Professional Documents
Culture Documents
in Ecosystem
Arlon P. Cadiz
PhD in Science Education Dr. Eden Evangelista
Philippine Normal University, Manila Professor
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Topic Outline
1.) Disturbance in Ecosystem
1.1 Definition of Ecological Disturbance
1.2 Types of Ecological Disturbance
1.3. Impacts of Ecological Disturbance
2.) Recovery in Ecosystem
2.1 Definition of Ecological Recovery
2.2 Elements of Ecological Recovery
2.2.1 Restoration
2.2.2 Revegetation
2.2.3 Reclamation
2.2.4 Rehabilitation
2.3 Benefits of Ecological Recovery
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Topic Outline
2.4 Components in Solving Environmental Problem
2.5 Sample Research on Ecological Recovery
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Definition of Ecological Disturbance
Ecological Disturbance
is an event that results in a sustained disruption of an ecosystems structure
and function. These are activities which can damage communities, remove
organisms from ecosystems, and alter resource availability.
is a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced
change in an ecosystem. It is often act quickly and with great effect, to alter the
physical structure or arrangement of biotic and abiotic elements.
is a discrete event that damages or kills residents
on a site; either catastrophic or non-catastrophic
(Platt & Connell 2003)
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Definition of Ecological Disturbance
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Definition of Ecological Disturbance
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Definition of Ecological Disturbance
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Definition of Ecological Disturbance
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Definition of Ecological Disturbance
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Types of Ecological Disturbance
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Types of Ecological Disturbance
Earthquake Tsunami
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Types of Ecological Disturbance
Landslide Flood
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Types of Ecological Disturbance
Drought Typhoons
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Types of Ecological Disturbance
Long-Term Insects
Freezing
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Types of Ecological Disturbance
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Types of Ecological Disturbance
Anthropogenic Disturbance
Logging Urbanization
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Types of Ecological Disturbance
Anthropogenic Disturbance
Pollution
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Disturbance in Ecosystem Types of Ecological Disturbance
Anthropogenic Disturbance
Deforestation
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Recovery in Ecosystem Definition of Ecological Recovery
No system is likely to recover to exactly the same state as existed prior to
disturbance for at least two reasons:
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Recovery in Ecosystem Elements of Ecological Recovery
Restoration
is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been
degraded, damaged, or destroyed (SER 2002).
aims at facilitating natural processes in disturbed areas that will eventually
lead to self-sustaining ecosystems similar to what was present before
disturbance.
is rarely realistic (complete restoration) because determining the pre-
disturbance state of most ecosystems is difficult, and because ecosystems
continually change (WRI, 2003).
has main goal of returning a habitat to a more desirable condition
involving a particular species composition, community structure, and/or set
of ecosystem functions.
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Recovery in Ecosystem Elements of Ecological Recovery
Revegetation
means to establish a plant cover of any type for aesthetic reasons (Mentis
and Ellery, 1994).
frequently sites are urban and industrial wasteland or spoil-tips, or
landscaped road-verger where safety and practical considerations have to
take priority.
Reclamation
suggests bringing something back to its original condition. It includes any
process promoting soil conservation and productive use of derelict land
(Peterson and Etter, 1970). The best methods use vegetation cover that is
self-renewing, attractive and long-term.
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Recovery in Ecosystem Elements of Ecological Recovery
Contour Farming
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Recovery in Ecosystem Elements of Ecological Recovery
Rehabilitation
is reestablishment of part of the productivity, structure, function, and
processes of the original ecosystem (IUCN 1998a).
is used to regain some but not all of the original biodiversity of an area
(WRI, 2003).
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Recovery in Ecosystem Benefits of Ecological Recovery
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Recovery in Ecosystem Components in Solving Environmental Problem
People should want to become part of the solution rather than part of the problem
There are five components to successfully solving any environmental problems
(Johnson, George B. et.al., 1997).
1. Assessment involves scientific analysis & gathering of information about
what is happening. Data must be collected and experiments must be
performed. Any result can then be used for future predictions on course of
events in the ecosystem.
