DESIGN DATA SHEET pos 170-0 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND Dos 170-0 1 July 1980 Supersedes DDS 170-1, dated 1 September 1957; 170-2, 1 October 1958; and 170-3, 1 May 1960 MAST DESIGN CONTENTS Paragraph Title Page PART I: INTRODUCTION 170-0-8. References 2 170-0-b. Purpose and scope 3 170-0-c. Symbols, Abbreviations, and Definitions 4 170-0-d.. Units of Measurements 4 . PART II: DESIGN CRITERIA - 170-0-2. Loadings 5 Wind load - Snow and ice Catenary antennas Live load Dynamic loads Gravity Nuclear air blast High shock loads Combined loading 170-0-F. Factor of Safety 10 170-0-9- Vibration 10 PART 111: DESIGN PROCEDURE General Discussion “ Polemast. 4 Description of structure Design procedure Issue Date: 1 July 1980 Rev Date: 7 March 1982 pos 170-0170-0-5. Stayed Potemast 5 Description of structure Design criteria , Design procedure and theory Design of stays Stresses in stayed mast Special design considerations 170-0-k. Tripod Mast Description of structure Arrangenent of tripod Tegs Design procedure 170-0 . Four-Legged Mast 21 Oescription of structure Arrangement of members Design procedure PART IV: USE OF THE COMPUTER IN MAST ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SEE COMPUTER IN MAST ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 170-0-n. Introduction to NASTRAN 23 170-0-n, Modeling 23 APPENDICES & Ar Selected Measurement Units and Conversion Factors a: PART I. INTRODUCTION 170-0-a. Referer a) (ay Issue Date: 1 July 1980 Rev Date: 1 March 1982 Example Calculatio Example Calculatio Blank Calculation Forms Properties of Circular Pipe Sections (Unstayed Polemast) (Four-Legged Mast) DOD-STD-1399, Section 301 Military Standard ~ Interface Standard for Shipboard Systems - Ship Motion and Attitude A Simplified Method of Designing Shi; Seructure for Air Bast sy ee nse y L.C. Dye and .W. Lankford, Jr., Naval Engineers Journal, August 1966 DDS 170-0(3) DOD-STD-1399, Section 072, Part 3 Military Standard - Interface Standard for Shipboard Systems - Blast Environnent, Nuclear’ Weapons (a) DDS-072-1 Shock Design Values (5) NAVSHIPS 250-423-30 Shock Design of Shipboard Equipment ~ Dynamic Design-Analysis Method (5) Report No. SUPSHIP 280-6, November 1972 Mathematical Modeling and Dynamic Shock Analysis Guide for Masts, by Supervisor of Shipbuilding, Conversion, and Repair USN, Third Naval District, New York oa) Publication, NAVSEA 0908-L2~Q00-3010 Shock Design Criteria for Surface’ Ships > (B) Structural Design for Dynamic Loads by forris, Hansen, Holley, Biggs, Namyet, and Minami McGraw-Hill, 1959 (9) Structural Mechanics Computer Programs by Pilkey, SeczaTset and SchaT Fer UNTW iTkey, Saczalskt and Schaffer University Press of Virginia, 1974 (19) Principles of Naval Architecture Edited by Cans toek ThE Soclety OF Navel Rrchitects and Marine Engineers, New York, 1967 (1) Ships Vibration by McGoldrick, David ray Tor Node? Basin Report 1451, 1960 (12) DDS-100-4, Strength of Structural Members, 1 February 1979 (3) NASA SP-222{03) NASTRAN Users Manual (14) MIL-S7D-1690, Maritime Metric Practice Guide 170-0-b, Purpose and Scope This Design Data Sheet provides uniform standards and simplified methods for the design of ship's masts. Included in this discussion are procedures for designing polenasts, stayed polemasts, tripod masts, and four-legged masts. The Design Data Sheet incorporates basic design guidelines from three superseded Design Data Sheets on mast design (DDS-170-1, 170-2, and 170-3) into a single document. In addition, this Design Data Sheet contains discussions of vibration, nuclear blast, and the use and application of the WASTRAN computer program as an aid to mast design and analysis. Issue Date: 1 July 1989 DDS 170-0 Rev bate: 1 March 1982170-0-c. Symbols, Abbreviations, and Definitions As Stay area - c.G. Center of gravity D Qutside diameter of structural tubing fs Vodulus of elasticity of stay fp Actual bending stress fe Actual column stress Fe Colum buckling stress Fy Yield stress L Distance from stay point to lower end of stay p Given Peak Overpressure ~ dynamic pressure associated with nuclear air blast Pa Axial Toad Po Ambient pressure ahead of the shock front q Peak Dynamic Pressure - wind pressure associated with . nuclear air blast 2 s ‘Actual length of stay between points of attachment t Wall thickness of the structural tubing XYZ Variable distances in the fore and aft, athwartship, and vertical directions describing stay locations (See Figure 7) a Angle of stay with mast 170-0-d. Units of Measurements In design and analysis, measurements and properties may be expres- sed in either inch-pound or SI (metric) units, unless a specific unit system is specified in the ordering document. The example problems in Appendices C, D, and E have been completed using inch-pound units. Appendix A has been provided for convenient conversion. Issue Date: 17 July 1980 DS 170-0 Rev date: 1 March 1982PART II. DESIGN CRITERIA Applicable specifications (Ship Specifications, General Specifications, SHIPALT Descriptions, Scopes, etc.) should always be consulted in regard to loadings and associated factors of safety. The following criteria, however, may be considered typical and may be used in the absence of more explicit requirements. 170-0-e. Loadings Wind load.- Wind load is based on a 90-knot wind. The following loads may Be eppTied to the strugture as an approximation. For essentially vertical structure, use 30 1b/ft¢ applied to the maximum projected area, including both the windard and leeward structure where appropriate. For platforms, use 30 Ib/ft2 of area projected to a vertical phan maximum ship's roll. For radar antennas, wind loadings specified on the detailed equipment drawings, corresponding to 4 90-knot wind, may be used. For cases other than 90 knots, the wind pressure Toad can be proportioned on the ratio of velocity squared. Snow and ice.- This load may be neglected. The factor of safety (Section 170-0-#) provides adequate margin for ice loadings, and other misc Janeous loadings. Catenary antennas.- Use the breaking strength of the weak links provided in the wire rope antenna, as the design load. This load will only be considered if mast stresses are increased by its application, and will not be considered if it reduces the stresses from other loads. Live load.