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Geology

Normal and reverse unroofing sequences in syntectonic conglomerates as

evidence of progressive basinward deformation
F. Colombo

Geology 1994;22;235-238
doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0235:NARUSI>2.3.CO;2

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Normal and reverse unroofing sequences in

syntectonic conglomerates as evidence of progressive
basinward deformation
F. .Colombo Departement de Geologia Dinmica, Geoffsica i Paleontologia, Facultat de Geologia, Universitt de Barcelona,
Pedralbes, E-08071 Barcelona, Spain

ABSTRACT roofing of older gravels, thereby producing a series of inverted

When a new mountain belt is generated by tectonics, the denu- stratigraphies and diluting distinctive compositional trends through
dation of the mountain front may cause the development of alluvial time within alluvial-fan deposits.
fans at its base. The retreat of the mountain front by denudation proc-
esses and a widening of the drainage network in the source area create ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF UNROOFING SEQUENCES
adjacent alluvial-fan conglomerates with an inverted vertical clast dis- Mountain uplift is commonly recorded by the formation and
tribution. This vertical clast distribution represents a normal unroof- progradation of alluvial fans along the range front. The growth of
ing sequence. these fans is controlled by a variety of sedimentary processes, in-
Renewed uplift of a previous inverted vertical clast distribution cluding tectonics in the source area and subsidence along the basin
can produce a reverse unroofing sequence. If continued shortening margin. Where the sediment-dispersal paths between the source
occurs in the same area, a rejuvenation of the source area and basin area and the closest sedimentary basin are direct, stratigraphic
margin may produce a new generation of clasts from the source area changes in clast composition are accurate indications of the tectonic
and a partial or total reworking of previously deposited conglomerates evolution of the source area through time.
to supply second-generation clasts. If this type of reworking process is As catchments enlarge and incise more deeply, different source
repeated as fault uplift steps basinward, several new inverted and rocks are incorporated in the transport system, potentially yielding
stratigraphic vertical clast distributions may arise. new clast types to be deposited in accumulating alluvial systems.
The resulting deposits may consist of conglomerates that record the
INTRODUCTION unroofing of the stratigraphy found in the source area. I refer to this
Sedimentary deposits are potentially important indicators of simple inversion of source-area stratigraphy as a normal unroofing
continental deformation and may serve as a primary means of dating sequence, and the ordering of clasts in the deposit as an inverted
of basin-margin faults. In addition, syntectonic deposits may contain clast distribution. If deformation moves forward toward the basin,
more subtle indicators of tectonic activity. Among these are com- the source area can be extended to include the previously deposited
positional changes that record erosion and uplift of source areas. conglomerates. When uplift is localized along the frontal zone, the
Progressive unroofing and shedding of rock units can document the readily eroded, older conglomerates may become the dominant
timing and rates of tectonic deformation in the source area, the source of new gravels at the expense of the more hinterland bedrock
