin tc ..................................................................... 14
Hnh 9. Tn tht nhit do p sut thy tnh .................................................................. 19
Hnh 10. S khi ca h thng ..................................................................................... 21
Hnh 11. S truyn nhit t hi t qua thnh ng n dung dch ................................... 23
Hnh 12. Thit b ngng t Baromet ................................................................................. 33
Hnh 13. y bung t .................................................................................................... 51
Hnh 14. S mt ct tai treo .......................................................................................... 58
Hnh 15. S mt bch .................................................................................................... 59
B GIO DC V O TO Cng Ha X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam
TRNG I HC NNG LM TP.HCM c Lp - T Do Hnh Phc
B MN CNG NGH HA HC

n
Mn hc: n cng ngh ha hc, MSMH: 217902
Sinh vin thc hin: Hong Th Nga
Lp: DH14HT
Ngnh: cng ngh ha hc
1. u n: thit k h thng c c nc cam 1 cp c ng vt nng sut
1000 lt / m.
2. Nhim v yu cu:
- Nng dung dch vo thit b 12%
- Nng dung dch ra khi thit b l 50%
- Vt cp 5% dung dch u vo
- Nng cui ca sn phm 43%
3. Ni dung phn thuyt minh v tnh ton xem phn mc lc
4. Cc bn v A1, A3: bn v quy trnh cng ngh, bn v chi tit.
5. Ngy giao n:
6. Ngy hon thnh n: 20/07/2017
7. Ngy bo v:
Ngy 28 thng nm 2017
CH NHIM B MN NGI HNG DN
(k v ghi r h tn) (k v ghi r h tn)
 PHN 1. TNG QUAN
I. TNG QUAN V CAM
1.1. Ngun gc
Cy cam c tn khoa hc l citrus noboilis, thuc h Rutaceae. L loi cy n qu c
cng h vi bi, c con ngi bit n cch y khong 2200 nm trc cng
nguyn. Cy cam c ngun gc t Trung Quc, tuy nhin mt s nh nghin cu cho
rng cy cam c ngun gc t n . Cy cam l mt loi cy cnh tri, cy bi, thn g
nh, c trng nhiu v ph bin n sau lan rng ra vng ng Nam .
Khong th k th 3 trc cng nguyn, cy cam c a ti Chu u v a Trung
Hi v c Columbus mang n Chu M. Vi gi tr rt cao v kinh t v sc khe,
cy cam nhanh chng c pht trin ti Chu Phi v Chu c. Ngy nay, cy cam c
trng ph bin khp ni trn th gii nh M, Trung Quc, vng ng Nam nh
Vit Nam, Philippine..

Hnh 1. Cy cam
1.2. Phn loi
Cy cam c trng nhng ni c kh hu m p v v cam c th bin i t ngt n
chua. Cam thng c lt v v n lc cn ti hay vt ly nc. C nhiu cch
phn loi cam, ty tng quc gia v tng a phng. Trong thng mi, cam c chia
ra lm hai loi: cam ngt (sweet orange) v cam chua (sour orange). Trong cam chua
thng c dng trong sn xut mt cam. Cc loi cam thng gp:
Cam trn
Cam trn c ngun gc t B o Nha, ph bin l loi cam Valencia. Cam trn thng
c trng vng ni a do c kh nng thch nghi cao, do nh hng bi thi tit kh
hu lm hot ha h sc t v lm cho cam c mu sc hp dn. V cam, da cam nhn,
mu cam sang, mi v c sc khi cn ti hoc qua ch bin thnh nc p. Khi nhit
khng kh cao lm cho da hp th li chlocrophyll t l nn khi chn c mu xanh
1
nht. ging cam ny c s dng lm nc p hoa qu do c nhiu dch qu mu
sm v bn, t ht, c th dng n ti.
Cam navel
Theo Vin di truyn nng nghip (B Nng Nghip V Pht Trin Nng Thn), cam
Navel l mt ging cam ngt c trng rng ri vng cn nhit i nh M, Brazil,
Bc Phi, a Trung Hi t nhiu thp nin qua. Gn y Trung Quc cng ch trng pht
trin ging cam ny. Cam Navel c c tri to, dng tri hnh cu hi xm, v dy nhng
d lt, khng ht, khi chn c mu vng cam m v bng. c bit cha nhiu nc vi
hm lng vitamine C cao. Vo thi tit lnh, mu qu cng c mu vn sng nn qu
khi chn vn cn mu xanh nht trn da. Do trong qu trnh ch bin d pht sinh v ng
nn chng t c dng ch bin nc p.
Cam ngt (acidless orange)
Loi ny c trng ph bin a Trung Hi. Nc qu c ngt rt cao, hm lng
acid thp khng th gy c ch vi sinh vt nn khng thch hp cho vic sn xut nc p
Cam (blood orange)
Cam l mt loi cam ngon v hp dn nht trong tt c cc loi cam. Qu cam c kch
thc trung bnh vi v mng, t hoc khng c ht. Tp cam c mu sm, sng do
cha nhiu anthocyanidine v y cng chnh l nhc im ca cam v hm lng
anthocyanidine to mu m d b nht i trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun.
Anthocyanidine cn l cht chng oxi ha to ra cc gc t do gy lo ha, ung th.
Cam thng c dng n ti, dng roti, nng tht...
Vit Nam, cam chia lm ba loi: cam snh, cam chanh v cam ng. Mt vi ging
cam ph bin nc ta nh cam ng, cam Canh, cam ng nh, Cam X oi
Cam snh
Cam snh l mt ging cam thuc h cam Chanh c ngun gc t Vit Nam, v sn si
ging nh b mt mnh snh, v dy, cc mi tht c mu cam, khi chn c mu vng hay
sm, d bc v, ht c mu nu lc, v ngt, hi chua, hng v thm ngon. Cam snh
gn lin vi nhiu tn khoa hc khc nhau nh Citrus nobilis, Citrussinensis ging ph
bin l cam b h, qu dt, nng trung bnh 200-250g, khi chn c mu vng rt p.

Cam ng
Qu cam c khi lng trung bnh 100g, v mng, khi chn c mu vng hay sm,
d bc, mi d chia. C ba loi chnh l cam giy vi cc ging cam canh (h ni), cam
ng d (hi phng), cam ngc cc v cam hnh thin (nam h)
2
Cam x oi (ngh an): cam x oi l ging cam nhp ni, c ngi php a vo
trng t lu v trng u tin thn x oi - ngh an. Cy cao, t cnh l, c kh nng
thch nghi rng, cho nng sut cao v n nh nhiu vng sinh thi khc nhau. Qu khi
chn c v ngt, thm, v mng v bng, t x. Dng sn xut nc cam v mt cam.

Hnh 2. Cam ng
1.3. Thnh phn ha hc
Ga tr dinh dng trong qu cam bao gm: 100g cha 87.6g nc, 1.104mg Caroten -
mt loi vitamin chng oxi ha, 30mg vitamin C, 10.9g cht tinh bt, 93mg kali, 26mg
magnesium, 0.3g cht x, 4.5mg natri, 7mg chromium, 20mg photpho, 0.32mg st. Gi
tr nng lng l 48 kcal.
Bng 1. Thnh phn dinh dng ca cam ti

Hm lng
Thnh phn n v
Mi V
Thnh phn chnh

Nc 88,06 75,95 %
Protein 0.9 - %
Tinh du Vt 2,4 %
Sacharose 3.59 1,22 %

Glucose 1.25 3,49

Frutose 1.45 3,24

Acid hu c 1,41 0,22 %

Cellulose 0,47 3,49 %
Pectin 1,41 0,22 %
ng
o
kh
ui
M

Ca 34 - mg%

3
 P 23 - mg%
Fe 0.4 - mg%

Vitamine
A 0.09 - mg%
-Carotene 0.4 0,09 mg%
B1 0.04 0,02 mg%
B2 0.06 - mg%
PP 0.75 1,27 mg%
C 65 170 mg%

Bng 2. c im cam qut Vit Nam

Cam snh Cam chanh Qut Chanh

Ch tiu
(b h) (X oi) (L nhn) (Ha bnh)
Khi lng qu (gam) 260 240 40 64
ng knh qu (mm) 88 80 45 5,1
Hm lng cht kh (%) 11,5 11,5 10 7,0
acid - - 0,75 -
pH 3,2 3,2- 3,8 - 2,5- 2,6

Cam l loi qu giu cht chng oxi ha v cht photochemical. Theo cc nh khoa hc
Anh th bnh qun mt tri cam c cha 170mg phytochemical bao gm cc cht dng
da v cht chng lo ha. Cam gip gii nhit, tha mn cn kht cho ngi c cng
vn ng cao, tng cng h tiu ha v h min dch cao.
Nc cam l mt loi thc ung ph bin c sn xut t cam bng cch chit xut t
cam ti. Nc cam c cha flavonoid c li cho sc khe do cha nhiu vitamin C, c
tc dng tng cng khng chng li mt mi. i vi nc cam c sn xut theo
quy m cng nghip, trong qu trnh ch bin c cho thm cht ph gia, bo qun ri
ng chai hoc hp giy tiu th.
1.4. Thu hoch v bo qun
Cam c trng quanh nm, ra hoa vo thng 1-2, c qu vo thng 11-12. Cam thng
c thu hi khi bt u chn. Thi gian thu hoch phi c nng, thi tit kh ro, khng
nn thu hoch qu sau khi ma hoc c sng m v m tng cao lm cho qu d b
ng thi. Nn dng ko ct cung st mt qu, sau khi thu hi nn bo qun qu ni
thong mt trong 12-14 gi n nh h hp. Trong thi gian , tin hnh la chn
theo chn kch thc, loi b nhng qu bm dp, h hng. Trng hp qu b nhim