- Platforms or portions of masts should be checked to ensure adequate strength to support personne! required for equipment instal la- tion and maintenance. These live loads shall be 75 1b/ft2, and shoutd not be combined with wind and dynamic loads in the analysis. Dynamic loads.- Roll, Pitch, Heave, and Slam. The dynamic loads are generated by the ship’s motion as it traverses the ocean environment. These dynamic Toads, expressed in "g's" will vary from one class of ship to another. The applicable Ship Specifications shal? be consulted for appropriate load factors. For cases where Ship Specifications are unavailable, or ship motion factors are not given, the general formulation expressed in reference 1 shall be used. For high speed ships with tall masts, such as destroyers, the slam induced joad may be expected to be the governing dynamic Toad. Gravity.- The force normal to the base plane of the ship may be assumed equal to the weight. As the ship heels, the gravity component (in the Z direction, see figure 7) is reduced, but this effect may be offset by heaving and pitching accelerations. Gravity loads are generally included with the dynamic Toads to produce a single factor. For design the maximum load (that is, Fyert= Foray *Fheave + Fpitcn + Fron) applied at the menber of equip- nent centroid, shall se used (vector sum). ops 170-0mes ae al Nuclear air blast.- Reference 2 describes the procedure for calcu- Jating loadings on structure due to nuclear air blast. Dynamic pressure rather than direct overpressure (see Section 170-0-c for definitions) 1s more important for mast structures. Direct overpressure on mast. structures §s not critical because the elements are quickly engulfed by the blast wave providing equalized pressures on all surfaces. The dynamic pressure may be related theoretically to the overpressure. The dynamic pressure for a given overpressure is given by: a= 5 p2 2 No +P (Reference 3) in which "q" is the peak dynamic pressure, (1b/in? or KN/M2), above ambient p is the peak overpressure, above ambient (from Ship Specifications) po is the ambient pressure ahead of the shock front. (14.7 1b/in’ typically) The effective dynamic pressure is obtained by multiplying the dynamic pressure by an appropriate drag coefficient for the shape being loaded. Drag coefficients and dynamic pressure for various overpressures and associated structural shapes are provided in Table 1. ~ High shock loads.= Shipbuilding or procurement specifications may ‘include invah shock shock mounting requirements for equipment. This requirement necessitates a dynamic shock analysis of that mast. References 4, 5, 6, and 7 provide information on procedures and factors to be used in this analysis. A Dynamic Design Analysis Method {DDAM) has been developed which requires the vibrational response of a structure to determine the deflections and stresses due to shock. The vibrational response inputs required for DDAM may be developed using a number of computer programs. Appendix D provides an example of the NASTRAN computer program used for vibration analysis. Section 170-0-n discusses modeling for DOAN. " Dos 170-0(38NSS3ud SINYNAG x 1N319I43309 OVUG) ** §°ON 39N3Y333Y WOU? * aor ze or 1 q ze wt Z og zo zo € Qo I 86'¢ 12 or oo'2 we Z er tc et sro zo € we ad ol wi wt 2 ° oO 120 zo € ze a 7qT J ZavaT T b d (<— isv7a 0 3YNSsaud 3uNSS3ud | JYNss3ydYaAO 4N310143309 | No11934I0) 3dvHS| SINYNAG OIWWNAG 193410 » ved Twensonaus| Ln BNLO3II3 L TWNONL935-Ss0uD| Law, on) = Dps-170-0| | Combined loading.- Wind, dynami: nd gravity loads shall be combined to determine the worst Toading condition that produces the maxinum stresses. For symmetrical masts (such as a polemast), the worst condition can be determined by developing the resultant of the pitch and roll and adding the wing in the same direction (see Figure 1). we DYNAMIC LOADS + WIND LOADS = SUM FiGURE 1 For non-symetrical masts, the worst condition may-not be readily precictaple, and several loading conditions snall be tried. Three recomended Combinations are shown in Figure 2. 90S 170-0aout wind rN FITeH z TRIAL 7 pircn F = WIND f5%erso" TRIAL “2 ie TRIAL “3 FIGURE 2 The nuclear air blast load shall be applied separately from dynamic and wind Toads, but in conbination with gravity. For syometrical sections, ‘the load may be applied in any direction. For non-symmetrical sections, drag load shal) be applied in the direction which maximizes the loaded surface area while minimizing the mast section resisting the Toad. The worst condi- tian may not be obvious and several loading conditions may be required. Three recommended trials are as shown in Figure 3. 0s 170-0‘BLAST AIR. ‘BLAST FIGURE 3 High shock loads shall be applied separately from dynamic and wind Toads; but {n combination with gravity. Load factors for high shock are calculated for the fore-and-aft, athwartship, and vertical directions only. Each direction shall be analyzed separately, with no combination of stresses fron the various directions. 170-0-f. Factor of Safety Uniess otherwise stated in the Ship Specifications for new design, a factor of safety of 2.5 on the yield strength (welded yield strength, if applicable) of the material is required for loadings other than nuclear blast and high shock. For existing structure, a factor of safety of 2.0 {s accept- able. The difference between the two factors of safety constitutes an al- Towance for possible increases in mass of supported equipment after the mast has been built. The factor of safety also provides a margin for ice loadings and secondary stresses. For nuclear air blast and high shock, a factor of safety of 1.0 on welded yield strength of material 1s required. (Material strength properties can he obtained from Ship Specifications and material Military, Federal, or Industry Specificattons.) 