Professional Documents
Culture Documents
`i,i`
`i
"}?Vi
>}V>
Fundacin para la
investigacin y
desarrollo agrcola
.PSFM
+.FUIPETGPSUIFFWBMVBUJPOPGUIFNBUVSJUZPGNVOJDJQBMSFGVTFDPNQPTU*O$PNQPTUJOHPG
"HSJDVMUVSBMBOEPUIFS8BTUFT-POEPO
6,1Q
3FTUSFQP
+. 7JMMBEB
% )BJO
6 (VB QFEBHHJDB QBSB FTUVEJBS FM NBOFKP EF MPT SFDVSTPT
OBUVSBMFTZFMBNCJFOUF5BMMFSEFDPOTFSWBDJOZNBOFKPEFTVFMPT'*%"36/*7&34*%"%%&(6*&44&/
$BMJ $PMPNCJBQ
3FTUSFQP
+. 7JMMBEB % (VB EF FOTBZPT TPCSF DPOTFSWBDJO EFM TVFMP 'VOEBDJO QBSB MB
`i,i`
`i
JOWFTUJHBDJO Z FM %FTBSSPMMP "HSDPMB '*%"3
1SPHSBNB /BDJPOBM EF 5SBOTGFSFODJB EF 5FDOPMPHB
"HSPQFDVBSJB
130/"55""HFODJBEF$PPQFSBDJO5DOJDB"MFNBOB
(5;
$BMJ
$0Q .BOVBMEF
FTUVEJPTFSJFTVFMP/
"}?Vi
>}V>
3FTUSFQP
+.7JMMBEB
%$POP[DBNPTZDPOTFSWFNPTFMTVFMP$BSUJMMBEFFTUVEJP/ 4FSJF
TVFMPT$BMJ
$PMPNCJB
Fundacin para la
investigacin y
desarrollo agrcola
6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB
11. Bibliografa consultada
$BMEFSO FE
5BMMFS5FDOPMPHBQBSBMB1SPEVDDJOEF"CPOPT0SHOJDPT.FNPSJBT'*%"3o
.%'/6''*$1BMNJSB
$PMPNCJBQ
'VFOUFT
1 &GFDUPT EFM DPOUFOJEP EF IVNFEBE FO MB FMBCPSBDJO EF -PNCSJBCPOP *OTUJUVUP
"HSPUDOJDP1FESP.'VFOUFT3FTJTUFODJB
"SHFOUJOBQ
*/530%6$$*/
para el manejo de los 13014*50%&-."/6"-
130$&401"3"&-"#03"3&-$0.1045
{2VFTFMDPNQPTU
4FMFDDJOEFMPTNBUFSJBMFT
'BDUPSFTBUFOFSFODVFOUBQBSBFMBCPSBSVOCVFODPNQPTU
1BTPTBTFHVJSQBSBMBFMBCPSBDJOEFVOCVFODPNQPTU
&WBMVBDJOEFMBDBMJEBEEFMDPNQPTU
&OSJRVFDJNJFOUPEFMDPNQPTU
1SPCMFNBTRVFTFQSFTFOUBOFOMBTDPNQPTUFSBT &NQMFPEFMIVNVTMRVJEPFODVMUJWPTBHSDPMBT
)VNVT
-0.#3*$6-563" &MIVNVTMRVJEPTFQVFEFBQMJDBSEFEPTGPSNBTBM
3FRVFSJNJFOUPTBNCJFOUBMFTQBSBTVEFTBSSPMMP TVFMPPQPSWBGPMJBS
*OGSBFTUSVDUVSBQBSBFMFTUBCMFDJNJFOUPEFMPNCSJDFSBT 5SBUBNJFOUPDPOMDBMJ 1BSBBQMJDBSMPBMTVFMPMBEPTJTNTSFDPNFOEBEBFT
&TUBCMFDJNJFOUPEFMBTMPNCSJDFTFOMBTDBNBT 'SBDDJO*OTPMVCMF 'SBDDJO4PMVCMF
MB EF QSFQBSBS VOB TPMVDJO BM EF DJEPT
$PTFDIB
INJDPTZGMWJDPT
EJMVZFOEPFTUBDBOUJEBEFO
$BMJEBEEFMMPNCSJDPNQPTU
MJUSPT EF BHVB 4J FM SFB EFM DVMUJWP EPOEF WBNPT
130%6$$*/%&"#0/0'&3.&/5"%0#0$"4)* BQMJDBS FT QFRVFB
TF QVFEF QSFQBSBS NM EF
)VNJOB 4VTUBODJBT)NJDBT DJEPTINJDPTZGMWJDPTFOMJUSPTEFBHVB
&MBCPSBDJOEFMBCPOPGFSNFOUBEPi#PDBTIJw &YUSBCMFT
1SJODJQBMFTGBDUPSFTBDPOTJEFSBSFOMBFMBCPSBDJOEFMi#PDBTIJw
*OHSFEJFOUFTCTJDPTFOMBFMBCPSBDJOEFM#PDBTIJ 1BSBMBBQMJDBDJOQPSWBGPMJBSTFFNQMFBVOBEPTJT
$POEJDJPOFTBUFOFSFODVFOUBQBSBMBFMBCPSBDJOEFMBCPOP#PDBTIJ 5SBUBNJFOUPDPODJEP NVDIPNFOPS
VOMJUSPEFIVNVTEFMTFEJMVZF
1BTPTBTFHVJSQBSBFMBCPSBSBCPOP#PDBTIJ FOMJUSPTEFBHVBPTFBNMFOMJUSPTEFBHVB
$PNPSFDPNFOEBDJOHFOFSBM
QBSBVTPFEmDPTF
130%6$$*/%&-"#0/003(/*$0#*0- VUJMJ[BO BRVFMMBT TVTUBODJBT INJDBT FO EPOEF
{2VFTFMCJPM QSFEPNJOBOMPTDJEPTINJDPTTPCSFMPTGMWJDPT
{2VFTMBGFSNFOUBDJO 1BSB BQMJDBDJPOFT GPMJBSFT TF EFCF QSFGFSJS MBT
&MBCPSBDJOEFMCJPM TVTUBODJBT INJDBT EPOEF QSFEPNJOBO MPT DJEPT
1SFQBSBDJOEFMCJPM *OTPMVCMF 4PMVCMF
DJEPT)NJDPT DJEPT'MWJWPT GMWJDPT (NF[
+.JSBOEB
FUBM
"QMJDBDJOEFMCJPM
1BTPTBTFHVJSQBSBMBFMBCPSBDJOEFMCJPM
#FOFmDJPTEFMPTFYUSBDUPTINJDPT
'JHVSB/
3VUBTEFFYUSBDDJO
4645"/$*"4).*$"4 EFMPTDJEPTINJDPTZGMWJDPT
%FTDPNQPTJDJOEFMBNBUFSJBPSHOJDB .FKPSBO MBT DBSBDUFSTUJDBT GTJDBT
RVNJDBT
{$NPPCUFOFSTVTUBODJBTINJDBT CJPMHJDBTZNJDSPCJPMHJDBTEFMTVFMP
$BSBDUFSJ[BDJOEFMPTDJEPTINJDPTZGMWJDPT -PT DJEPT INJDPT TPO JNQPSUBOUFT QPSRVF "VNFOUBO MB EJTQPOJCJMJEBE Z SFUFODJO EF
&NQMFPEFMIVNVTMRVJEPFODVMUJWPTBHSDPMBT DPOUSJCVZFO B MB HSBOVMBDJO EFM TVFMP
NFKPSBO MB OVUSJFOUFTEFMTVFMP
#FOFmDJPTEFMPTFYUSBDUPTINJDPT FTUSVDUVSBZQPSMPUBOUPMBQPSPTJEBE 5JFOFOFGFDUPRVFMBUBOUFEFNJOFSBMFTDPNP'F
;O
.O
$VZ.H
.&%*%"4%&13&$"6$*/1"3"&-."/&+0%&-04"#0/0403(/*$04 -B EPTJmDBDJO RVF TF FNQMFB FO DVMUJWPT
-PTDJEPTGMWJDPTTPOEFDPMPSDBGoBNBSJMMPZEF
NFOPSQFTPNPMFDVMBS
TPMVCMFTFONFEJPTDJEPTZ BHSDPMBT FT NVZ JOGFSJPS B MPT FTUJSDPMFT
