You are on page 1of 29

     

 
     
   

    ! "#$$% 


&'( )*( +,--!
. $$(#$$ )$# -/ 0(--*!
1%,* 2 . & 34567

8-9%, 4:2 577;

<=>?@AB?
CDE FGH IFJKLMN FGL IOMKFPMN MOFIG E FGN QKGLH RS IOTDMFIKUKOH FGL TOGOIFMV
KWFUKRGHX YO JIRJRHO F GRZOM ERLOM RS SFHU MOFIGKGT U[FU O\JMRKUH U[O JIRJOIUKOH
RS HJFIHO IOJIOHOGUFUKRGH FGL U[O ]RGHUIFKGUH KEJRHOL PN F JMFDHKPMO [FIL^FIO
EO][FGKHE X _R LOERGHUIFUO RDI FJJIRF][ ^O LOH]IKPO F ]REJDUFUKRGFM ERLOM RS
F]`DKHKUKRG KG U[O LRE FKG RS ERIJ[RJ[RGRMRTNX YO OG]FJHDMFUO J[RGRMRTK]FM KGV
SRIE FUKRG FH PKLKIO]UKRGFM PRRMOFG ]RGHUIFKGU IOMFUKRGH RJOIFUKGT RG U[O ]MFHHK]FM
MKGTDKHUK] IOJIOHOGUFUKRGH RS HJOO][ HRDGLH KG UOIE RS LKHUKG]UKZO SOFUDIOHX _[O
JOISRIE FG]O ERLOM KH LOH]IKPOL FH F [FIL^FIO EO][FGKHE U[FU KG]IOEOGUFMMN
OGSRI]OH U[O ]RGHUIFKGUHX a[RGRMRTK]FM PO[FZKRI FIKHOH SIRE U[O F]UKRG RS U[KH
EO][FGKHE X bRGHUIFKGUH FIO KGLD]OL SIRE F ]RIJDH RS ]REERG cGTMKH[ GRDGH
FGL ZOIPHX _[O KGLD]UKRG FMTRIKU[E ]REJKMOH U[O ]RIJDH KGUR KG]IOFHKGTMN HRJ[KHV
UK]FUOL ]RGHUIFKGUHX _[O FMTRIKU[E NKOMLH RGOVH[RU MOFIGKGT SIRE F SO^ O\FEJMOHX
dDI ERLOM [FH POOG KEJMOEOGUOL FH F ]REJDUOI JIRTIFE X _[O JIRTIFE O\V
[KPKUH J[RGRMRTK]FM PO[FZKRI HKEKMFI UR U[FU RS NRDGT ][KMLIOG X eH F PRGDH U[O
]RGHUIFKGUH U[FU FIO F]`DKIOL ]FG PO KGUOIJIOUOL FH ]MFHHK]FM MKGTDKHUK] IDMOHX

f ghijklmn
opqrsprsptpupvwx yrzqy{ q{rq{y{t|z|}pt x ~zy| u{zqt}tv x qu{ }t|}pt x uztvzv{
u{zqt}tv
j jk j n
x x x {stpupvw zq{x x zo
q}v{x


     

s{ z }u}|w |p u{zqt }y z szuuo zq


p~ }t|{uu}v{t{ o zty qzr}uw zt q{u}z uw u{zqt
o ztw
}ty p~ q{vuzq}|}{y zt v{t{qzu} z|}pty tw u{zqt}tv |s{pqw oy| { ruz}t
|s{ y{zqs zt q{rq{y{t|z|}pt }zy{y |sz| o z
{ ~zy| zt qp y| u{zqt}tv rpyy} u{  {
rqprpy{ z op{u p~ }tq{o {t|zu pt{ysp| u{zqt}tv |sz| { rup}|y |s{ rqpr{q|}{y p~ yrzqy{
q{rq{y{t|z|}pty zt |s{ pty|qz}t|y }orpy{ w z ruzy} u{ szq  zq{ o {szt}yo
 q rzq|}uzq ywy|{o {y}vt }y pty}y|{t|  }|s  sz| wp  pu { r{| p~ por|{q
{tv}t{{qy  { |s}t
tz|qzuuw }t |{qo y p~ ys}~| q{v}y|{qyx }}q{|}ptzu pty|qz}t|
{u{o{t|yx }|  {|pqyx zt vq{{w u{zqt}tv zuvpq}|so y  { {t  }y}pt |s{y{ o {szt}yo y
|p { rzq| p~ z y{| p~ po rz|} u{ porpt{t|y zy |spy{ }t z  z|z pp
 |sz| zt
{ o } { zt o z|s{ |p pty|q| z zq}{|w p~ u{zqt}tv o p{uy
s{ r{q~pqo zt{ opu{ }y }oru{o {t|{ zy z t{| pq
p~ pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|y zt
y{  {qzu z|z q{v}y|{qy s{ pty|qz}t| {u{o {t|y z||{o r| |p  uu }t o }yy}tv }t~pqo z|}pt
}t |s{ z|z q{v}y|{qy s}y o{szt}yo zuup  y }t~pqo z|}pt |p { y{ ou|}}q{|}pt
zuuw  |s{q{ zq{ tp }y|}tv}ys{ }tr| pq p|r| rpq|y s{q{ zq{ | p {t{  |y p~
pqvzt} }tv |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ opu{ zqpt pty|qz}t|y }yy}tv z|z zt p~|{t {
 uu{ }t x pt~{qq}tv z {vq{{ p~ tp}y{ }o ot}|w uyp x |s{q{ }y tp t{{ ~pq z}|}ptzu
o{szt}yo y |p o z}t|z}t pqq{uz|}pty {| {{t y{rzqz|{ q{rq{y{t|z|}pty |sz| o {}z|{
}tr| zt p|r|
s{ u{zqt}tv opu{ }tq{o {t|zuuw }uy |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ o pu{ w z y|qz|}tv
q{vuzq}|}{y ~qpo |s{ z|z  p|s |s{ qz z|z zt |s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pty zq{ q{rq{y{t|{
zy  {|pqy }t z s}vs}o {ty}ptzu ~{z|q{ yrz{ s{y{  {|pqy zq{ }oru{o{t|{ zy |s{
pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|y p~ |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ opu{

{w |p ~zy| u{zqt}tv }y yrzqy{t{yy p~ |s{ s}vs}o{ty}ptzu ~{z|q{ yrz{ s}y
zuup  y y}oru{ swr{qruzt{y |p y{rzqz|{ uy|{qy p~ { zoru{y y z pty{{t{x z
rzqy}opt}py {yq}r|}pt ys zy z o }t}oo u{tv|s {yq}r|}pt  p  {q}tv z uzqv{
q{v}pt p~ |s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pt yrz{ zt { }t{ ~qpo z ~{  { zoru{y s}y yrzqy{t{yy
rqpr{q|w o z
{y |s{ z}y}|}pt p~ q{vuzq}|}{y s}vsuw {  {|}  {
 { {opty|qz|{ pq op{u }t |s{ po z}t p~ opqrsprsptpupvw  |s{ ptt{|}pt
{| {{t |s{ y|q|q{ p~  pqy zt |s{}q rqptt}z|}pt  { z||z
|s}y rqp u{o ~pq
| p q{zypty  }qy|x |s{ rqp u{o }y q{u{  zt| |p |s{ ~ptz|}pt p~ pvt}|} { y}{t{x zy
{  }{t{ w |s{ pt|qp  {qyw {| {{t |s{ yrrpq|{qy p~ ywo pu} zt ptt{|}pt}y|
 {pt x u{zqt}tv rsptpupv}zu q{vuzq}|}{y }y zt { zoru{ p~ z uzyy p~ }t|}pt
rqp u{o y  s}s rq{y{t|y yr{}zu szuu{tv{y |p z u{zqt{q  sp oy| ~pqo zu} v{t{qzu
} z|}pty pt |s{ zy}y p~ z ~{  rpy}|} { { zoru{y zt tp { ru}}| pqq{|}pty ~pq  qptv
{sz }pq
  !" #" $" % " !&'


rzqy{t{yy p~ |s{ q{rq{y{t|z|}pt }y rzq|}zuuw z pty{{t{ p~ |s{ ~z| |sz| rspt{o {y
zq{ tp| z|po } | zq{ {tp{ zy po }tz|}pty p~ {u{o {t|zqw       

s{y{ ~{z|q{y zt { |spvs| p~ zy z y|qz| oyuzq pt|qpuy p~ |s{ yr{{s pqvzty
s{ rspt{o{y |sz| zq{ z|zuuw y{ }t so zt uztvzv{y zq{ ptuw z ~{  p~ |s{ rpyy} u{
rspt{o{y |sz| zt { pty|q|{ ~qpo |s{ }y|}t|} { ~{z|q{y

        

uopy| {  {qw s}u u{zqty sp  |p yr{z


zt |p t{qy|zt s}y tz|} { uztvzv{ |
zt zrrqprq}z|{ y|zv{ p~ {  {upro {t| z s}u u{zqty  pz uzqw  }|s zo z }tv yr{{ 
|wr}zuuw z s}u u{zqty o ztw t{   pqyx zt |s{}q pqq{| yzv{x {zs zw s{
u{zqt}tv }y {  }{t|x }t |sz| z s}u p{y tp| t{{ |p s{zq |s{ yzo{  pqy q{r{z|{
p  {q zt p  {q zvz}t pq |p { pqq{|{  {qw p~|{t sy u{zqt}tv uztvzv{ oy| {
{zywx |  { p tp| sz  { {  {|} { |s{pq}{y |sz| { ruz}t |s{ rs{tpo{tpt
s{ owy|{qw {{r{ty  s{t  { tp|}{ |sz| s}uq{t u{zqt o ztw t{   pqy  }|sp|
{  {q s{zq}tv |s{o t z uzyy} { r{q}o{t| w  {q
p   x z to {q p~ tvu}ysyr{z
}tv
s}uq{t  {q{ ysp  t q{rq{y{t|z|}pty p~ z ~zt}~u {}tv zuu{ z  v   s{t zy
{
|p yzw ypo{|s}tv z p| z y}|z|}pt  }|s o pq{ |szt pt{ p~ |s{y{ {}tvyx |s{ s}uq{t
pqq{|uw ruqzu} { |s{ tp  {u  pq |p o z
{  v  tp|  vy   t ztp|s{q {
r{q}o{t|   x zqy {| zu ysp  { |sz| wptv s}uq{t  sp  qy| y{ zt }qq{vuzq
 {q rqpr{quw ys zy zo{    pu uz|{q {qq pt |s{ yzo {  {q  w yrru{o{t|}tv
zo{   }|s po {   {~pq{ |s{w y{ |s{  {q pqq{|uw zvz}t  {t opq{ y|q}
}tv
}y |sz| s}uq{t  sp sz { o zy|{q{ |s{ tvu}ys ruqzu} z|}pt qu{y zt rqp{ |s{
pqq{| ruqzu ~pq z t{   pq {t}tv  }|s z ypt tp| rq{y{t| }t tvu}ys ys zy 
}t |s{ tzo{ p~ |s{  {qo zt porpy{q   ~ |s{ tzo{ }y ruqzu} { x |s{w z |s{
t  p}{ 
sy s}uq{t q{u}z uw { s} }| {sz  }pq |sz| }t}z|{y |sz| |s{w sz  { o z{ v{t{q
zu} z|}pty |sz| u}tv}y|y {yq} {  }|s qu{y pq{p  {qx |s{y{ v{t{qzu} z|}pty zq{ tp|
y}o ruw y|z|{ }t |{qo y p~ zt zq }|qzqw u}y| p~ yr{{s yptyx | }t |{qo y p~ y}vt} zt|
~{z|q{y yszq{ w uzyy{y p~ yr{{s ypty
u|spvs os q{y{zqs szy {{t pt{ }t |s}y rqp u{o x }| }y ~z}q |p yzw |sz|
tp rq{  }py u{zqt}tv |s{pqw zt zpt| ~pq |s{ rsptpupv}zu {sz  }pq p y{q  { }t
s}uq{t x }t z  zw |sz| }y pty}y|{t|  }|s |s{ q{vuzq}|}{y |sz| u}tv}y|y sz { }ypuz|{


      