growth and reorganization of drainage basins, and the evolution of sources. Although the recycling of conglomerates may increase the
relief in the developing mountain belt (Decelles et al., 1987; Decelles compositional and textural maturity of second-generation deposits
and Hertel, 1989; Graham et al., 1986; Ingersoll, 1990; Jordan et al., (Tanner, 1976), any previously existing unroofing sequence within
1988; Dickinson, 1985,1988; Copeland and Harrison, 1990). The first the older conglomerates can be inverted, producing a reverse un-
occurrence of new clast types in the sedimentary record has been roofing sequence in the second-generation gravels (Fig. 1), which
used to document uplift rates along faults (Decelles et al., 1991), to contain a stratigraphic clast distribution. If this type of reworking
calculate the transit time between source and sink (Heller et al., process is repeated through time, several new negative and positive
1988; Cerveny et al., 1988), and as a tool in stratigraphic correlation vertical clast distributions may be created.
(Ingersoll, 1990). The presence throughout a sedimentary section of A series of normal and reverse unroofing sequences may de-
clasts from a specific source may document repeated recycling of velop in the following way (Fig. 1). Initially, the source area that
previously deposited conglomerates (Tanner, 1976; Decelles et al., contains a positive stratigraphic sequence of units (A-D) is uplifted
1987, 1991; Graham et al., 1986). along a fault (1), in this case a reverse fault. The first-generation
In northeastern Spain (Serra de La Llena), unroofing sequences conglomerates derived from this source have a normal unroofing
are present in a thick deposit (1600 m) of alluvial-fan conglomerates. sequence showing an inverted clast distribution. Subsequently, a
These are organized into four main upward-thickening and -coars- second, more basinward, fault (2) uplifts the previous deposits. Ero-
ening megasequences that are directly associated with the tectonic sion of the earlier deposits results in a reverse unroofing sequence
activity in the source area or along the basin margin and that rep- with a stratigraphic distribution of clast compositions. As the basin-
resent the main sedimentary response to tectonics. Initial source- bounding fault steps basinward over time (3), the previously depos-
area uplift yielded a classic unroofing sequence, but continued ited gravels are recycled, reinverted, and deposited as either normal
movement along basinward-stepping faults led to repeated recycling or reverse unroofing sequences (Fig. 1). With each recycling, the
and unroofing of older gravels, producing a repeated series of in- original stratigraphy becomes more thoroughly mixed. Similarly,
verted stratigraphies and dilution of gravel compositions through continuing contribution from the stratigraphic succession in the hin-
time. terland tends to dilute unroofing signals from recycled conglomer-
In this paper, I discuss how clast composition mixing and re- ates. Thus, although the original source-area stratigraphy may be
mixing in gravel deposits may be used to indirectly document re- well defined, the clarity of that stratigraphic signal becomes more
peated faulting along a basin margin. Initial source-area uplift and more diffuse with each cycle, as denoted by the denser dot
yielded a classic unroofing sequence, but progressive movement patterns in Figure 1. At some point, perhaps after not veiy many
along basinward-stepping faults led to repeated recycling and un- cycles, the original stratigraphy of the source area is obliterated.