#*#-*0(3"'"$0/46-5"%"
BMDBMJOPT
DPO NVZ CVFO $*$ Z BMUB DBQBDJEBE USBEJDJPOBMFTZMPTDPNQPTUBKFT
DPNQMFKBOUFEFMGTGPSPZEFNJDSPFMFNFOUPTDPNP 5SBOTQPSUBOOVUSJFOUFTIBTUBMBSB[
$V
;O
.OZ.HZVOBNBZPSQFOFUSBDJOGPMJBSZ 1FSNFBCJMJ[BOMBNFNCSBOBDFMVMBSEFMBQMBOUB
SBEJDVMBS -PT DJEPT GMWJDPT JOUFSmFSFO DPO MPT
NJOFSBMFT EFM TVFMP Z GBDJMJUBO MB BCTPSDJO EF MPT
OVUSJFOUFTFOMBTQMBOUBTTJOFNCBSHP
FO[POBTEF
NVDIBQSFDJQJUBDJODVBOEPTFBQMJDBOBMTVFMPZDPO
VO Q) CBKP
MPT DJEPT GMWJDPT QVFEFO BDFMFSBS FM
MBWBEPEFMPTOVUSJFOUFT
6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB
9. Sustancias Hmicas Introduccin
&MIVNVTMPDPOGPSNBMBNBZPSQBSUFEFMDBSCPOP C)VNJmDBDJO
PSHOJDP EFM TVFMP Z NVDIPT JOWFTUJHBEPSFT MP
BTPDJBO P EFmOFO DPNP TJOOJNP EF MB NBUFSJB &T FM QSPDFTP QPS FM DVBM BMHVOBT NPMDVMBT RVF
PSHOJDBEFMTVFMP&MIVNVTOPFTVOBNPMDVMBFO DPOGPSNBOFMIVNVTTFSFTJTUFOBMBEFTDPNQPTJDJO
L
BDBMJEBEZDBQBDJEBEQSPEVDUJWBEFMPTTVFMPTIBTJEPVOBQSFPDVQBDJOQFSNBOFOUFEFM
QBSUJDVMBS
TJOP
VO HSBO ONFSP EF CJPNPMDVMBT NJDSPCJBOB(FOFSBMNFOUFFTVOQSPDFTPMFOUPTJTF
DVZPEFOPNJOBEPSDPNOFTFMEFUFOFSVODFOUSP DPNQBSBDPOMBNJOFSBMJ[BDJO IPNCSFEFTEFRVFJOJDJMBEPNFTUJDBDJOEFMBTFTQFDJFT-BBNQMJBDJOEFMBGSPOUFSB
BSPNUJDPSPEFBEPEFDBEFOBTBMJGUJDBT 'JHVSB/ BHSDPMBBFYQFOTBTEFMPTCPTRVFT
IBTJEPVOBEFMBTFTUSBUFHJBTQBSBNBOUFOFSOJWFMFTEF
(FPMHJDBNFOUFFTMBGSBDDJOmOBMEFMQSPDFTPEF {$NPPCUFOFSTVTUBODJBTINJDBT QSPEVDDJO DVBOEP MB UJFSSB TF BHPUB -B PUSB FTUSBUFHJB
IB TJEP MB BQMJDBDJO EF GFSUJMJ[BOUFT
EFTDPNQPTJDJO EF MB OFDSPNBTB QSFTFOUF FO MPT
TVFMPT
RVNJDPT
PSHOJDPT P CJPMHJDPT
QBSB NFKPSBS MB QSPEVDDJO EF TVT DPTFDIBT &TUB MUJNB
"QBSUJSEFDVBMRVJFSNBUFSJBMRVFDPOUFOHBIVNVT
DPNPFMTVFMP
MBTSPDBTEFMJHOJUPCMBOEPDPNPMB
BMUFSOBUJWBIBTJEPNVZUJM
FTQFDJBMNFOUFFOMBBDUVBMJEBEDVBOEPMBTEFNBOEBTEFBMJNFOUPT
)$0 MFPOBSEJUB
FMDPNQPTUPFMMPNCSJDPNQPTUZTFMBT mCSBT Z NBUFSJBT QSJNBT IBO JEP FO VO BDFMFSBEP BVNFOUP
OP TPMP QPS FM JODSFNFOUP EF MB
$00)
TPNFUB B MB BDDJO EF TVTUBODJBT MDBMJT DPNP FM QPCMBDJO
TJOPQPSMBSFEVDDJOFOMBDBQBDJEBEQSPEVDUJWBEFMPTTVFMPT
EFCJEPBMPTQSPDFTPTEF
0 /B0)PFM,0)BM.1PTUFSJPSNFOUFTFQVFEF EFHSBEBDJOEFMPTNJTNPT
$) FYUSBFSMPTDJEPTINJDPTZGMWJDPTZFOFMNBUFSJBM
$) $)
SFNBOFOUFPiBTJFOUPwOPTRVFEBMBIVNJOB 4JO FNCBSHP
MB BQMJDBDJO JOEJTDSJNJOBEB EF GFSUJMJ[BOUFT RVNJDPT QSFTFOUB SJFTHPT EF
$) DPOUBNJOBDJOEFTVFMPTZBHVB&OMBBDUVBMJEBEMBOPSNBUJWBEFVTPEFFTUFUJQPEFJOTVNPT
TFIB
4JMBTTVTUBODJBTINJDBTFYUSBEBTTFBDJEJmDBODPO
'JHVSB/
.PMDVMBTBTPDJBEBTDPOFMIVNVT DJEP TVMGSJDP P GTGSJDP IBTUB PCUFOFS VO Q) WJTUPSFTUSJOHJEBQPSBMHVOPTQBTFT
DPOFMmOEFBTFHVSBSMBJOPDVJEBEEFQSPEVDUPTEFDPOTVNP
NFOPS EF 4PMP RVFEBO TPMVCMFT MPT DJEPT FTQFDJBMNFOUFFOBRVFMMPTNFSDBEPTPSHOJDPTZFDPMHJDPT*HVBMNFOUF
FMVTPEFGFSUJMJ[BOUFTZ
GMWJDPT -PT DJEPT INJDPT RVFEBO FO FM GPOEP FONJFOEBT SFQSFTFOUB VO JNQPSUBOUF SFOHMO FO MPT DPTUPT EF QSPEVDDJO EF MPT QSJODJQBMFT
%FTDPNQPTJDJOEFMBNBUFSJBPSHOJDB DPNPQSFDJQJUBEPT&OMB'JHVSB/TFQSFTFOUBVO TJTUFNBTEFQSPEVDDJO
UBOUPQPSFMDPTUPEFMQSPEVDUP
DPNPQPSMPTDPTUPTBNCJFOUBMFTBM
SFTVNFO EF MBT SVUBT EF FYUSBDDJO EF MPT DJEPT
DPOUBNJOBSMBTEJGFSFOUFTGVFOUFTEFBHVB SPT
MBHVOBTZBHVBTTVCUFSSOFBT
&O MB EFTDPNQPTJDJO EF MB NBUFSJB PSHOJDB INJDPTZGMWJDPT (NF[
+.JSBOEB
&UBMM
HFOFSBMNFOUF TF QSFTFOUBO EPT QSPDFTPT
MB
NJOFSBMJ[BDJOZMBIVNJmDBDJO $BSBDUFSJ[BDJO EF MPT DJEPT INJDPT Z "DUVBMNFOUFTFFTUEBOEPJNQPSUBODJBBMVTPEFBMUFSOBUJWBTRVFQFSNJUBOSFDVQFSBSZDPOTFSWBS
GVMWJDPT MB BDUJWJEBE NJDSPCJPMHJDB EFM TVFMP
EF UBM GPSNB RVF TF MPHSF VOB QSPEVDDJO QUJNB TJO
B.JOFSBMJ[BDJPO EFUFSJPSBS FM NFEJP BNCJFOUF %FOUSP EF FTUBT BMUFSOBUJWBT TF FODVFOUSB FM VTP EF BCPOPT
-PT DJEPT INJDPT TF DBSBDUFSJ[BO QPS TFS VOB
-B NJOFSBMJ[BDJO TF QSFTFOUB DVBOEP QBSUF EF MB
PSHOJDPT
CJPGFSUJMJ[BOUFT
BCPOPTWFSEFTZDPCFSUVSBT4VBQMJDBDJOIBQFSNJUJEPJODSFNFOUBSMPT