 { ~py pt |s{ z}y}|}pt p~ }t  {|}ptzu opqrsprsptpupvw ys zy ruqzu} z|}pt zt


 {q zu }t  {|}pt   s{q{ {  {upro{t|zu z|z zq{ z tzt| t zt p~ }|y{u~ }t  {|}ptzu
opqrsprsptpupvw }y tp| rzq|}uzquw y}vt} zt| s{ q{zypt  { y|w |s}y rqp u{o yp
}t|{ty{uw }y |sz| }| }y z y}oru{ zy{ p~ |s{ q{vuzq}|}{y |sz| zq{ ~pt }t opy| tz|qzu
uztvzv{y
 { rq{y{t| z |s{pqw p~ sp  |p o z
{ zt y{ rsptpupv}zu v{t{qzu} z|}pty  q
|s{pqw { ruz}ty sp  |s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pty zt { u{zqt{ ~qpo z ~{  qztpo uw sp
y{t { zo ru{y pq { zoru{x z~|{q y{{}tv z p {t po opt tpty zt |s{}q ruqzuyx
pq o {szt}yo }tpqrpqz|{y pty|qz}t|y |sz| zr|q{ tvu}ys ruqzu} z|}pt qu{y   
pty {t}tv }t pt{ p~ |s{ s}yy}tv  ypty  y  x   x ys  x s  x  s  zt    zq{ ru
qzu} { w z}tv zt z}|}ptzu ywuuz u{   |p |s{ qpp|  pq x   pty {t}tv }t z
 p}{ rspt{o{ p|s{q |szt |s{ s}yy}tv ypty  zq{ ruqzu} { w z}tv z   ypt x
zt   pty {t}tv }t z  p}{u{yy ptyptzt| p|s{q |szt |s{ s}yy}tv ypty  zq{
ruqzu} { w z}tv z y  ypt
 q |s{pqw p~ z}y}|}pt } {qy y}vt} zt|uw ~qpo |spy{ zy{ pt y|z|}y|}y ys
zy x   | }y }tq{o{t|zux vq{{wx zt ~zy| | szy zuopy| tp rzqzo{|{qy |p z y|
 q |s{pqw o z
{y ~zuy} z u{ uz}o y z p| |s{ u{zqt}tv p~ rsptpupv}zu pty|qz}t|y   
|sz| u{zqt}tv q{}q{y  {qw ~{  { zoru{y |{ty p~ { zo ru{y }t z ~{  y|{ry zy prrpy{
|p |spyzty p~ { zoru{y |qz}t{ }t |spyzty p~ {rpsy   x   |sz| |s{ yzo{ |zqv{|
pty|qz}t|y zq{ u{zqt{ }t{r{t{t| p~ |s{ rq{y{t|z|}pt pq{q p~ |s{ pqryx   |sz|
{  {|} { u{zqt}tv }y t{zquw }ty{ty}|} { |p |s{ |p
{t ~q{{twx zt   |sz| u{zqt}tv
}y opq{ {  {|}  { zy o pq{ pty|qz}t|y zq{ z}q{
 { p tp| z||z
|s{ rqp u{o p~ sp  zt zpy|}  z {~pqo }y rqp{yy{  { y|zq|
 }|s zt z y|qz|}pt ~qpo u}tv}y|}y zy {  {upr{ w  po zt  z
p ypt x }
puz} q
{|
pwx pqq}y zuu{x zt pzo spo y
w     r{{s ypty rspt{o{y  zq{ tp|
z|po } | zq{ {tp{ zy po }tz|}pty p~ opq{ rq}o }|} { y|q|q{yx |s{ }y|}t|} {
~{z|q{y s{ }y|}t|} { ~{z|q{y q{~{q |p v{y|q{y |sz| |s{ yr{{s pqvzty ys zy
|ptv{x u}ryx zt  pzu pqy  { {|{ q}tv |s{ yr{z
}tv rqp{yy s{ ~{z|q{ ywy
|{o p~ spo y
w zt zuu{ y{y }tzqw  zu{ }y|}t|} { ~{z|q{y zs rspt{o{
}y t}{uw szqz|{q} { w }|y zu{y pt |s{ }y|}t|} { ~{z|q{y s{ }y|}t|} {
~{z|q{ q{rq{y{t|z|}pt }y { |q{o {uw yrzqy{  tvu}ys y{y ptuw pq yp rspt{o{y p|
p~ |s{ |spyzty rpyy} u{ ~{z|q{ po }tz|}ptyx zt tp so zt uztvzv{ y{y o ztw

 ' '                     
 ! "  "   %&'
#$ %  "   "  "     "   ' &"  '''" ( &) 
  *  "   "       * + &' ,   !"
    '''" &)     * - &' .       " "
       *'


opq{ |szt rspt{o{y
s{ q{rq{y{t|z|}pt p~ yr{{s ypty zy z y{{t{ p~ }yq{|{ ~{z|q{y }y z q{
zrrqp }o z|}pt |p  sz| rswy}zuuw |z
{y ruz{ q}tv yr{{s  { o z
{ | p }{zu} z
|}pty  }qy|x |s{ }y|}t|} { ~{z|q{y zq{ }yq{|} { |p }tzqw zu{y {pt x |s{
}y|}t|} { ~{z|q{y zq{ zyyo{ |p sztv{ ywtsqptpyuw u|spvs |s{y{ }{zu} z
|}pty zq{ tp| |q{  |s{ }y|}t|} { ~{z|q{y zq{ q{zuuw ztzupv y}vtzuy zt |s{ qz|}pty
p~ |s{ y}vtzuy t{{ tp| { zu}vt{ r{q~{|uw  |s{w zq{ q{zyptz u{  qy| zrrqp }o z|}pty
~pq }u}tv z o{szt}y|} o p{u |p t{qy|zt sp  rsptpupv}zu q{vuzq}|}{y o }vs|
{ z}q{
 q y{ p~  {|pqy p~ }y|}t|} { ~{z|q{y |p q{rq{y{t| |s{ rspt{o{y p{y tp|
}oruw |sz|  { {u}{  { |sz| |s{ q{pvt}|}pt p~ yr{{s ~qpo |s{ zpy|}  z  {~pqo
rzyy{y |sqpvs zt }t|{qo{}z|{ y|zv{  s{q{ |s{ ~{z|q{y zq{ q{pvt} { zt |s{t |s{
rspt{o{y zq{ zyy{o u{ ~qpo |s{o  {qszry p|s{q o{szt}yo y  zq{ y{ |p p |z}t
|s{ rspt{o } q{rq{y{t|z|}pt ~qpo |s{ zpy|}  z {~pqo x zt |s{ }y|}t|} { ~{z|q{
}| q{rq{y{t|z|}pt }y z q{yu| p~ |s}y rqp{yyx tp| z y|zv{ }t }|

                    

 q r{q~pqo zt{ op{u }y {t  }y}pt{ zy z szq  zq{ o{szt}yo x u}o }|}tv |s{ qztv{ p~
{sz }pq |sz| zt { {  {upr{ o{szt}yo |sz| { s} }|y so ztu}
{ rsptpupv}zu
{sz }pq v}  {y y zt rr{q u}o }| pt |s{ po ru{ }|w t{{yyzqw |p rqp{ |sz| {sz }pq
 w q{y|q}|}tv pqy{u {y |p z y}o ru{ o {szt}yo x u}o }|{ }t |s{
}ty p~ rzq|y |sz|
 { o zw rpy|uz|{ zt }t |s{  zwy |s{w o zw { ptt{|{ x  { pty|q| z qp y|
|s{pqw  q z}o }y |p ysp  |sz| rsptpupv}zu {sz  }pq }y z tz|qzu pty{{t{ p~
|s{ pqvzt} z|}pt p~ |s{ szq  zq{
s{ o{szt}yo pty}y|y p~ z|z q{v}y|{qy zt pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|y s{ z|z q{v
}y|{qy spu |s{ y|z|{ p~ |s{ por|z|}pt zy u}tv}y|} {  {t|y zq{ rqp{yy{ {{
 }vq{  s{ u}tv}y|} }t~pqo z|}pt }y {yq} { }t |{qo y p~ ppu{zt ~{z|q{y  }|y 
s{ pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|y {o pw rsptpupv}zu
tp  u{v{ q{uz|}tv ypt zt o {zt}tv
rz||{qty pq { zoru{x |s{ ruqzu pty|qz}t|y }y|}tv}ys |s{ zq}zt|y p~ |s{ ruqzu
opqrs{o{y    x y  x zt    pt}|}pt{ w |s{ uzy| rspt{o{ p~ z po opt tpt
s{ pty|qz}t| {u{o {t|y }o ru{o{t| ppu{zt q{uz|}pty zoptv |s{ zu{y p~ |s{

  !     *            
 '   &' .   *         '
$ %  "    ! * %  "    "    
     " "        &'          
    * ! %   "  " !  ' ,  !     
        "   "   "        
 '              ! "#  #&)'


A Hardware Vision

Meaning
Register
Phoneme
Register Grammar
Register ?
voice 1 ?
nasal 0 ?noun ?
?verb ?
strident 1
?plural ?

.
coronal ?
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
<- past
timing slots
shift control

 }vq{  s{ szq  zq{ o {szt}yo pty}y|y p~ |sq{{ z|z q{v}y|{qy t |s{  spt{o{
s}~|  {v}y|{qx {zs  {q|}zu y|q}r{ q{rq{y{t|y z |}o{ yup| s{q{ zq{ yup|y ~pq ~|q{
rspt{o{y rpy}|} { |}o{ uz {uy  zy  {uu zy rzy| rspt{o{y t{vz|} { |}o{ uz {uy  zs
spq} pt|zu y|q}r{ q{rq{y{t|y z }y|}t|} { ~{z|q{ }| pq { zoru{x }~ |s{ rspt{o{ }t
|}o{ yup| }y
tp  t |p { z  p}{ tpttzyzu |s{t }t |s{ puo t uz {u{ |s{
 p}{ {t|qw  pu { zt |s{ tzyzu {t|qw  pu { ~ |s{ rspt{o{ }y
tp  t |p
{ y|q}{t|x |s{ y|q}{t| {t|qw  pu { ~ z ~{z|q{ }y t
tp  t x zy }t |s{ pqptzu
}|x  { u{z { z {y|}pt o zq
s{  qzo o zq  {v}y|{q pt|z}ty }|y {yq} }tv |s{
vqzo o z|}zu y|z|y p~ |s{ rspt{o { y{{t{ s{ {zt}tv  {v}y|{q pt|z}ty o {zt}tv
}|y

~{z|q{y }t |s{ q{v}y|{qy ~ |s{q{ }y y  }{t| o z|s {| {{t |s{ ~{z|q{y }t |s{
q{v}y|{qy zt |spy{ {t~pq{ w z rzq|}uzq pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|x |sz| {u{o{t| {po{y
z|} { t z|} { {u{o{t|  uuy }t {|z}uy w zyy}vt}tv  zu{y |sz| yz|}y~w |s{ pty|qz}t|
|p }|y }t |s{ q{v}y|{qy |sz|  {q{ rq{  }pyuw tyr{} { ~ |s{ }t~pqo z|}pt }t |s{
q{v}y|{qy }y }tpty}y|{t|  }|s |s{ q{uz|}pt {t~pq{ w zt z|} { pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|x
|s}y pt  }| }y tp|{
u}tv}y|} {  {t| o }vs| { |s{ s{zq}tv pq yr{z
}tv p~ z  pq t {  {t| }y {
yq} { w |sq{{ |wr{y p~ }t~pqo z|}pt  ypt x vqzo o zqx zt o{zt}tv s{ ypt

rz||{qt p~ z  pq x q{rq{y{t|{ zy z y{{t{ p~ }yq{|{ rspt{o{yx }y y|pq{ }t z ys}~|
q{v}y|{q zuu{ |s{          zs |}o{ yup| p~ |s{ rspt{o { q{v}y|{q spuy
z  {|pq p~ }tzqw zu{ }y|}t|} { ~{z|q{y q{rq{y{t|}tv z rzq|}uzq rspt{o{
{{  }vq{  y |s{ yr{{s ypt }y s{zq x |s{ rspt{o{ y{{t{ }y ys}~|{ s{
vqzo o z|}zu }t~pqo z|}pt p~ |s{  pq ys zy }|y rzq| p~ yr{{s x to {qx zt v{t{q 
     !         "    '       
          "         "  "  
 "  *      '


}y y|pq{ zy z  {|pq p~ vqzo o z|}zu ~{z|q{y }t |s{     s{     
  pt|z}ty z y{| p~ }|y |sz| t}{uw }{t|}~w |s{ o{zt}tv p~ |s{  pq  q
u{zqt}tv |s{pqw p{y tp| {r{t pt |s{ zyy}vto{t| p~ |s{ o{zt}tv }|y
FO  J  M  W   FJJMOH 

HNMMFPK]    