170-0-g. Vibration If the natura? frequency of a mast structure coincides with an exci- tation frequency during sowe operating condition of the ship, resonance may occur which forces the mast to sway with progressively greater displacement amplitudes. These displacements can hinder the operation of equipment sup- ported by the mast and will produce progressively greater stress in the mast, eventually leading to failure of the structure. -10- bs 170-0bo mitoses 8 Natural frequencies of mast structures can be determined with the use of computer programs such as NASTRAN and STRUDL. An example using NASTRAN 1s shown in Appendix D. For a more complete list of programs useful in mast vibration analysis, see reference (9). Vibration excitation in frequencies which may affect mast structures can cone from several sources. The frequencies of rotating antennas, propellers, hull motion in a seaway, and large reciprocating machinery, should be considered and compared to the natural frequency of the mast structure to assure non- resonance. ‘One of the more important sources of vibratory excitation of masts are propeller forces. These forcing frequencies can be a direct result of Propeller rotation (driving frequencies equals shaft rotation rate) or a result of action from the propeller blades (driving frequency equals shaft rotation rate times number of blades). Shaft rates at higher speeds should especial ly be considered due to the higher energy input as compared to Tower speeds. In general, mast fundamental frequencies should be kept approximately 25 percent above the highest shaft rotation rate. If this is not practical, a detailed vibration analysis should be performed to determine that the mast frequency does not, in fact, match any of the ships standard shaft rotation rates used for high-speed operations. Information on these shaft rotation rates can, in most cases, be found in the Ship Specifications. The second most important source of excitation is the structure of the ship, usually the hull. In a seaway the ship receives impacts from waves and swells. The huil reacts to these loads by vibrating in one or more of its natural modes (see Figure 4). The effect of this vibratory motion {s most drastic when the mast is located near one of the nodes of the mode in which the hull is vibrating, and diminishes the closer the mast is to the antinodes (see Figure 5) in vertical and athwartship vibration. The oposite would apply for torsional vibration. Typical values of hull frequencies range from Tess than 1 Hz to over 4 liz. This range coincides with the frequency range of most masts; therefore, it fs important to determine the hull frequencies of the particular ship for which the mast is designed so they can be avoided. It is desirable to design the mast so that its natural fundamental frequency is at least 25 percent above the frequency of the 3-noded vertical mode of the hull to insure against resonance or the high amplitude motions associated with a near-resonance condition. In any case, the frequency of the mast should not directly match either the two-noded or three-noded vertical modes or the fundamental Tongitudinal torsional mode. Independent superstructures, such as aircraft carrier islands, can vibrate at their own natural frequencies. Masts connected to them are more directly affected by these deckhouse frequencies than by hull frequencies. Therefore, it is important to consider also the frequencies of large super- structures. In some ships a condition may exist where one of the higher propel- ler blade rates matches one of the hull natural frequencies. This amplifies the driving motion that the mast would feel under propeller or hull excitation acting alone. It is extremely important, therefore, for the mast frequency to clear this frequency in cases where it exists. -- 9S 170-0arama ms One possible source of information on hull or superstructure natural frequencies for many of the ships of the U. S. Navy is the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Code 1962. Methods for determining approximate hull natural frequencies are shown in references (10) and (11). Most radar antennas operate at 6 to 12 r/min, much lower than the natural frequencies of mast structures and generally do not cause a problem. E.C.M. antennas, on the other hand, operate at higher rates of rotation; therefore, the mast should be checked for resonance. 4-WODED : VIBRATION -- HHODED TORSIONAL ‘VIBRATION (ROTATIONAL) FIGURE 4 ae pps 170-0POLE MAST LOCATED AT -ANTI~NODAL POUT POLE WAST LOCATED aT woDaL a! 4 FIGURE 5 Reciprocating type of propulsion engines can pose a vibration prob- lem to mast structures on ships so equipped. Steam or gas turbines, on the other hand, operate at speeds much higher than the natural frequencies of mast structures and therefore are not considered as having an effect on ther. For comptex structures, isolated portions may vibrate independently of the entire structure, and may require local stiffening (see Figure 6). FIGURE 6 “ke pps 170-0PART III. DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR MAST STRUCTURE 170-0-n. General Discussion This section includes design procedures for polemasts, stayed pole- masts, tripod masts, and four-legged masts. Local buckling of cylindrical, and similiar compressive members should, in general, meet the following: D << .128 Es Bs 12 fe where D = outside diameter of the structural tubing t = wall thickness of the tubing Es = modulus of elasticity of member Fy = yield stress For the simplest of the mast types, the polemast, the discussion will center on calculating stresses using standard hand methods. For the more comptex mast types (tripod, stayed polemasts, and four- £. legged), a computer analysis will assist in the design. The basic design 8 Procedure outlined in the example problem, Appendix D, will be applicable to a1] three of the more conpiex mast types, with minor variations. 170-0-4. Polemast Description of structure.- The polemast is the simplest of the mast types, consisting oF a vertical cantilever beam, The stractare may be comp}i- cated with attached yardarms or platforms which can normally be analyzed sepa- rately. Design procedure.- Generally, a simple polemast does not require com- puter anatysts-and may ber may be done by hand calculation. ‘The polemast is divided into stations (normally at changes in section, at points of attachnent for platforms or equipment, or at intermediate points if lengths of segments are in excess of one-fourth of the height of the pole- mast). Bending moments are calculated at each station using the loads as dis- cussed in Section 170-0-e. Proceeding from top to base, axial forces, shear forces, and moments are computed. Bending moments are computed by adding: 1. Moment at station above. : 2. Shear at station above times distance between stations. 