4
bn th phi ra ri kh ro. trnh nhim trng nn bi vo cung. Ngi ta s
dng mt s phng php sau y bo qun cam trong thi gian di, bo qun trong
ct, ha cht, nhit thp
II. TNG QUAN V C C
2.1. nh ngha v qu trnh c c
C c l qu trnh lm tng nng ca cht rn ha tan trong dung dch bng vic un
si. c im ca qu trnh l dung mi c tch ra khi dung dch dng hi, cht ha
tan c gi li trong dung dch. Do nng ca dung dch s tng ln. Khc vi qu
trnh chng ct, trong qu trnh chng ct cc cu t trong hn hp cng bay hi ch khc
nhau v nng trong hn hp.
Hi ca dung mi c tch ra trong qu trnh c c gi l hi th, hi th nhit
cao c th dng un nng mt thit b khc, nu dng hi th un nng mt thit b
ngoi h thng c c c gi l hi ph. Truyn nhit trong qu trnh c c c th
trc tip hoc gin tip, khi truyn nhit trc tip thng dng khi l cho tip xc vi
dung dch, cn truyn nhit gin tip thng dng hi nc bo ha t nng.
Trong cng nghip ha cht v thc phm, c c ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng.
N c ng dng vi mc ch:
- Lm tng nng cht ha tan.
- Tch cht rn ha tan dng tinh th (kt tinh).
- Thu dung mi dng nguyn cht.
2.2. Cc phng php c c
Quy trnh c c c th tin hnh trong thit b mt ni hoc nhiu ni lm vic gin
on hoc lin tc. Khi c c gin on: dung dch cho vo thit b mt ln ri c c
n nng yu cu, hoc cho bo lin tc trong qu trnh bc hi gi mc dung dch
khng i n khi nng dung dch trong thit b t yu cu sau ly ra mt phn
sau li cho dung dch mi tip tc c c.
Khi c c lin tc trong h thng mt ni hoc nhiu ni, dung dch v hi t cho vo
lin tc, sn phm cng c ly ra lin tc. Qa trnh c c c th thc hin cc p
sut khc nhau ty theo yu cu k thut, khi lm vic p sut thng (p sut kh
quyn) th c th dng thit b h, cn lm vic p sut khc th dng thit b c c
chn khng (p sut thp) v c u im: khi p sut gim th nhit si ca dung dch
cng gim, do hiu s nhit gia hi t v dung dch tng, ngha l c th gim
c b mt truyn nhit.
C c chn khng c th dng hi t p sut thp, iu rt c li cho ta khi dng
hi thi ca cc qu trnh sn xut khc. C c chn khng cho php ta c c nhng
dung dch nhit si cao ( p sut thng) c th sinh ra nhng phn ng ph
5
khng cn thit (oxi ha, nha ha, ng ha). Mt khc do nhit si ca dung dch
thp th tn tht nhit ra mi trng xung quanh s nh hn khi c c p sut thng.
C c p sut d thng dng cho cc dung dch khng b phn hy nhit cao
nh cc dung dch mui v c, s dng hi th cho c c v cho cc qu trnh un
nng khc.
C c p sut kh quyn th hi th khng c s dng m c thi ra ngoi khng
kh. Phng php n gin nhng khng kinh t.
2.2.1. C c mt ni lin tc
Dung dch cho vo mc nht nh, cho bc hi ng thi b sung dung dch mi vo
lin tc gi mc cht lng khng i cho n khi nng t yu cu, sau tho lin
tc mt phn dung dch ra lm sn phm, ng thi lun b sung mt lng dung dch
mi vo thit b.
S h thng c c mt ni lin tc bn hnh di. Dung dch u t thng cha 7
c bm a ln thng cao v 8, sau chy qua lu lng k 3 vo thit b un nng 2,
y dung dch c un nng n nhit si ri i vo thit b c c 1 thc hin qu
trnh bc hi. Hi th v kh khng ngng i ln pha trn nh thit b c c vo thit b
c c 5 t di ln.
2.2.2. Thit b c c c ng tun hon trung tm
a) Cu to:
Thit b c c c ng tun hon trung tm gm phn trn l phn bc 1 pha di l
phng t 2, c cu to tng t nh thit b trao i nhit ng chm. Trong phng t
gm cc ng truyn nhit 3 v ng tun hon trung tm 4 c ng knh ln hn t 7 n
10 ln ng truyn nhit, trong phng bc c b phn tch git c tc dng tch git cht
lng do hi th cun theo.
b) Nguyn l lm vic:
Dung dch c a vo y phng bc ri chy qua cc ng truyn nhit v ng
trung tm, cn hi t c a vo phng t i khong cch gia cc ng v v,
do dung dch c un si to thnh hn hp lng hi trong ng truyn nhit v
lm khi lng ring ca dung dch gim i v chuyn ng t di ln ming ng,
cn trong ng tun hon th tch dung dch theo mt n v b mt truyn nhit ln
hn so vi ng truyn nhit do nhit dung dch nh hn so vi dung dch trong
ng truyn nhit v lng hi to ra t hn v vy khi lng ring ca hn hp lng
hi y ln hn trong ng truyn nhit , do cht lng s di chuyn t trn xung
di ri i vo ng truyn nhit ln trn v tr li ng tun hon to nn dng chy
tun hon t nhin. Ti b mt thong ca dung dch phng bc hi th tch ra khi

6
 dung dch bay ln qua b phn tch git sang thit b ngng t bazomet. B phn tch
git c tc dng gi li nhng git cht lng do hi th cun theo v chy tr v
phng bc, cn dung dch c nng tng dn ti nng yu cu c ly ra mt
phn y thit b lm sn phm, ng thi lin tc b sung thm mt lng dung
dch mi vo thit b (trong trng hp thit b lm vic lin tc). Cn vi qu trnh
lm vic gin on th dung dch c a vo thit b gin on, v sn phm cng
c ly ra gin on. Tc tun hon cng ln th h s cp nhit pha dung dch
cng tng v qu trnh ng cn trn b mt cng gim. Tc tun hon loi ny
thng khng qu 1,5m/s.
u im: cu to n gin, d sa cha v lm sch.
Nhc im: nng sut thp v tc tun hon gim v ng tun hon cng b
t nng.

Hnh 3. Thit b c c c ng tun hon trung tm

1. Phng t
2. ng truyn nhit
3. ng tun hon
III. QUY TRNH SN XUT NC CAM C C
3.1. Gii thiu cng ngh c c nc p tri cy
Thc t, cng ngh c c ra i t rt lu v c ng dng ph bin trong cng
nghip ha cht v cng nghip thc phm. Trong thi k cng nghip ha hin i ha,
con ngi ngy cng tr nn bn rn v tt bt vi cng vic, nn vic m bo nhu cu
v ba n hng ngy lun gp phi nhng kh khn do tn nhiu thi gian v sc lc.
Ngnh cng nghip thc phm ng mt vai tr v cng to ln trong lnh vc sn xut
cc mt hng ch bin sn, p ng c nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng, rt ngn thi gian
7
nu nng ch bin, ko di thi gian bo qun thc phm v m bo v mt dinh
dng v an ton thc phm.
bo qun tt cc thc phm nh c ph, tr, nc tri cy ngi ta thng dng cc
phng php c c nhm bo v cc c tnh vn c ca chng, thi gian bo qun lu,
gim c chi ph vn chuyn v bo qun. Sau khi phc hi lng nc mt sau qu
trnh c c, sn phm thc t gn nh dng ban u.
Chng ta c th thc hin cng vic c c bng nhng phng php khc nhau nh:
phng php nhit (bc hi dung mi) c hoc khng thu hi dung mi bay hi, phng
php lnh (kt tinh dung mi dng rn), thm thu nghch.
Mi phng php u c nhng c trng ring i vi vic gii quyt bi ton cng
ngh.
Bng 3. So snh hm lng cn li ca mt s cht thm trong sn phm c c bng
hai phng php theo Grenco
Cht thm Nc p ban u T l hm lng cn li sau c c
(13 brix) (%)
Bng kt tinh ( n Bng bc hi c gia
45-50 Brix) nhit ( n 60
Brix)
Tng hm lng 100 91.4 0.05
Acetaldehyte 100 37.5 0.05
Acetal etyl 100 30 0.05
Ethanol 100 64 0.05
Butylat etyl 100 94 0.05
limonen 100 100 0.05

8
3.2. S quy trnh cng ngh
Cam

Chn la Qu h

Nc ra Nc thi

V,ht

Lc th B th

B tnh

Chai

Np

Hnh 4. S quy trnh c c nc cam

3.3. Thuyt minh quy trnh

Chn la v phn loi
Cam c la chn sn xut nc p phi l nhng qu ti ngon, kch thc to, mu sc
p, khng mang mm bnh, th Sau khi chn la xong ta phn loi nhm phn chia
nguyn liu ng u v hnh dng, kch thc, mu sc, chn

9
 Hnh 5. Cam sn xut nc p
Ra
Ra c tin hnh trc hoc sau khi phn loi ra tri nhng tp cht nh t, ct,
bi, gim lng vi sinh vt ngoi v nguyn liu. Yu cu qu trnh l sau khi ra sch,
nguyn liu khng b dp nt, cht dinh dng khng b tn tht, thi gian ra ngn v t
tn nc.
Nc ra v nc dng trong cng ngh ch bin (nu, pha ch..) phi l nc n, m
bo hp v sinh theo tiu chun ca B Y T.

Hnh 6. Quy trnh ra cam

p
Nguyn l: phng php p nhm tch dch bo ra khi nguyn liu. Hiu sut p l yu
t quan trng nht v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: phm cht nguyn liu, cch s
ch, cu to, chiu dy, p sut pDch bo b bao bc bi cht nguyn sinh. Cht
nguyn sinh ca qu c tnh bn thm, ngn cn ca s tit dch bo. Mun nng cao hiu
sut p ta nn gim tnh bn thm ca cht nguyn sinh bng cch bin tnh cht nguyn
sinh hoc lm cht t bo, s dng cc phng php sau: dng nm men cha hn hp
pectinase, protease, un nng hoc dng dng in

10
 Thit b p
Ngi ta thng dng thit b p lin tc ca hng FMC Food Technology

Hnh 7. My p cam ca hng FMC Food Technology

Cu to ca my:
Gm t 3 n 8 cp chn p (chn di v chn trn). Chn trn chuyn ng tnh tin
ln xung, chn di c t c nh. gia chn trn v di c l trn, c cnh sc
to nn l ct ng knh 1 inch gia tri cam. Dch qu bn trong c y ra
ngoi qua l ny trong qu trnh p.
ng lc th (prefinisher): tch tht qu c kch thc ln ra khi dch qu
ng gp (Juice manifold): thu dch qu
Piston (orifice tube): c nhim v to p sut bn trong ng lc nhm y dch qu ra
ngoi, u ng ng m c c tc dng nhn v thi b cc phn t ln nm bn trong
ng lc.
Nguyn l hot ng
Giai on ct: chn trn di chuyn xung ct hai u ca qu cam.
Giai on p: trc ca chn trn di chuyn xung di chn di, khin p lc tng ln
khi dch qu bn trong qu c y ra ngoi v i vo ng lc th. Phn v i ra khi
chn qua khe h gia dao ct v khung ca chn trn.
Giai on kt thc: piston di chuyn ng ln trn to p lc bn trong ng lc th, dch
qu v tht qu c p ra ngoi.

11
Lc th: dch qu v tht qu c kch thc nh hn cc l lc s c y ra v chy vo
ng gp pha di. Nc qu c dn qua thit b k tip. Phn b v v qu cha
nhiu tinh du cam. Trong lc p v thot ra ngoi chn p, phn v qu b tn thng,
tinh du tp trung trn b mt v. gn cui my c mt b phn phun nc ra tri
cc tinh du to thnh h nh tng v chy ra ngoi. Nh tng s i qua thit b lc
tch cn sau c li tm tch du ra khi nc. Phn du tip tc c tinh ch cn
phn nc tip tc c s dng lm nc ra tinh du.
Gia nhit
Gia nhit dch p bng thit b gia nhit dng ng chm hay ng lng ng. Mc ch ca
qu trnh ny l lm kt ta cc thnh phn khng tan trong dch qu lm nh hng n
tnh cht cm quan ca sn phm. Cc thnh phn ny bao gm protid, cht ngNhit
c th lm protid bin tnh v to ta. Kt ta lng xung y bn v ko theo hp
cht v ng. Qa trnh gp phn lm cho dung dch c ng nht cao v trong hn.
C th b sung cht tr lng nhm tng hiu qu ca qu trnh. Lu gia nhit tht nhanh
nhit 70-75 C t 5-10 pht trnh tn tht cht kh.
Ly tm
Qu trnh ly tm nhm tch b v cht keo kt ta sau qu trnh gia nhit lm cho dch
qu c c c ng nht cao v b nh hng xu ca sn phm c c.
C c
Nguyn tc: dung dch u t thng cha 1 c bm ln thng cao v 3, sau chy qua
lu lng k 4 vo thit b un nng 5, y dung dch c un nng n nhit si
ri i vo thit b c c 6 thc hin qu trnh bc hi. Hi th v kh khng ngng i ln
pha trn nh thit b c c vo thit b ngng t 9 t di ln.
Trong thit b ngng t nc lnh phun t trn xung tip xc vi hi th v hi th s
c ngng t li thnh lng cng nc lnh chy qua ng bazomet ra ngoi, cn kh
khng ngng i qua thit b thu hi bt 10 vo bm chn khng ri chy ra ngoi. Dung
dch sau khi c c c bm 7 vn chuyn ra y thit b i vo bn cha 8.
Rt chai, ghp np
Hng v nc cam thng b gim st trong lc bo qun v tn tr, cc cng ty dng
chai thy tinh mu v bo qun nhit 0-5oC . Qa trnh ghp np, ghp tht kn sau
khi rt dch qu cch ly hon ton vi khng kh, vi sinh vt lm hng, gim phm
cht ca sn phm, m bo qu trnh thanh trng khng b bt np hay h mi ghp.
Thanh trng