]RGHRGFGUFM    

HRGRIFGU    

[KT[    

PF]Q    

MR^    

IRDGL    

UOGHO    

FGUOIKRI    

]RIRGFM    

ZRK]O    

]RGUKGDFGU    

GFHFM    

HUIKLOGU    

_ c
    V V
V      

 }vq{  s{ ypt rz||{qt p~ z  pq }y q{rq{y{t|{ w z y{{t{ p~ rspt{o {y pq


{ zoru{x |s{  pq zrru{y  pty}y|y p~ ~pq rspt{o{y zs rspt{o{ }y t}{uw
szqz|{q} { w }|y  zu{y pt |s{ }y|}t|}  { ~{z|q{y  spt{|} ywo puy zq{ {t
upy{ }t yzq{ qz
{|y pq { zoru{x z{  }y |s{ ywo pu ~pq |s{ up   up   x ~qpt|

 z
 x uz  |{ty{   p  {u }t zrru{y zs ~{z|q{  {|pq }y }t{ { w z |}o{
}ty|zt| s{ puo t uz {u{ w |}o{ pqq{yrpty |p |s{ opy| q{{t|uw s{zq

rspt{o{  spt{o{y  }|s t{vz|} { |}o { }t}{y zq{ zuq{zw s{zq


s{  }|y  }t |s{ q{v}y|{qy sz { ~pq rpyy} u{ y|z|{y x x x s{ }|y zt {  

y{| w zt { |{qtzu u}tv}y|} {  {t| pq w pty|qz}t| q{uz|}pty ~ |s{  zu{ p~ z }| }y


qq{t|uw t
tp  t }| pt|z}ty zt t
tp  t ywo pu   ~ z }| }y zyy{q|{ |p { p|s


zt {zy{ p~ z }yzvq{{o{t| zoptv |s{ pty|qz}t|y }| rzq|}}rz|{y }t x }| }y }t


|s{ pt  }| y|z|{x  s}s  { {tp|{ w   

s{ pty|qz}t| q{uz|}pt {t~pq{ w z pty|qz}t| {u{o{t| }y q{rq{y{t|{ w z }|


 {|pq  { q{~{q |p |s{y{ }|  {|pqy zy     uzyy} {q }y z  t}|{ y|q}tv p  {q



|s{ |sq{{ywo pu zursz {|  pq    |wr}zuuw q{rq{y{t|y |s{ rq{y{t{


 

pq z y{t{  p~ z szqz|{q}y|}   o{zty pt | zq{x }{x |s{ }| y z|zu  zu{


 

p{y tp| o z||{q


s{q{ zq{ | p |wr{y p~ uzyy} {qy         zt
       {{  }vq{ 


s{ qp|{uzyy} {qy zr|q{ yr{} pqq{uz|}pty zoptv |s{ }| rz||{qty }t |s{ z|z
q{v}y|{qy pq { zoru{x z qp|{uzyy} {q ~pq zrru{  {t~pq{y z {q|z}t pty|qz}t| zo ptv
|s{ rspt{o{y z{r u }t |s{ rspt{o { q{v}y|{qx |s{  tpt x  {q x ruqzu ~{z|q{y

}t |s{ vqzo o zq q{v}y|{qx zt |s{ }|y }t |s{ o{zt}tv q{v}y|{q  u{uzyy} {qy zr|q{
|s{ q{vuzq}|}{y zoptv qp|{uzyy} {qy  |s{w zt { }t|{qrq{|{ zy v{t{qzu rsptpupv}zu
pty|qz}t|y  u{uzyy} {qy zq{ |s{ zy}y ~pq rq{}|}tv q{yrpty{y |p tp  {u  pqy ~
|s{ rq{}|}pt }y pqq{|x |s{q{ }y tp t{{ ~pq qp|{u{zqt}tv |s{ rzq|}uzq pqq{uz|}pty
}t {y|}pt

                                   
    

s{ zy} { {|}pt wu{ p~ |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ op{u pty}y|y p~ |sq{{ y|{ry }oru{
o{t|}tv z pty|qz}t| rqprzvz|}pt rqp{yy 

|} z|{ |s{ o py| { }|{ pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|


t~pq{ }| rz||{qty }t |s{ z|z q{v}y|{qy zpq}tv |p |s{ q{uz|}pt |s{ pty|qz}t|
{u{o{t| q{rq{y{t|y
 {z|} z|{ rq{  }pyuw { }|{ pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|y |sz| tp uptv{q o z|s |s{ q{v
}y|{q pt|{t|y

s{ wu{ }y q{r{z|{ t|}u |s{ z|z q{v}y|{qy q{zs z }{y{t| y|z|{


pty|qz}t| {u{o{t| }y { }|{ }~ }|y { }|z|}pt y|q{tv|s { {{y z {q|z}t |sq{ys
pu s{ { }|z|}pt y|q{tv|s }y o {zyq{ w |s{ zo o }tv }y|zt{ {| {{t |s{
uzyy} {q p~ |s{ pty|qz}t| {u{o{t| zt |s{ }| rz||{qty }t |s{ z|z q{v}y|{qy u|}
ru{ po r{|}tv pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|y zt { { }|{ z| ztw }ty|zt|  s{t zt { }|{
pty|qz}t| {u{o {t| }y z|} z|{ x }| vz}ty { uy} { pt|qpu p  {q |s{ z|z q{v}y|{qyx rq{
 {t|}tv p|s{q pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|y ~qpo  q}|}tv p  {q |s{ q{v}y|{q pt|{t|y y |s{
q{v}y|{q pt|{t|y sztv{x zt z|} z|{ pty|qz}t| {u{o{t| o }vs| { {z|} z|{ zt
q{u}t}ys }|y pt|qpu
s{ pty|qz}t| rqprzvz|}pt rqp{yy }y tp| po o }||{ |p y}tv ztw rzq|}uzq uzy
y} {q }t z rq{{|{qo }t{  zw uzyy} {q o zw y{ rzq|}zu y{o zt|} }t~pqo z|}pt |p
{t~pq{ pty|qz}t|y pt |s{ rspt{o { q{v}y|{q | o zw zuyp y{ rzq|}zu rsptpupv}zu
}t~pqo z|}pt |p }t~{q y{o zt|} }t~pqo z|}pt s{ rqprzvz|}pt rqp{yy zt { ~q{{uw }t
|{qo } {  }|s |s{ z}|}pt p~ t{  pty|qz}t|y zt op} z|}pt p~ |s{ { }y|}tv pt{y
.              "        "
 '


 A>>  @>   ?  B?  @ 
@  >  ?A?    >?@A  ?  A?  >
@  ?  B  A>>  @ A


      
       !"     
#   $%   &  &  &$" '  $(  
@ ) B  A>>  @ * B +
) @A 
   &, &, &,  !$, - 
. ,           
/  %(            
0(   $' (
& $,( $   ' (
(  ( ,  1
 $(  2
' $ 3"  4
,5
   ( 1  
   ( 2  
   ( 6  

 }vq{  _^R UNJOH RS ]MFHHK7 OIHX YO DHO HNEPRMK] GRUFUKRGH UR HKEJMKSN U[O LOH]IKJUKRG RS
F ]MFHHK7 OIX _[O GRUFUKRG FOXJ XM IOSOIH UR U[O 8 PKUH 9 : 8; IOJIOHOGUKGT U[O LKHUKG]UKZO



SOFUDIOH RS U[O J[RGOEOH OG]MRHOL KG U[O H`DFIO PIF]QOUHX _[O HNEPRM L] SRI F J[RGOEO  

FPPIOZKFUOH F HUIKGT RS 8 LRG <UV]FIO PKUHX _[O GRUFUKRG = GRDG KGLK]FUOH U[FU U[O GRDG PKU
 

KG U[O ]MFHHK7 OI KH RG X >?@ A _[O IRUOV]MFHHK7 OI FJJMO ]RIIOMFUOH U[O HRDGL JFUUOIG FOXJ XM
  

^KU[ U[O TIFEE FI FGL EOFGKGT PKUH RS U[O ^RILX B ?CC?D E _[O IDMOV]MFHHK7 OI ZRK]OLVJMDIFM  

IOMFUOH F HKGTDMFI 9KXOX F JMDIFM ; ]REERG GRDG OGLKGT KG F ZRK]OL J[RGOEO ^KU[ KUH JMDIFM


SRIE X S U[O PKU JFUUOIG KG U[O TIFEE FI IOTKHUOI EFU][OH U[O HRDI]OVTIFEEFI ]REJRGOGU RS


F IDMOV]MFHHK7 OI G U[O ]RGHUIFKGU OMOEOGU LOH]IKPOL PN U[O IDMOV]MFHHK7 OI JIRLD]OH F JMDIFM SRIE
PN H[KSUKGT U[O J[RGOEO IOTKHUOI MOSU RGO HMRU 9FH HJO]K7 OL KG U[O ]RGUIRM ]REJRGOGU RS U[O
IDMOV]MFHHK7 OI LOH]IKJUKRG ; FGL 7 MMKGT U[O DGQGR^GH KG U[O UOIEKGFM HMRU ^KU[ F W J[RGOEOX S  

U[O JFUUOIG KG U[O TIFEE FI IOTKHUOI E FU][OH U[O UFITOUVTIFEE FI ]REJRGOGU G U[O ]RGHUIFKGU
OMOEOGU JIRLD]OH F HKGTDMFI SRIE PN IOZOIHKGT U[O ]RGUIRM F]UKRGHX _[O DGMR]Q JIKZKMOTO TIFGUH
9RI IOSDHOH ; ^IKUO F]]OHH PN U[O ]MFHHK7 OI UR U[O MFHU J[RGOEO HMRUHX

p }uuy|qz|{ sp  po r{|}tv pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|y zt ppr{qz|{ |p {t~pq{ rsptp


upv}zu zt y{o zt|} pty|qz}t|yx  { { zo }t{ z y}oru{ y}|z|}pt yyo{ |sz| z|
ypo{ |}o{ |s{ o{zt}tv }{t|} {q {yq} }tv z q{ x qpt x {} u{ ~q}| zrr{zqy }t |s{
o{zt}tv q{v}y|{q s{y{ }|y o }vs| sz  { {{t y{| w z  }y}pt opu{ |sz| szy q{pv
t} { zt zrru{ pq z r}|q{ p~ zt zrru{x pq r{qszry w zt pu~z|pqw o pu{ |sz| szy
q{pvt} { |s{ yo{uu p~ zt zrru{  { zuyp zyyo { |sz| ~pq ypo{ q{zypt |s{ ruqzu }|
p~ |s{ vqzo o zq q{v}y|{q }y y{|x r{qszry {zy{ |s{q{ zq{ | p zrru{y


rrpy{ zuyp |sz| z| |s}y rp}t| |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ op{u szy | p uzyy} {qy  z qp|{
uzyy} {q ~pq |s{ zrru{ pty|qz}t|x  s}s zr|q{y |s{ pqq{uz|}pt {| {{t |s{ rspt{o{
y{{t{ z{r u x |s{  q{ qpt {} u{ ~q}|  o {zt}tv x zt |s{  tpt  {q

ruqzu  vqzo o zqx zt z qu{uzyy} {q ~pq |s{  p}{ruqzu qu{x  s}s zr|q{y
|s{ rsptpupv}zu qu{ |sz| |s{ ruqzu p~ z tpt {t}tv }t z  p}{ rspt{o{ }y ~pqo{
w zrr{t}tv z   rspt{o{ |p |s{ tpt
s{ y}|z|}pt z| |s{ }t}|}zu |}o{ }y {r}|{ }t  }vq{ s{ }t}|}zu y}|z|}pt
|q}vv{qy z y{{t{ p~ uzyy} {q z|}pty |p  uu |s{ yup|y p~ |s{ rspt{o{ q{v}y|{q  }|s |s{
ypt y{{t{ pqq{yrpt}tv |p |s{ ruqzu p~ zrru{ s{ pt|{t| p~ |s{ o {zt}tv
q{v}y|{q }y y  }{t| |p z|}z|{ |s{ pty|qz}t| {u{o{t| {yq} { w |s{ qp|{uzyy} {q
~pq zrru{ s{ zrru{ pty|qz}t| |s{t z||{or|y |p y{| zy o ztw t
tp  t }|y zy }| zt
| zyy{q|y |s{ }|y {yq} }tv |s{ rspt{o { y{{t{ }t|p |s{ rspt{o{ q{v}y|{q s}y
{tpt|{qy tp q{y}y|zt{ {zy{ zuu p~ |spy{ }|y  {q{ }t}|}zuuw t
tp  t s{ zrru{
pty|qz}t| zuyp y{|y ypo{ vqzo o zq }|y s{ tpt }| }y |qt{ pt zt |s{  {q }|
}y |qt{ p  p  {  {qx z pt  }| zq}y{y p  {q |s{ y{||}tv p~ |s{ ruqzu }| s{ r}|q{
p~ | p zrru{y ~pq{ |s{ ruqzu }| pt x | |s{ zrru{ pty|qz}t| }y |qw}tv |p zyy{q| z
y}tvuzq  }vq{   ysp  y |s{ pt|{t|y p~ |s{ q{v}y|{qy z| |s}y rp}t|
uu |s{ rspt{o{ }|y ~qpo |s{ zrru{ pty|qz}t| zq{ tp  }t |s{ rspt{o{ q{v}y|{q
s{ ~z| |sz| |s{q{ }y z tpt t{q pty}{qz|}pt  tpt }t |s{ vqzo o zq q{v}y|{q  x