3. Moments of intervening loads. “14 DDS 170-0For circular sections, the maximum bending stress.is obtained by dividing the section modulus into the sum of the wind moment and the resultant of the rolling and pitching moments. Compressive stresses from axial loads are determined, combined with the bending stresses, and checked against the allowable stresses. Care must be taken that the existing ship structure provides adequate support at the base of the polemast. Location of the mast above a transverse bulkhead or deep frame is preferred to provide athwartship support. Ideally, the polemast should extend down through several levels of ship structure to distribute the load and thereby provide adequate structura? support. The member of levels depends upon the height of the pole and equipment on it. Appendix C is an example of a polemast analysis. This nomograph provided in Appendix B provides guidance in initial selection of circular sections for analysis. 170-0-5. Stayed Polemast Description of structure.- A stayed polemast is the basic polemast of Section 170-Ocl, with stays 17 the form oF cables or rods to provide restraint (see Figure 7). STAY POINT STAY BAND TN: = FWD {Q (ANGLE OF STAY ‘WITH MAST) FIGURE 7 15+ DDS 170-0Design criteria.- In addition to the design criteria of Part II Sections 176-05 threaghe9 9, the following design criteria are normally required (check applicable specifications). Where there is a design requirement for the mast to stand without stays (unstayed), generally for combatant ships but not auxilfaries, the mast shall be designed to stand unstayed with a factor of safety of 1.25’on the welded yield strength of the material and colunn strength. With stays in place, the factor of safety for the mast shall be 2.5. Stresses shall be calculated with initial pretension in the stays equal to 20 percent of breaking strength, Maximum calculated tension in the stays shall not exceed 40 percent of the specified breaking strength of the stay material. A mast with stays at two levels is not normally required to stand un- stayed. ATlowabTe stay tension for this configuration 1s 35 percent of breaking strength. Design procedure and theory.~ The stayed polemast is a statically indeterminate structure. The design approach to such a structure is basically trial and error, assuming an arrangement of structural elements, performing an analysis, and adjusting the sizes of structural elements to suit the stresses. ‘This process is repeated until 2 suitable design is developed. For the stayed polemast that has the design requirement to stand un- stayed, initial sizing of the polemast is completed without stays following the procédure outlined in Section 170-0-i. Following this initial sizing, stays are added and stresses again checked. Because of the complexity of the structure, use of a computer analysis is recomhended. Stay size and Tocations may be adjusted based on the results of the computer analysis. Problem formu- Yatton and solution would be similar to the example in Appendix D, Design of stays.- The purpose of the stays is to provide adequate horizontal FeSETaTTE tothe mast’ to reduce mast stresses, to an allowable Tevel. Effectiveness of the stays is dependent on the location of the stay attachment to both the mast and ship structure. By relocating the stay attachments, stresses in the mast and forces in the stays may be adjusted. Stay geometry should be such that the “stay point” represents the intersection of the stays (extended) with the centerline of the mast. Generally, it will be advantageous to locate the stay-point as high as practicable. This gives the stay reaction the maximum lever arm. The effectiveness of the stay is somewhat reduced (reducing the horizontal force component of the stay), however, by increasing Z without changing X and Y (see Figure 7). If all stays make a very sma?l angle with the mast, mast Stresses will be the limiting factor in design of the stays. If the angle is uniformly large, stay stresses will probably control. The objective of the designer is to select the stay arrangement that provides a balanced design. That is, stresses in the mast should approach maximum allowable at the same time that forces in the stays approach maximum allowable. This may be accomplished by use of the following design procedure. -16- Ds 170-0 «4The reaction of the stays on the mast must be sufficient to reduce stress in the mast to that allowed for the stayed conditions. AS a first approximation, select stay sizes so that the horizontal stiftness of the stays on one Side is about three-fourths that of the unstayed mast. That 3 Kyy * ELIA)PASES/s)) = .75Ky where: Ky = Athwartship force on mast in unstayed condition, required at staypoint to develop a unit displacement Kyy = Total athwartship component of stay reaction due to unit athwartship displacement L = Distance from stay point to lower end of stay S = Actual length of stay between points of attachment Ag = Area of stay Es = Modulus of elasticity of stay Check to see whether bending moments in the athwartship plane seem to be reduced by a suitable proportion. Somewhat Tess restraint 1s needed in the fore-and-aft direction, and stays can usually be arranged to give ample restraint longitudinally. "after checking forces from the computer analysis, stay locations or sizes may be adjusted. If the forces in a few stays are too high, but quite moderate in the others, it may be advisable to relocate the lover end of the highly stressed stays nearer the base of the mast. If forces are generally excessive, an increase in sectional area of some or all the stays is indicated. It should be remenbered that increasing the size of one stay automatically increases its share of the total load. Stay forces can be reduced by increasing the stiffness of the mast, but this will not usually be advantageous, assuming the mast is economically designed to carry the specified loads in the unstayed condition. Stresses in stayed mast.