12
Qu trnh ny quyt nh n kh nng bo qun cht lng ca sn phm, sm pht hin
hp b h. Thi gian n nh ca nc qu t nht l 15 ngy, bo qun ti phng kim
tra nhit 37oC pht hin hot ng ca vi sinh vt c hi.
Hon thin sn phm
Khu cui cng ca quy trnh sn xut. Cc chai c ng gi, dn nhn, xut xng,
sn phm c bn ra th trng v n tay ngi tiu dng.
IV. LA CHN THIT B C C NC CAM
Theo tnh cht ca sn phm, cng nh iu kin k thut yu cu, ta s dng phng
php c c chn khng mt ni lin tc c bung t trong v ng tun hon trung tm
c c nc cam. Thit b c c loi ny c cu to n gin, d v sinh, sa cha.
C c p sut chn khng lm gim nhit si ca dung dch, gim chi ph nng
lng, hn ch vic cht tan b li cun theo v bm li trn thnh thit b (lm hng thit
b).
Tuy nhin, loi thit b v phng php ny cho tc tun hon dung dch nh (v ng
tun hon cng c un nng). H s truyn nhit thp, tnh cht cm quan v dinh
dng ca sn phm c th b thm ht. gii quyt vn ny, ta thc hin phi trn
1 phn nc cam ti vi nc cam c c.

13
 10
9
3

5
Kh
13 khng
H ngng
3
i
Hi t 11

Nc ngng

Nc ngng
7
12
1 2 8

Hnh 8. C c chn khng mt ni lin tc

1- Thng cha dung dch u 9- Thit b ngng t

2- Bm 10- Thit b thu hi bt
3- Thng cao v 11- ng baromet
4- Lu lng k 12- Thng cha
5- Thit b un nng
6- Ni c c
7- Bm
8- Thng cha sn phm

14
 PHN 2. TNH TON CHO THIT B CHNH
I. Phn l thuyt
1.1. t vn
Tnh ton cn bng vt cht nhp liu (vo ni c c) vi nng cht kh ban
u l 12%. Sn phm ra khi ni c nng cht kh l 50%, nng sut 1000
lt/m. Vt cp 5% lng dung dch u vo, sn phm cui cng c nng
43%.
Trong thc t, lng cht kh trong dch nc cam l hn hp nhiu cu t nhng
n gin ta xem dch nc p l hn hp 2 cu t tan ln gm nc v cht kh
tan trong nc.
Bng 4. Khi lng ring ca dch p cam
Nng (%) Khi lng ring, kg/m3
12 1056
50 1231,7

1.2. Cn bng vt liu cho ton b qu trnh

W
GX G x Gc xc PXP
C c

5%G, X
Gi:
G, P lng dung dch lc u v lc cui (kg/s)
W lng hi th tch ra (kg/s)
X, XP nng u v nng cui (% khi lng)

15
Trong qu trnh bc hi coi cht ha tan khng b mt mt theo hi th, khi phng
trnh cn bng vt liu trong thit b c c (cho c qu trnh lin tc v gin on) nh
sau:
G=P+W
P = 5%G + Gc
i vi cht ha tan: GX= PX
1.3. Cn bng vt liu cho ni c c
Gi:
Gd, Gc lng dung dch lc u v lc cui (kg/s)
W lng hi th tch ra (kg/s)
Xd, Xc nng u v nng cui (% khi lng)
Trong qu trnh bc hi coi cht ha tan khng b mt mt theo hi th, khi phng
trnh cn bng vt liu trong thit b c c (cho c qu trnh lin tc v gin on) nh
sau:
Gd = Gc +W
i vi cht ha tan: GdXd = GcXc
T hai phng trnh trn ta rt ra:

W = Gd .(1 - )


Xc = G d

II. TNH TON THIT B C C MT NI

2.1. Cn bng vt cht v nng lng
Cht tan ch yu l ng nn ta c th xem dch p cam nh dch ng.
D liu ban u:
Nng ban u: Xd = 12%
Nng cui: Xc = 50%
Khi lng dung dch ban u: Gd = 1000 l/m = 1056 kg/m
Chn p sut hi t Phd = 1,393 at ng vi nhit hi t Thd = 70 0C
p sut trong thit b ngng t Pnt = 0,3 at ng vi nhit ngng t Tnt = 68 0C

16
2.2. Cn bng vt cht
Lng nc bc hi ca h thng
Chn cn bn tnh l 1 gi.
Cn bng vt cht tng qut:
Gd = Gc + W (kg/m)
Vi: Gd, Gc, W: khi lng dung dch ban u, sn phm cui v tng lng hi th
(kg/h)
Theo d liu ban u: Gd = 1056 kg/m
W = 1056 - Gc
Cn bng vt cht i vi cu t cht kh:
GdXd = GcXc
Vi: Xd, Xc: nng cht kh trong dung dch ban u, sn phm cui (% khi
lng).
Ta c:
Xd = 12% = 0,12 ; Xc = 50% = 0,50
0,12Gd = 0,50Gc
0,12 0,12
Gc = Gd = . 1056 = 253,44 kg/m
0,50 0,50
W = 1056 253,44 = 802,56 kg/m
Gc = 253,44 kg/m W = 802,56 kg/m
P = 5%Gd + Gc = 5%.1056 + 253,44 = 306,24 kg/m
G = 306,24 + 802,56 = 1108,8 kg/m
1108,8.0,12
Ta c: GX = PXP => XP = = = 43%
306,24

G = 1111,6 Kg W Gc = 253,44
G = 1056 kg
X = 12% xc = 50% P = 306,24 Kg
X = 0,12% C c
XP =43%

17
 5%G = 55,58 kg
X = 12%

2.3. Cn bng nhit lng

Xc nh p sut v nhit ni
Chn p sut hi t Phd = 1,324 at ng vi nhit hi t Thd = 107 0C.
p sut trong thit b ngng t Pnt = 0,3 at ng vi nhit ngng t Tng = 68 0C.
Bng 5. Nhit v p sut hi ca ni
Loi Ni Thp ngng t
0
P (at) T ( C) P (at) T (0C)
Hi t 1,324 107 0,3 68
Hi th 0,3 68

Xc nh tn tht nhit
Tn tht nhit do nng nng cao
c xc nh theo cng thc gn ng ca Tisenco:
= 0.f (0C)
^2
Vi: f = 16,2. [AII 59] (VI.10)

Trong :
0: tn tht nhit p sut thng (0c th c tra t [AII 60], do c c c
tun hon dung dch nn tra theo nng cui v ng vi nhit hi th).
f: h s hiu chnh v thit b c c thng lm vic p sut khc vi p sut thng.
r: n nhit ha hi ca dung mi p sut lm vic, (J/kg). [B 39]
Tm: nhit ca dung mi nguyn cht p sut lm vic ( = nhit hi th), (K)
Da vo cc d kin trn v s tay qu trnh thit b Cng ngh ha cht, tp 2 ta xc
nh c tn tht do nng nng cao.
Bng 6. Tn tht nhit do nng nng cao
i X Tht 0 Phd r Tm Thd
lng (%) (0C) (0C) (atm) (J/kg) (K) (0C) (0C)
Ni 50 68 2 1,324 2303600 341 107 1,6

18
Vi Tm = Tht + 273
0 tra t (http//www.sugartech.co.za)
Tn tht nhit do p sut thy tnh tng cao,

Hnh 9. Tn tht nhit do p sut thy tnh

1 2: nhit hi t
3: nhit si ca dung dch y ng truyn nhit
4: nhit si trung bnh ca dung dch
5 6: nhit si ca dung dch v ca hi th ngay trn mt thong
7: nhit hi th thit b ngng t
p sut hi th dung dch thay i theo chiu su ca dung dch. trn b mt dung dch
th bng p sut hi trong bung bc, cn y th bng p sut trn b mt cng vi p
sut thy tnh ca ct dung dch k t y ng. Trong tnh ton ta thng tnh theo p
sut trung bnh ca dung dch.
Ta c cng thc tnh p sut trung bnh ca dung dch nh sau:
Ptb = P +P, N/m2
2
P = (h1 + )s.g, N/m2 [AII 60] (VI-12)
2

19

s = , kg/m3
2

Vi:
P: p sut hi trn b mt dung dch ( = p sut hi th), N/m2
P: p sut thy tnh k t mt dung dch n gia ng, N/m2
h1: chiu cao ca lp dung dch si k t ming trn ng truyn nhit n mt thong ca
dung dch, m.
h2: chiu cao ca dung dch cha trong ng truyn nhit, m
s: khi lng ring ca dung dch khi si, kg/m3
g: gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81 m/s
Nhit tn tht do p sut thy tnh ni bng hiu s gia nhit trung bnh (Ttb) v
nhit ca dung dch trn mt thong (Tmt)
Ni: = Ttb - Tmt
Chn chiu cao ca lp dung dch si k t ming ng truyn nhit n mt thong ca
dung dch trong ni: h1 = 0,5m
Chn chiu cao ca lp dung dch cha trong ng truyn nhit: h2 = 1,5m
Khi lng ring c tra da vo nng trung bnh v ng vi nhit hi th t
(http//www.rpaulsingh.com/)
Bng 7. Tm tt tn tht nhit do p sut thy tnh
i Xtb Tmt s P Ptb Ttb
lng (%) (0C) 3 3
(kg/m ) (kg/m ) (N/m2) (atm) (0C) (0C)
Ni 31 69,6 1129 564,1 6922 0,55 83 13,4

Nhit trung bnh tra [B 39] (II 7) da vo p sut trung bnh Ptb.
Tn tht nhit do sc cn thy lc trong cc ng dn,
Thng chp nhn tn tht nhit trn cc on ng dn hi th t ni n thit b ngng
t l:
= 11,5 0C
Chn = 10C
Vy tng tn tht chung l:

20
 = + + = 15 0C
Hiu s nhit hu ch thi v nhit si ca dung dch
Nhit si: Ts = Tht + + = 850C
Hiu sut nhit hu ch: thi = Thd Ts = 210C
Nhit dung ring dung dch
Td, Ts: nhit si ca dung dch ban u, ra khi ni (0C)
Xd, Xc: nng dung dch ban u, nng ca dung dch ra khi ni (%)
C = 4190 (2514 7,542Ts)X, (J/Kg.0C)
Bng 8. Nhit dung ring ca dung dch
Dung dch X Ts Nhit dung ring
(%) 0
( C) (J/Kg.)
Vo ni 12 85 3908
Ra khi ni 50 85 3253

Lng hi t

Hnh 10. S khi ca h thng

21
Chn nhit tham chiu l 00C
Phng trnh cn bng nng lng:
D(id Cn) = GcCctc GdCdtd + Wi +Qxp

Trong :
D: khi lng hi t cho h thng trong mt gi, kg/h
W: khi lng hi th ni trong mt gi, kg/h
Gd, Gc: khi lng dun dch ban u v ra khi ni trong mt gi, kg/h
Cd, Cc: nhit dung ring ca dung dch ban u, ra khi ni, J/kg.
Td, Ts: nhit dung dch ban u, ra khi ni, 0C
Id, i: enthalpy hi t vo ni, hi th, J/kg
Cn: nhit dung ring nc ngng t, J/kg.
: nhit nc ngng (= nhit hi t), 0C
Qxp: nng lng tn tht, KJ/h
Bng 9. Cc thng s v nng lng
G X C Tdd I Cn Qxp
(Kg/h) (%) (J/kg.) (0C) (J/kg) 0
( C) (J/kg.) (KJ/h)
Nhp 1056 12 3908 85 2653000
liu
(d)
Ra 253,44 50 3253 85 2653000 107 4229 221495
khi
ni

Ghi ch:
Cn: c tra t (http://www.rpausingh.com/teaching/properties.htm) da vo nhit hi
t
I = r do hi t l hi nc bo ha v tra t [B 39] (II 7) theo nhit dung dch
tng ng.
Tdd: nhit ca dung dch tng ng, 0C.