|sz| |s{q{ }y z pt  }| p  {q |s{ ruqzu }|x zt |sz| |s{ |{qo }tzu u rspt{o{ }y
  p}{  }y z y  }{t| |q}vv{q |p z|}  z|{ |s{ pty|qz}t| q{rq{y{t|{ w |s{  p}{

ruqzu uzyy} {q | y{ty z ys}~| u{~| y}vtzu |p |s{ rspt{o{ q{v}y|{qx o p  }tv |s{
rspt{o{y z{r u |p u{yy q{{t| rpy}|}ptyx zt up
}tv |s{ {|{qo }t{ rspt{o{y yp
|sz| |s{w zttp| sztv{ s{ opy| q{{t| rspt{o{ yup| }y  uu{  }|s t
tp  tyx
 s}s zq{ {q|z}tuw zuup  { |p sztv{ s{ zrru{ pty|qz}t| tp  {po{y u{yy { }|{
{zy{ |s{  zu{y }|  pu u}
{ }t |s{ rspt{o{ q{v}y|{q zq{ zuu }t pt  }|  }|s |s{
pt{y |sz| zq{ |s{q{ s{  p}{ruqzu pty|qz}t| tp   uuy |s{ t
tp  ty }t |s{ qq{t|
rspt{o{ yup|  }|s |s{ rspt{o{   {{  }vq{  
y |s{ zrru{ uzyy} {q }y {z|} z|{ x }| qpry }|y z||{o r| |p y{| |s{ ruqzu }| |p
s{ tpt x |s{  {q x zt |s{ ruqzu }|y q{|z}t |s{}q uzy| zu{y s{ ruqzu }|
}y y|}uu }t pt  }|x | }|  }uu r| r tp q{y}y|zt{ }~ ztp|s{q pty|qz}t| |q}{y |p |qt
}| pt t rzq|}uzqx |s{ { }|{  p}{ruqzu qu{uzyy} {q q{y|pq{y |s{ ruqzu }| |p
| |s}y rp}t| |s{ ywy|{o q{zs{y z }{y{t| y|z|{  }vq{    }|s z pty}y|{t|
q{rq{y{t|z|}pt p~ |s{ ruqzu tpt rqptpt{ z{r u  }t |s{ rspt{o{ q{v}y|{q
pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|y }t~{q o{zt}tv ~qpo ypt zy  {uu zy ypt ~qpo o{zt}tv pq
{ zoru{x y}tv |s{ yzo{ | p uzyy} {qy zy {~pq{x |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ op{u zt  uu }t
|s{ vqzo o z|}zu zt y{o zt|} {|z}uy zy |s{ ypt rz||{qt p~ zrru{y  }y ys}~|{ }t|p
|s{ rspt{o{ q{v}y|{q s{ yzo{ o{szt}yo p~ pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|y zt ys}~| q{v}y|{qy
}y {  {|} { ~pq p|s rqp|}pt zt porq{s{ty}pt p~ z  pq


(a) Initial State (b) Apple classifier excited

Rule classifier: Rote classifier: Rule classifier: Rote classifier:


VOICED-PLURAL +noun APPLE VOICED-PLURAL +noun APPLE
-plural ae -plural ae
z p +red + round ... z p +red + round ...
l +noun l +noun
+voice -plural +voice -plural
+red +red
+round +round
?noun +noun
+edible +edible
? ? ? ? ? ?verb ? ? ae p l -verb
+fruit +fruit
+plural *plural
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
<- past <- past
shift control shift control

Phoneme Phoneme
Register Grammar Register Grammar
Register Register

Meaning Meaning
Register Register

(c) Voiced-plural classifier excited (d) Quiescent State

Rule classifier: Rote classifier: Rule classifier: Rote classifier:


VOICED-PLURAL +noun APPLE VOICED-PLURAL +noun APPLE
-plural ae -plural ae
z p +red + round ... z p +red + round ...
l +noun l +noun
+voice -plural +voice -plural
+red +red
+round +round
+noun +edible +noun +edible
? ae p l z -verb ? ae p l z -verb
+fruit +fruit
+plural +plural
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
<- past <- past
shift control shift control

Phoneme Phoneme
Register Grammar Register Grammar
Register Register

Meaning Meaning
Register Register

 }vq{  OGOIFUKGT HRDGL SIRE EOFGKGTX 9F ;  C   C  C  A _[O JOISRIE FG]O ERLOM [FH
U^R ]MFHHK7 OIH A F IRUOV]MFHHK7 OI SRI U[O FJJMO ]RGHUIFKGU FGL F IDMOV]MFHHK7 OI SRI U[O ZRK]OLV
JMDIFM ]RGHUIFKGUX eG OZOGU 7 MMH U[O EOFGKGT IOTKHUOI ^KU[ SOFUDIOH LOH]IKPKGT FG FJJMO G
FGL U[O TIFEE FI IOTKHUOI ^KU[ U[O = JMDIFM SOFUDIOX 9P ;  @@   ?  C
 C   C  E _[O


FJJMO ]RGHUIFKGU 7 IOH FGL ^IKUOH U[O HRDGL HO`DOG]O FOXJ XM KGUR U[O J[RGOEO IOTKHUOIX REO 

DGQGR^G TIFEE FUK]FM PKUH 9HD][ FH  GRDG FGL  ZOIP ; FIO FMHR 7 MMOL PN U[O FJJMO ]MFHHK7 OIX
 RUO U[FU F ]RG  K]U FIKHOH RZOI U[O FHHKTGEOGU RS U[O JMDIFM PKUX 9] ; ?   @ 
 ?  C
 C
  C  E _[O ZRK]OLVJMDIFM ]RGHUIFKGU HOGLH F H[KSU MOSU HKTGFM UR U[O J[RGOEO IOTKHUOI G FGL 7 MMH
U[O DGQGR^G UOIEKGFM HMRU ^KU[ U[O W J[RGOEOX _[O ZRK]OLVJMDIFM ]RGHUIFKGU FMHR IOHURIOH


U[O ]RG  K]U JMDIFM PKU UR X _[O FJJMO ]RGHUIFKGU KH LOF]UKZFUOLX 9L ;     C  C  C  E _[O


HNHUOE IOF][OH F ]RGHKHUOGU HUFUO ^KU[ U[O JIRGDG]KFUKRG RS FJJMOH G FOXJ XMXW G KG U[O J[RGOEO   

IOTKHUOIX  R GO^ ]RGHUIFKGUH FIO O\]KUOL X

              

t z ~uu ywy|{o x |s{q{ zq{ o ztw uzyy} {qy p  zq{ |s{ uzyy} {qy u{zqt{ 

t}|}zuuw |s{ u{zqt{q szy tp uzyy} {qy s{ u{zqt{q oy| z}q{ |s{ uzyy} {qy
~qpo { zoru{  pqy rq{y{t|{ |p }|  { zyyo{ z y{{t{ p~  pqy }y rq{y{t|{ |p


|s{ u{zqt{q zs rq{y{t|z|}pt p~ z  pq |q}vv{qy zt {  {t| |sz|  uuy |s{ z|z q{v}y|{qy
 }|s |s{ zrrqprq}z|{ ypt x vqzo o zqx zt o {zt}tv }t~pqo z|}pt ~ |s{ u{zqt{q zt
 uu }t |s{ {|z}uy p~ |s{  pq  }|sp| {qqpqx |s{t }| rqp{{y |p |s{ t{ |  pq s{
u{zqt{q o }vs| ~z}u {}|s{q {zy{ |s{q{ zq{ tp| ztw zrru}z u{ uzyy} {qy pq {zy{
por{|}tv uzyy} {qy  vs| |p zyy{q| }tpty}y|{t|  zu{y }t |s{ q{v}y|{qy t |s{  qy|
~z}uq{ y}|z|}pt x z t{  qp|{uzyy} {q }y q{z|{ |p q{o {o {q |s{ }| rz||{qty }t |s{
z|z q{v}y|{qy t |s{ y{pt ~z}uq{ y}|z|}pt x |s{  vs|}tv uzyy} {qy zq{ }tq{o {t|zuuw
q{  t{
 {| y pty}{q z y}oru{ { zoru{ |p }uuy|qz|{ |s{ zy} pr{qz|}pty p~ |s{ u{zqt}tv
rqp{q{ rrpy{ |sz| |p {v}t  }|s |s{ u{zqt{q szy tp uzyy} {qy zt }y rq{y{t|{
~pq tpt rz}qy zt pt{  {q rz}q }t qztpo pq{q  z| z|y   x pv pvy
     x 

y     x vt vty     x zt vp  {t| 

qp|{uzyy} {q }y q{z|{ ~pq {zs p~ |s{  pqy
s{ u{zqt}tv zuvpq}|so  qy|  ty pqq{uz|}pty zo ptv rz}qy p~ qp|{uzyy} {qy |sz|
sz  { |s{ yzo{ o{zt}tv }|y  t{ {u{o {t| p~ {zs rz}q p~ pqq{uz|{ uzyy} {qy }y
uz {u{    zt |s{ p|s{q     s{ q}|{q}pt ~pq |s}y uz {u}tv }y zq }|qzqwx
| pty}y|{t|uw zrru}{ zqpyy zuu rz}qy s{ rz}qy zq{ vqpr{ }t|p y{|y zs y{| }y
{  t{ w z vqzo o zq |wr{ zt z ys}~| yr{} z|}pt |sz| o z }o zuuw zu}vty |s{ rpy}|} {
zt t{vz|} { {u{o {t| p~ z rz}q s{ u{zqt}tv zuvpq}|so |s{t z||{or|y |p rqp{ z
yo o zqw {yq}r|}pt p~ |s{ rz}qy }t {zs y{|
t { zoru{ p~ sp  |s{ zuvpq}|so  pq
y }y v}  {t }t  }vq{ s{ qp|{uzyy} {qy
z|  zt z|y  zq{ pqq{uz|{ {zy{ |s{w yszq{ |s{ yzo{ o {zt}tv }|y s{q{ zq{
ys pqq{uz|}pty s{y{ qp|{uzyy} {q rz}qy zq{ } }{ }t|p | p y{|y  |s{  qy|
pt{ }y q{uz|{ |p sztv{y }t |s{ ruqzu }|x zt |s{ y{pt |p sztv{y }t |s{ rzy||{ty{
}| s{ zuvpq}|so upp
y ~pq z yo o zqw {yq}r|}pt p~ |s{ rspt{o{ }| rz||{qt |sz|
p  {qy zuu |s{ qp|{uzyy} {qy  }|s |s{  ruqzu ~{z|q{ |s{ rpy}|} { { zoru{  zt

z p}y zuu |s{ pt{y  }|s  ruqzu ~{z|q{ |s{ t{vz|}  { { zoru{y  {yq}r|}pt }y
yz} |p    zt { zoru{ }~ |s{ { zoru{ }y pty}y|{t|  }|s zuu |s{ pt}|}pty }t |s{
{yq}r|}pt
|zq|}tv  }|s |s{ rspt{o { }|y p~ z qp|{uzyy} {q zy |s{ }t}|}zu {yq}r|}pt x |s{
v{t{qzu} z|}pt zuvpq}|so r{q~pqo y z yr{} |pv{t{qzu y{zqs }t |s{ yrz{ p~ rpyy} u{
{yq}r|}pty pq { zo ru{x zt }t}|}zu {yq}r|}pt x |s{ y{{ x o }vs| { |s{ rspt{o{
}|y ~pq z|y s{ y{{ }y z }|  {|pq p~ }|y  }|y ~pq {zs p~ |s{ rspt{o{y

z{|y   x  s}s zt { |spvs| p~ zy z upv}zu pt t|}pt p~ ppu{zt ~{z|q{y 
 .    %     % !        *  * '
         *   * ! '
 ,   (      "        &   ' $"
                (   
   " %  ' "          (   '


Initial Classifier Pool Grouping rote classifiers into correlation types Common phoneme pattern
(abbreviated form) (only the phoneme patterns are shown)

? k ae t +noun -plural - ??????????????010110010000001010010000110001000001110000

k ae t s +noun +plural + 01011001000000101001000011000100000111000001000001110101