- hen compressive stresses are quite small, compared sb bending SEreeees Te ng stresses, it 1s necessary only that the sum of the two be within the allowable limit. ‘This is generally the case for a mast designed to stand unstayed. Where a slender mast is subjected to compressive loads from stay tension, however, the possibility of instability as a column must be considered. The procedure for checking the mast for thfs instability is de- scribed in reference 12. Suitable precautions should be taken against the danger of local buckling. A diameter-to-thickness ratio of 150 should not be exceeded on a steel mast unless stiffening is provided. For aluminum, the ratio should be 75 or less. -17- DDS 170-0Special design considerations.- Some difficulty may be experienced with computer programs in ateeepeseee es fempting to model stayed masts. Most programs . do not make allowance for members that exhibit different stiffness properties in tension and compression. Also, many programs do not allow for applying a - pretension, as required in the design criteria for stayed masts. This problem can be alleviated by proper modeling technique and by adjusting the results of the computer analysis. Since stays cannot carry compressive loads, it {s assumed that pretensfoning in the stays fs such that no stays becone slack under loading. In the computer analysis, replace the existing pretensioned stays with slender rods with no pretension. Model the vertical load on the mast from the Pretensioned stays as an appropriate’ vertical force applied at the stay point. If the stays are not symmetric the appropriate horizontal forces must also be applied. Following the computer analysis, determine the actual loads or stresses in the stays as follows: 1. For those rods in the computer model that exhibit tension, add this tension to the pretension to determine total load in the stay. 2, For those rods in the computer model that exhibit compression, subtract this compression from the pretension to determine the actual Toad in the stay. If the compression load exceeds the pretension load, the cable has gone slack and the model should be adjusted. . As with the polemast previously discussed, care must be taken that the existing ship structure provides the required support. In addition to insuring that the base of the mast is adequately supported, ship structure at points of stay attachment must be checked. cm 170-0-k. . Tripod Masts - Description of structure.- The tripod mast is structurally very similar tothe Sen stayed povemast, the design of which is discussed in Section 170-0-j. Often the differences may be described as more quantitative than qualitative. Lateral support for the “mast proper” (see Figure 8) is provided by two struts, which support compressive loads as well as tensile forces instead of a number of wire rope stays. These struts must be adequately braced to Prevent buckling under compressive and bending loads. Struts which are slender in comparison with the mast provide primarily lateral support for the mast with little resistance to bending and torsion. If the struts are larger, they will carry more of the moment acting at the stay point. However, additional material offers more effective resistance to these moments if it is applied to the mast proper. If the struts are required to be larger to support local loads applied directly to the struts, a truss arrangement of a four-legged mast should be considered. Arrangement of tripod tegs.- For resisting a single, concentrated load, 2 tripad would Be Tost effective if the centerlines of the three Tegs intersected at the point of application of the load. The members would then be subjected only to axial stresses. Because this ideal loading condition 1s not realized in most installations, eccentric loads result, requiring the mast to be designed for adequate strength in torsion and bending, The arrangement should be such that these stresses are minimized to be consistent with the requirements for practical structural details. ) -18- DDS 170-0TAY POINT TS FIGURE 8 Often a tripod mast mist be designed to support 2 large radar antenna together with its working platform and a number of comparatively small items, some of which may be carried by a topmast extending some distance above the platform. With struts symmetrical about a fore-and-aft centerline, the athwart- ship forces acting on the platform, and above it, are resisted almost entirely by the two struts. In addition, part of the load on the mast below the platform produces a reaction fn the struts. If the resultant of these forces and asso- ciated moments acts at the point of intersection of the strut centerlines, there will be no tendency for the platform to rotate, and bending moments wiTl be a minimum. The stay-point for leads in the athwartship (Y) direction should be located so as to minimize the torsional moments. This may require two separate stay-points, as in Figure 9. This may be accomplished by attaching the struts at an intermediate point to a platform or spar arrangement, in addition to the uppermost attachment point. It is essential that the three legs be held together rigidly by the connecting structure. Difficulties in accomplishing this rigidity and properly Supporting the platform must be considered, as well as the effects of external moments on the mast and secondary moments generated by eccentricities. =19+ Ds 170-0Ample spread for the legs of the mast, especially port to starboard, has the greatest effect of any single factor in reducing the stress level. This is due to the fact that the dynamic Toad due to roll which acts in the athwartship direction is larger than other loads and spreading the legs, in general, stabilizes the total mast. As in the previously discussed mast types, the supporting ship structure mist be checked to ensure adequate strength to support the loads applied by the mast. STAY-POINT FOR, LOADING NX &Z aiREcTiONS: wo STAY-POINT. FOR LOADING IN Y DIRECTION FIGURE 9 720 Ds 170-0 €)latte nal Design procedure. The design procedure to be followed for tripod masts 1s very Hiallartb that for stayed polemasts and four-Legged masts. The complexity of the structure suggests the use of a computer pro- gram for the stress analysis. The initial member sizes are selected and thefr Configuration is modeled and analyzed using the design criteria of section 170-0-e. Member size is then adjusted to meet the stress requirements. The design procedure for the tripod mast is similiar to the procedure outlined in the Appendix D example. 