GEOLOGY, v. 22, p. 235-238, March 1994 235

 Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on September 10, 2014
Therefore, an estimate of the degree of recycling by repeated bas-
inward-stepping uplifts may be qualitatively obtained by determin-
ing the combination of several normal and reverse unroofing cycles
and the degree of compositional mixing within each cycle.
EXAMPLE FROM THE CATALAN COASTAL RANGES, SPAIN
Although this model of progressive unroofing and composi-
tional mixing is oversimplified, it can be applied in some circum-
stances to help unravel the tectonic history of basin-margin fault
systems. One example comes from Serra de La Llena conglomer-
ates of Oligocene age along the southeastern margin of the Ebro
basin in Catalonia, northeast Spain. The Catalan Coastal Ranges are
located in the northeast sector of the Iberian Peninsula, where they
consist of a continuous chain of mountains that extend for about 200
km and characterize the general northeast trend of the Catalonia
Mediterranean coastal margin (Fig. 2).
The Catalan Coastal Ranges are composed mainly of Mesozoic
strata that unconformably overlie low-grade metamorphic basement
of Paleozoic age. The lowest Mesozoic strata are Triassic siliciclas-
tic rocks, dolomite and marlstone equivalent to the classic Bunt-
sandstein, Muschelkalk, and Keuper units in Germany (Anadn et
al., 1979). Overlying Jurassic limestones are thick and, in places,
dolomitized. Capping the sequence are Cretaceous (Berriasian-Se-
nonian) and lower Cenozoic limestones (Colombo, 1980, 1986).
The Catalan Coastal Ranges were deformed along major en
echelon strike-slip faults during Eocene to Oligocene time. Second-
ary reverse faults developed from upthrusts of basement rocks,
push-up blocks, and stretched folds and flexures along the main
transcurrent faults. During the late Eocene-Oligocene, cover folds
and thrusts oriented east-west also developed in the southwestern
part of the Catalan Coastal Ranges (Anadn et al., 1979, 1986; Gui-
mer, 1984).
In the southern part of Catalonia, the western sectors of the
Catalan Coastal Ranges constitute the margin of the Ebro basin. The
Ebro basin is surrounded by the Pyrenees to the north, by the Ibe-
rian range to the south and southwest, and by the Catalan Coastal
Ranges to the east and southeast. This basin was filled mainly by
Tertiary nonmarine alluvial, fluvial, and lacustrine depositional sys-
tems (Allen et al., 1983; Anadn et al., 1979, 1986, 1989; Cabrera et
INCREASE IN CLAST MIXING WITH TIME
Figure 1. Generation of normal and reverse unroofing sequences. Source
area that contains stratigraphic (STR) sequence of units (A-D) is repeat-
edly uplifted along main faults (1-3). Fault activity gives rise to different
generations of deposits (1st, 2nd, 3rd) when previously deposited con-
glomerates are affected by new faults; this process creates successive
deposits with inverted (INV) and stratigraphic (STR) vertical clast distri-
butions. Several normal (UN) and reverse (UR) unroofing sequences can
be produced as a result of three reworking processes (J, K, L). See text
for explanation.
236
al., 1985; Colombo, 1980, 1986; Colombo and Vergs, 1992) that
developed during Paleogene to early Miocene time. The sedimen-
tation in the southeastern Ebro basin was controlled primarily by the
tectonic processes along the southwest end of Catalan Coastal
Ranges transpressional system.
SERRA DE LA LLENA CONGLOMERATES
The Serra de La Llena, on the southwestern margin of the Cat-
alan Coastal Ranges (Fig. 2), is made up of a thick deposit (1600 m)
of alluvial-fan conglomerates (Colombo, 1980, 1986). The main
source area is located at most 10-15 km to the south and southeast
of the present-day conglomerate outcrops and hosts large quantities
of Mesozoic limestone and minor siliciclastic rocks. The conglom-
erate deposits are stacked in four main megasequences that gener-
ally thicken and coarsen upward (Colombo and Vergs, 1992).
These megasequences are made up internally of several upward-
thinning and -fining macrosequences that show a north and north-
east main paleocurrent distribution. Each of the macrosequences is,
in turn, made up of several smaller sequences that also thin and fine
upward. The small sequences represent several types of depositional
events, either lateral shifting of active sedimentary areas on the fan
surface or other changes in depositional conditions. The macrose-
quences represent the sedimentary response to minor tectonic, cli-
matic, or sedimentary events. The megasequences, bounded by un-
conformities, are directly associated with the main tectonic activity
in the source area or along the basin margin, and they represent the
principal sedimentary response to tectonics.
Clasts within the conglomerates have characteristic microfos-
sils, lithologies, and/or detrital components that permit the identifi-
cation of primary (mainly Mesozoic) clast sources. The clasts were
counted in several cases, with a 1-m-square grid in selected con-
glomerate levels thicker than 1 m; in other cases, the outcrops were
compared with a standard chart for estimating clast distribution
(Dietrich et al., 1982). Because of the repeated recycling of the
clasts, only semiquantitative data for gravel composition were ob-
tained for many of the main megasequences.
The basal part of the lower megasequence (M,) is composed
mainly of Upper Cretaceous-derived clasts (Turonian-Cenomani-
an), whereas the upper part contains Barremian-derived clasts
(Fig. 3). The clasts derived from Barremian strata are also present
in the basal part of the second megasequence (M2), which contains
Paleozoic and Triassic clasts in its upper part. Locally, the basal part
of this second megasequence is characterized by a thin conglomer-
atic deposit with a mixture of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
clasts. This clast population implies a new pulse of basinward de-
formation as a result of the emplacement of a small overthrust sheet
in the source area. The third megasequence (M3) contains abundant
Paleozoic clasts in its lower part, and it grades upward into rocks
with clasts of Late Cretaceous age. The uppermost megasequence
Figure 2. Location of
Serra de La Llena Range
(star) in northeastern
Spain.
GEOLOGY, March 1994
 Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on September 10, 2014