? d) g +noun -plural - ??????????????010000001110001010110000110001011000001000

d ) gz +noun +plural + 01000000111000101011000011000101100000100001000000111101


dc.dc.dc.--00000-11-101
s or z
? d^k +noun -plural - ??????????????010000001110001010100000110001011001000000

d ^ k s +noun +plural + 01000000111000101010000011000101100100000001000001110101

?g^ n +noun -plural - ??????????????010110000010001010100000110001100000111010

g ^ nz +noun +plural + 01011000001000101010000011000110000011101001000000111101

? ?go +verb -past - ???????????????????????? 0101100000100010101011001100

wnt +verb +past


+ 00111010001100101000000011000110000011101001000001110000

 }vq{  OFIGKGT RS ]MFHHK7 OIH ]RGHKHUH RS U^R HUOJH A 9 ; IRDJKGT RS IRUOV]MFHHK7 OIH KGUR ]RIV


IOMFUKRG UNJOH 9EKLLMO ]RMDEG ;G FGL 9 ; OGOIFMKWKGT IRUOV]MFHHK7 OIH POMRGTKGT UR U[O HFEO ]RIV

IOMFUKRG UNJO 9IKT[U ]RMDEG ; X G U[KH O\FEJMO G U[O KGKUKFM ]MFHHK7 OI JRRM [FH IRUOV]MFHHK7 OIH
 

9H[R^G KG FG FPPIOZKFUOL SRIE KG U[O MOSU ]RMDEG ; X _[O IRUOV]MFHHK7 OIH FIO LKZKLOL KGUR U^R
]RIIOMFUKRG UNJOHX _[O 7 IHU ]RIIOMFUKRG UNJO 9IOMFUKGT F ]REERG GRDG FGL KUH JMDIFM ; [FH
 IRUOV]MFHHK 7 OIHX cF][ IRUOV]MFHHK 7 OI KH MFPOMOL ^KU[ F JMDH UR KGLK]FUO U[FU KU KH U[O JMDIFM
SRIE RI F EKGDH UR KGLK]FUO U[O HKGTDMFI SRIE X _[O MOFIGOI 7 GLH F IDMOV]MFHHK7 OI ^[RHO HRDGL
JFUUOIG 9IKT[U ]RMDEG ; ]RZOIH FMM JRHKUKZO O\FEJMOH FGL FZRKLH U[O GOTFUKZO RGOHX _[O HO]RGL
]RIIOMFUKRG UNJO 9IOMFUKGT F ZOIP HUOE FGL KUH JFHU ; [FH U^R IRUOV]MFHHK7 OIHX _[O MOFIGOI ^KMM
GRU TOGOIFMKWO U[KH TIRDJ RS ]MFHHK7 OIH DGUKM ERIO HD][ O\FEJMOH [FZO POOG F]]DEDMFUOLX

1 21 2211 2111111 21 211 21111 22111 211111 22211111 211111 2221 21 2


 5    (   

s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pt yrz{ p~ rpyy} u{ rspt{o{ }|y ~pq z uzyy} {q }y     x  s{q{


 }y |s{ to {q p~ rspt{o{ }|y {{  }vq{  pq { zoru{ |s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pt
yrz{ ~pq uzyy} {qy  }|s ~pq rspt{o {y pt|z}ty      }ty|zt{y p { rupq{ |s}y
sv{ yrz{x |s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pt rqp{yy q{u}{y pt |sq{{ y{zqs }zy{y 

 s{t{  {q rpyy} u{ }| q{  }y{y |s{ qq{t| {y| uzyy} {qy }ty|{z p~ y|zq|}tv ~qpo
yqz|s x
| rq{~{qy uzyy} {qy |sz| pt|z}t |s{ o py| q{{t|uw s{zq rspt{o{yx zt
| }y tptzvvq{yy} {  |s{ y{zqs |{qo }tz|{y pt |s{  qy| ~{  uzyy} {qy ~pt |p


p  {q z v}  {t y{| p~ pqq{uz|}pty  }|sp| {u} {qz|{uw upp
}tv ~pq |s{ o }t}o zu
uzyy} {qy }{x |spy{  }|s |s{ uzqv{y| to {q p~ pt | zq{y  

Generalization by Cube Growing


multiple generalizatons disjunctive rules
011 111 011 111

001 101 001 101


010 110 2-cube 010 110

1-cube
100 000 100
000

number of generalizations = O(3 n)

 }vq{  uzyy} {q v{t{qzu} z|}pt zy  { vqp  }tv q{uz|}pt  }|s  ppu{zt  zq}
z u{y {  t{y zt  }o{ty}ptzu }ty|zt{ yrz{  }|s  rpyy} u{ }ty|zt{y s{ rpy}
|} { { zoru{y ypu} p|y  zt t{vz|}  { { zo ru{y }qu{y  prw |s{  {q|}{y p~ zt
 }o {ty}ptzu  {  {t{qzu} z|}pt zt { |spvs| p~ zy  t}tv z puu{|}pt p~
 {y      p  {q}tv |s{ rpy}|} { pt{y  }|sp| p  {quzrr}tv |s{ t{vz|} { pt{y
 { }y z rp}t|x  { }y z u}t{x zt yp pt s{q{ o zw { ou|}ru{  {y |sz|
p  {q |s{ yzo{ rpy}|} { { zoru{y zy ysp  t w |s{ | p  {y }t |s{ u{~| }zvqzo 
| o zw zuyp q{}q{ opq{ |szt pt{  { |p p  {q |s{ rpy}|} { { zoru{y zy ysp  t
w |s{  { zt  { }t |s{ q}vs| }zvqzo  s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pt zuvpq}|so y{y z
{zo y{zqs  }|s }t|}  { }zy{y |p  t }y t|}  { v{t{qzu} z|}pty
s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pt rqp{q{ }y z {zo y{zqs  }|s z y}oru{ vppt{yy ~t|}pt
s{ {y|  zt}z|{ v{t{qzu} z|}pty zq{ q{|z}t{ ~pq ~q|s{q v{t{qzu} z|}pty s{
vppt{yy p~ z  { }y {zu |p |s{ yo p~  zt x  s{q{  }y |s{ to {q p~
rpy}|} { { zoru{y |s{  { p  {qyx zt }y |s{ to {q p~ t{vz|} { { zoru{y }| p{y
tp| p  {q p q{z
|}{y }t |s{ vppt{yy ypq{x |s{ y{zqs rq{~{qy uzqv{q  {y  }|s
s}vs{q  {{  }vq{ ~pq {|z}uy
| {zs }|{qz|}pt |s{ zuvpq}|so v{t{qz|{y t{  zt}z|{ v{t{qzu} z|}pty w qz}y}tv
|s{ rspt{o { }|y }{ sztv}tv y zt y |p pt | zq{y  x pt{ pq | p }|y z| z |}o{
  

s{ rspt{o{y zq{ pq{q{ w q{{tw s{ }|y p~ |s{ u{zy| q{{t|uw s{zq rspt{o{
zq{ qz}y{  qy| s{ y{zqs |{qo }tz|{y  s{t {}|s{q zuu rpy}|} { { zo ru{y zq{ p  {q{
pq z t{vz|} { { zoru{ }y p  {q{ 
 .   (      "    (   "       ! 
          %  '


@  B +) @  c  c  e  c



) ?  a c_ KH F HOU RS JRHKUKZO O\FEJMOHX
 c_ KH F HOU RS GOTFUKZO O\FEJMOHX
 ) ?
) ?  c_ KH F HOU RS TOGOIFMKWFUKRGHX

@  >  ?A?  
eMM O\FEJMOH FGL TOGOIFMKWFUKRGH FIO IOJIOHOGUOL FH PKU ZO]URIHX cF][ PKU ZO]URI ]RGHKHUH RS
EDMUKJMO HMRUHX cF][ HMRU KH FG DGRILOIOL HOU RS LKHUKG]UKZO SOFUDIOHX
<    @ ?  
_[O TOGOIFMKWFUKRG HJF]O KH U[O HOU RS  PKU ZO]URIH ^[OIO KH U[O MOGTU[ RS U[O PKU ZO]V

URIX c  c  e  c HUFIUH SIRE F HOOL G F IFGLREMN ][RHOG OMOEOGU RS a c_ G FGL 7 GLH




TOGOIFMKWFUKRGH PN F POFE HOFI][ ^KU[ ^KLU[


X _[O POFE HOFI][ FKEH UR EKGKEKWO F ]RHU
SDG]UKRG X
OU PO F ]FGLKLFUO TOGOIFMKWFUKRG X _[O POFE HOFI][ KH LO 7 GOL PN U[O SRMMR^KGT SDG]UKRGH A
 X bRHU DG]UKRG a] =  ]
^[OIO a] KH U[O GDEPOI RS OMOEOGUH KG a c_ GRU ]RZOIOL PN G FGL  ] KH U[O GDEPOI
RS OMOEOGUH KG  c_ ]RZOIOL PN X _KOH FIO PIRQOG PN JIOSOIIKGT TOGOIFMKWFUKRGH ^KU[
ERIO LRG <U ]FIOHX

X D]]OHHRI DG]UKRG
OU F   C   ?C PO F HMRU ^KU[ FU MOFHU RGO PKU U[FU KH GRU F LRG <U ]FIOX  O 7 GO U[O
HD]]OHHRIH RS UR PO U[O HOU RS FMM PKU ZO]URIH RPUFKGOL PN HOUUKGT RGO RI U^R PKUH RS
U[O MOSUERHU LO 7 GKUO HMRU RS UR LRG <U ]FIOHX
X _OIEKGFUKRG DG]UKRG
OU c_ PO U[O HOU RS U[O ]DIIOGU
TOGOIFMKWFUKRGH POKGT ]RGHKLOIOLX _[O HOFI][
UOIEKGFUOH KS G SRI FMM  c_ G HFUKH 7 OH RGO RS U[O U[IOO ]RGLKUKRGH A
9F ; ]RZOIH U[O OGUKIO a c_ X
9P ; RZOIMFJH  c_ X
9] ; eMM U[O HD]]OHHRIH RS RZOIMFJH  c_ X

 }vq{  uvpq}|so } {yq}r|}pt p~ |s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pt rqp{q{ s{ {zo  }|s


 }y y{| |p ~pq zuu |s{ { zoru{y zt { r{q}o{t|y {yq} { }t |s}y rzr{q

s{ y{zqs  }|s {zo  }|s   {  {t|zuuw rqp{y z {yq}r|}pt  |sz| p 


{qy zuu ~pq rpy}|} { { zo ru{y zt z  p}y zuu ~pq t{vz|} { { zoru{y s{ {yq}r|}pt
yzwy |sz| zuu rpy}|}  { { zoru{y {t  }|s {}|s{q |s{ y  pq   rspt{o{
          

s{ t{ | y|{r }t |s{ yo o zq} z|}pt rqp{yy }y |p  {q}~w |s{ p  {q}tv {yq}r|}pt
s{ {yq}r|}pt  }y p  {quw v{t{qzu {zy{ zrruw}tv }| |p |s{ t{vz|} { { zoru{y v} {y
tp| ptuw |s{ pqq{| ruqzu ~pqo y ys zy 
z{|y   | zuyp }tpqq{| pt{y ys zy
. !*   **   %     *'


 
z{|  
s{ }tpqq{| pt{y zq{ |q{z|{ zy t{zq o }yy{y }{x t{vz|} { { zoru{y
|sz| zq{ yu}vs|uw } {q{t| ~qpo |s{ rpy}|}  { pt{y  s{ u{zqt}tv zuvpq}|so zyyo{y
z v{t{qzu t}{t{yy s{q}y|}y  |s{q{ }y ptuw pt{  zw |p yz|}y~w |s{ q{}q{o{t|y
}t{ 
z{|y  }y |s{
tp  t rpy}|} { { zo ru{x |s{ ywy|{ov{t{qz|{ 
z{|  oy| {
}tpqq{| {zq o }yy{y vq{z|uw yr{{ r |s{ }yp  {qw p~ pqq{| v{t{qzu} z|}pty 
s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pt zuvpq}|so }y q{}t  p
{  }|s |s{ z}|}pt p~ |s{y{ t{  t{vz|} {
{ zoru{y 

.&  5   ( 
$( $!  5   (  &  % -  &  5  %   - 
 %  ( $!   5   ( -   &  %   &  5 - 
 %    5   ( &  % &  5 %  

s}y |}o{ |s{ y{zqs q{yu|y }t z }y t|}pt p~ |sq{{ v{t{qzu} z|}pty  x  x zt


 2  &, &,  !$, 


6  &, &,  !$,  ( $&( - 
   &, &,  !$,  ,( $  ( - 

s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pt  p  {qy | p rpy}|} { { zoru{y  z|y  zt 


y 
{yq} {y z pqq{uz|}pt {| {{t |s{ r{tu|}o z|{  p}{u{yy rspt{o{ zt z |{qo }tzu y 
rspt{o{ s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pty  zt  p  {quzr }t |s{}q p  {q}tvy s{w p|s p  {q
|s{ q{o z}t}tv | p rpy}|} { { zoru{y  pvy  zt vty  yzwy |sz| z |{qo }tzu  
rspt{o{ }y rq{{{ w z rspt{o{ |sz| szy |s{   p}{  zt  y|q}{t|  ~{z|q{y

 pqq{uz|{y z |{qo }tzu   rspt{o{  }|s z rq{{}tv  p}{ tptpt|}tzt|  s{


|sq{{ v{t{qzu} z|}pty zq{  {q} { zy {~pq{ p  {  {qx |s}y |}o{ |s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pty
zq{ pty}y|{t|  |s{q{ zq{ tp| ztw t{  { {r|}pty pq t{zq o }yy{y p|{ |sz| z~|{q
y{{}tv ptuw rpy}|} { { zoru{yx |s{ u{zqt{q }y z u{ |p z}q{ pty|qz}t|y pt |s{
ruqzu ~pqo z|}pt |sz| upy{uw q{y{o u{ |spy{ ~pt }t u}tv}y|}y |{ |y  s{y{ qu{
uzyy} {qy zq{ tp  z z}uz u{ ~pq pty|qz}t| rqprzvz|}pt x zt zq{ y  {| |p ~q|s{q
q{  t{o{t|  s{t t{  { zoru{y zrr{zq