22
Gii phng trnh cn bng nng lng:
D = 709,106 kg/h
2.4. Tnh b mt truyn nhit
Lng nhit do hi t cung cp
Q = D.r (W)
Trong :
D: lng hi t cho mi ni, kg/h
R: n nhit ngng t ca hi t mi ni, J/kg
Bng 10. Lng nhit do hi cung cp
D Thd r Q
(Kg/h) (0C) (J/kg) (W)
Ni 709,106 107 2242400 441694

H s truyn nhit K

K= , W/m2. [B 116] (III.17)

Trong : qtb: nhit ti ring trung bnh, W/m2

thi: hiu s nhit hu ch tnh theo l thuyt, 0C
Nhit ti ring trung bnh
1+2
qtb = , W/m2 [B 116]
2
1/r
tbh 1 2
tw1
t1
tw tw2
t2 Ts
q
q1
q2

Hnh 11. S truyn nhit t hi t qua thnh ng n dung dch
q: nhit ti ring do dn nhit qua thnh ng t, w/m2

23
q1: nhit ti ring pha hi ngng t, w/m2
q2: nhit ti ring pha dung dch si, w/m2
tbh: nhit hi nc bo ha dng lm hi t, 0c
ts: nhit dung dch si, 0c
Tw1, tw2: nhit thnh ng t pha hi ngng t, pha dung dch si, 0C
t1 = tbh tw1 , 0C
t2 = tw2 Ts, 0C
r: tng nhit tr ca thnh ng t, m2./W
Ta c:
1
q= (tw1 tw2)

q1 = 1.t1
q2 = 2.t2
Theo l thuyt: q = q1 = q2
Do cha c cc gi tr hiu s nhit ta phi gi s t1 tnh nhit ti ring, sau
kim tra li bng cch so snh q1 v q2. Nu kt qu so snh nh hn 5% th chp nhn
gi thit.
Tng nhit tr ca thnh ng t r

r = r1 + + r2 , m2./W [AII 3]

Trong :
r1: nhit tr trung bnh ca hi nc (c ln du nhn)
r1 = 0,232.10-3 m2./w [AII 4]
r2: nhit tr trung bnh lp cn bn
r2 = 0,387.10-3 m2./w
: chiu dy thnh ng t, m
: h s dn nhit ca vt liu lm ng t, w/m.
chn vt liu lm ng truyn nhit bng thp CT3, tra bng [AII 313] (VII.7) ta c:
= 50 W/m.

24
Chn: = 5,156 mm = 5,156.10-3 m
5,156.10^3
Vy: r = r1 + + r2 = 0,232.10-3 + + 0,387.10-3 = 7,22.10-4 m2./W
50

H s cp nhit 1, 2
Tm 1:
4
1 = 2,04a , w/m2. [AII 28] (V.101)
1.

a: h s ph thuc nhit mng tm [AII 28]

(V.101)
tm = 0,5(tbh + tw1)
tw1: nhit b mt ng t pha hi ngng t, 0c
tbh: nhit hi bo ha dng lm hi t (= nhit hi t), 0c
t1 = tbh tw1
H: chiu cao ng, m
Bng 11. Nhit ti ring q1 pha hi ngng
tbh Ts t1 Tw1 Tm a r 1 q1
0
( C) 0
( C) (0C) 0
( C) 0
( C) (J/kg) (w/m .) (w/m2)
2

Ni 107 85 1,38 105,62 106,27 181,84 2242400 11967,52 16515,17

Tm 2:
Trng hp dung dch (dung mi l nc) si v tun hon mnh lit trong ng th h s
cp nhit c tnh theo h s cp nhit ca nc n theo cng thc:
0,565 2 0,435
2 = n ( ) [( ) ( )( )] [AII 71] (VI.27)

Trong : T s dd biu th cho dung dch, ch s n biu th cho nc

: h s dn nhit, w/m.
: khi lng ring, (kg/m3)
c: nhit dung ring, j/kg.
: nht ng lc, m.pas
H s cp nhit ca nc khi si si bt, i lu t nhin, p sut 0,2 100 atm c
tnh theo cng thc:

25
 n = 45,3(t2)2,33p0,5, w/m2. [b 44]
t2 = tw2 tdd, 0C
P: p sut tuyt i trn mt thong (= p sut hi th), atm
H s dn nhit ca dung dch dd c tnh theo cng thc:
dd = (326,775 + 1,0412T 0,00331T2)(0,796 + 0,009346.%H2O).10-3
T: nhit si ca dung dch (K)
Do qw = q1 => tw = tw1 tw2 = qw.r = q1.r
T tw ta suy ra c t2 v tnh c n:
Bng 12. H s cp nhit theo thi gian
P tw tw2 t2 n
(atm) (0C) (0C) (0C) (W/m2.)
Ni 0,3 11,926 93,69 8,69 4032,54

T n ta tnh c 2:
Bng 13. Nhit ti ring q2 pha dung dch si
c 2 q2 so
(w/m.) (kg/m ) (j/kg.) (m.pas) (w/m2.)
3
(w/m2) snh
vi q1
Ni dd 0,221 1056 3962 0,513 1872,617 16273,043 1,5%
Nc 0,672 970,3 4208 0,3345

Ta tnh c h s truyn nhit K v kim tra li hiu s nhit hu ch

Bng 14. B mt truyn nhit
Q K F F + 10%F
(W) (W/m2.) (m2) (m2)
Ni 441694 746,507 25,175 27,693

2.5. Kch thc bung t

S ng truyn nhit

n= , ng

Trong :
26
F: b mt truyn nhit, m2
d: ng knh ng truyn nhit, m
y 1 > 2 nn ta chn ng knh trong
l: chiu di ng truyn nhit, m (l = h2)
25,175
n= = = 85,25 ng
.62,713.103 .1,5

Tra chun: 91 ng
Vy chn b tr theo hnh lc gic u, xp y cc hnh vin phn.
ng tun hon trung tm
ng knh ng tun hon

4
Dth = ,m

Fth: tit din ngang ng tun hon (khong 1520% tng tit din ngang cc ng truyn
nhit), m2.
Chn fth = 15% tng tit din ngang cc ng truyn nhit
^2
Fth = 0,15.n.. , m2
4

Dng: ng knh ngoi ng truyn nhit, m

Dng = 73,025.10-3 m

4
Dth = = 0,15. . ^2 = 0,15.91. (73,025.103 )2 = 0,27 m

Chn Dth = 0,273 m theo tiu chun

Chn vt liu lm ng tun hon l thp CT3, chiu dy 4 mm.
S ng truyn nhit danh ngha
L s ng nm trong lng ng tun hon trung tm
tnh s ng truyn nhit danh ngha ta xem ng knh ng tun hon l ng knh
trong ca 1 thit b trao i nhit, khi :
Dth = t.(b 1) + 4dng, m
t: bc ng, m. thng chn t = 1,2 1,5 dng
dng: ng knh ngoi ng truyn nhit, m

27
Chn t = 1,2dng = 1,2.73,025.10-3 = 0,0876 m
b: s ng trn ng cho ca hnh lc gic u
4 0,2734.73,025.10^3
b= +1= + 1 = 0,78
0,0876
Tra chun
b = 1, ng vi s ng truyn nhit danh ngha l 3 ng [AII 48] (V.11)
n = 91 3 = 88 ng
Din tch b mt truyn nhit lc ny:
Ftt = (n.dng + Dth ).H = (88.73,025.10-3 + 0,273).1,5 = 31,553 m2 > 27,693 m2 (tha)
ng knh trong ca bung t
B tr ng theo hnh lc gic u, ng knh trong bung t c tnh theo cng thc:

0,42 60
Dtb = + ( + 2. )^2 , m [AII 74] (VI.40)
.

= t/dng, vi t l bc ng. Do trn chn t = 1,2dng => = 1,2

Dng: ng knh ngoi ng truyn nhit
: h s s dng li ng, thng = 0,70,9 => chn = 0,9
L: chiu di ng truyn nhit, l = 1,5 m

0,4.(1,2)2 60.31,553.73,025.103
Dtd = + (0,273 + 2.1,2.73,025.103 )2 = 1,025 m
0,9.1,5

Chn Dtd = 1,1 m

Vy ng knh bung t ni l 1,1 m c b dy l 4 mm.
2.6. Kch thc bung bc
ng knh bung bc:
4
Dbb = , m [AII 72] (VI.35)

Vkgh: th tch khng gian hi, m3

W 633,6
Vkgh = = = 1,911 m3 [AII 71] (VI.32)
. 0,2072.1600

28
W: lng hi th bc ln trong thit b, kg/h.
Utt: cng bc hi th tch cho php ca khong khng gian hi (th tch hi nc bc
hi trn mt n v th tch ca khong khng gian hi trong mt n v thi gian),
m3/m3.h
p sut thng Utt = 1600 1700 m3/m3.h, p sut hi th c nh hng ng k n
Utt. Tuy nhin khng c s liu hiu chnh p sut nh hn 1 atm nn c th chon Utt =
1600 m3/m3.h
h: khi lng ring ca hi th, kg/m3
Hkgh: chiu cao khng gian hi, m
4 4.1,911
Hkgh = = = 1,24 m [AII 72] (VI.34)
2 .1,42

Ta s chn Dbb, sau tnh Hkgh. Thng ng knh bung bc ln hn ng knh

bung t khng qu 0,6 m.
Chn Dbb = Dtd + 0,3 = 1,1 + 0,3 = 1,4 m
Bng 15. Kch thc bung bc
Nhit p sut h Utt W V Dbb Hkgh
hi hi th (kg/m ) (m /m3.h)
3 3
(kg/h) (m3) (m) (m)
th (atm)
(0C)
Ni 68 0,3 0,2072 1600 633,6 1,911 1,4 1,24

Do dung dch chim h1 = 0,5 m chiu cao bung bc nn tng chiu cao ti thiu bung
bc l:
Hbb = Hkgh +h1 = 1,24 + 0,5 = 1,74m
Do chn tng chiu cao bung bc 2 ni u l 1,8 m, chiu dy 4 mm
2.7. ng knh cc ng dn
ng knh trong cc ng dn v ca ra vo thit b c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

D= ,m [AII 74] (VI.42)
0,758.