(M4) has clasts of much more mixed gravel composition compared the top. The composition of this topmost megasequence likely re-
to the three underlying megasequences. Throughout the sequence, sulted from extensive mixing of gravels from the previous megase-
Paleozoic siliciclastic clasts are abundant. There is a slight reverse quences and from the original source area. Multiple recycling also
unroofing trend consisting of more Paleozoic clasts in the lower part results in an enrichment of the most durable clasts (Paleozoic sili-
of this megasequence and younger (Upper Cretaceous) clasts near ciclastic rocks) at the expense of the less durable (Mesozoic) clasts.
In summary, clast compositions within megasequences of Serra
de La Llena conglomerates record the initial uplift of the mountain
AG ! front along a fault (1 in Fig. 1) and denudation of the source area
(Fig. 4). Unroofing of this source area led to stratigraphic inversion
CD Pal. Tr. + Jur. E. Cret. L. Cret. E. Ter.
LU of source-area compositions and gravel progradation of alluvial fans
o into the adjacent basin. A second episode of tectonic activity led to
z
LU M , the progradation of a second gravel megasequence. This event in-
D ft volved renewed uplift of the mountain front along a fault (1 in Fig. 1)
0
HI and deeper incision of the original source area, as shown by the
w
< continued development of the normal unroofing sequence. The next
0 Mr episode of tectonic activity must have taken place along a new fault
UJ
(2 in Fig. 1), located more basinward than the previous structure.
Iii
This younger fault lifted the previously deposited gravels in the prox-
h
< imal alluvial fans, generating a reverse unroofing sequence. At this
en M , time, any contribution from the original source area was diluted by
LU recycled conglomerates uplifted along the basin margin. Finally, a
0 new, more basinward fault (3 in Fig. 1) lifted the previously depos-

z M,
0 I I I
c 15%
Figure 3. Stratigraphic distribution of identifiable clast types in Serra de
La Llena conglomerates. PalPaleozoic; Tr. + Jur.Trlasslc and Juras-
sic; E. CretEarly Cretaceous; L. Cret.Late Cretaceous; E. Tertearly
Tertiary. M,-M 4 are the main megasequences. Stacked unroofing se-
quences: Nnormal; Rreverse; Mmixed. Width of horizontal bars in-
dicates age range of clasts at each sampled stratigraphic interval, based
on a sampling of clasts present in outcrop; these are essentially equiv-
alent to "exposure gates" of Graham et al. (1986). Horizontal width of
figure corresponds to age range of all clasts observed in Serra de La
Llena conglomerates. Vertical thickness of standard bar (bottom of fig-
ure) indicates that 15% of clasts at a particular locality were identifiable
as to stratigraphic unit. Each selected age category is bracketed by easily
recognizable llthologic and/or fossiliferous units; therefore, although not
all clasts could be identified at each interval, it is Improbable that units
beyond Indicated ranges are present. Repeated clast reworking produces
an Increasing proportion of unidentifiable clasts; this proportion in-
creases significantly from M1 to M4 megasequence.
ited gravels and reworked and redeposited them farther out into the
basin. This uppermost gravel sequence is characterized by more
extensive mixing than is found in any of the previous deposits (i.e.,
Paleozoic clasts are found throughout the sequence) and by having
had the least durable clasts removed as a result of multiple recycling.
The megasequences contain locally thin conglomerates of very
mixed composition. For example, there is a thin gravel bed in the
lower part of the second megasequence that has clasts of all ages
(Paleozoic, Late Cretaceous, and early Tertiary). These local de-
posits probably resulted from short-term events, such as flash
floods, that may have incorporated gravels from many source areas
within a short time span.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The stratigraphic variation in clast composition provides a
means of interpreting the tectonic evolution of a mountain front
during the initial stages of uplift. Clast counts from alluvial-fan grav-
els show evidence of normal and reverse unroofing sequences and

