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CARBOHYDRATES
Are substances containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, where the
proportion of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is two to one.
They are familiar to us as dietary sugars and starches
Hydrate of carbon
Most abundant organic compound found in nature
Generally known as Sugars which is derived from the Greek word saccharide.
If excessive to our bodys needs, are converted to glycogen and fat present in
adipose tissue.
Lipophilic Vs. Hydrophilic
Lipophilicity Hydrophilic
A hydrophile is a molecule or
Lipophilicity (from Greek "fat"
other molecular entity that is attracted to,
and "friendly"), refers to the ability
and tends to be dissolved, by water.
of a chemical compound to dissolve
in fats,oils, lipids, and non-polar A hydrophilic molecule or portion of a
solvents such as hexane or toluene. These molecule is one whose interactions with
non-polar solvents are themselves water and other polar substances are
lipophilic (translated as "fat-loving" or "fat- morethermodynamically favorable than
liking"[1][2])the axiom that like dissolves their interactions with oil or
like generally holds true. Thus lipophilic other hydrophobic solvents.[2][3] They are
substances tend to dissolve in other typically charge-polarized and capable
lipophilic substances, of hydrogen bonding. This makes these
while hydrophilic (water-loving) molecules soluble not only in water but also
substances tend to dissolve in water and in other polar solvents.
other hydrophilic substances.
Classifications of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of individual simple sugar units. These
are:
A. MONOSACCHARIDE
Simple sugar containing a single unit
Typically has a skeleton of three (triose), four (tetrose), five (pentose),six (hexose) or seven
(heptose) carbon atoms
Is also known as known as dextrose or blood sugar, an indispensable component of blood
cells in animals.
Galactose on the other hand, is part of dissacharide lactose, commonly known as milk
sugar.
Fructose is the sweetest sugar. In fact it is ten time sweeter than lactose.
Fructose and Galactose are converted to glucose before they can be utilized by the cells.
Ribose and Deoxyribose
The most common organic compound that contains nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen.
Among its functions are support, structure, movement, transport, communication and
disease defense.
Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
Amino Acids, the building blocks of protein are the primary structural units of
protein,composed of amino group and carboxyl group on the other.
Aside from Amino Acids that form proteins there are still more than 150 of other amino
acids which can be found in nature mostly in fungi and higher plants.
R group in Amino Acids
In solution it is the nature of the amino acid R-groups that dictate structure-
function relationships of peptides and proteins. The hydrophobic amino acids will
generally be encountered in the interior of proteins shielded from direct contact
with water.
Furthermore, the nature of the R group dictates various physical properties of
amino acids (and also of proteins they are made of), such as state, solubility,
mechanical strength etc. by influencing the way bonding as well as folding of
peptide chains take place during the formation of proteins.
Thus the nature of the R group influences structure and properties of amino acids
and also, function of proteins in a big way.
Lipids
A. Simple Lipids
Are esters of fatty acids with various types of alcohol.
They are distinguished into fats and oils.
Triglycerides, neutral fats.
These are found in adipose tissue, butterfat,lard,suet,fish
oils,olive oil,corn oil and etc.
Triglycerides
What are triglycerides?
Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. When
you eat, your body converts any calories it doesn't need to use
right away into triglycerides. The triglycerides are stored in
your fat cells. Later, hormones release triglycerides for energy
between meals. If you regularly eat more calories than you
burn, particularly "easy" calories like carbohydrates and fats,
you may have high triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia)
Waxes
These are found in head oil of sperm whale, cerumen, carnauba oil and
lanolin of industrial and medicinal importance.
Waxes are lipids ,which molecules are composed of long fatty acid chain
combined with long chain alcohols.
These long chains make waxes highly water proof and serve as
protective layers both animals and plants.
In some plants, waxes are secreted to the outer surface of cell walls
That help prevent water loss and impart resistance to disease causing
organisms.
b. Compound Lipids
Are lipids which contain an inorganic or organic group in addition to fatty acids and
glycerol.
Phospholipids (phosphatides)
-Are found chiefly in animal tissues.
-Are considered as universally important substances in living things because they are
major components of membrane cells
-without these cell contents like organelles would not be separated from the outside
environment.
- Are formed from glycerol , fatty acids and a phosphate group and nitrogen-containing
alcohol.
Phospolipids include:
Lecithins
generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in
animal and plant tissues, which are amphiphilic - they attract both water (and so
are hydrophilic) and fatty substances (lipophilic), and are used for smoothing food
textures, dissolving powders (emulsifiers), homogenizing liquid mixtures, and repelling
sticking materials
Are found in cell membranes, brain, egg yolk, and organ meats.
Helps to emulsify fats by separating large portions into smaller units, allowing the fat to
mix to other materials.
It is the reason why lecithins are added to various types of chocolate bars
These are also lipotropic agent and important in fat metabolism and transport.
Cephalins
Any of a group of phospholipids havi
ng hemostatic properties and found
especially in the white matter of the
brain and spinal cord.
Hemostatic- Hemostasis or
haemostasis is a process which
causes bleeding to stop, meaning to
keep blood within a damaged blood
vessel (the opposite of hemostasisis
hemorrhage).
3. Plasmalogens
Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms. Atoms
will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which is
gained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their outer most (valence)
electrons, atoms can fill up their outer electron shell and gain stability. Non
metals will readily form covalent bonds with other non metals in order to
obtain stability, and can form anywhere between one to three covalent
bonds with other non metals depending on how many valence electrons they
posses. Although it is said that atoms share electrons when they form
covalent bonds, they do not usually share the electrons equally.
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Inorganic Compounds present in living things are water,
acids, bases and salts:
1. Water- anorganic molecule which demonstrates
unique properties that makeit one of the most
important compounds for living things.
Polar Compound
A polar compound is a molecule with a geometric
arrangement of one side carrying a positive charge
and the other side a negative
charge.Water,ammonia,sulfur
dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are examples of
polar compounds.
Acids,Bases and Salts
Salt
In chemistry, a salt is an ionic compound that results from the neutralization
reaction of an acid and a base. Salts are composed of related numbers of cations
(positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions) so that the product is electrically
neutral (without a net charge).