170-0-1, Four-Legged Masts Description of structure.- A four-legged mast consists of four nearly vertical nimbers joined tosrther by horizontal and diagonal bracing. The four trusses formed by the members provide fairly rigid support. Such a structure is suitable for carrying radar antennas and other equipment which cannot be concentrated within @ smal? area, The advantage of a four-legged mast over a polemast or tripod is that the principal forces and moments, including torsional effects, are resisted by axial reactions in the members. Sending moments are substantially reduced. Arrangement of members.- Figure 10 shows four arrangements of bracing. Figure 10(A}, with diagonals only, is the simplest and probably the most efficient in resisting the loads on the mast as a whole. Where horizontals are needed for support of platforms and equipment, or to reduce the slenderness ratio of the legs, they can be incorporated in the trusses as in Figure 10(B). The only axial stresses in the horizontal members come from the point loads at their ends. In Figure 10(C), the horizontal members are more heavily loaded, while stresses in the legs and diagonals are unchanged. A possible advantage of this arrangement is the smaller nunber of members connected at a single joint. With the K-bracing of Figure 10(D), the lengths of the diagonal mem- bers are reduced, but their nunber is increased, and the joint at the middle of the horizontal member fs undesirable. In all cases, a joint must be supported in both the athwartship and fore-and-aft planes to'be considered an effective panel point. Design procedure.- The analysis procedure for a four-legged mast is similar to ERe-prevTERSTy Wi scussed structures; see four-legged mast example in Appendix D. The following is a brief outline of the steps to use in designing the four-legged mast using a computer analysis: STEP 1: Develop a mast configuration compatible with the equipment to be mounted, including the first estimate of the menber size. 21- DDS 170-0arti ecb b ry STEP 2: STEP 3: STEP 4: STEP §: STEP 6: (a) (c) Model the structure using the procedure outlined in Section 170-d-n. Apply the loads to the structure and check the stress levels in the members, and determine its natural frequency. Resize the member to balance and reduce the stresses to the desired levels, and change the mast's natural frequency. Repeat steps 2 through 4 until the desired stress level and natural frequency ts reached. Check. the restraint points to ensure that the joints and Supports are adequate. (8) (0) FIGURE 10 22+ DDS 170-0PART IV. USE OF THE COMPUTER IN MAST ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 170-D-m, Introduction to NASTRAN A large number of computer programs have been developed to aid the engineer in design and analysis of structures. The selection of the proper program for a particular application is dependent on a nunber of factors, including size and complexity of structure, output data required, and avail- ability of programs. This document does not recommend one program over another, but presents NASTRAN as one example of the typical programs available. The setection of the proper program for each design situation is left to the indi- vidual engineer. See reference 9 for a more complete list of avaflable programs. NASTRAN uses a lumped element approach. The distrihuted physical properties of a structure are represented by a model consistini of a finite nunber of idealized substructures or elements that are connected at a finite number of grid points, to which loads are applied. The grid points forn the basic framework for the structural model, Al] other parts of the structural model are referenced either directly or indirectly to grid points. Various kinds of restraints can be applied to the grid points. Singlepoint constraints are used to specify boundary conditions, including enforced displacements of grid points. - Static loads may be applied directly to the structural model as con- centrated loads at grid points, pressure Toads on surfaces, or indirectly, by means of mass and thermal expansion properties of structural elements. NASTRAN has varfous structural elements in its library to model the structure. These include BAR elements (resists axial, bending, shear, and torsion), ROD elements (resists axial and torsion), and various plate elenents. Connectivity and orientation is specified by data cards prefixed by C (CBAR, CROD). Element properties (cross-section area, monent of inertia, etc.) are spect fied by data cards prefixed by P (PBAR, PROD, etc.). The property card in-turn refers to a naterial card which gives the material properties. See reference 13 for more detailed information for using NASTRAN. |. Modeling Modeling procedures vary greatly depending on the use for which the wodel is intended. For traditional stress analysis, a complex model using the available computer program elements to represent the actual structure is used to obtain a good correlation between the computer model and structure. The physical properties of the mast (including material properties, member properties, member and mass locations, and degrees of freedom) are represented in the model. End restraints (supports) and loads are applied to the mast model and the computer develops forces, deflections, and stresses in the mode] elements. This same model may be used in the vibration analysis to check the acceptability of the structure's natural frequency. Note: Not all finite element analysis programs have Dynamics options which calculate natural fre- quency. An example of this modeling technique is provided in Appendix D. 170- -23- DDS 170-0Special modeling techniques are required for structures of a very Complex nature, or when the result of the vibration analysis are to be used in a high shock design utilizing the Dynamic Design Analysis Method (DDAM). Care must be taken that the mumber of masses involved in the dynamic analysis be Teduced to a minim consistent with maintaining the accuracy in representing the significant dynamic characteristics of the