TVTUBODJB EF DPMPS QBSEP PTDVSP
BMUP QFTP
NBUFSJBPSHOJDBTFEFTDPNQPOFQPSBDDJOEFMPT NPMFDVMBS
TPMVCMFTFONFEJPTBMDBMJOPT
BMUP$*$FO
DPOUFOJEPTEFNBUFSJBPSHOJDBEFMTVFMP
GBWPSFDFSFMEFTBSSPMMPSBEJDVMBSZMBCJPNBTBEFMPT
NJDSPPSHBOJTNPT
QPS QFRVFPT BOJNBMFT
QPS MBT DVMUJWPT
ZSFEVDJSFMFGFDUPEFQMBHBTZmUPQBUHFOPT
FMTVFMP
NFOPSQFOFUSBDJOGPMJBSZSBEJDVMBS
QFSP
DPOEJDJPOFTBNCJFOUBMFT IVNFEBE
UFNQFSBUVSB
Q)
FUD
5PEPT FTUPT GBDUPSFT EBO PSJHFO B QSPEVDUPT CVFOBNPWJMJEBEEFMPTOVUSJFOUFTFOMBQMBOUB
DPNPOJUSBUPT
GPTGBUPT
TVMGBUPTZBMHVOPTFMFNFOUPT
NFOPSFTDPNPFMDPCSF
FM[JODZFMIJFSSP
6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB
E
"HSFHBSQBOFMBP NFMB[B
QSFWJBNFOUF
D
"BEJSMBDFOJ[BZDPOUJOVBSDPOMBNF[DMB
EJTVFMUBFOBHVBZMBMFDIF PTVFSP
F
1JDBSPDPSUBSFOQFRVFPT
USP[PTMPTSFTJEVPTWFHFUBMFT
J
&OMBQBSUFDFOUSBMEFMBUBQBEFMB K
"TFHVSBSFMDJFSSFIFSNUJDPEFMB
DBOFDBBDPQMBSVOFYUSFNPEFMB DBOFDBRVFOPFOUSFBJSFZTFMMFWF
NBOHVFSBUSBOTQBSFOUFZFMPUSPFYUSFNP BEFDVBEBNFOUFFMQSPDFTPEF
JOUSPEVDJSMPFOMBCPUFMMBRVFDPOUFOHBBHVB GFSNFOUBDJO
8.6 Pasos a seguir para la elaboracin 1. PROPSITO DEL MANUAL
del biol. &M QSPQTJUP EF FTUF NBOVBM FT FM EF QSPQPSDJPOBS
DSJUFSJPTZNFUPEPMPHBTQBSBDPOWFSUJSMPTSFTJEVPT
QPSDJO NJOFSBM TFB USBOTGPSNBEB QPS PSHBOJTNPT
EFM TVFMP Z QFSNJUB RVF MBT QMBOUBT TFHO TVT
PSHOJDPT
FOVOWBMJPTPSFDVSTPQBSBMBBHSJDVMUVSB
OFDFTJEBEFTUPNFOTVTOVUSJFOUFT&OMB'JHVSB/
QPSNFEJPEFMBIBCJMJUBDJOEFQSPDFTPTDPOPDJEPT TF PCTFSWB MBT EJGFSFOUFT GBTFT RVF DPNQPOFO FM
DPNP FM DPNQPTU
FM MPNCSJDPNQPTU
DPNQPTU EF TVFMP
CPDBTIJ
QSPEVDDJO EF CJPMFT Z MBT TVTUBODJBT
INJDBT "JSF 1BSUDVMBT
NJOFSBMFT
&TUFNBOVBMTFEJWJEFFOUSFTVOJEBEFTUFNUJDBT
0SJHFO
DPNQPTJDJO Z DVBMJEBEFT RVNJDBT Z
CJPMHJDBTEFMBNBUFSJBPSHOJDBEFMTVFMP "HVB
1SPDFTPTEFIBCJMJUBDJOQBSBBQMJDBSMBNBUFSJB
PSHOJDB
B
%FQPTJUBSFMBHVBFOMBDBOFDB &MBCPSBDJOEFDJEPTINJDPTZGMWJDPT
C
"HSFHBSFTUJSDPMGSFTDPZ
NF[DMBSMPDPOBZVEBEFVOBHJUBEPS "M mOBM EF IBCFSTF DBQBDJUBEP FO FM VTP EF FTUF
NBOVBM
MPT QBSUJDJQBOUFT EPDFOUFT
FTUVEJBOUFT Z
BHSJDVMUPSFT
FTUBSO FO DBQBDJEBE EF SFDPOPDFS
BMHVOPTDPODFQUPTTPCSFFMUFNBZMBTDBSBDUFSTUJDBT
BUFOFSFODVFOUBQBSBMBDBMJEBEFJOPDVJEBEEFMPT
'JHVSB/
BCPOPT PSHOJDPT
DPNP UBNCJO
MB EF JOJDJBS
BMHVOPT USBCBKPT CTJDPT EF JOWFTUJHBDJO DPO MPT
SFTJEVPTEFWFHFUBMFTZBOJNBMFTEFMBSFHJO 5BNBPEFMBTQBSUDVMBTEFMTVFMP UFYUVSB
-PT TVFMPT FTUO DPOTUJUVJEPT QPS QBSUDVMBT EF
2. IMPORTANCIA DEL SUELO EN EJGFSFOUFUBNBP
MBTDVBMFTWBSBOEFTEFMBTHSBWBT
G
*OUSPEVDJSBMBDBOFDBMPT
SFTJEVPTWFHFUBMFTQJDBEPTZ LA AGRICULTURA IBTUBMBTNVZmOBTBSDJMMBT
DPNPSFTVMUBEPEFMPT
QSPDFTPTEFNFUFPSJ[BDJOEFMBTSPDBTZNJOFSBMFT
DPOUJOVBSDPOMBNF[DMB I
$FSSBSIFSNUJDBNFOUFMB
-B QSPQPSDJO EF MBT EJGFSFOUFT QBSUDVMBT BSFOBT
DBOFDBDPOTVUBQB $PNQPTJDJO MJNP Z BSDJMMB
DMBTJmDBEBT DPO CBTF FO FM UBNBP
DPOTUJUVZFOMBUFYUVSBEFMTVFMP
&MTVFMPFTMBDBQBRVFDVCSFMBDPSUF[BUFSSFTUSFFT
VOFDPTJTUFNBWJWPZEJONJDPRVFDVNQMFEJWFSTBT
GVODJPOFT
RVFQFSNJUBMBWJEBWFHFUBMZEFMBDVBMMBT
QMBOUBT PCUJFOFO TPQPSUF Z MPT OVUSJFOUFT &M TVFMP
H
$PNQMFUBSFMBHVBSFTUBOUF
UBNCJONBOUJFOFFMBHVBZBJSFQBSBMBTSBDFTMBT
DVBMFT TPO JNQPSUBOUFT QBSB RVF MB GBTF TMJEB P
EFKBOEPVOFTQBDJPFOMBDBOFDB
6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB
1FSmMEFMTVFMP
8. Produccin del abono orgnico Biol
$BEBTVFMPTFDBSBDUFSJ[BQPSVOBTFDVFODJBEFDBQBT
V IPSJ[POUFT RVF NBOJmFTUBO DJFSUP HSBEP EF
EFTBSSPMMP &MQFSmMEFMTVFMPQVFEFPCTFSWBSTFFO {2VFTFM#JPM *OTVNPTFTUJSDPMGSFTDP,H
DFOJ[B,H
MFDIFP
DVBMRVJFS MVHBS
QFSP FO PDBTJPOFT
QPS MBT TVFSP-
QBOFMB,H
TVFMP,H
GPMMBKFQJDBEPEF
DJSDVOTUBODJBT EFM UFSSFOP
TF FYBNJOBO QFSmMFT &M CJPM FT FM SFTVMUBEP EF MB GFSNFOUBDJO EF MFHVNJOPTBTZQMBOUBTEFMBSFHJO,H
BHVBMJNQJB
JODPNQMFUPT
QVFT UPEBT MBT DBQBT OP TF IBMMBO NBUFSJBMFT PSHOJDPT DPNP FTUJSDPM EF BOJNBMFT
TJODMPSP-