3. Public Education informing the public when a clear choice cab be made
among alternative courses of action. This involves explaining the problem in
understandable terms, presenting the alternative actions available, and
explaining the probable costs and results of the different choices.
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Recovery in Ecosystem Sample Research in Ecological Recovery
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Recovery in Ecosystem Components in Solving Environmental Problem
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Recovery in Ecosystem Components in Solving Environmental Problem
Environmental and Analytical Chemistry
researcher at the School of Chemistry, University
of Melbourne
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction
Arlon P. Cadiz
PhD in Science Education
Philippine Normal University, Manila Dr. Eden Evangelista
Professor
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Topic Outline
1.) Plant Reintroduction
1.1 Definition of Plant Reintroduction
1.2 Guidelines for Plant Reintroduction
1.3 Justifications for Plant Reintroduction
1.4 Choosing Species for Plant Reintroduction
1.5 The Economics of Plant Reintroduction
1.6 Monitoring after Plant Reintroduction
1.7 Sample Case Studies
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Definition of Plant Reintroduction
Reintroduction
is the release of individuals into a formerly occupied area after the native
population has been lost or become extinct. Also known as reestablishment
(IUCN 1998a).
restoring or increasing the viability of plant populations is not an easy
exercise. The procedures are long-term, time consuming and expensive, and,
if their application is to be considered as a valid conservation exercise, they
require rigorous control, with the establishment of strict guidelines and
appropriate national legislation.
term to describe the controlled placement of plant material into a natural
or managed ecological setting.
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Definition of Plant Reintroduction
Reintroduction
is the release and management of plant into an area in which it formerly
occurred, but in which it is now extinct or believed to be extinct also
known as reinstatement
is the deliberate establishment of individuals of a species into an area
and/or habitat where it has become extirpated with the specific aim of
establishing a viable self-sustaining population for conservation purposes.
can involve the establishment of an extirpated species into a relatively
intact habitat or it can be part of the restoration of a degraded habitat. This
will be performed as species become extinct for a number of reasons, such
as collecting, introduced herbivores or pathogens and potentially climate
change.
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Definition of Plant Reintroduction
Reintroduction
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Definition of Plant Reintroduction
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Definition of Plant Reintroduction
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Definition of Plant Reintroduction
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Guidelines for Plant Reintroduction
4. Delimit and indicate exactly the areas in which introductions are to be carried
out.
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Justifications for Plant Reintroduction
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Justifications for Plant Reintroduction
5. Reintroduction of species into the wild is not cheap, but may work out
cheaper in the long-term than their permanent maintenance in cultivation.
Reintroduction of a plant involves research, planning, aftercare and monitoring,
but also envisages the ultimate survival and reproduction of the species in the
wild.
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Choosing Species for Plant Reintroduction
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Economics of Plant Reintroduction
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Economics of Plant Reintroduction
How will the other partners in the Species Recovery Programme be involved in
the reintroduction experiment, either through practical measures or through
advice and consultation?
Have studies been undertaken to determine the genetic variation of surviving
wild populations and cultivated material?
What is the provenance and genetic constitution of - available wild-collected
material? Is there any evidence for inbreeding depression or genetic erosion?
What is the likelihood that genetic erosion, inbreeding, hybridization, disease or
other loss or damage to the variation of the material has occurred in
cultivation?
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Monitoring after Plant Reintroduction
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Plant Reintroduction: Case Studies
2. Eight rare, New England wildflowers were established at 596 plots in two
sites in Massachusetts using seeds, seedlings, and adult plants by Drayton
and Primack (2012). After two years all eight had at least 15% of the plots
with plants. For six species, establishment was greater using seedlings and
adults rather than seeds but 13 years later none persisted. One, bloodroot
persisted with plants on 25% of plots. DIFFICULT to establish new plant
populations and long term monitoring is required to determine success of
reintroduction.
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Plant Reintroduction: Case Studies
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Plant Reintroduction: Case Studies
Bloodroot is a perennial
wildflower that was a successful
reintroduction
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Plant Reintroduction Plant Reintroduction: Case Studies
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017
Thank you for Listening!
Sci 611 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 3rd Term 2016 - 2017