mast. For vibration analysts, care must be taken that the torsional characteristics of the mast are main- tained, The reduction in model complexity is accomplished by conbining model masses. These lumped masses are applied to the model structure at discrete points such that the distributed mass and inertia characteristics of the physical system are adequately represented. This modeling technique is reviewed in more detail in reference 8. “e bos 170-0APPENDIX A. ‘SELECTED MEASUREMENT UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS TABLE A: SELECTED SI CONVERSION FACTORS 5 Category fe Gonvert From, Fost Multiply By i LENGTH: foot (Ft) meter (m) 0.3048 ‘inch (in) meter (m) 2.540 x 1072 inch {in} millimeter (mm) 25.4 AREA: foot? (Ft?) meter? (n?) 9.290 x 10-2 inch? (in2) millimeter? (mm?) 6.452 x 102 FORCE: kip newton (N) 4.448 x 108 pound-force {Ibf) newton (N) 4.448 MASS: pound (1b) kilogram (kg) 0.454 " f : ton (Tong, 2240 1b) metric ton 1.016 . ~ STRESS: kip/inch? (ksi) pascal (Pa) 6.895 x 106 . (FORCE/AREA) —poundforce/inch? (psi) pascal (Pa) 6.895 x 103 - SI makes extensive use of prefixes to form decimal multiples; it officially establishes 16 prefixes. Those 5 prefixes* most frequently used are as follows: giga G 1,000,000,000 = 109 mega M 1,000,000 = 108 kilo k 1,000 = 103 milli m 0.001 = 10-3 - micro » 0.000 001 = 10-6 *See MIL-STD-1690, “Maritime Metric Practice Guide,” reference 14. AcL Dos 170-0APPENDIX. 8 PROPERTIES OF CIRCULAR PIPE SECTIONS \ favo = aL provempemmergerr reef rrer es cer L PTET TY 208 2 a 2 Seeneurag = 2 Asam = Mp via se anaKoH 23g . HiGEi 2 tgugs\s adsaea sts oars 5 Willa Diheduaectabaabubacat as bse hehavorrbadoodiintas ts lal hedanatecbedalvest ae cUTLN hiboahbatanlun \saaume = z-s0 a Hone Propopupentee re pep pspmpmprrepe 33 8 g2g2329 9 ‘\ BRESG89 3 2 panout = seasons ~~ on ” Pre EFT IMHO pHEMT ogee emmy myer, « 1 - ylaalosee foes dhLdab byte et FISURE 8-1 BelAPPENDIX C EXAMPLE CALCULATION (UNSTAYED POLEMAST) Introduction This example calculation is provided to illustrate a typical approach to the design of an unstayed polenast. This approach 1s also applicable to the initial stages for design of a stayed polenast. isk Description Develop new structure to support the following equipment: 1, ABC/S4 antenna at the 117 foot level, about frame 120, forty feet, zero inch forward of amidships. . . 2, ABC/95 antenna at the 105 foot level, about frame 116. Use the design criteria based on the Ship Specifications for the USS NEVERSAIL. Equipment Specifications and Design Criteria 1. ABC/94 antenna WEIGHT: 1,200 pounds applied at the C.G. WIND LOAD: ” 200 pounds at 90 knots applied at the C.P. 2. ABC/95 antenna WEIGHT: 1,600 pounds applied at the C.G. WIND LOAD: 1,000 pounds at 90 knots applied at the C.P. 3. LOADINGS (from Ship Specifications) a. WIND LOAD: 30 1b/ft? of projected area * b. SNOW AND ICE: Ignored for mast analysis c. DYNAMIC FACTORS: (Will differ from ship to ship; see Ship Specifications.) LONGITUDINAL: 0,25 40.035 for each 10 feet above 20-foot waterline TRANSVERSE: 0,50 40.07 for each 10 feet above 20-foot waterline 40,02 for each 10 feet forward or aft of amidships DOWN: 1.2 40.035 for every 10 feet forward or aft of amidships d. NUCLEAR AIR BLAST: Design to overpressure of 10 PSI (1b/in2) 4. FACTOR OF SAFETY a. 2.5 on yield strength of material for wind and dynamic loads b. on yield strength of material for nuclear air blast C-L Ds 170-05. MATERIAL PROPERTIES Use Mild Steel For Dynamic and Wind Loads: Fy = 32 KSI (MIL~S-22698) allowable fy = _fy = 32 KSI = 12.8 KSI BO ae For Air Blast: allowable fg = Fy = 32 XSI Analysis STEP 1: Develop a mast compatible with the equipment to be mounted. Include the first estimate of the member size (see Figure C-1). STEP 2: Develop a model dividing the structure into stations at changes in section, or at the quarter points, as a minimum (see Figure C-2). STEP 3: Obtain the properties of the member from Appendix 8, by direct calculations, or from a handbook; see Table C-1. STEP 4: Develop Table C-2 (Summary of forces and physical data) with the data developed from the design criteria loadings and mast arrangements. 4. Indicate item designation (letter or number) in "Item" column. b. Indicate item or mast section weights in "Weight" column. +c. Compute longitudinal and transverse factor at mid span of each section (at C.G. for equipment). force: Miltiply factors by weight to obtain Tongi tudinal and transverse forces. e. Multiply the projected area by wind and air blast effective dynamic pressure to obtain the wind and air blast forces. * Asterisked items are applicable to equipment Equipment Only: Multiply the blast pressure by the projected area to obtain the air blast force. (An approximate projected area may be obtained by dividing the wind force, at 90 knots, by 30 Ib/ft2.) The center of pressure for wind loads of most radar antennae differs from its center of gravity. REPEAT STEPS a. THROUGH e. FOR EACH SECTION STEP 5: Tabulate the moments as in Table C-3 and C-4. *Asterisked items are applicable to equipment. *a, Indicate item designation (letter or number} at mid span of section in “Item" column. c-2 ops 170-0vvsmtinae.t | *b. Sum previous items weights in “Force” column. c. Indicate distance to centroid of section or equipment, above nearest station, in ‘Lever’ column. Indicate distance between end points, in “Lever” column, for “Force” above section. d. Multiply section lever by vertical, longitudinal, transverse, wind, and air blast force sums. Indicate those values in the appropriate moment column. e. Sum previous vertical, longitudinal, transverse, wind, and blast forces and moments. REPEAT STEPS a. THROUGH e. FOR EACH SECTION (Add platform moments, if any, at mast juncture level.) STEP 6: Combine the bending moments and determine the maximum stresses as in Table C~5. STEP 7: Resize the members to suit the stress levels, and repeat steps 3 through 6 until suitable stress levels are reached. STEP 8: Check vibration (natural frequency), and adjust structure accordingly. 