    &  (   "  "             ' & 
  "         *!        ' .!   
 !'
#.  "  "  ! "      ' &       
"( """ " " ""( &'
         "     "      
  ! " *" ' * """ ""&       "&  %   " '


                

s{ pqry y{ |p {  {upr |s{ u{zqt}tv rqpvqzo po{y ~qpo |s{   u{ }zu
z|z zy{y p~ tvu}ys  {qy}pt  p |z}t{ ~qpo |s{  }tv}y|}  z|z ptypq|}o  {
y{u{|  pqy  po opt tpty zt  {q y  |sz|  qy|vqz{qy o }vs|
tp  s{
pqry }tu{y opy| p~ |s{ q{vuzq zt }qq{vuzq  {q y y{ }t |s{ rywspu}tv}y|}
{ r{q}o{t|y p~ zqy {| zu   pt tvu}ys |{ty{y
s{ z|z q{pq ~pq {zs  pq }t |s{ pqry pty}y|y p~  { r}{{y p~ }t~pqo z|}pt 
   pq }{t|} {qx    pq yr{uu}tv x   z t}{ o{zt}tv }{t|} {q {v x z|  zt
z|y  sz  { |s{ yzo{ o{zt}tv } x | z|  zt pv  p tp|  x   }|y rqptt}z|}pt
zy z y{{t{ p~ rspt{o{yx   }|y vqzo o z|}zu y|z|y  vqzo o z|}zu }|y }t}z|}tv
 s{|s{q |s{  pq }y z tpt pq  {q x y}tvuzq pq ruqzux rq{y{t| pq rzy|x {| s{
yr{uu}tv }t~pqo z|}pt }y tp| y{ w |s{ u{zqt{q  }| }y ptuw ~pq |s{ so zt { r{q}o{t|{q
|p q{z

 pq yr{uu}tv o {zt}tv rspt{|} vqzo o zq


} } ywo puy
z|
z{| pt }tv
z|y
z{|y pt  u

pv  v pt }tv
pvy  v pt  u

s{ z|z q{pqy zq{ rq{rqp{yy{ |p rqp{ }|  {|pq }tr|y ~pq |s{ r{q~pq
o zt{ op{u zt u{zqt{q s{ p|r| p~ |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ o p{u zt u{zqt{q }y z y{|
p~ }|  {|pqy |sz| |wr}zuuw sz { z y|qz}vs|~pq  zq ywo pu} }t|{qrq{|z|}pt
p |{y| |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ p~ |s{ rqpvqzo pt rzy||{ty{ }t  {|}pt x  { y{ |s{ yzo{
z|zy{| |sz| z  s}tt{w   x  }tv   x zt ppt{w zt zu}  y{ s{ z|zy{|
pt|z}ty zrrqp }o z|{uw y|{o rzy||{ty{ rz}qy  { qztpo uw sppy{  {q
rz}qy zy |s{ |{y| y{| s{ |{y| y{| }y }y p}t| ~qpo |s{ |qz}t}tv y{| s{ rqpvqzo }y
|qz}t{ pt rqpvq{yy} {uw uzqv{q yzoru{y ~qpo |s{ |qz}t}tv y{| |zq|}tv ~qpo z |qz}t}tv
yzoru{ p~ { zoru{yx  { o{zyq{ |s{ rq{}|}  { zqzw p~ |s{ rqpvqzo pt |s{
|{y| y{| z| { zo ru{ }t|{q  zuy s{ o{zt zt y|ztzq {  }z|}pt p~ |s{ zqzw
zq{ zuuz|{ p  {q |q}zuy  q}tv {zs |q}zux |s{ sp}{ zt pq{q p~ |s{ |qz}t}tv
{ zoru{y rq{y{t|{ |p |s{ rqpvqzo zq{ qztpo } {
t zuu |s{ { r{q}o{t|y {up  x  { y{ |s{ yzo{ rzqzo{|{q y{||}tvy ~pq |s{ {zo
y{zqs  }|s   }t |s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pt zuvpq}|so zt |s{ { }|z|}pt |sq{yspu ~pq

uzyy} {qy s{ q{yu|y zq{ tp| y{ty}|} { |p |s{ rzq|}uzq rzqzo{|{q y{||}tvy


  
      

s{  qy| { r{q}o{t| |{y|y |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ p~ |s{ rqpvqzo pt rzy||{ty{ }t  {|}pt
y}tv q{vuzq  {q y ptuw u|spvs |s{ |zy
}y y}o ru}y|}x }| p{y zuup  zt|}|z|} {
porzq}ypty  }|s rq{  }py  pq
 }vq{ rq{y{t|y |s{ u{zqt}tv q  {y ~qpo ~pq
rqpvqzo y     pq rqpvqzo  x     z rqpvqzo zy{ pt }t|} { upv} rqp
vqzo o }tv   x  z rqpvqzo zy{ pt {}y}pt |q{{y    x zt   z rqpvqzo
zy{ pt zq|} }zu t{qzu t{| pq
  
100
"K&G"
"FOIDL"
"SPA"
"M&L"
80
Predictive Accuracy (%)

60

40

20

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Number of training examples

 }vq{  porzq}ypt p~ u{zqt}tv q  {y ~pq u{zqt}tv q{vuzq rzy| |{ty{y


s{ vqzrs ysp  y |sz|    v} {y |s{ {y| zqzw q{yu|     }y |s{ t{ |
{y| r{q~pqo{q    szy |s{ y|{{r{y| u{zqt}tv q  { | q{zs{y  r{q~pqo zt{

 }|s { zoru{y
 }vq{ ysp  y z upy{q upp
z| |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ p~    zt     s{ y|ztzq
{  }z|}pt p~    y u{zqt}tv q  { }y zuyp rup||{ | ysp  y |sz| |s{ zqzw q{yu|y


 zqw w u{yy |szt  p  {q } {q{t| |q}zuy z~|{q { zoru{y


s{ u{zqt}tv q  { p~    yz|qz|{y z| |s{  zywor|p|{    v} {y  qptv
rq{}|}pt pt pt{ |{y| { zoru{ {r}|   r
|  {  {t |spvs }| szy z}q{ |s{
pqq{| z  uzyy} {q s{ q{zypt }y |sz| |s{ uzy| |sq{{ rspt{o {y p~ {r}| 
o z|s |s{ rspt{o{y p~ |s{  pq r}
{  r
|  s{ qp|{uzyy} {q pqq{yrpt}tv
|p r}
{  }y { }|{ zt pt|qpuy |s{ rspt{o { q{v}y|{q | rq{  {t|y |s{ opq{ v{t{qzu
z  qu{uzyy}  {q ~qpo  q}tv }t{ r}
{  }y zuq{zw z rzy||{ty{ }t  {|}pt x


100
"K&G"
"K&G-errorbar"
"FOIDL"

Predictive Accuracy (%) 80

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Number of training examples

 }vq{  upy{q upp


z| |s{ u{zqt}tv q  {y p~    zt    

|s{ rqpvqzo q{|qty {r}|  tsztv{ zy }|y rzy| |{ty{


 s}u{ |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ op{u p~    p{y tp| zs}{  {  pt |s{ q{vuzq  {q yx
}| o z
{y pqq{| rq{}|}pty pt }qq{vuzq  {q y  s}s  pu p|s{q  }y{ { o }yy{ pq
{ zoru{x  {po {  }y pqq{|uw ruqzu} { {zy{ }|y uzy| rspt{o{y o z|s |spy{
p~ |s{  pq po{
| }y }ty|q|}  { |p { zo }t{ |s{ }t|{qtzu q{rq{y{t|z|}pty p~ v{t{qzu} z|}pty z|zuuw
z}q{ w    s{ ~puup  }tv uzyy} {qy zq{ |wr}zu 
2 &, &,  !$,    ( &
6 &, &,  !$,  ,   &
 &, &,    &  (   ,( $  ( &
 &, &,  !$,  ( $&( (
 &, &,  !$,  ,    ,( $  ( (
 &,  & (   &

 u{uzyy} {qy x x zt |pv{|s{q p  {q zuu |s{  {q y|{o y |sz| {t }t z  p}{


rspt{o{ p|s{q |szt   s{y{ qu{uzyy} {qy p  {quzr }t |s{ { zoru{y |s{w p  {q
 u{uzyy} {q p  {qy |s{ o z  pq}|w p~ |s{y{ zy{y zuu |s{  p  {uyx tzyzuyx u}}yx zt
vu}{y   u{uzyy} {q p  {qy |s{  p}{ tptpqptzu y|pry    zt v   zy  {uu zy
ypo{ p~ |s{ zy{y p  {q{ w qu{uzyy} {q x  s}u{ qu{uzyy} {q p  {qy |s{  p}{
y|q}{t|y


}o }uzquwx qu{uzyy} {qy zt p  {q  {q y|{o y |sz| {t }t zt t  p}{ rspt{o{
p|s{q |szt |   u{uzyy} {q p  {qy y|{o y {t}tv }t 
 pq r  x  s}u{ qu{uzyy} {q
p  {qy |s{ t  p}{ y|q}{t|y

  
          

s{ y{pt { r{q}o {t| po rzq{y |s{ zqzw  s{t p|s q{vuzq zt }qq{vuzq  {q y
zq{ y{ }t |s{ |qz}t}tv |{y| y{|y  }vq{ ysp  y |sz| |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ p~    zt
    zq{ po rzqz u{ r |p { zoru{y s{q{z~|{q    }y opq{ zqz|{ zt
q{zs{y z s}vs{q zywor|p|{    {qyy   szy z  |{y|}tv zqzw zt
   z~|{q |qz}t}tv  }|s { zoru{y
100
"K&G2"
"FOIDL2"
"K&G2-errorbar"

80
Predictive Accuracy (%)

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Number of training examples

 }vq{  po rzq}ypt p~ u{zqt}tv q  {y ~pq u{zqt}tv zuu rzy| |{ty{y

s{ {||{q r{q~pqo zt{ p~    zt { z||q} |{ |p }|y z }u}|w |p ~pqo u}o }|{
v{t{qzu} z|}pty  }|s }qq{vuzq  {q y {v x |s{  po{ {po{  { zoru{ o {t|}pt{ }t
rq{  }py y{|}pt   s{t  { { zo }t{ }|y }t|{qtzu q{rq{y{t|z|}ptyx  {  t v{t{qzu} z
|}pty ys zy 

        
            
        
        
 
  


                    
               

}t{ }qq{vuzq  {q ~pqo y zq{ }t v{t{qzu }}pywtqz|} zt tp| rqp|} { ys zy


vp  {t|  x  { { r{| |s{w ~zuu }t|p o ztw y uzyy{y s{ q{yu|y pt  qo pq { r{|z
|}pt s{ u{zqt{q }y z u{ |p  t |s{ o pq{ po o pt rz||{qty ys zy u{  q{  vq{ 
zt pvs| zvs| |zvs|  s{ q{yu|y yvv{y| |sz| opy| }qq{vuzqy zq{  y| u{zqt{
w qp|{ zt |s{ u{zqt{q o z
{y u}o }|{ v{t{qzu} z|}pty z p| |s{y{ ~pqo y

  
                 

s}y { r{q}o{t| |{y|y |s{ zqzw p~     s{t |s{ |qz}t}tv y{| }y tp}yw s{ }yy{
p~ tp}y{ }y q}|}zu ~pq z v{t{qzu} {q u}
{    |sz| }t{y y|qptv v{t{qzu} z|}pty ~qpo
 {qw ~{  { zo ru{y  t{ o }vs| |s}t
|sz| yo zuu zopt| p~ tp}y{  pu sz { z uzqv{
t{vz|} {  {  {| pt }|y r{q~pqo zt{
p |{y|    y tp}y{ |pu{qzt{x  { qztpo uw o|z|{ |s{ y  p~ z ~{  rzy||{ty{


{ zoru{y }t |s{ |qz}t}tv y{| pq { zoru{x z   y  oy| { sztv{ |p z |  pq


  s{ yzo{ |{y| y{| p~ q{vuzq  {q y ~qpo { r{q}o{t| }y y{

 }vq{ ysp  y |sz| |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ p~    {vqz{y w  z| |s{  tp}y{


u{  {u s{ zq}zt{ p~ |s{ zqzw }y uzqv{ porzq{ |p |sz| ysp  t }t  }vq{ 
u|spvs |s{ z {qzv{ u{zqt}tv q  { }y y{~u }y ysp  }tv tp}y{|pu{qzt{x }| p{y
tp| v}  { os }ty}vs| }t|p sp  |s{ rqpvqzo }y z u{ |p }ypuz|{ |s{ { {r|}pty p t
{qy|zt  sw |s{ rqpvqzo  pq
yx  { sz { |p upp
z| z u{zqt}tv q  { ~pq zt }t}  }zu
|q}zu {{  }vq{
wr}zuuwx |s{ zqzw qpry pq y|zwy  z| zy |s{ rqpvqzo s}|y z tp}y{ { zoru{ y
opq{ { zoru{y po{ }t x }| {po{y u{yy py|uw |p }vtpq{ |s{ { {r|}pt s{ rqpvqzo
 ty v{t{qzu} z|}pty |sz| p  {q opy| p~ |s{ rpy}|} {y zt }ypuz|{y |s{ { {r|}pt }t|p
z y{rzqz|{ uzyy }t{ tp}y{ { zoru{y p tp| q{z}uw q{r{z|  {zy{ |s{ y 
}y qztpo uw o|z|{  x }| }y tu}
{uw |sz| |s{ { {r|}pty uy|{q s}y }y sp  y{u~
q{rz}q}tv pqy

   
   

s}y { r{q}o {t| |{y|y |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ p~ |s{ u{zqt{q pt |s{ ruqzu} z|}pt |zy
s{q{
}y tp y|ztzq |{y| y{| ~pq ruqzu} z|}pt  { qt |{y|y y}o }uzq |p |s{ rzy||{ty{ { r{q
}o{t|y pt qztpo uw y{u{|{ po opt tpty ~qpo |s{   u{ }zu z|z zy{y
 &   *              "  !'