Vs: lu lng kh (hi) hoc dung dch chy trong ng, m3/s
: tc thch hp ca (hi) hoc dung dch chy trong ng, m/s

29
 i vi dung dch nc ngng
Vs = G/ , m3/s
G: khi lng dung dch, nc ngng i trong ng, kg/s
: khi lng ring ca dung dch, nc ngng nhit tng ng, kg/m3
trong khong 0,5 1 m/s
i vi dung dch hi bo ha
Vs = G.v , m3/s
G: khi lng dung dch, nc ngng i trong ng, kg/s
V: th tch ring ca hi nhit tng ng, m3/kg
trong khong 20 40 m/s
Bng 16. Kch thc cc ng dn
G dd V hi d dchun VS B
3 3
(kg/h) (kg/m ) (m /kg) (m/s) (m) (mm) (m3/ dy
s) (mm)
ng nhp 1056 1056 0,5 0,02 70,023 0,0002 5,156
liu
ng Ni 253,44 1231,7 0,5 0,01 60,325 5,7.10-5 3,912
tho
sn
phm
ng dn 709,106 1,337 20 0,13 219,075 0,271 8,179
hi t
ng Ni 802,56 4,836 20 0,27 406,4 1,078 9,525
dn
hi
th
ng Ni 709,106 953,2 0,5 0,02 42,164 2,06.10-4 3,556
dn
nc
ngng

2.8. Tng kt thit b chnh

Bng 17. Tm tt thit b chnh
Thng s Ni
Nhit si ca dung dch p sut lm 85

30
vic (0C)
Nhit hi t (0C) 107
Nhit lng tiu tn cho qu trnh Q (W) 441694
Lng hi t cn thit (kg/h) 709,106
H s cp nhit khi ngng t 1 (W/m2.) 11967,52
H s cp nhit 2 (W/m2.) 1872,617
H s truyn nhit K 746,507
B mt truyn nhit F (m2) 25,175
S ng truyn nhit (ng) 91
Chiu cao ng truyn nhit (m) 1,8
Chiu dy thnh ng (mm) 5,156
ng knh bung t (mm) 1100
ng knh bung bc (mm) 1400
Chiu cao bung bc (mm) 1800

31
 PHN 3. TNH TON CHO THIT B PH
I. Thit b ngng t baromet
1.1. Lng nc lnh cn thit ngng t
(2)
Gn = , kg/s [AII 84] (VI.51)
(22)

Gn: lng nc lnh cn thit ngng t, kg/s

W: lng hi ngng t i vo thit b ngng t, kg/s
I: hm nhit ca hi ngng, J/kg
T2d, t2c: nhit u v nhit cui ca nc lnh, 0C
Cn: nhit dung ring trung bnh ca nc, J/Kg.
802,56
y W = 633,6 kg/h = kg/s = 0,223 kg/s
3600

Chn t2d = 30 0C, t2c = 40 0C, nhit trung bnh = 35 0C

Cn (35 0C) = 4180 J/kg.
I(70 0C) = 2626300 J/kg
0,223.(26263004180.40)
Gn = = 13,119 kg/s
4180.(4030)
p sut hi nc trong hn hp 35 0C l ph = 0,056 atm
1.2. Th tch khng kh v kh khng ngng cn ht ra khi baromet

Vk = , m3/s, vi k = 1,25 kg/m3 [B 122]

M:
Gk = 25.10-6 (W + Gn) + 0,01W

32
 Gk = 25.10-6 (0,223 + 13,119) + 0,01.0,223 = 2,564.10-3 kg/s
2,564.103
Vk = = 2.10-3 m3/s
1,25
1.3. Kch thc ch yu ca thit b ngng t
S thit b ngng t baromet

Hnh 12. Thit b ngng t Baromet

Ch thch:
1- Ca vo nc lnh 4- ca hi vo
2- ng thng vi thit b thu hi 5- ng bazomet
3- tm ngn
ng knh trong

Dba = 1,383 ,m [AII 84] (VI.52)
.

W: lng hi ngng t, W = 0,223 kg/s

h: khi lng ring ca hi ngng t 680C, h = 0,1979 kg/m3
h: tc ca hi i trong thit b ngng t , m/s. nu thit b ngng t lm vic vi p
sut khong 0,1 0,2 atm chn h trong khong 55 35 m/s, nu t 0,2 0,4 chn 35
15 m/s.
y p sut lm vic ca thit b ngng t l 0,318 atm nn ta chn h = 40 m/s
0,223
Dba = 1,383 = 1,383 = 0,232 m
. 0,1979.40

Da vo dy ng knh chun ca thit b ngng t [AII 88] (VI.8)

33
Chn Dba = 0,25 m = 250 mm
Kch thc tm ngn
Tm ngn c dng hnh vin phn, m bo lm vic tt, chiu rng tm ngn b c th
c xc nh nh sau:

B= + 50, mm
2

Dba: ng knh trong thit b ngng t, Dba = 250 mm

250
B= + 50 = + 50 = 175 mm
2 2

Trn tm ngn c nhiu l nh. Nu nc lm ngui l nc sch nn ly ng knh cc

l bng 2 mm, nu nc bn l 5 mm. Chn ng knh l 2 mm.
Tng din tch b mt ca cc l trong ton b mt ct ngang ca thit b ngng t, ngha
l trn 1 cp tm ngn l:

F= , m2 [AII 85] (VI.54)

Vi: Gn: lu lng nc, m3/s

nhit trung bnh 35 0C, khi lng ring ca nc l 994 kg/m3
13,119
Gn = 13,119 kg/s = = 0,013m3/s
994

c: tc ca tia nc, m/s. tc tia nc khi chiu cao g ca tm ngn l 40 mm th

c = 0,62 m/s [AII 85]
y ta chn c = 0,62 m/s
13,119
f= = = 0,02 m2
994.0,62

Chn chiu dy tm ngn = 4 mm [AII 85]

Cc l xp theo hnh lc gic u, bc ca cc l c xc nh theo cng thc:
1/2
t = 0,866( ) , mm [AII 85] (VI.55)

d: ng knh ca l, d = 2 mm ( chn trn)

: t s gia tng din tch tit din cc l vi din tch tit din ca thit b ngng t,

thng ly = 0,025 0,1

y ta chn = 0,03

34
 1/2
t = 0,866( ) = 0,866.(0,03)1/2 = 0,3 mm

Chiu cao thit b ngng t
Mc un nng c xc nh theo cng thc:
22 4030
P= = = 0,25 [AII 85] (VI.56)
2 7030

Da vo mc un nng vi ng knh l 2 mm, tra bng [AII 86] (VI.7) ta c:

- S ngn: 6
- S bc: 3
- Khong cch trung bnh gia cc ngn: 300 mm
Tra bng [AII 88] (VI.8) vi ng knh Dba = 250 mm ta c nhng kch thc c
bn ca thit b ngng t Baromet nh sau
Bng 18. Kch thc c bn ca thit b ngng t Baromet
Cc thnh phn ca thit b ngng t Kch thc

Chiu dy thnh thit b S = 1 mm

Khong cch t ngn trn cng n np thit b a = 1300 mm

Khong cch t ngn di cng n y P = 1200 m

B rng ca tm ngn -

Khong cch gia tm thit b ngng t vi thit b thu hi K1 = 675 mm

Chiu cao ca h thng thit b H = 4300 mm

Chiu rng ca h thng thit b T = 1300 mm

ng knh thit b thu hi -

Chiu cao thit b thu hi h = 1440 mm

ng knh cc ca ra v vo

Hi vo d1 = 300 mm

Nc vo d2 = 100 mm

35
Hn hp kh v hi ra d3 = 80 mm

Ni vi ng Baromet d4 = 125 mm

Hn hp kh v hi vo thit b thu hi d5 = 80 mm

Hn hp kh v hi ra thit b thu hi d6 = 50 mm

Ni t thit b thu hi n ng baromet d7 = 50 mm

Kch thc ng Baromet

ng knh trong
0,004(+)
Dba = ,m [AII 86) (VI.57)

W: lng hi ngng, W = 0,223 kg/s

Gn: lng nc lnh ti vo thp, Gn = 13,119 kg/s
: tc ca hn hp nc v cht lng ngng chy trong ng bazomet, m/s, thng
ly = 0,5 0,6 m/s. ta chn = 0,5 m/s

0,004(+) 0,004(13,119+0,223)
Dba = = = 0,184 m = 184 mm
. .0,5

Chn ng knh chun ca ng baromet l 500 mm v chiu dy l 10,973 mm

(http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/asme-stell-pipes-sizes-d_42.html)
Chiu cao ng Bazomet
H = h1 + h2 + 0,5 (1)
Trong :
h1: chiu cao ct nc trong ng bazomet cn bng vi hiu s p sut trong thit b
ngng t v kh quyn.
h2: chiu cao ct nc trong ng bazomet cn thit khc phc tr lc khi nc chy
trong ng (m).
0
H1 = 10,33( ) ,m [AII 86] (VI.59)
760

Vi:

36
P0: chn khng trong thit b ngng t, mmHg, P0 = (1 Png).760 (mmHg)
P0 = (1 0,3).760 = 532 (mmHg)
0 532
H1 = 10,33( ) = 10,33. = 7,231 (m)
760 760

2
h2 = (1 + . + ) , (m) [AII 87] (VI.60)
2

Vi:
: h s ma st ( = 0,02 0,035) (chn = 0,025)
= 1 + 2 : tng tr lc cc b
1: h s tr lc khi vo ng ( chn 1 = 0,5)
2 : h s tr lc khi ra ng (chn 2 = 1)
: tc ca nc lnh v nc ngng chy trong thit b ( = 0,5 0,6 m/s) (chn =
0,5)
gii h phng trnh (1) v (2) ta c: H = 7,733 (m)
Vy ngn nga nc dng ln trong ng v chy vo ng dn hi th khi chn
khng tng cao ngay c trong trng hp mc nc l 10,33 m chn:
Hba = 11m
Chn vt liu lm ng l thp CT3
II. Thit b gia nhit
Bng 19. K hiu cc i lng ca thit b gia nhit
K hiu n v ngha
G Kg/h Sut lng dung dch nc cam

rh KJ/kg n nhit ngng t ca hi nc bo ha

T 0
C Nhit dung dch nc cam

C KJ/kg. Nhit dung ring ca dung dch nc cam

h K hiu dng hi t

d K hiu ng vi dng vo

c K hiu ng vi dng ra

37
 m hi bo ha

Vai tr ca thit b gia nhit l un nng dung dch nc cam t nhit u n nhit
si ca ni c c. Tc nhn gia nhit l dng hi nc bo ha.
Cc thng s ca dung dch nc cam:
- Sut lng: 1056 kg/h
- Nng : 12%
- Nhit u: 30 0C
- Nhit cui: 1070C
Cc thng s ca dng hi nc bo ha:
- p sut: 3 at
- m: 5%
Nc ngng trng thi lng si.
Phng trnh cn bng nng lng:
Ghrh (1 ) = G( Cctc Cdtd) + Qtt
Gi s: Qtt = 0,12Ghrh (1 )
Phng trnh thnh:
0,88Ghrh = G(Cctc Cdtd)
Lng hi t cn thit:
G(Cctc Cdtd)
Gh = (44)
0,88