8 pps 170-0U7'ABL. Toran ELEVATION (LOOKING TO PORT) FIGURE C-1 i cog ODS 170-0eo 480/94 ANT 121 aL. MAST SECTION’ ~99' ABL oth os aa, °. MAST SECTION® 9" ans O——j}— 25" aa od (MAST SECTIONS ~o" , p77! AB. ° Met SecTion® ~72,5'aaL +70" aL, ot oat section ~6.8'aat sc Esrarions MAST 0.0, TAPERED *C.G. of tapered sections assumed at midheight ELEVATION (LOOKING TO PORT) ‘MAST MODEL FIGURE C-2 C5 DDS 170-0TABLE C-1: CHARACTERISTICS OF MAST ‘STATION MATERIAL MS z 25% 294| 175 + {2s4| | [39 | 240 ase | 3 | 282 44 | 300 secow| £ [284 [55 | 310 p [soe z 30% 59 | 430 snow] 2 [30k 59 | 430 Ee ABOVE 2 323 63 | 490 & [32% | 75 | 580 2 [sat 79 | 650 2% (344 19 te 2 [se] ¢ [83 | 720 *UNIT WEIGHT = Am X 3.4 (FOR STEEL} PLUS ALLOWANCES FOR FITTINGS ETC. @25 LB/FT. c-6 pps 170-0Ee | {ro WeZl Fei] S39 | Soa Sel [Ser ota | oTS-| Obs | Ot] Tei O5ti PCC) OL [Oa el | potsas Lev] ——_ 9-4 waaay nw S¢/>a¥ Ss0i_) S22 | oee weet |" [eo] oun | s'62[ Sosi|Notisas itv sev | 2aN7a7 eT] aa_| ares ass yaa 39¥0a | swvnio} gouos ova | anos] evwa [40 uaiNa2} wneuxvey 39u04 Juozovs] 30403 |uox9vs| 3ou04| yatovs} 16 Aov| 2 Av] vauv vauy | Ausavuo foaraacoua 1HOtA| isvie coum | ssuaasnver | qwaiansiewo7] wWworwsa savo? 3unssaud SQVvO7 SINVNAG L Viva WOISAHd ViNO WWOISAHd ONY S3DYOd JO AYVMWNS :2-9 FTeVL a oret | =] Sozi Vv Aa] ‘sat wait pps 170-0 c-7De Tigi fiLer 82 Treat aesree| ba] raevisr ee 2h OCT | 29 Se ty re pear |b SP EI Ne a T WAsi-F} Gis [poibas Isvw) Wisi -¢ Sas “WISt-9 [3P= Tvest-| pe= | I Tes Ty) ___ Fee _o | Spf be | sai Few anamon |¥48 A@v1” gouoa | (gor) 7 esa ananon jsrowtn3003] _4NaMOR ASUBASNVUL SWNIGALISNOT WOULYaA ‘ONIGVOT OINWNAG OL 3Nd SINaWOW ‘SOVOT OIWYNAG 40 NOILVINGVL ANIWOH €-9 FTaVL pos 170-0 C48jaw TABLE C-4; MONENT TABULATION OF PRESSURE LOADS MOMENTS DUE TO PRESSURE LOADING Item WIND LOADING BLAST LOADING Force | teven aav sva]_wowenT Force [LEVER asv era] MONET tas [mfr ness | aos im _(eo? mts Agove K + c/o4 ANT | Zee. a8 B60 | Zito Ey = ToT “2025 [9.20 |Z 1z6 | 101-8 = ae 28.80 [44 [305.28 St Sectios| Jes Tz SS.t 7z ‘ Ta MAST seer SIS = TOT A 3 ws +Sae5 AST Secnon| SSO _ B20.c B- Toray 14298 1ea8. er +4 Was Ti = TOTAL LA eiS G- TOTAL | 5496 TSTAL | S404 Zosn 4a] 9, be “tr n C9 Ds 170-0TABLE C-5: STRESSES IN MAST BENDING MOMENTS: INCH-KIPS *|agsucranr Ma 2s ag) ® 2542.25 4978.24| 5377.00] 1etv.18| 6494.38| z1e22, 041 5 42 66.18} 6795, Su| 20$242| 6847.99]/27374.98( 20.14 cimeot | rorat [atuow] SENDING: ro ru WAN shy . 31 _|ao| 4 a 5.14 x [J eses 1 34.23 niet: Note: The stresses at stations E, F, G, (Bending, Blast), exceed the allowable, 32. The analysts could be completed again to reduce this stress by either fncreasing the. section at £, F, G or reducing the size of the upper mast sections to reduce the Blast reaction at £, F, Ge c-10 DDS 170-0APPENDIX D EXAMPLE CALCULATION (FOUR-LEGGED MAST) Introduction This example calculation is provided to illustrate a typical approacti Sy fhe design of a four-legged mast. The approach is also applicebic terere design Of a polemast, stayed polenast, or tripod mast, with veristiors in the model. Task Description Develop new structure to support the following equipment: 1. ABC/99 Ant at the 100 foot level, about FR 125. 2. ABC/98 Ant at the 124 foot level, about FR 129. lise design criteria based on the Ship Specifications for the USS NEVERSAIL. Equipment Specifications and Design Criteria CENTER OF GRAVITY & GENTER OF WIND 1. ABC/99 Ant WEIGHT: 6,000 pounds WIND LOAD: 3,000 pounds at 90 knots MOUNTING EQUIPMENT: Base stiffness of 75,000 1b/in horizontal CENTER OF GRAVITY & 2. ABC/98 Ant CENTER OF wind WEIGHT: 400 pounds a WIND LOAD: 110 pounds at 90 knots MOUNTING REQUIREMENTS: Mo special requirenents 3, LOADING: (From Ship Specifications) a. WIND LOAD: 30 1b/ft? of projected area b. SNOW AND ICE: Ignored for mast analysis €. DYNAMIC FACTORS: (Will vary from ship to ship; see Ship Specifications) D-1 bos 170-0LONGITUDINAL: 0.25 40.035 for each 10 feet above 20-foot waterline , ‘TRANSVERSE: o-80 +0.07 for each 10 feet above 20-foot water- ne #0.02 for each 10 feet forward or aft of amid~ ships DOWN: 1.3 +0.035 for each 10 feet forward or aft of amidships d. GRAVITY: Included with dynamic factor @. NUCLEAR AIR BLAST: Design to overpressure of 10 PSI (1b/in2) . 4. FACTOR OF SAFETY 2.5 for wind and dynamic toads b. 1.0 for nuclear air blast 5. MATERIAL PROPERTIES Use 5086-H32 aluminum tubing or 5086-H116 aluminum plate Fy = 22 KSI (Welded Condition) Analysis ‘This analysis presupposes the analyst is familiar with NASTRAN as a previously discussed in Part IV and reference 13. Definitions of data cards - mentioned below are contained in reference 13. - STEP 1: Develop a mast configuration compatible with the equipment = to be mounted. Include the first estimate of member size (see Figure D-1} for gravity loadings. STEP 2: Model the structure using the procedure outlined in Section 170-1-n, Prepare the data cards. (Data cards required : include GRID, CBAR, PBAR, MATL.) (See Figures D-2 and 0-3, STEP 3: Tabulate the design criteria loads to be applied to the structure and convert these loads to forces at grid points, see Tables D-1 and D-2 (similar to the analysis method in Table C-2). Prepare the data cards for this information. (Requires the contro? cards, “FORCE” and “GRAV".) NOTE 1: This analysis assumes that the vertical dynamic load is constant throughout the structure. This load is applied using a modified "GRAV" input with an appropriate increase for dynamic acceleration. NOTE 2: These loads wilt be combined by the computer to check the - various loading combinations. D-2 bps 170-0Determine the load combinations to be checked and the desired utput- (Requires the case control cards *SUBCOM” and *SUBSEQ". Submit the data to the computer terminal for analysis. Obtain the computer analysts of the data. Check the stress levels in the members, including a check for buckling. Check the stiffness properties of the antenna base if it is required. (See sheets D-23 and 0-24 for stiffness check and sheet D-11 for buckling check. Resize the members to balance and reduce the stresses to the desired levels. Repeat steps 3 through 8 until the desired stress levels are reached, Check the restraint points to determine that the joints and supports are adequate. Continue with the vibration analysis and check the results, as discussed in Section 170-1-g. (See Figure D-4 for * typical primary mode shapes.) 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