"SDJMMB "SFOB -JNP QMBOUBT WFSEFT
QSPEVDUPT MDUFPT Z BHVB
FO VO
FYQVFTUBTBMPCTFSWBEPS
BNCJFOUF BOBFSCJDP FO SFDJQJFOUFT DFSSBEPT P 1SFQBSBDJOEFM#JPM
CJPEJHFTUPSFT
'JHVSB/
5BNBPEFQBSUDVMBTEFMTVFMP )PSJ[POUF0
&OQVOUP/TFQSFTFOUBOMBTEJGFSFOUFTQBTPT
)PSJ[POUF" {2VFTMB'FSNFOUBDJO QBSBMBFMBCPSBDJOEFMBCPOPGPMJBSCJPM
-BUFYUVSBEFMTVFMPOPTPSJFOUBBDFSDBEFMUBNBPEF
-BGFSNFOUBDJOFTVOQSPDFTPEFEFTDPNQPTJDJO "QMJDBDJOEFM#JPM
MBT QBSUDVMBT EFM TVFMP
MB DBQBDJEBE EF VTP Z )PSJ[POUF#
BOBFSCJDBEFMBNBUFSJBPSHOJDBQPSFGFDUPEFMPT
DPOEJDJPOFT EF NBOFKP "EFNT OPT NVFTUSB MB NJDSPPSHBOJTNPT RVF PQFSBO FO DPOEJDJPOFT
WFMPDJEBEDPOMBRVFQVFEFOPDVSSJSMBTSFBDDJPOFT -BBQMJDBDJOEFM#JPMPCUFOJEP TFSFBMJ[BDPOVOB
BNCJFOUBMFT GBWPSBCMFT DPNP IVNFEBE NBZPS EFM CPNCBEFBTQFSTJOFOVOBDPODFOUSBDJOEFM
RVNJDBT
FMNPWJNJFOUPEFMBHVB
MBDJSDVMBDJOEFM )PSJ[POUF$
UFNQFSBUVSBFOUSFB$ZQ)FOUSFZ
BJSFZEFMPTHBTFT BHJUBOEPMBNF[DMB BHVB#JPM
-PTIPOHPTFOUSFMPTRVFTFEFTUBDB4DIBSPNZDFT
TQ TPO MPT QSJODJQBMFT NJDSPPSHBOJTNPT EF MB 1BSBDVMUJWPTEFDJDMPDPSUP NFTFT
TFQVFEFO
"HSFHBEPTEFMTVFMP 'JHVSB/1FSmMEFMTVFMP GFSNFOUBDJO SFBMJ[BSIBTUBUSFTBQMJDBDJPOFT-BMUJNBBQMJDBDJO
TF EFCF FGFDUVBS EBT BOUFT EF MB NBEVSF[
-PT BHSFEBEPT EFM TVFMP
TF SFmFSF BM BSSFHMP P &M#JPMBEFNTEFTFSGVFOUFEFOVUSJFOUFT /
1
,
mTJPMHJDBEFMDVMUJWP
BHSVQBDJOEFMBTQBSUDVMBT
MBDVBMFKFSDFJOnVFODJB -B PCTFSWBDJO EF MPT IPSJ[POUFT 'JHVSB /
FT $B
UBNCJO FT VO mUPSSFHVMBEPS EF DSFDJNJFOUP 1BSB DVMUJWPT EF DJDMP MBSHP DPNP MB ZVDB
TF
FOMBWFMPDJEBEZQSPGVOEJEBEBMDBO[BEBQPSFMBHVB JNQPSUBOUF QVFT QFSNJUF UFOFS VOB JEFB EF MB QPSRVF DPOUJFOF mUPIPSNPOBT RVF BDFMFSBO FM SFDPNJFOEBOIBTUBDVBUSPBQMJDBDJPOFT
EFJOmMUSBDJO
FOMBSFUFODJOEFIVNFEBEQPSMPT QSPGVOEJEBE EF MB DBQB GSUJM
DVMFT IBO TJEP MPT DSFDJNJFOUP EFM GPMMBKF
JOEVDFO MB nPSBDJO Z
FTQBDJPT WBDPT BT DPNP FO MB GBDJMJEBE EFM QSPDFTPTEFGPSNBDJOFJEFOUJmDBSMPTQSPCMFNBTEF BDFMFSBOMBNBEVSBDJOEFMPTDVMUJWPT .BNBOJ
1
JOUFSDBNCJPRVNJDPFOUSFMBTQBSUDVMBT&OMBmHVSB ESFOBKF $IBWF[
&
/ TF QSFTFOUBO MPT QSJODJQBMFT BSSFHMPT EF
QBSUDVMBTFOMPTTVFMPT &OUSNJOPTHFOFSBMFTTFQVFEFOEJTUJOHVJSDVBUSP &MBCPSBDJOEFM#JPM
IPSJ[POUFT)PSJ[POUF0EPOEFTFEFQPTJUBMBNBUFSJB
PSHOJDB)PSJ[POUF" EPOEFTF PCTFSWB MB NBZPS )BZEJWFSTBTGSNVMBTQBSBMBFMBCPSBDJOEFM#JPM
DBOUJEBE EF NBUFSJB PSHOJDB FO EFTDPNQPTJDJO MPT DVBMFT WBSBO TFHO MB EJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF MPT
JOTVNPTZMBTDPOEJDJPOFTEFDBEBSFHJO
SBDFT
BOJNBMFTZNJDSPPSHBOJTNPT
)PSJ[POUF#
.FOPSDBOUJEBEEFNBUFSJBPSHOJDBEFOVUSJFOUFTZ
1BSB FMBCPSBS - EF #JPM TF SFRVJFSFO MPT
BVNFOUP EF MPT DPNQVFTUPT DPNP FM IJFSSP Z
&TUSVDUVSB &TUSVDUVSB &TUSVDUVSB TJHVJFOUFTNBUFSJBMFT
BMVNJOJPEFBDVFSEPBMPSJHFOEFMTVFMP&M)PSJ[POUF
MBNJOBS DPMVNOBS HSBOVMBS B6OBDBOFDBEF-DPOUBQBIFSNUJDB
$&TFMRVF DPOUJFOFFMNBUFSJBMTPQPSUFEFMTVFMP
C6OBNBOHVFSBUSBOTQBSFOUFZTVTBDPQMFT
MFDIP SPDPTP
Z NBZPS DBOUJEBE EF FMFNFOUPT
'JHVSB/
FKFNQMPEFBSSFHMPEFMBTQBSUDVMBTEFMTVFMP D6OBCPUFMMBQMTUJDB
JOFSUFT +3FTUSFQP
Z+7JMMBEB%
E"MBNCSFPDBCVZBQBSBFMBNBSSF
6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB 6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB
'FSUJMJEBE
&TUBTFEFmOFDPNPFMQPUFODJBMEFVOTVFMPQBSBTVNJOJTUSBSMPTFMFNFOUPTOVUSJUJWPTFODBOUJEBEFT
GPSNBTZ
QSPQPSDJPOFTEFmOJEBTQBSBFMNYJNPEFTBSSPMMPWFHFUBM
$VBOEPTFIBCMBEFGFSUJMJEBE
FTJNQPSUBOUFDPOPDFSDVMFTTPOMPTFMFNFOUPT FTFODJBMFTQBSBMBTQMBOUBT
MPT
TJOFSHJTNPT
BOUBHPOJTNPT Z QSPQPSDJPOFT RVF EFCFO FYJTUJS FOUSF FMMPT
MPT NFDBOJTNPT EF BCTPSDJO
MBT
DBSBDUFSTUJDBTEFMPTTVFMPT EJTQPOJCJMJEBEEFOVUSJFOUFT
ZMPTSFRVFSJNJFOUPTOVUSJUJWPTEFMBTQMBOUBT
-BTDBSBDUFSTUJDBTGTJDBT
RVNJDBTZCJPMHJDBTJOnVZFOEFVOBVPUSBGPSNBFOMPRVFTFDPOPDFDPNPGFSUJMJEBE
EFMTVFMP
/JUSHFOP /
1PUBTJP ,
'TGPSP 1
Biol 'JHVSB/
7JTUBHFOFSBMEFVOTVFMP
.BOHBOFTP
.O
;JOD
;O
.BHOFTJP
.H
)JFSSP