100
"K&G"
"K&G-noise2"
"K&G-noise4"
"K&G-noise2-errorbar"
Predictive Accuracy (%) 80

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Number of training examples

 }vq{   {q~pqo zt{ pt q{vuzq rzy||{ty{ }t |s{ rq{y{t{ p~  zt  tp}y{

100
"K&G-noise1"

80
Predictive Accuracy (%)

60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Number of training examples

 }vq{  u{zqt}tv q  { ~pq zt }t} }zu |q}zu  s{t |s{ rqpvqzo s}|y z tp}y{
{ zoru{x }|y zqzw qpry s{ zqzw y|zq|y |p q}y{ zvz}t zy |s{ rqpvqzo {t
pt|{qy o pq{ vpp  { zoru{y


 { p |z}t z y}o }uzq y|{{r u{zqt}tv q  {  }|s zqzw s}||}tv  z~|{q { zo

ru{y
s{ ~pqo z|}pt p~ tvu}ys ruqzuy }y tyzuuw q{vuzq s{q{ zq{  {qw ~{  }qq{vuzq
ruqzu tpty s}y rqpr{q|w p~ tvu}ys o }vs| u{z pt{ |p rqprpy{ u{zqt}tv o {szt}yo y
|sz| { rup}| |s{ y|z|}y|}y p~ q{vuzq ruqzuy w |qz}t}tv pt z uzqv{ to {q p~ { zoru{y
yp |sz| ztw t{  |{y| tpt }y y  }{t|uw y}o }uzq |p z
tp  t pt{ |p rqp{ |s{ upy{y|
o z|s{ ruqzu {t}tv
 | |s{q{ }y {  }{t{ |sz| |s{ y|z|}y|}zu rqpr{q|w o zw tp| { {yy{t|}zu |p |s{
z}y}|}pt p~ q{vuzq qu{y pq { zo ru{x zqy {| zu   zt uzsy{t   ysp  {
|sz| |s{  {qo zt y ruqzu {sz {y u}
{ z q{vuzq qu{ {yr}|{ |s{ ~z| |sz| |s{ qu{
zrru}{y |p ~{  {q |szt po opt tpty s}y p y{q z|}pt qz}y{y |s{ {y|}pt p~ sp 
z s}u zt z}q{ q{vuzq qu{y ~qpo  {qw ~{  { zoru{y s{ { r{q}o {t|  }uu ysp 
|sz| pq u{zqt{q zt z}q{ v{t{qzu} z|}pty |sz| upy{uw q{y{o u{ |spy{ {yq} { }t
u}tv}y|}y |{ |y z~|{q y{{}tv pt |s{ pq{q p~ { zo ru{y
| }y opq{ }ty|q|} { |p upp
z| |s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pty z|zuuw z}q{ 
2 &, &,  !$,  ( $&( - 
6 &, &,  3   !  - 
 &, &,  !$,  ( $&( 
 &, &,  !$,  ,   
 &,  ,    ($&(  - 

 u{uzyy} {qy u}
{ zt zq{ z}q{ z~|{q |s{ rq{y{t|z|}pt p~ zy ~{  zy pq
{ zoru{y s}y yqrq}y{y y pty}{q}tv |sz| {  {t z y|qptv v{t{qzu} {q u}
{   
 y| o{opq} {y  sz| }| y{{y ~pq ys ~{  { zo ru{y
p|}{ |sz|  { zt zuopy| q{z p  |s{ y|ztzq tvu}ys ruqzu} z|}pt qu{y ~qpo
|s{y{ uzyy} {qy s{q{ zq{x sp  {  {qx | p } {q{t{y  }qy|x |s{ y|ztzq tvu}ys
ruqzu} z|}pt qu{y zq{ |wr}zuuw pq{q{ y{{x ~pq { zoru{x   
z ~ |s{ tpt {ty }t z rspt{o{ pt|z}t}tv |s{ ~{z|q{y  y|q}{t|x pqptzu }{x

pt{ p~ |s{ ypty y  x   x ys  x  s  x s  x    x |s{ ruqzu z  }y  


 |s{q  }y{x
~ |s{ tpt {ty }t z   p}{  rspt{o {x |s{ z  }y  

~ |s{ tpt {ty }t z   p}{  rspt{o {x |s{ z  }y y 


t pq ywy|{o x |s{ uzyy} {qy zq{ z|}z|{ }t rzqzuu{ux  }|s |s{ opy| { }|{ pt{y
vz}t}tv pt|qpu p  {q |s{ z|z q{v}y|{qy
s{ y{pt } {q{t{ }y |sz| |s{ t  p}{ruqzu qu{ }y q{rq{y{t|{ w z }y
 t|}pt p~ | p qu{uzyy} {qyx zt x }t pq ywy|{o  u{uzyy} {q p  {qy tpty
     " !   .'


{t}tv }t ptyptzt|y |  x 
 x r  x pq |s   u{uzyy} {q p  {qy tpty {t}tv }t |s{
y|q}{t| ~  pq |s{ tptpqptzu  y|pry 
 zt r  }o }uzquwx |s{  p}{ruqzu qu{
}y yru}| }t|p qu{uzyy} {qy zt
s{ u{zqt{q zuyp { s} }|y }t|{qo{}z|{ {sz }pqy y}o }uzq |p |spy{ p~ wptv s}uq{t
  ~|{q qu{uzyy}  {q zt qu{uzyy}  {q zq{ z}q{ x |s{ r{q~pqo zt{ rqpvqzo
rqp{y ruqzuy u}
{ ~pp| y  zt o zt   rpt rq{y{t|z|}pt p~ |s{ tpt{  pq
 

 v x }| v}  {y  v   pq tpt{  pqy {t}tv }t z y|q}{t| u}


{ |zyy  pq v|s x
}| v} {y |s{ tzu|{q{ y}tvuzq ~pqo y zy ruqzuy
s{q{ }y sp  {  {q z q{o z}t}tv owy|{qw q{vzq}tv |s{ z   qu{  {q
p }t
s{q y|w p~ s}uq{t y u{zqt}tv p~ tvu}ys o pqrspupvw o z{ |s{ ~puup  }tv p y{q  z


|}pt  s}u{ |s{  qy|vqz{qy zt zrruw |s{ z   zt z y  ruqzu} z|}pt qu{y


rqp|}  {uw |p t{   pqyx |s{w ~z}u |p zrruw |s{ z   qu{ |p tpt{  pqy u}
{
|zyy  pq v|s   s{t zy
{ |p rqp{ |s{ ruqzu p~ z tpt{  pq {t}tv }t y  pq
s  x |s{w {}|s{q q{r{z| |s{  pq }t }|y y}tvuzq ~pqo pq ~z}u |p q{yrpt t tp zy{y p
|s{w v} {  qptv zty  {qy u}
{ |zyy   x |zyy y  x pq v|s   x zt ptuw }t ~{  zy{y p |s{w
q{yrpt  }|s v|s y  s{ s}uq{t ~z}u |p y{ |s{   qu{ rqp|} {uw {yr}|{ |s{
~z| |sz| |s{w zt q{pvt} { zt y{ q{zu  pqy u}
{ vuzyy  zt vuzyy{y  pqq{|uw
u|spvs |s{ }t|{qo{}z|{ q{yu| p~ { r{q}o{t| }y pty}y|{t|  }|s  {q
p y }t 

|{qrq{|z|}pt p~ |s{ {  {upro {t|zu z|zx |s{ q{yu| {r{ty pt |s{ s}vs{q {ty}|w p~
tvu}ys ruqzuy {t}tv }t tpty|q}{t|y pt|qzqw |p  {q
p y }t|{qrq{|z|}pt x pq |s{


pqw rq{}|y |sz| |s{ u{zqt{q  pu sz  { tp } u|w }t z}q}tv |s{ z   qu{
{~pq{ |s{ z y  pq z   qu{y }~ }|  {q{ v}  {t |s{ ruqzuy {t}tv }t y|q}{t|y  qy|
 .  "  "     *!         
      '
 .         ' &  *       *  
  &'( &   "   "     ! * *       *   "
     &' &  "      *   ' ," "   
(
           ' &  *         "    
          "  &  ( &  &'( & ' $  "  
    #&   "   "     "    "    
*  "                  '
&  "          ( &   ' .   " 
 + ( &       *!      ' .    "  "  
  ( &  &    %' .   "   "    &&
*              '     " 
  !           ! *            
       '


  
              

t |s}y { r{q}o{t|x  { { zo }t{ |s{ {sz }pq p~ |s{ u{zqt{q  s{t |s{ }tr| pt|z}ty
{qqpq s{ u{zqt{q }y v} {t |s{ yzo{ |qz}t}tv y{| ~qpo { r{q}o{t| ruy zt z}|}ptzu
}tpqq{| ruqzu ~pqo z|  
s{ }tpqq{| ~pqo p{y tp| z  {| |s{ z}y}|}pt p~ |s{ pqq{| rsptpupv}zu
pty|qz}t|y s{ u{zqt{q }y z u{ |p }ypuz|{ |s{ { {r|}pt x z|   x w z y}tvu{uzyy} {q 
           


s{ yzo{  { qu{uzyy} {qy zq{ z}q{ zy }t |s{ rq{  }py { r{q}o{t|

   
             

t |s}y { r{q}o {t|x  { y{ ruqzu rz}qy zt rzy||{ty{ rz}qy s{ { zoru{y


zq{ qztpo } { t z}|}pt |p |s{ qu{uzyy} {qy y}o }uzq |p |spy{ ysp  t }t rq{  }py
{ r{q}o{t|yx     ty v{t{qzu} z|}pty |sz|  { p tp| { r{|  | p s}vs{qpq{q
pqq{uz|}pty q{uz|}tv |s{ ruqzu zt rzy| |{ty{ qu{uzyy} {qy s{ | p t{  s}vs{q
pq{q qu{uzyy} {q {t~pq{ |s{ pty|qz}t| |sz| |s{  p}}tv }|y p~ |s{ {t}tv rspt{o{
p~ |s{ y|{o zt |s{ z  oy| o z|s 
&, &,  !$,  !$,
&, &,  !$,  !$,

s{y{ qu{uzyy} {qy zt { }t|{qrq{|{ zy |s{          


 {yq} {
 

}t u}tv}y|}y |{ |y ys zy   p}}tv zyy}o }uz|}pt zr|q{y qpyyz|{vpq}zu v{t{q


zu} z|}pty vp  {qt}tv |s{ ~pqo z|}pt p~ tp| ptuw ruqzu tpty zt rzy||{ty{  {q yx |
zuyp |s}qr{qypt y}tvuzq  {q yx rpyy{yy} { tptyx zt y{  {qzu p|s{q opqrspupv}zu
z|{vpq}{y
 }tv}y|y { ruz}t poru}z|{ rsptpupv}zu rqp{yy{y }t |{qo y p~ |s{ }t|{qz|}pty p~
t{zquw }t{r{t{t| zt  }{uw zrru}z u{ qu{y  q u{zqt}tv |s{pqw v} {y z ruzy} u{
o{szt}yo |p rqp{ |s}y
}t p~ porz|x {u{vzt| rsptpupv}zu qu{y