Bng 20. Kt qu tnh cn bng nng lng ca thit b gia nhit

i lng K hiu n v Gi tr Ghi
ch
Dung dch nc nho

Nng X 0,12
Sut lng G Kg/h 1056
Nhit dng vo td 0
C 30
Nhit dung ring dng vo Cd J/Kg. 3908

Nhit dng ra tc 0
C 107

38
 Nhit dung ring dng ra Cc J/kg. 3628
Hi t
p sut P At 1,324
Nhit th 0
C 107
n nhit ngng t rhv KJ/Kg 2171
Sut lng Gh Kg/h 149,8

III. Tnh v chn lc bm

Bng 21. K hiu cc i lng ca bm
K hiu n v ngha
G Kg/s Lu lng
Q m3/s Nng sut bm
N KW Cng sut bm
Hb m Ct p bm
kg/m3 Khi lng ring ca dng
lu cht
Hiu sut bm

3.1. Bm nhp liu

Cng sut bm:

N=
1000

Trong :
- H: ct p ca bm, m
- : hiu sut ca bm, chn = 0,75
- = 1056 kg/m3 khi lng ring ca dch p cam nng 12% v 30 0C
- Q: lu lng dch cam c bm ln bn cao v
0,308
Q= = = 2,917.10-4 m3/s
1056

2
Theo phng trnh Becnulli: Wb + z1 = z2 + + h f + hc
2

2
Wb = = z2 Z1+ + hf + hc
2

Trong :
- V1 = 0, V2 = V
39
 - P1 = 1.105 N/m2
- P2 = 1.105 N/m2
- = 2,1.10-3 N/m2.s nht ng lc hc ca nc cam
- z1 - khong cch t mt thong ca b cha nguyn liu n mt t
- z2 khong cch t mt thong ca bn cao v n mt t
z2 z1 = 10
- chn chiu di ng ng t b cha nguyn liu n bn cao v l l = 15 m
Tc dng chy trong ng:
4 4.917.104
V= 2
= = 0,93 m/s
.0,022

Chun s Reynold:
1056.0,93.0,02
Re = = = 9353 > 4000 (ch chy ri)
2,1.103

Chn ng thp CT3 lm ng hn trong iu kin n mn t, c ng knh 20 mm, =>

nhm tuyt i l = 0,2 mm.
H s ma st c tnh theo cng thc:
100 0,25 0,2.103 100 0,25
= 0,1.(1,46 + ) = 0,1.( 1,46 + ) = 0,04
0,02 9353

Bng 22. Cc h s tr lc cc b ca bm nhp liu

Yu t gy tr lc k hiu H s tr lc cc b S lng
Ca vo vo 0,5 1
Ca ra ra 1 1
Khuu 90 khuu 90 1,1 4
Van thng van 0,79 2

Tng tn tht trn ng ng:

2 2 2.0,04.0,932 15
Hf = = = 5,3 m
9,81 0,02

2 2 2.0,04.0,932
Hc = = . (4.32 + 2.330 + 25) = 5,73m
9,81

Wb = 21,074 m
Pb = .g.Wb = 1056.9,81.21,074 = 218313 Pa
. 2,917.104 .218313
N= = = 127,363 w
0,5

40
Chn N = 0,17 hp
Chn bm ly tm 1 cp nm ngang bm cht lng trung tnh, sch hoc hi bn. k
hiu bm l K.
3.2. Bm tho liu
Cng sut bm:

N=
1000

Trong :
- H: ct p ca bm, m
- : hiu sut ca bm, chn = 0,5
- = 1231,7 kg/m3 khi lng ring ca dch p cam
- Q: lu lng dch cam c bm ln bn cao v
0,085
Q= = = 6,9.10-5 m3/s
1231,7

2
Theo phng trnh Becnulli: Wb + z1 = z2 + + h f + hc
2

2
Wb = = z2 Z1+ + hf + hc
2

Trong :
- V1 = V 2
- P1 = 1.105 N/m2
- P2 = 1.105 N/m2
- = 2,1.10-3 N/m2.s
- z1 - khong cch t mt thong ca b cha nguyn liu n mt t
- z2 - khong cch t mt thong ca bn cao v n mt t
z2 z1 = 8
- chn chiu di ng ng t b cha nguyn liu n bn cao v l l = 15 m
Tc dng chy trong ng:
4 4.6,9.105
V= = = 0,88 m/s
2 .0,012

Chun s Reynold:
1231,7.0,88.0,01
Re = = = 5161 >4000 (ch chy ri
2,1.103

41
Chn ng thp CT3 lm ng hn trong iu kin n mn t => nhm tuyt i l =
0,2 mm.
H s ma st c tnh theo cng thc:
100 0,25 0,2.103 100 0,25
= 0,1.(1,46 + ) = 0,1.(1,46 + ) = 0,048
0,01 5161

Bng 23. Cc h s tr lc cc b ca bm tho liu

Yu t gy tr lc k hiu H s tr lc cc b S lng
Ca vo vo 0,5 1
Ca ra ra 1 1
Khuu 90 khuu 90 1,1 4
Van thng van 0,79 2

Tng tn tht trn ng ng:

2 2 2.0,048.0,882 15
Hf = = = 11,367 m
9,81 0,01

2 2 2.0,04.0,882
Hc = = . (4.32 + 2.330 + 25) = 6,16 m
9,81

Wb = 25,6 m
Pb = .g.Wb = 1231,7.9,81.25,6 = 315315,2 Pa
. 6,9.105 .315315,2
N= = = 44 w
0,5
Chn N = 0,05 hp
3.3. Bm a nc vo thit b ngng t
Cng sut bm:

N=
1000

Trong :
- H: ct p ca bm, m
- : hiu sut ca bm, chn = 0,75
- = 994 kg/m3 khi lng ring ca nc 35 0C
- Q: lu lng dch cam c bm ln bn cao v
0,223
Q= = = 2,243.10-4 m3/s
994

2
Theo phng trnh Becnulli: Wb + z1 = z2 + + h f + hc
2

42
 2
Wb = = z2 Z1+ + hf + hc
2

Trong :
- V1 = V 2
- P1 = 1.105 N/m2
- P2 = 1.105 N/m2
- = 0,801.10-3 N/m2 .s nht ng lc hc ca nc
- z1 - khong cch t mt thong ca b cha nguyn liu n mt t
- z2 - khong cch t mt thong ca thit b ngng t n mt t
z2 z1 = 8 m
- chn chiu di ng ng t b cha nguyn liu n thit b ngng t l l = 15 m
Tc dng chy trong ng:
4 4.2,243.104
V= 2
= = 2,86 m/s
.0,012

Chun s Reynold:
994.2,86.0,01
Re = = = 35491 > 4000 (ch chy ri)
0,801.103

Chn ng thp CT3 lm ng hn trong iu kin n mn t => nhm tuyt i l =

0,2 mm
H s ma st c tnh theo cng thc:
100 0,25 0,2.103 100
= 0,1.(1,46 + ) = 0,1.(1,46 + )0,25 = 0,042
0,01 35491

Bng 24. Cc h s tr lc cc b ca bm ngng t

Yu t gy tr lc k hiu H s tr lc cc b S lng
Ca vo vo 0,5 1
Ca ra ra 1 1
Khuu 90 khuu 90 1,1 4
Van thng van 0,79 2
Tng tn tht trn ng ng:
2 2 2.0,042.2,862 15
Hf = = = 105,1 m
9,81 0,01

2 2 2.0,042.2,862
Hc = = . (4.32 + 2.330 + 25) = 56,9 m
9,81

Wb = 170,4 m
Pb = .g.Wb = 994.9,81.170,4 = 1693776 Pa
43
 . 2,243.104 .1693776
N= = = 759,8 w
0,5

Chn bm ly tm 1 cp N = 1 Hp nm ngang bm cht lng trung tnh, sch hoc hi

bn.
Bng 25. Kt qu tnh bm
i lng K hiu n v Bm nhp Bm tho Bm Ghi ch
liu liu ngng t
ng knh ng dl m 0,02 0,01 0,01 Chn

Chiu di ng L m 15 15 15

Sut lng G Kg/s 0,29 0,117 0,176

Lu lng bm Q 10-4 2,78 1,028 1,77

m3/s
Vn tc dung dch V m/s 0,67 1,3 2,255

Chiu cao hnh hc Z1 Z2 m 10 8 8

p sut P1 105 1 1,12 1

N/m2

Tr lc cc b

Ca vo vo 0,5 0,5 0,5

Ca ra ra 1 1 1

Van thng (2 ci) van 0,79 0,79 0,79

Co 90 (4 ci) khuu 1,1 1,1 1,1

Tng tr lc 7,5 7,5 7,5

Chun s Re Re 9353 5161 35491

H s ma st 0,04 0,04 0,04

nhm mm 0,2 0,2 0,2

44
 Hiu sut 0,5 0,5 0,5
Cng sut bm N W 127,363 44 759,8

3.4. Chn bm chn khng

Cng sut bm chn khng:
1 2
N= kk.P Vkk[( )m-1/m 1]
.103 1 1

Trong :
ck: h s hiu chnh, ck = 0,8
m: ch s a bin, m = 1,3
P2: p sut kh quyn, P2 = 1,033 at
p sut khng kh trong thit b ngng t: Pkk = P1 = Png Ph = 0,3 0,068 = 0,232 atm
vi Ph = 0,068 atm
Th tch khng kh cn ht khi thit b: Vkk = 2.10-3 m3/s.
1 1,3 1,033 0,3/1.3
Cng sut bm l: N = .0,232.2.10-3.[( ) 1] = 0,83 Kw
0,8.103 1,31 0,3

Chn bm chn khng 1,25 Hp

IV. Chn h thng ng dn kh
Ta chn h thng ng dn t thit b ngng t n bm nh sau:
Bng 26. Kch thc cc loi ng dn
Loi ng ng knh Chiu di (m) Loi ng
(mm)
ng ni 1 t ca ra ca thit b 50 l1 = 0,15 ng ngn
thu hi n co 90 l2 = 0,05
ng dn 2 50 9,5 ng di
ng ht ca bm 3 34 1,5 ng di
Co 4 vo ming ht ca bm 34 l1 = 0,034 ng ngn
l2 = 0,034

4.1. Xc inh dn kh ca cc ng dn v tr lc ca ton h thng

45
Kh khng ngng ra khi thit b ngng t c nhit l 50 0C, nhng ta c th b qua
nh hng ca nhit v trong cc cng thc ta tnh gn ng 200C.
Xc nh ch chy trong ng dn 1:
Xem kh ngng l khng kh, ta tnh gn ng nhit T = 293k
4,7.103 4,7.103
Kn = = = = 3,13.10-8 << 0,01
11 0,3.105 .0,05.100

Nn ch chy l chy nht

11 0,3.760.0,002.103
Re = = = = 102,59 < 1200
0,889 0,889 0,889.0,05.100

Ch chy nht dng.