'F
$BMDJP
$B
$PCSF
$V
6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB
#PSP
#
0SHBOJTNPTZNBUFSJBPSHOJDB -BNJOFSBMJ[BDJOJODMVZFVODPOKVOUPEFQSPDFTPTQPS
NFEJP EF MPT DVBMFT FM / Z FM 1 FOUSF PUSPT
FO
&MDSFDJNJFOUPEFMBTQMBOUBT
BTDPNPFMEFTBSSPMMPZ DPNCJOBDJO DPO MB NBUFSJB PSHOJDB
TPO
GFSUJMJEBE EFM TVFMP
EFQFOEF FO HSBO QBSUF EF MPT USBOTGPSNBEPT B NPMDVMBT JOPSHOJDBT EF
PSHBOJTNPT RVF MP IBCJUBO
MPT DVBMFT
QVFEFO DPOTUJUVDJONTTJNQMF
QBSBQPEFSTFSUPNBEPTQPS
NPTUSBS VO DJFSUP HSBEP EF FTQFDJBMJ[BDJO FO MBTQMBOUBT
SFMBDJO B MBT BDUJWJEBEFT RVF FKFDVUBO
DPNP QPS
FKFNQMP
FO MB EFTDPNQPTJDJO EF MB NBUFSJB -B NBUFSJB PSHOJDB FT BOGPUSJDB UJFOF DBSHBT
PSHOJDB
FO MB USBOTGPSNBDJO EF TVTUBODJBT QPTJUJWBTZOFHBUJWBT
ZTVDBSHBEFQFOEFEFMQ)Z
BTJNJMBCMFT QBSB MBT QMBOUBT
FO MB QSPEVDDJO EF HFOFSBMNFOUFFTOFHBUJWB%FCJEPBFTPFM$B
.HZ,
BOUJCJUJDPTZFOMBEFHSBEBDJOEFMBTQBSUDVMBTEFM FTUO MJHBEPT FMFDUSPTUUJDBNFOUF B MB NBUFSJB
TVFMP
FOUSFPUSBT PSHOJDB&OBMHVOPTTVFMPTMBDBOUJEBEQPUFODJBMEF
DBSHBTOFHBUJWBTFTBMUB
QFSPNVDIPTTJUJPTFTUO
%FBDVFSEPBMPBOUFSJPS
TFDPOTJEFSBBMB.BUFSJB CMPRVFBEPT QPS JOUFSBDDJPOFT DPO "MVNJOJP "M
Z D
"HSFHBS,HEFFTUJSDPMZHBMMJOB[B E
"HSFHBS,HEFDBTDBSJMMBEFBSSP[
0SHOJDB EFM 4VFMP .04
DPNP VO DPOKVOUP EF )JFSSP 'F
P DBNCJPT DPO FM Q) 4JO FNCBSHP
MB
DPNQVFTUPTIFUFSPHOFPTDPOCBTFEFMDBSCPOP
Z NBUFSJBPSHOJDBEFMTVFMP .04
QVFEFDPOUSJCVJS
GPSNBEPT QPS MB BDVNVMBDJO EF NBUFSJBMFT EF TJHOJmDBUJWBNFOUF B MB $BQBDJEBE EF *OUFSDBNCJP
PSJHFO BOJNBM Z WFHFUBM QBSDJBM P DPNQMFUBNFOUF $BUJOJDP $*$
EF TVFMPT NFUFPSJ[BEPT
BQBSUF EF
EFTDPNQVFTUPT MBT JOUFSBDDJPOFT EJSFDUBT DPO MPT OVUSJNFOUPT
DBUJOJDPT-B.04QVFEFBDPNQMFKBSTFDPO"MZ'F
6OB QFRVFB GSBDDJO EF MB NBUFSJB PSHOJDB FTU SFEVDJFOEP MB mKBDJO EF GTGPSP .FMFOEF[
(
DPOTUJUVJEBQPSDBSCPIJESBUPT
BNJOPDJEPT
DJEPT
BMJGUJDPT
QSPUFOBT
HSBTBT FUD Z IBDFO QBSUF
UBNCJO EF MBT MMBNBEBT TVTUBODJBT INJDBT
RVF
TPOVOBTFSJFEFDPNQVFTUPTEFBMUPQFTPNPMFDVMBS
&GFDUPTCFOmDPTEFMBNBUFSJBPSHOJDB I
.F[DMBSZBQMJDBSEFOVFWP
BHVBFOGPSNBNPEFSBEB
H
"HSFHBS,HEFDBMEPMPNUJDB
-B NBUFSJB PSHOJDB DPOUSJCVZF B MB GFSUJMJEBE EFM
TVFMPFOGPSNBEFOJUSHFOP
GTGPSPZB[VGSF-PT
OVUSJFOUFT TPO TFDVFTUSBEPT Z MJCFSBEPT EF MB
NBUFSJB PSHOJDB QPS EPT QSPDFTPT EJTUJOUPT
CJPMHJDPT
QBSB MPT NJOFSBMFT DPNP FM /JUSPHFOP
/
'TGPSP 1
"[VGSF 4
Z RVNJDPT DPNP FM M
%VSBOUFEBTMBNF[DMBEFCFS
.BHOFTJP .H
ZFM1PUBTJP ,
WPMUFBSTFEPTWFDFTEJBSJBT
1BSBVONFKPSFOUFOEJNJFOUPEFFTUPTQSPDFTPTFT
OFDFTBSJPNFODJPOBSDPODFQUPTEFNJOFSBMJ[BDJOF N
"QBSUJSEFMEB
TPMPTFEFCFS
JONPWJMJ[BDJO SFBMJ[BSVOWPMUFP
O
&OMPTEBT
TFEFCF
DIFRVFBSMBUFNQFSBUVSBIBTUBMPHSBS
NFOPTEF$
6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB
7.5 Pasos a seguir para la elaboracin 3. Principales residuos orgnicos
de bocashi -PT BQPSUFT PSHOJDPT QVFEFO TFS FOEHFOPT Z
FYHFOPT-PTFOEHFOPTTFHFOFSBOBMJOUFSJPSEF
MPTBHSPFDPTJTUFNBTZFDPTJTUFNBTZMMFHBOQPSMB
EFTDPNQPTJDJO FO FM TVFMP TJO USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT
SFBMJ[BEBT QPS FM IPNCSF IPKBSBTDB
SFTJEVPT EF
DPTFDIBEFOUSPEFMUFSSFOP
FTUJSDPMEFWBDVOPTFO
QBTUPSFP
FUD
C
)VNFEFDFSMBNF[DMB
B
4FMFDDJPOBSZNF[DMBS,HEFTVFMP
ZIPKBSBTDB
'PUP/ &KFNQMPEFSFTJEVPTFYHFOPT
6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB 6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB
7. Produccin de abono fermentado Bocashi 4. Procesos de Habilitacin
0USPQSPDFTPQBSBNBOFKBSEFTFDIPTPSHOJDPTFTMB &MBCPSBDJOEFMBCPOPGFSNFOUBEPi#PDBTIJw "MHVOPT EF MPT SFTJEVPT PSHOJDPT TMJEPT UJFOFO DPOUJOVBS DPO FM QSPDFTP EF DPNQPTUBKF VOBT
QSPEVDDJO EF CPDBTIJ &TUF TJTUFNB
OPT QFSNJUF SFTUSJDDJPOFTQBSBTVVTPTFHVSPFOMBBHSJDVMUVSB
EF TFNBOBTBEJDJPOBMFTBMQVOUPEFNBEVSF[
PCUFOFS VO DPNQPTU FO GPSNB NT SQJEB RVF FM -B FMBCPSBDJO EFM BCPOP UJQP CPDBTIJ TF CBTB FO BMM MB JNQPSUBODJB EF EJTNJOVJS MPT MJNJUBOUFT