J VILANOVA DE PRADES EL VILOSELL S

SSE NNW

1000 m

Figure 4. Serra de La Llena cross section show-

ing main conglomerate units. Location is indi-
cated in Figure 2 (star). Vertical clast distribu-
tion displays inverted (M, and M 2 ), then
stratigraphic (M3), and finally mixed (M4) distri-
bution, which suggests reworking processes
by repeated uplift in source and nearby areas.
Two thrust faults (2 and 3 in Fig. 1) caused de-
velopment of two main superimposed progres-
sive unconformities (Colombo and Vergs,
MESOZOIC 1992) whose geometries indicate basinward
shifting of Ebro basin margin.
M-j.4 Main megasequences Unroofing sequences Vertical clast distribution
a, b, c, d Main angular unconformities Normal A A Inverted
Time lines
Reverse ^ Stratigraphic
fVo" | Massive conglomerates
| | Medium-fine-grained clastics Mixed

GEOLOGY, March 1994 237

 Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on September 10, 2014
increased clast mixing as faults stepped basinward through time and
were reactivated. Normal unroofing sequences form initially as strat-
igraphie successions are eroded and inverted in the resulting depo-
sitional succession. Reverse unroofing sequences form as these in-
verted sequences (older clasts over younger clasts) are eroded and
reinverted in the resulting sedimentary pile. In the Serra de La Llena
conglomerates, the normal unroofing sequence suggests times of
repeated uplift of the mountain front and source area or activation
of basin-margin faults that recycled older gravels with stratigraphie
vertical clast distribution. In contrast, reverse unroofing sequences
signal times during which first-generation basin-margin gravels were
recycled by younger faults and reworked farther out into the basin.
With each recycling and inversion of the gravel deposits, there
is more mixing of clast compositions, so that the unroofing signal
becomes diluted over time. In addition, repeated recycling of gravels
tends to remove the less durable clasts, increasing the compositional
maturity of the deposit. Mixing can also be accomplished by expan-
sion of the source area; as faults step basinward over time, the catch-
ment becomes wider as it becomes longer, and more clasts of dif-
ferent ages can be incorporated into the transport system. In the
Serra de La Llena conglomerates, by the time the most basinward
fault was active, the source area included not only the original strat-
igraphie succession in the originally uplifted mountain, but also one
or two gravel sequences that were derived from this original source
and incorporated into the catchment area. All of these sources may
have contributed gravel, either original or recycled from older de-
posits, into the youngest conglomerate megasequence. Because the
original source area was at most 10-15 km from the Serra de La
Llena conglomerates, no great distance was needed for extensive
clast mixing to occur. In fact, a greater travel distance might lead to
a more diffuse (or more dilute) stratigraphie signal via temporary
storage and repeated abrasion.
The persistence of paleocurrent distribution to the north and
northeast suggests slope tilting in these directions implemented by
the repeated uplift that in turn caused subsequent recycling and pro-
duced the last increase in clast mixing; therefore, mixing of clast
types by important rivers coming from different sectors of the source
area can be discounted.
Repeated inversions of clast compositions imply that the nature
of uplift is episodic and proceeds from the mountain front out toward
the basin center. Forward migration of faulting is a common char-
acteristic of reverse faults, whereas normal faulting more typically
steps toward the mountain front (Jordan et al., 1988).
Unroofing sequences are manifestations of progressive source-
area uplift and record fault timing and rates. Repetitive unroofing
sequences of the type seen in the Serra de La Llena conglomerates
are probably indicative of reverse-fault-bounded range margins.
Thus, the unroofing history may provide insight into faulting styles
as well as document migration of the fault front over time where the
faults themselves are not exposed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Supported by the Spanish government Direccin General de Investiga-
cin Cientfica y Tecnolgica (DGICYT) Project PB-91 0805 and Project JOU
CT 92-0110.1 thank Paul Heller and Tim Lawton for helpful discussions, and
Oriol Riba, Salvador Reguant, Jaume Vergs, Doug Burbank, Chris Paola,
and Mary Kraus for useful comments on the manuscript.
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GEOLOGY, March 1994