Lu lng kh cn ht trong ng dn l: Q = S1P1 = 0,002.0,3.105 = 60 Pa.m3/s
Coi lu lng Q l khng i trong ton b h thng ng.
Xc nh p sut ti u vo ca ng dn 2:
T phng trnh:

Q = L1(P1 P2) => L1 =
12

14 .21.(1+0,03. )
L1 = 1360. => P2 = 12 . 1
1 +0,03./1 136014

1+2
Ptb =
2

P1 = 0,3.105 Pa
Chiu di tng ng ca ng dn 1: l1 = l1 + l2 + 1,33D1 = 0,2665 m
Suy ra P2 = 29999,5 Pa
60
Xc nh dn kh ca ng 1: l1 = = = 120 m3/s
12 0,3.105 29999,5

Xc nh dn kh ca ng 2:
2+3
l2 = 1360.d24.
2.2

Q = l2.(P2 P3)
24
= 1360. (P2 + P3)
23 2.2
P3 = 29984 Pa
l2 = 26,8 m3/s
46
Xc nh dn kh ca ng 3:
3+4
L3 = 1360.D34
2.3

Q = l3.(P3 P4)
34
= 1360. (P3 + P4 )
34 2.3
P4 = 29977,4 Pa
L3 = 36,3 m3/s
Xc nh dn kh ca ng ni vo bm 4:
Chiu di tng ng ca co 4:
l4 = l1 + l2 + 1,33d4 = 0,034 + 0,034 + 1,33.0,034 = 0,1132 m

.24.(1+0,03. )
Pb = 42 4
4
= 29945 Pa
1360.4

L4 = = 7,407 m3/s
4

dn kh ca ton b h thng:
60
L= = = 1,1 m3/s
1 0,3.105 29945

Xc nh tc ht kh ca bm:
60
Q = Sb.Pb => Sb = = = 2.10-3 m3/s
29945

Xc nh vn tc ht kh thc ca ton b h thng:

. 2.103 .1,1
St = = = 2.10-3 m3/s
+ 2.103 +1,1

4.2. Xc nh thi gian ht kh v p sut ti hn ca h thng

Th tch h thng thit b cn ht V = V1 + V2
V1: th tch ca thit b ngng t
V2: th tch ca thit b phn ly
Bng 27. Th tch cc thit b
i lng n v Thit b ngng Thit b thu hi
t
ng knh mm 200 400

47
Chiu cao phn thn tr m 3,3 1,44

Th tch phn thn tr m3 0,648 0,181

Th tch np elip m3 0,0214 0,0115

Th tch y nn m3 0,042 0,023

Tng th tch thit b m3 0,711 0,216

V = 0,711 + 0,216 = 0,927 m3

S thay i trng thi kh trong th tch V chnh l do 1 lng kh b bm ht i
pdV/dt = Qb = p.St v mt lng kh b sung vo pdVbs /dt = Qbs
.
do ta c: = =

.
Vi St =
+
..
Vy tc thay i p sut s l = -
(+)

xc nh thi gian ht kh ca h thng thit b c th tch V = 0,927 m3 vi vn tc

ht kh ca h thng St = 2.10-3 m3/s t p sut kh quyn n p sut p = 0,3 at = 228
mmHg ta s dng th hnh 6.32 [1]
Coi lng kh r r l khng ng k nh vy lng kh b sung s bng lng kh b
sung s bng lng kh khng ngng thot ra t thit b ngng t v vn tc ht kh: S =
0,00799m3/s = 28,764 m3/h. T ta xc nh c thi gian t = 10 ph.
Xc nh p sut ti hn ca bm:
L p sut nh nht do bm to ra c ti ming ht ca bm. p sut h thng thit b
t ti p sut ti hn khi dp/dt = 0, c ngha l vi p sut th lu lng kh b sung
bng lu lng kh ht i v bm vn lm vic nhng p sut trong h thng khng th
h thp c na. Khi :
(+) 240(0,008+4,36)
Pgh = = = 30055 Pa
. 0,008.4,36

V. Tnh c kh
5.1. Chiu dy thit b
Bung t

48
Chiu dy ca thn hnh tr hn lm vic chu p sut trong
Chiu dy ca thn hnh tr hn lm vic chu p sut trong c xc nh theo cng
thc:
.
S= +C,m [AII 360] (XIII.8)
2[]

[]
Khi >= 50 c th b qua p mu s

Dt : ng knh trong bung t, Dt = 1,1 m

: h s bn ca thnh hnh tr theo phng dc, tra t [AII 362] (XIII.8) ta c
= h = 0,95
C: s b sung do n mn, bo mn v dung sai v chiu dy, m
C = C1 + C 2 + C 3
C1: s b sung do n mn, i vi vt liu bn (0,05 0,1 mm/nm) ly C1 = 1 mm
C2: s b sung do hao mn, khi tnh ton thit b ha cht c th b qua C2
C3: s b sung do dung sai ca chiu dy, ph thuc vo chiu dy tm vt liu, chn
C3 = 0,6 mm [AII 364] (XIII.9)
C = C1 + C2 + C3 = 1 + 0 + 0,6 = 1,6 mm
P: p sut trong thit b, N/m2
Mi trng lm vic l hn hp hi lng, p sut c tnh nh sau:
P = pmt + p1 , N/m2
Pmt: p sut ca hi trong thit b, N/m2
Pmt = 1,324 atm = 1,324.9,81.104 N/m2 = 129845,16 N/m2
P1: p sut thy tnh ca ct cht lng, c tnh theo cng thc:
P1 = g.1.H1 , N/m2
1: khi lng ring ca cht lng ( 107 0C), 1 = 953,214 (kg/m3)
H1: chiu cao ln nht ca ct nc ngng, chn H1 = 1,5m
G: gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81 m/s2
P1 = g.1.H1 = 9,81.953,214.1,5 = 11026,54 N/m2
P = Pmt + p1 = 129845,16 + 11026,54 N/m2
49
Tnh ng sut cho php []:
Chn vt liu thit k l thp CT3 th ng sut cho php ca thp CT3 theo gii hn bn.
Ly gi tr nh nht t cc cng thc sau:

[k] = , N/m2 [AII 355] (XIII.1)


[c] = , N/m2

Trong :
[k], [c]: ng sut cho php khi ko, khi chy, N/m2
: h s hiu chnh
nk, nc: h s an ton theo gii hn bn khi ko v theo gii hn chy.
k, c: gii hn bn khi ko, gii hn chy, N/m2
Tra t [AII 356] (XIII.2) ta c = 0,9
Tra t [AII 356] (XIII.3) ta c nk = 3,5 ; nc = 2,0
Tra t [AII 356] (XIII.4) ta c:
k = 380.106 N/m2 ; c = 240.106 N/m2
380.106
[k] = = . 0,9 = 97,71.106 N/m2
3,5

240.106
[c] = = .0,9 = 108.106 N/m2
2

[]
Chn s nh th vo = 645,2 > 50 nn b qua p mu.

y bung t
y hnh elip c g, lm vic chu p sut trong, bng thp CT3

50
 Dt

hB h
S
Hnh 13. y bung t
Chiu dy y c tnh theo cng thc:
.
S= . + C, m [AII 385] (XIII.47)
3,8[].. 2.

[]
Khi kh >= 30 c th b qua i lng p mu s

Dt: ng knh trong bung t

P: p sut trong bung t, p = 143871,7 N/m2
Hb: chiu cao phn li ca y, tra t [AII 382] (XIII.10) ng vi Dt = 1,1 m c hb
=0,275 m (hay hb = 0,25.Dt)

K: h s khng th nguyn, k = 1 -

D: ng knh ca l ln nht trn y, ca ra ca sn phm, chn d = 0,15 m

0,15
K=1- =1- = 0,863
1,1

h = h s bn, h = 0,95
[k]: ng sut cho php, tnh tng t nh trng hp thnh bung t
[k] = 97,71.106 N/m2
C: s b sung, tnh tng t, C = 1,6.10-3 m , c tng thm sau khi tnh th S
Thm 2 mm khi S C <= 10 mm
Thm 1 mm khi 20 > S C > 10 mm
[]
kh = 556,8 > 30 nn b qua p mu s

.
S= . +C
3,8[].. 2.
S = 1,601 mm

51
 S C = 1,601 1,6 = 0,001 mm <10 mm
Vy thm 2 mm vo C, khi S = 1,601 + 2 = 3,601 mm
Chn S = 4 mm
Kim tra ng sut theo p sut th
[ 2 +2 ()]
= <= , n/m2 [AIII 385] (XIII.49)
7,6....() 1,2

Vy p sut th: p0 = 678989 N/m2

[(1,12 )+2.0,275(41,6).103 ].678989
= = 218238< = 200.106
7,6.0,863.0,95.0,275(41,6).103 1,2

Vy S = 4 mm t yu cu
5.2. Bung bc
Thn hnh tr hn lm vic chu p sut ngoi, bng thp CT3
Kim tra cc iu kin:

1 8

0,4
( . ) 0,523

L: chiu di (chiu cao) tnh ton thit b, l = hb

D: ng knh trong bung bc, D = Dbb

=> 1 = 1,29 8 tha iu kin

Pn: p sut tnh ton bn ngoi, N/m2

Pn = (1 png).9,81.104 = 65452,32 N/m2
Et: module n hi nhit thnh (185,109)
0,4
( . ) = 0,002778 0,523 tha iu kin

Khi cc iu kin tha, do cc loi thp c h s Potaxong = 0,3 nn c th tch chiu

dy theo cng thc sau:
0,4
S = 1,25D.( . ) +C

S = 6,461 m chn S = 10 m

52
Np bung bc
Np hnh elip c gi, lm vic p sut ngoi, bng thp CT3
Chiu dy np c xc nh theo cng thc:
.
S= . + C, m [AII 387] (XIII.50)
3,8[]..1. 2

[]
Khi .k.k1.h 30 c th b qua i lng p mu s

Dt: ng knh trong bung bc, m

Pn: p sut tnh ton bn ngoi, N/m2
Hb: chiu cao phn li ca np, tra bng XIII.10 ng vi Dt = 1,4 m c hb = 0,35 m

K: h s khng th nguyn, k = 1 -

d: ng knh ca l ln nht trn np, l thng hi, chn d = 0,1 m

0,1
K=1- =1- = 0,93
1,4

K1: h s, i vi l c np khng tng cng k1 = 0,64

h = 0,95 [n] = 97,71.106 n/m2
C: s b sung, tnh tng t, C = 1,6.10-3 m, c tng thm sau khi tnh th S
[]
.k.k1.h = 844,113 30

.
S= . +C
3,8[]..1. 2
S = 2,47 mm
S C = 2,47 1,6 = 0,87 mm < 10 mm
Thm 2 mm vo C khi S = 2,47+ 2 = 4,47 mm
Chn S = 5 mm
Kim tra ng sut khi th thy lc
[ 2 +20()]0
= , N/m2 [AII 387] (XIII.51)
7,6..1.() 1,2

p sut th P0 = 1,89pn = 124092 N/m2

= 16666632,37 <
1,2

Vy S = 5 mm l t yu cu.
53
 Bng 28. Tng hp chiu dy bung t, bung bc
Bung t Bung bc
(mm) (mm)
Thn tr y Thn tr Np
Ni 4 4 10 5

5.3. V ng
Bung t c 2 v ng c nh c hn vo mt trn v mt di. Chiu dy v ng Sv
phi m bo gi cht ng truyn nhit v ng tun hon, bn di tc dng ca cc loi
ng sut, chng c n mn. Chn phng php gn ng vo v bng phng php hn.
Chiu dy ti thiu:

Smin = + 5 mm
8

Dn: ng knh ngoi ng truyn nhit, dn = 73,925 mm

73,025
Smin = +5= + 5 = 14,13 mm
8 8

gi nguyn hnh dng vi ng sau khi nong hn m bo tit din dc gii hn bi 2

thnh l gn nht fm phi ln hn tit din nh nht cho php fmin
fm = Sv (t d1) fmin = 5d1
51
Sv =
1 1