DPNQPTUDPOWFODJPOBMZNFOPSQSFTJOEFPMPSFTBM QSPDFTPT EF EFTDPNQPTJDJO BFSCJDB EF MPT NFEJBOUF QSPDFTPT EF USBOTGPSNBDJO GTJDB
'SBDDJPOBNJFOUP1VFEFTFSGTJDPPRVNJDP&M
NFEJP BNCJFOUF
TJO FNCBSHP
MPT DPTUPT EF FTUF SFTJEVPTPSHOJDPTDPOUFNQFSBUVSBTDPOUSPMBEBTB RVNJDBZCJPRVNJDB
MPTDVBMFTFOTVDPOKVOUP
TF GTJDPTFSFmFSFBMBTFQBSBDJOQPSUBNBPTEF
TJTUFNB TPO NT BMUPT QPS UFOFS RVF FNQMFBS USBWTEFQPCMBDJPOFTEFNJDSPPSHBOJTNPTFYJTUFOUFT EFOPNJOBO QSPDFTPT EF IBCJMJUBDJO -PT NT HSOVMPTZFMRVNJDPBMBTFQBSBDJOEFDJFSUBT
BMHVOPTJOTVNPTFYUFSOPT FOMPTQSPQJPTSFTJEVPT JNQPSUBOUFTTPOMPTTJHVJFOUFTUSPDFBEPZNPMJEP
GSBDDJPOFTEFBDVFSEPBMBTPMVDJOFYUSBDUPSB
$POFTUFTJTUFNBEFQSFQBSBDJOEFBCPOPGFSNFOUBEP MBWBEP
NBEVSBDJO
NF[DMB
GSBDDJPOBNJFOUP
SFBDUJWPRVNJDP
$VBOEPTFIBDFSFGFSFODJBBMQSPDFTPEFTDPNQPTJDJO TF QSFTFOUB BMHVOBT WFOUBKBT FO DPNQBSBDJO DPO SFGPS[BNJFOUPNJOFSBM5BNCJOTFJODMVZFOFOMPT
PYJEBUJWBRVFTFQSFTFOUBFOFMDPNQPTUDPOWFODJPOBM PUSPT BCPOPT PSHOJDPT DPOWFODJPOBMFT TJFOEP MBT QSPDFTPTEFIBCJMJUBDJOFMMPNCSJDPNQPTU
FMBCPOP 3FGPS[BNJFOUP"MDPNQPTUTFMFQVFEFOBHSFHBS
RVFTFEFTDSJCFFOFMQVOUPEFFTUFNBOVBM
FOFM QSJODJQBMFTMBTTJHVJFOUFT CPDBTIJ
MB QSPEVDDJO EF CJPMFT Z MPT DJEPT NJOFSBMFTQBSBIBDFSSFGVFS[PEFBMHONJOFSBM
DVBMMPTNJDSPPSHBOJTNPTBFSCJDPTTPOMPTRVFNT /PTFGPSNBOHBTFTUYJDPT
OJNBMPTPMPSFT INJDPTZGMWJDPT DPNPFM$BMDJP $B
FM.BHOFTJP .H
FM"[VGSF
JOnVZFO QBSB MB EFTDPNQPTJDJO EF MB NBUFSJB &M WPMVNFO QSPEVDJEP TF QVFEF BEBQUBS B MBT 4
FM4JMJDJP 4J
ZFM'PTGPSP 1
FUD (NF[
+
PSHOJDB%VSBOUFFTUFQSPDFTP
MBNBUFSJBPSHOJDB OFDFTJEBEFT 5SPDFBEP Z NPMJEP &TUF QSPDFTP GBDJMJUB FM
QJFSEF NVDIB FOFSHB
BM QSPEVDJS HSBO DBOUJEBE EF &MQSPEVDUPTFFMBCPSBFOVOQFSPEPDPSUP B NBOFKP EF MPT SFTJEVPT
BM BVNFOUBS TV TVQFSmDJF
DBMPS
HBTZ$0 RVFTPOSFTJEVPTEFPYJEBDJOEFMB EBT
EF BDVFSEP B MBT DPOEJDJPOFT EFM FTQFDmDB EF DPOUBDUP
FNQMFBOEP IFSSBNJFOUBT
NBUFSJBPSHOJDB
FTUPTTBMFOBMBNCJFOUFZDPOFMMPMB BNCJFOUF NFDOJDBTPNPMJOPT
FOFSHBMJCFSBEB"MmOBMTFWBPCUFOFSVOQSPEVDUP
NJOFSBMJ[BEPDPOQPDBFOFSHBBDVNVMBEB 1SJODJQBMFT GBDUPSFT B DPOTJEFSBS FO MB *NCJCJDJO$POTJTUFFOMBBCTPSDJOEFMRVJEPT
FMBCPSBDJOEFMCPDBTIJ PSHOJDPT QPS QBSUF EF NBUFSJBMFT mCSPTPT Z
1PS FM DPOUSBSJP
FM QSPDFTP EF EFTDPNQPTJDJO TFDPT
GFSNFOUBUJWB DPOPDJEP DPNP BCPOP PSHOJDP 5FNQFSBUVSBEFTQVTEFIPSBTEFQSFQBSBEP
GFSNFOUBEPCPDBTIJ
TFFMBCPSBCBKPEFDPOEJDJPOFTEF FM BCPOP UJQP CPDBTIJ
OP EFCF QSFTFOUBS *ODJOFSBDJO1BSBBMHVOPTSFTJEVPTmCSPTPTZ
FTDBTP BJSF DPO MB BDDJO EF NJDSPPSHBOJTNPT UFNQFSBUVSBTTVQFSJPSFTB$ TJMDFPT
FTUFQSPDFTPGBDJMJUBTVVUJMJ[BDJO
OPTF
GBDVMUBUJWPT GFSNFOUBEPSFT DPNP NJDSPCJPT )VNFEBE MB IVNFEBE QUJNB QBSB MPHSBS MB SFDPNJFOEBQBSBPUSPTSFTJEVPTWFHFUBMFT
QSPEVDUPSFT EF DJEP MDUJDP
MFWBEVSBT
FUD &TUPT NBZPSFmDJFODJBEFMQSPDFTPEFGFSNFOUBDJOEFM
QVFEFO TFS OBUJWPT QSPWFOJFOUFT EF MPT NBUFSJBMFT BCPOP
PTDJMBFOUSFZEFMQFTP -BWBEP "MHVOPT DPNQPTU TPCSFNBEVSPT RVF
FNQMFBEPTPBUSBWTEFMBJOPDVMBDJONJDSPCJBOB-B 0YHFOPTFDBMDVMBRVFEFOUSPEFMBNF[DMBEFMPT QVFEFOTFSWJSQBSBTVTUSBUPT
FOBMHVOPTDBTPT
NBUFSJBPSHOJDBDPONJDSPPSHBOJTNPTGFSNFOUBEPSFT SFTJEVPTPSHOJDPTEFCFFYJTUJSVOBDPODFOUSBDJO FTOFDFTBSJPMBWBSMFTMBTBMFT6OFKFNQMPFTMB
NBOUJFOF FM QSPDFTP B CBKB UFNQFSBUVSBT
MP RVF EFBEFPYHFOP DBDIB[B RVF TF PCUJFOF FO FM QSPDFTP EF
QFSNJUF RVF MB FOFSHB OP TFB MJCFSBEB BM FYUFSJPS Q)FMQ)OFDFTBSJPQBSBMBFMBCPSBDJOEFMBCPOP FYUSBDDJOEFMB[DBS
EVSBOUF TV FMBCPSBDJO Z TF QVFEB BQSPWFDIBS MB EFCF FTUBS FOUSF -PT WBMPSFT FYUSFNPT
NYJNBFOFSHBEFMQSPEVDUP 0LVNPUP
4
QFSKVEJDBOMBBDUJWJEBENJDSPCJPMHJDB .F[DMB4FSFmFSFBMBDPNCJOBDJOEFEJGFSFOUFT
3FMBDJO$/MBSFMBDJOJEFBMQBSBMBGBCSJDBDJO SFTJEVPTPSHOJDPT
EF VO BCPOP EF SQJEB GFSNFOUBDJO DPNP FM
CPDBTIJFTEF 4PCSFNBEVSBDJO 4J FM DPNQPTU WB B TFS
VUJMJ[BEP DPNP TVTUSBUP PSHOJDP
TF EFCF
6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB 6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB
5. Proceso para elaborar el Compost $BMJEBEEFM-PNCSJDPNQPTUDPTFDIBEP
&MMPNCSJDPNQPTUBVNFOUBMPTDPOUFOJEPTEF$BZSFHVMBFMQ)EFMQSPEVDUPmOBM5BNCJOTFIBSFQPSUBEPRVF
DPO FM MPNCSJDPNQPTU TF PCUJFOF NBZPSFT QPCMBDJPOFT EF NJDSPPSHBOJTNPT DPNQBSBEBT DPO FM DPNQPTU
4FMFDDJOEFMPTNBUFSJBMFT DPOWFODJPOBM&WBMVBDJPOFTEFMPNCSJDPNQPTUBQBSUJSEFSFTJEVPTEFCBOBOPZQVMQBEFDBGSFBMJ[BEPTFO$PTUB
3JDB DJUBEPQPS4PUP
(
NPTUSBSPONBZPSQPCMBDJOEFNJDSPPSHBOJTNPTBMDPNQBSBSMPDPODPNQPTU
1BSBMBFMBCPSBDJOEFMDPNQPTUTFQVFEFFNQMFBS DPOWFODJPOBM
DVBMRVJFSNBUFSJBMPSHOJDPDPOMBDPOEJDJORVFOP
TF FODVFOUSF DPOUBNJOBEP DPO NFUBMFT QFTBEPT P &M MPNCSJDPNQPTU TF FNQMFB DPO NBZPS GSFDVFODJB FO MPT WJWFSPT QBSB FOSJRVFDFS MPT TVTUSBUPT EVSBOUF
DPO BMUBT QPCMBDJPOFT EF NJDSPPSHBOJTNPT FTUBCMFDJNJFOUPEFQMOUVMBTPTFNJMMBT
QSPWFOJFOUFTEFMBTIFDFTGFDBMFT"MHVOBTNBUFSJBT
QSJNBT TF QVFEF PCUFOFS EF SFTUPT EF DPTFDIBT
BCPOPTWFSEFT
IPKBTZSBNBTQJDBEBT
EFTFDIPTEF
DPDJOB
FTUJSDPMEFBOJNBMFT
QMBOUBTNBSJOBT
BMHBT
ZQMBOUBTBDVUJDBT
6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB 6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB
DBMJEBEEFBHVB
SFBPTVQFSmDJFEFCVFOUBNBP 6OBWF[EFQPTJUBEPFMQJFEFDSBFOMBTDBNBT
TF
QBSB FTUBCMFDFS FM NPEVMP EF MPNCSJDPNQPTU Z QSPDFEFFOGPSNBNBOVBMBSFQBSUJSMBTMPNCSJDFT
SFDVSTPT IVNBOPT $POTJEFSBOEP MPT FMFNFOUPT UFOJFOEP DVJEBEP EF OP MBTUJNBSMBT 'JOBMNFOUF TF
BOUFSJPSFT Z TJ OP EJTQPOFNPT EF SFDVSTPT SFDPNJFOEB SFHBS FO GPSNB MJHFSB
DPO FM mO EF
FDPONJDPT
TF QVFEF FNQMFBS EFTEF DBKPOFT EF SFDVQFSBSMBQSEJEBEFIVNFEBE
NBEFSB
IBTUBSFDJQJFOUFTQMTUJDPTEFCVFOUBNBP
4JUFOFNPTMPTSFDVSTPT
TFQVFEFDPOTUSVJSDBNBTP " DPOUJOVBDJO TF FTQFSB FOUSF Z EBT
MFDIPTDPOMBESJMMPSFWFTUJEPFOTVJOUFSJPSDPOVOB PCTFSWBOEPRVFOPMFTGBMUFBMJNFOUPFOMBDBNB1BSB
DBQBEFDFNFOUPZBSFOB SFQFMMP
&OMBGPUP/TF FMMP
TF DPMPDB PUSB DBQB EF DN EF SFTJEVPT
PCTFSWBVOQSPUPUJQPEFDBNBTQBSBQSPEVDDJOEF PSHOJDPT EF DN EF FTQFTPS Z TF SFQJUF FTUB
MPNCSJ[SPKBZMPTDBOBMFTZMBGPTBQBSBSFDPHFSMPT BEJDJOEFNBUFSJBMDBEBEBT4FFTUJNBRVFQPS
SFTJEVPTMRVJEPT DBEBNFUSPDVBESBEPEFMFDIPPDBNB
TFSFRVJFSF
,HEJBSJPTEFNBUFSJBQSJNBFOEFTDPNQPTJDJO
$PTFDIB
%FTQVTEFPNFTFTEFBDVFSEPBMPTSFTJEVPT
PSHOJDPT FNQMFBEPT FO MB BMJNFOUBDJO EF MBT
'PUP/
.FEJDJOEFMBUFNQFSBUVSB
NFEJBOUFVOUFSNNFUSP
MPNCSJDFT
FTJNQPSUBOUFSFBMJ[BSVOBDPTFDIBQBSB
QFSNJUJS RVF MBT MPNCSJDFT QVFEBO NVMUJQMJDBSTF Z
EFTBSSPMMBSTF
Z UBNCJO QPEFS FYUSBFS FM 0YHFOPFMQSPDFTPEFDPNQPTUFTBFSCJDPPTFBRVFTFVUJMJ[BFOQSFTFODJBEFPYHFOP
MPNCSJDPNQPTUPIVNVT
4VDPODFOUSBDJOEFQFOEFEFMBTNBUFSJBTQSJNBT
MBUFYUVSB
MBIVNFEBEZGSFDVFODJBEFBJSFBDJO
ZEFMONFSPEF
&M QSPDFTP DPOTJTUF FO MB TFQBSBDJO EFM IVNVT WPMUFPTEFMPTNBUFSJBMFT&MOJWFMQUJNPEFPYHFOPFTBQSPYJNBEBNFOUFEFM
TMJEP Z MBT MPNCSJDFT FM QJF EF DSB
1BSB FTUB
'PUP/
$POTUSVDDJOQBSBQSPEVDDJOEFMPNCSJ[SPKB
BDUJWJEBE
TFFNQMFBMBNFUPEPMPHBEFTFQBSBDJO Q)&MQ)BEFDVBEPQBSBVODPNQPTUPTDJMBFOVOSBOHPFOUSF-PTIPOHPTUPMFSBOVOQ)FOUSFoZMBT
DPOUSBNQBT-BNFUPEPMPHBEFUSBNQBTDPOTJTUFFO CBDUFSJBTEFB
-BTDBNBTPMFDIPTEFCFOTFSEFNEFBODIP
QPSFM TVQSJNJSFMBMJNFOUPEFMBTMPNCSJDFTEVSBOUFEBT &OTVFMPTDJEPTTFSFDPNJFOEBRVFFMQ)TFBEFVOWBMPSEFQBSBRVFFMBCPOPPSHOJDPOPTFDVFTUSFMPT
MBSHPEFMFTQBDJPRVFTFEJTQPOHBZEFMBDBOUJEBEEF %FTQVT TF DPMPDB BMJNFOUP FO VO FYUSFNP EF MB DBUJPOFTEFMBTPMVDJOEFMTVFMP
MPDVBMTFUSBEVDFFOEFTNFKPSBNJFOUPEFMDVMUJWP
MPNCSJBCPOPRVFFTUBNPTFODBQBDJEBEEFQSPEVDJS DBNB Z TF FTQFSB RVF UPEBT MMFHVFO B DPNFS Z B
&MQJTPQVFEFTFSFOUJFSSBQFSPCJFODPNQBDUBEPP DPOUJOVBDJOTFDPTFDIBFMMPNCSJDPNQPTUEFMMBEP 3FMBDJO$/-BSFMBDJO$/FYQSFTBMBTVOJEBEFTEF$BSCPOP $
QPSVOJEBEFTEF/JUSHFOP /
RVFDPOUJFOFFM
NFKPS FO DFNFOUP "M FTUBCMFDFS MBT DBNBT FT DPOUSBSJPEFMBDBNB 7FS'PUP/
NBUFSJBM&M$BSCPOPFTVOBGVFOUFEFFOFSHBQBSBMPTNJDSPPSHBOJTNPTZFM/JUSHFOPFTVOFMFNFOUPJNQPSUBOUF