Vi: d1 = dn + 1= 74,025 mm
T = 1,2dn = 1,2.73,025 = 87,63 mm
5.73,025
Sv = 27,2 mm
87,6374,025

Tnh n s n mn 2 pha: C = 1,6 mm

Sv = 27,2 + 1,6 = 28,81 mm
Chn Sv = 29

54
 VI. Khi lng v tai
6.1. Khi lng thp lm ng truyn nhit
m1 = n..d.l.. , kg
n: s ng truyn nhit, n = 88 ng
d: ng knh trung bnh, d = 0,0679 m
l: chiu si ng, l = 1,5 m
: chiu dy thnh ng, = 5,156 mm = 5,156.10-3 m
: khi lng ring ca thp, = 7850 kg/m3
m1 = n..d.l.. = 1139,1 kg
khi lng thp
m2 = V , kg
v: tng th tch thp s dng, m3, bao gm thp lm ng tun hon, v ng, bung bc,
bung t, y v np
: khi lng ring ca thp, = 7850 kg/m3
6.2. Th tch thp
i vi ng tun hon, bung bc, bung t
V = .d.l., m3
D: ng knh trung bnh, m
L: chiu di (chiu cao), m
: chiu dy, m, do tnh khi lng cc i nn chn chiu dy ln nht trong 2 ni
tnh
Bng 29. Th tch thp
Dtrong dtrung bnh L V
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m3)
ng tun hon 0,27 0,004 0,274 1,5 0,005
Bung t 1,1 0,004 1,104 1,5 0,02
Bung bc 1,4 0,004 1,404 1,8 0,03
Khi lng ng tun hon : mth = 0,005.7850 = 39,25 kg
Khi lng bung t: mbd = 0,02.7850 = 157 kg
Khi lng bung bc: mbb = 0,03.7850 = 235,5 kg
i vi v ng (2 v)

55
 2 2 2
V = 2 S
4

Trong
- Dt: ng knh v, bng ng knh trong bung t, m
- S: chiu dy v, S = 29 mm = 0,029 m
- Dn: ng knh ngoi ng truyn nhit
- Dnth: ng knh ngoi ng tun hon
2
1,12 88.(73,025.103 ) 0,2812
=> V = 2 0,029 = 0,03
4
=> khi lng v ng: m = 0,021.7850 = 235,5 kg

i vi y v np
2
V= , m3
4

D: ng knh phi , m
: chiu dy, m
Bng 30. Th tch y v np thit b
Dtrong Dphi V
(m) (m) (m) (m3)
Np 1,4 0,004 1,692 0,009

y 1,1 0,004 1,338 0,0056

Khi lng np: mn = 0,009.7850 = 70,65 kg

Khi lng y: md = 0,0056.7850 = 43,96 kg
Tng khi lng thp:
m2 = 0,0946.7850 = 742,61 kg
Tng khi lng vt liu:
M = m1 + m2 = 1881,71 kg
6.3. Khi lng nc
m bo h thng tai an ton ta gi s thit b cha y nc
m3 = v., kg

56
V: tng th tch nc bung bc, bung t, np v y, m3
: khi lng ring ca nc, ly 200c, = 998,2 kg/m3
Th tch nc bung bc v bung t c tnh nh sau:
2
V = l , m3
4

D: ng knh trong, m
L: chiu cao, m
Th tch nc np v y: tra bng XIII.10 theo ng knh trong

Bng 31. Th tch ca nc

D L V
(m) (m) (m3)
Bung bc 1,4 1,8 2,769

Bung t 1,1 1,5 1,425

Np 1,4 0,35 0,539

y 1,1 0,275 0,261

Tng 4,994

Khi lng nc:

M3 = V. = 4,994.998,2 = 4985 kg
Khi lng cc i:
M = m1 + m2 + m3 = 6866,71 kg
Trng lng cc i P = m.g = 6866,71.9,81 = 67362,425 N
VII. Chn s dng 4 tai
Trng lng mi tai phi chu l: 67362,425/ 4 = 16840,61 N
Tra bng XIII.36:

57
 Hnh 14. S mt ct tai treo
Bng 32. Kch thc tai
Ti B Ti L B B1 H S a d Khi
trng mt trng lng
cho cho mt
php F.10-4 php tai
mi ln b
tai mt

G.10- q.10-6
4

(N) (m2) (N/m2) Mm (kg)

2,5 173 1,45 150 120 130 215 8 60 20 3,48

7.1. Mt bch
Mt bch l b phn quan trng dng ni cc phn ca thit b cng nh ni cc b
phn khc vi thit b.
Do h thng lm vic vi p sut < 0,1.106 N/m2 nn chn loi bch lin, l b phn c
hn vi thit b.
ni cc ng dn
Chn bch lin bng kim loi en kiu 1

58
 Hnh 15. S mt bch

Bng 33. Mi ghp bch ni cc b phn ca thit b v ng dn

Loi Py.10- Dy ng Kch thc ni Kiu
6
bch
(N/m2) Dn D D DI Bulong l
Db z h
(mm) (ci) (mm)
ng 0,25 25 32 100 75 60 M10 4 12
nhp liu
ng tho 0,25 20 25 90 65 50 M10 4 12
liu
ng dn 0,25 125 133 235 200 178 M16 8 14
hi t
ng dn 0,25 250 273 370 335 312 M16 12 22
hi th
ng dn 0,25 25 32 100 75 60 M10 4 12
nc
ngng

Mt bch ni bung bc v bung t

- Bung bc v bung t c ni vi nhau theo ng knh bung t Dt = 1,1 m
- Bung t v y cng c ni vi nhau theo ng knh bung t Dt = 1,1 m
- p sut trong thn l 0,3 N/mm2 bt kn thn
Cc thng s tra t [AII 417] (XIII.27) ta c:

59
 Bng 34. Bch ni bung bc bung t v bung t - y
Loi Py.10- Dt Kch thc ni (mm) Kiu
6
(mm) bch
(mm) D Db DI D0 Bulon l
g
db z h
(mm) ci (mm)
Bung 0,3 1400 1540 1490 1460 1413 M20 32 30
bc
Bung 0,3 1100 1240 1190 1160 1113 M20 24 22
t

7.2. Bulong v ren

Bulong v ren c lm bng thp CT3
Dng cho bch ni bung bc bung t v bch ni bung t y
2 +2 ( + +)
V1 = 2Z
4

Trong :
- D = 1,7db = 1,7.0,02 = 0,034 m ng knh bulong
- H = 0,8 db = 0,8.0,02 = 0,016 m chiu cao phn bulong khng cha li
- h = 0,8 db = 0,8.0,02 = 0,016 m chiu cao ai c
- h = h+2 = 0,02 + 2 = 0,022 m chiu cao phn li bulong
- h = 9 mm - kch thc phn ren trng
0,0342 .0,016+0,022 (0,016+0,022+0,009)
V1 = 2.24.. = 0,0014 m3
4

Dng cho bch ni np v bung bc

2 +2 ( + + ) 0,0342 .0,016+0,022 (0,016+0,022+0,009)
V2 = Z = 32. = 0,00094 m3
4 4

7.3. ai c
ai c c lm bng thp CT3
Dng cho bch ni bung bc bung t v bch ni bung t y
2 2
V1 = 2Z H
4

Trong :

60
 - H = 0,8db = 0,8.0,02 = 0,016 chiu cao ai c
- Dt = 1,4db = 1,4.0,02 = 0,028 ng knh trong ca ai c
- Dn = 1,15dt = 1,15.0,028 = 0,0322 ng knh ngoi ca ai c
0,03222 0,0282
V1 = 2.24. 0,016 = 0,00015 m3
4

Dng cho bch ni np v bung bc

2 2
V2 = Z H
4

Trong :
- H = 0,8db = 0,8.0,02 = 0,016 chiu cao ai c
- Dt = 1,4db = 1,4.0,02 = 0,028 ng knh trong ca ai c
- Dn = 1,15dt = 1,15.0,028 = 0,0322 ng knh ngoi ca ai c
0,03222 0,0282
V2 = 32 0,016 = 0,0001 m3
4
Khi lng thp lm bulong, ren v ai c l: m = 20,33 kg

CHNG 4. TNH TON KINH T THIT B

61
 Bng 35. Tnh kinh t thit b
B phn Vt liu n v n gi Khi S lng Thnh tin
tnh (ng) lng (triu
ng)
Thit b chnh
Bung t X18H10T Kg 250000 157 1 39,25
Bung X18H10T Kg 250000 235,5 1 58,875
bc
ng tun X18H10T Kg 250000 39,25 2 19,625
hon
Np X18H10T Kg 250000 70,65 2 35,325
y X18H10T Kg 250000 43,96 2 21,98
Bch X18H10T Kg 250000 48,948 1 12,237
Tai treo X18H10T Kg 250000 59,3 1 14,825
Bulong CT3 Kg 15300 20,33 1 0,311
ren ai
c
Tai treo CT3 Kg 15300 3,48 8 0,426
Bm
Bm chn 1,25 hp 10000000 1 12,5
khng
Bm nhp 0,17 hp 7000000 1 1,19
liu
Bm tho 0,05 hp 7000000 1 0,35
liu
Bm 1 hp 7000000 1 7
ngng t
Thit b ci 20000000 1 20
gia nhit
Thit b Ci 20000000 1 20
ngng t
Thit b ci 20000000 1 20
tch lng
Gi thnh vt t 283,897

in nng tiu th trong mt nm ca h thng c c

62
Cng sut thit b ngng t: Qnt = 29,93.4,18(40 30) = 1251,071 kW
- Cng sut thit b gia nhit: Q1 = 1254,62 Kw
- Tng cng dut: Q = 10 + 0,569 + 0,069 + 1,085 + 1254,62 + 1251,074 =
2517,417 Kw
- in nng tiu th trong 1 nm ( mi ngy sn xut 8 ting)
W = 2517,417.365.8 = 7350857,64 Kw.h
- Gi s gi in 2000 ng/kW.h
- Tng tin in sn xut trong 1 nm: 7350857,64.2000 = 1470171,528 ng

KT LUN

63
Qua qu trnh tnh ton cng ngh ta thy c rt nhiu kh khn pht sinh gy cn tr cho
vic ti u ha cho quy trnh cng ngh. Chng hn nh nhit lng tn tht, cc tnh
ton v kt cu ca thit b, cc h s tr lc ng ngtuy nhin, vic thc hin trong
qu trnh tnh ton cng ngh trong n ch da trn cc s liu sch v cho nn cc
thong s c c cn da theo chun thc t hnh thnh sn phm. Mt yu t khc
ng vai tr rt quan trng, l kinh nghim ngoi thc t sn xut. Mt khc thit b
sau khi c thit k cn bo m v nguyn l hot ng cng nh gi thnh khng
c qu cao, khng qu sai bit so vi thc t v t c hiu qu mong mun, hot
ng tt trong qu trnh sn xut.

TI LIU THAM KHO

64
1. PHM XUN TON. Cc qu trnh v thit b trong cng ngh ha cht v thc
phm. tp 3 cc qu trnh thit b v truyn nhit. Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut
2007.

2. GS.TSKH NGUYN BIN, PGS.TS VN Is tay qu trnh v thit b

cng ngh ha cht, tp 1 v 2. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut H Ni. 2006.

3. T.S PHAN VN THM. S tay thit k thit b ha cht v ch bin thc phm
a dung. Trng i hc Cn Th. 2004.

4. Cc trang web:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com
http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp
http://www.rpaulsingh.com
http://www.sugartech.co.za

65
66