JNQPSUBOUFEFKBSVOBQFOEJFOUFEFMDPOFMmOEF
QBSBMBTOUFTJTQSPUFJDB
FWJUBSFODIBSDBNJFOUPZQPEFSSFDPHFSMPTSFTJEVPT
MRVJEPTEFMQSPDFTP
&OUSNJOPTHFOFSBMFTTFDPOTJEFSBBEFDVBEB
VOBSFMBDJO$/JOJDJBMEF
&TUBCMFDJNJFOUPEFMBTMPNCSJDFTFOMBTDBNBT
3FMBDJPOFT$/BMUBT
PDBTJPOBORVFFMQSPDFTPEFEFTDPNQPTJDJOTFBNTMFOUP
$VBOEP ZB TF UJFOFO MBT DBNBT
TF JODPSQPSB MPT
3FMBDJPOFT$/CBKBT
IBDFORVFTFQJFSEB/JUSHFOP /
QPSGBMUBEFFTUSVDUVSBTEF$BSCPOP
RVFQFSNJUBO
SFTJEVPTPSHOJDPTGPSNBOEPVOBDBQBEFDNEF
RVFMPSFUFOHBO
FTQFTPSQBSBFWJUBSBMUBTUFNQFSBUVSBT
6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB 6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB
5.4. Pasos a seguir para la elaboracin 6. Lombricultura
de un buen compost 1PSDFOUBKF EF PYHFOP Z Q) MBT MPNCSJDFT
SFRVJFSFOPYHFOP&TUFHBTFTMPRVFEFUFSNJOBMB
QSPGVOEJEBE IBTUB EPOEF QVFEF QFOFUSBS MB
MPNCSJ[FOFMTVTUSBUP-BDBOUJEBEEFPYHFOPRVF
SFRVJFSFOEFCFTFSEFMZFMQ)RVFTPQPSUBOTF
FODVFOUSBFOUSF
5BCMB$POEJDJPOFTQBSBFMFTUBCMFDJNJFOUPEFMB
MPNCSJ[DBMJGPSOJBOB &JTFOJBGPFUJEB
3BOHPBDFQUBCMF QUJNP
'PUP/
1SPEVDDJOEFMPNCSJ[SPKB
0YHFOP
o
B
&TDPHFSVOMVHBSBEFDVBEPDPOCVFO C
4FMFDDJOEFMBTNBUFSJBTQSJNBT
-B-PNCSJDVMUVSBFTFMQSPDFTPNFEJBOUFFMDVBMMBT 5FNQFSBUVSB $
o o
ESFOBKFZFTQBDJPRVFGBDJMJUFFMWPMUFP
MPNCSJDFT USBOTGPSNBO MPT SFTJEVPT PSHOJDPT FO Q) o o
BCPOP PSHOJDP EF CVFOB DBMJEBE %F MBT )VNFEBE
FTQFDJFTEFMPNCSJDFTRVFFYJTUFOFOFMNVOEP
MB
MPNCSJ[DBMJGPSOJBOB
&JTFOJBGPFUJEB
GVFTFMFDDJPOBEB "MJNFOUBDJOMBTMPNCSJDFTJOHJFSFOUPEPUJQPEF
QPS5IPNBT #BSSFUFOFO&TUBEPT6OJEPTQPS SFTJEVPT PSHOJDPT FO EFTDPNQPTJDJO TJO
TVBMUBBEBQUBDJOBWJWJSFOBMUBTEFOTJEBEFT
QPSFM FNCBSHP
MB NBUFSJB PSHOJDB RVF FNQJF[B B
BNQMJPSBOHPEFEFTFDIPTPSHOJDPTEFMBTDVBMFTTF EFTDPNQPOFSTF HFOFSB BMUBT UFNQFSBUVSBT RVF
BMJNFOUBZQPSTVBEBQUBDJOBEJGFSFOUFTDPOEJDJPOFT QVFEFO BGFDUBS MB MPNCSJ[ Z TVTQFOEFS FM DJDMP
DMJNUJDBT #PMMP
SFQSPEVDUJWP1PSMPBOUFSJPS
FTOFDFTBSJPEFKBS
RVFFMEFTFDIPPSHOJDPTFEFTDPNQPOHBFOUSF
3FRVFSJNJFOUPT BNCJFOUBMFT QBSB TV Z EBT BOUFT RVF QVFEB TFS JOHFSJEP QPS MBT
EFTBSSPMMP MPNCSJDFT
G
.BOUFOFSMBIVNFEBEBEFDVBEB4JMBQJMBFTUNVZ )VNFEBE Z UFNQFSBUVSB MB IVNFEBE Z MB *OGSBFTUSVDUVSB QBSB FM FTUBCMFDJNJFOUP EF
UFNQFSBUVSB TPO GBDUPSFT JNQPSUBOUFT QBSB TV MPNCSJDFSBT
INFEBZBQFMNB[BEBOPFTMPBEFDVBEP4JTFEFKB H
.FEJSMBUFNQFSBUVSBDBEBEBT
TFDBSEFNBTJBEPTFQJFSEFMBBDUJWJEBENJDSPCJBM DPOVOUFSNNFUSP-BUFNQFSBUVSB EFTBSSPMMP-BIVNFEBEEFCFFTUBSFOUSFFMZFM
Z MB UFNQFSBUVSB FOUSF $ &M VTP EF 1BSBPCUFOFSNFKPSFTSFTVMUBEPTFOMBDPOTUSVDDJO
&MOJWFMEFIVNFEBEEFCFPTDJMBSFOUSF JEFBMEFCFFTUBSFOUSF$
SFTJEVPTPSHOJDPTNVZGSFTDPTZFODBQBTNVZ EFVOBMPNCSJDFSBFTJNQPSUBOUFDPOTJEFSBSZUFOFS
4FQVFEFFWBMVBSUPNBOEPVOBNVFTUSBEFMDPNQPTU
HSVFTBTHFOFSBUFNQFSBUVSBTNVZBMUBT
MPDVBM FO DVFOUB MPT TJHVJFOUFT GBDUPSFT EJTQPOJCJMJEBE Z
FOMBNBOPZBQSFUBSMB
OPEFCFOTBMJSNTEF
BGFDUBMBQPCMBDJOEFMBTMPNCSJDFT DBOUJEBE EF MPT SFTJEVPT PSHOJDPT
DBOUJEBE Z
HPUBTEFBHVB
6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB
E
$POTUSVJSVOBQJMBBMBSHBEBPFOGPSNBQJSBNJEBMDPOMPTEPT
NPOUPOFT-BNF[DMBEFCFSTFSSJDBFODFMVMPTB
MJHOJOB QPEBT
EFIPKBT
QBKBT
ZFOB[DBSFT SFTUPTEFIPSUBMJ[BTZGSVUBT
&TJNQPSUBOUFBHSFHBSFTUJSDPMPSFTUPTEFNBUBEFSP
D
)BDFSEPTQJMBTPNPOUPOFT
ZFWBMVBSMBIVNFEBEEFDBEBQJMB
F
3FBMJ[BSWPMUFPTQFSJEJDPT
BMBQJMBQBSBHBSBOUJ[BSFM
PYHFOP-PTWPMUFPTTFJOJDJBO
EFTQVTEFEPTTFNBOBTEF
DPOTUSVJEBMBQJMBZTFSFQJUFO
PWFDFTDBEBEBT
I
&TQFSBSUSFTNFTFTPNFOPTEFBDVFSEP
BMBTDPOEJDJPOFTEFMDMJNBEPOEFTF
FODVFOUSFMBDPNQPTUFSBQBSBPCUFOFSVO J
.FEJSBMJOJDJPEFMQSPDFTPZBMmOBM
DPNQPTUEFCVFOBDBMJEBE MBSFMBDJO$/FOFMMBCPSBUPSJP
&WBMVBDJOEFMBDBMJEBEEFMDPNQPTU &OSJRVFDJNJFOUPEFMDPNQPTU 1SPCMFNBTRVFTFQSFTFOUBOFOMBT$PNQPTUFSBT
6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB 6UJMJ[BDJOEFMPT3FTJEVPT0SHOJDPTFOMB"HSJDVMUVSB