         

s{    rqpvqzo zs}{  {y z so ztu{  {u r{q~pqo zt{ pt |s{ rzy||{ty{ }t  {|}pt


zt ruqzu} z|}pt |zy
y | ysp  y tp| ptuw t}{ tp}y{ |pu{qzt{x | zuyp }t|{qo {}z|{
{sz }pq pty}y|{t|  }|s  sz| }y p y{q  { z p| u}||u{ s}uq{t
 .  "  "      *        
 '


 p ~z|pqy pt|q} |{ |p |s{ rqpvqzo y v{t{qzu} z|}pt rp  {q  }qy|x |s{ }y


|}t|}  { ~{z|q{ q{rq{y{t|z|}pt { rup}|y z rqpr{q|w p~ uztvzv{  |sz|  {qw ~{  p~ |s{


rpyy} u{ rspt{o{y zq{ z|zuuw y{ }t zuu so zt uztvzv{y }t{ |s{ s}vs }o{t
y}ptzu }y|}t|} { ~{z|q{ yrz{ }y yrzqy{uw rpruz|{ x pt{ zt }o zv}t{ q{uz|} {uw y}oru{
swr{qruzt{y  }uu u{ztuw y{rzqz|{ uzyy{y p~ { zoru{y
{pt x |s{ y{zqs }t |s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pt yrz{ szy | p }orpq|zt| }zy{y  yo zuu
{yq}r|}pty zt upzu pqq{uz|}pty  q{~{qq}tv v{t{qzu} z|}pty  }|s opq{ pt | zq{y 

pq {}zu{t|uw ~{  to {q p~ }|y  }y z  {z


~pqo p~ o }t}o zu u{tv|s {yq}r|}pt
|  pq
y {zy{ |s{ v{t{qzu} z|}pt yrz{ }y yrzqy{  {t{qzu} }tv z qp|{uzyy} {q
y{{t|}zuuw ~qpo u{~| |p q}vs| {o p}{y z upzu}|w zyyor|}pt  }| qu{y p| zq }|qzq}uw
uptv }y|zt{ pqq{uz|}pty s{ upzu}|w }zy qzo z|}zuuw q{{y |s{ to {q p~
zt}z|{ v{t{qzu} z|}pty |p { pty}{q{
pq u{zqt}tv |p { {  {|} {x |s{y{ | p ~z|pqy sz  { |p  pq
|pv{|s{q u{zqt{q
upp
}tv ~pq yo zuu {yq}r|}pty  pu tp| ~zq{  {uu }t z {ty{ yrz{ {zy{ |s{q{ zq{ tp
y}o ru{ y{rzqz|}tv swr{qruzt{y zy }t |s{    rqp u{o  }o }uzquw z u{zqt{q upp
}tv
~pq upzu pqq{uz|}pty  pu tp| { z u{ |p u{zqt q{vuzq}|}{y |sz| {r{t pt zq }|qzq}uw
uptv }y|zt{ q{uz|}ptys}r  
 { yspu rp}t| p| |sz| pq ztzuwy}y p~  sw pq rqpvqzo  pq
y {r{ty pt
qz|s{q v{t{qzu pt{r|y p~ s}vs}o{ty}ptzu yrz{x yrzqy{t{yyx o }t}o zu {yq}r|}pt x
zt upzu}|w  {  pu tp| { yqrq}y{ |sz| o {szt}yo y ys zy ys}~| q{v}y|{qyx }|
 {|pqyx zt  {p  {q}tv }zy{y  }uu { v{t{qzuuw {  {|} { }t |s{ { |qz|}pt p~ upzu
yrz{|}o{ pqq{uz|}pty

                 

  {q |s{ rzy| ~{  w{zqy |s{q{ szy {{t z s{z|{ { z|{ {| {{t z  pz|{y p~ pt
t{|}pt}yo  zt z  pz|{y p~ opq{ |qz}|}ptzu wo pu} q|} }zu t|{uu}v{t{  {
{u}{  { |sz| pt|{oruz|}pt p~ pq o {szt}yo ~pq z}q}tv zt y}tv rsptpupv}zu

tp  u{v{ zt ys{ pty}{qz u{ u}vs| pt |s}y {y|}pt s{ {yy{t{ s{q{ }y }t t{q


y|zt}tv |s{ q{uz|}ptys}r {| {{t |s{ y}vtzuy }t |s{ t{qzu }q}|y p~ |s{ qz}t zt
|s{ ywo puy |sz| |s{w zq{ yz} |p q{rq{y{t|
pty}{q  qy| zt pq}tzqw por|{q q{ |s{q{ ywo puy }t |s{ por|{q p x 

|s{q{ zq{ |qzty}y|pqy }t |s{ por|{qx zt zrz}|pqyx zt  }q{y }t|{qptt{|}tv |s{o x


{| | }y z ptt{|}pt}y| ywy|{o s{q{ zq{  pu|zv{y pt |s{ tp{y zt qq{t|y }t |s{
 }q{y  { zy rqpvqzo o{qy }t|{qrq{| |s{ rz||{qty p~  pu|zv{y zy q{rq{y{t|z|}pty p~ pq
ywo puy zt ywo pu} { rq{yy}pty  { }o rpy{ rz||{qty  { zuu rqpvqzo y |sz| zy{

 &   !  *     " "             
"    "      *    *    '


|s{ rz||{qty p~ z|z  pu|zv{y |p {  pu { }t z  zw |sz|  { }t|{qrq{| zy |s{ o zt}ruz|}pt
p~ ywo pu} { rq{yy}pty |sz|  { }t|{t sy |s{ ywo puy zt ywo pu} { rq{yy}pty
zq{ z porz| zt y{~u  zw p~ {yq} }tv |s{ {sz }pq p~ |s{ ptt{|}pt}y| ywy|{o
 { zy {tv}t{{qy zqqztv{ ~pq pq ptt{|}pt}y| ywy|{o |p { s} }| {sz  }pq |sz|  { zt
y{~uuw {yq} { zy |s{ o zt}ruz|}pt p~ pq ywo puy
t os |s{ yzo{  zwx z}|pqw y}vtzuy zq{ ztzupv |qz  {|pq}{y |sqpvs z up 
}o {ty}ptzu yrz{  z |}o {y{q}{y p~ zpy|} rq{yyq{  w y}vtzu rqp{yy}tv |s{y{
zq{ |qzty~pqo{ }t|p |qz  {|pq}{y }t z s}vs}o {ty}ptzu yrz{ |sz| u}tv}y|y z y|qz|x
zrrqp }o z|{x zt {yq} { }t |{qo y p~ rspt{o{y zt |s{}q }y|}t|} { ~{z|q{y s}y
s}vs}o{ty}ptzu yrz{ }y  {qw yrzqy{uw rpruz|{ w u}tv}y|} ||{qzt{y  {zy{
p~ |s{ yrzqy}|w p~ |s}y yrz{x  { zt {zy}uw }t|{qrq{| pt  vqz|}pty }t |s}y yrz{
zy }yq{|{ ywo pu} { rq{yy}pty zt }t|{qrq{| {sz }pqy }t |s}y yrz{ zy ywo pu}
o zt}ruz|}pty
| o zw { |s{ zy{ |sz| |s{ u}tv}y|} q{rq{y{t|z|}pt }y t{{yyzq}uw yrzqy{ {zy{
|sz| }y |s{
{w |p o z
}tv z y}oru{x {  }{t|x pt{ysp| u{zqt}tv zuvpq}|so sy yrzqy{
t{yy p~ |s{ q{rq{y{t|z|}pt x zt |s{ z||{tzt| rpyy} }u}|w p~ ywo pu} {yq}r|}pt x }y
 y| z pty{{t{ p~ |s{ ~z| |sz| so zt uztvzv{ }y u{zqtz u{ zt t{qy|ztz u{ w
o{szt}yo y |sz| zq{ {  pu z u{ zt }o ru{o{t|z u{ }t q{zu}y|} }pupv}zu ywy|{o y t
~z|x  { {u}{  { |s}y op{u p~ u{zqt}tv }y zrru}z u{ |p rqp u{o zq{zy p|y}{ rsptpu
pvw
p }t |s{ zy{ p~ rsptpupvw z| u{zy|x |s{ ptt{|}pt}y| wo pu} }y|}t|}pt }y z
o z||{q p~ u{  {u p~ {|z}u  {qw|s}tv }y }oru{o {t|{ }t |{qo y p~ t{qpty pq |qzty}y|pqyx
{r{t}tv pt  s{|s{q  { zq{ }u}tv t{qzu }q}|y pq szq  zq{ p  {  {qx {zy{
|s{ q{rq{y{t|z|}pt p~ u}tv}y|} }t~pqo z|}pt }y yrzqy{x  { zt |s}t
p~ |s{ z|z zy }|y
zt |s{ o{szt}yo y zy ys}~| q{v}y|{qy zt ppu{zt pty|qz}t|y ~  {  {q{ {zu}tv  }|s
|s{ {|z}uy p~ oyu{ pt|qpu  {  pu rqp z uw sz { z os {ty{q q{rq{y{t|z|}pt
zt |s{t  {  pu  zt| |p |s}t
}t |{qo y p~ zrrqp }o z|}pty p~ ou|} zq}z|{ ~t|}pty
 |  s{t }| }y rpyy} u{ |p z y|qz| ywo puy  { p |z}t z |q{o{tpy z  zt|zv{  { v{|
|s{ rp  {q |p { rq{yy {yq}r|}pty p~ o{szt}yo y }t z porz| ~pqo |sz| }y pt  {t}{t|
~pq po ot}z|}pt |p p|s{q y}{t|}y|yx pq zy rzq| p~ zt {tv}t{{q}tv {y}vt
p  sz| p~ y}vtzuy zt ywo puy s{q{ zq{ y}vtzuy }t |s{ qz}t x zt  s{t rpyy} u{x


|s{q{ zq{ ywo puy }t |s{ o }t

        

 { sz  { {opty|qz|{ z r{q~pqo zt{ opu{ |sz| zt { }oru{o{t|{ w y}oru{


rswy}zu szq  zq{ pq r{qszry t{qzu o {szt}yo y   }|s z yo zuu  zq}{|w p~ rzq|yx


zt z u{zqt}tv opu{ |sz| szy {{t y{yy~u ~pq u{zqt}tv z rpq|}pt p~ tvu}ys


opqrsprsptpupvw  q r{q~pqo zt{ opu{ y{y pty|qz}t| {u{o{t|y |p  uu }t }t
~pqo z|}pt }t ou|}ru{  zwy s{ yzo{ pty|qz}t| {u{o{t| zt {t~pq{ }t  {|}pty pq
q{op  { |s{ }t  {|}pty |p q{p  {q |s{ ypt pqq{yrpt}tv |p |s{  pq y|{o s{
u{zqt}tv opu{ w}{uy zuopy| pt{ysp| u{zqt}tv x y}o }uzq |p |sz| p y{q  { }t s}uq{t 
| |z
{y ptuw z ~{  zq{u{yyuw spy{t { zo ru{y |p u{zqt |s{ }orpq|zt| qu{y  |s{q{
}y tp tq{zyptz u{ q{r{|}|}pt p~ |s{ z|z  zt |s{q{ }y tp q{}q{o{t| |p {zupyuw
pqq{| {qqpt{py {sz }pq s{ o{szt}yo |pu{qz|{y tp}y{ zt { {r|}pty | u{zqty
s}vs{qpq{q pty|qz}t|y zy }|
tp  y opq{ q|s{qopq{x |s{ }t|{qo{}z|{ y|z|{y p~
u{zqt}tv rqp{ {qqpqy |sz| zq{  y| u}
{ |s{ {qqpqy rqp{ w s}uq{t zy |s{w zq{
u{zqt}tv rsptpupvw
zy| u{zqt}tv pqy {zy{ |s{ u{zqt}tv opu{ { rup}|y |s{ yrzqy{t{yy p~ |s{
v{t{qzu} z|}pt yrz{x zt szy }u|}t }zy{y |p pty|q| q}zu t{vz|} { { zoru{y
zt |p y{{
upzu o }t}oo {yq}r|}pt
 sz| sz  {  { u{zqt{ z p| o z
}tv {  {|} { uztvzv{ u{zqt{qy  { {u}{  {


|sz| so zt uztvzv{y zt |s{ u{zqt}tv o{szt}yo y sz { |p p{  pu  { }t ys z  zw


|sz| |s{w pp|y|qzr {zs p|s{q s{ ~{z|q{y p~ uztvzv{ |sz| |{t |p yq  } { zq{
|spy{ |sz| zq{ {zy}uw u{zqtz u{ zt v{t{qzu} z u{ pq { zoru{x yrzqy{ upzu yrz{
|}o{ pqq{uz|}pty |{t |p { {zy}uw u{zqtz u{ w v{t{qzu} {qy |sz| sz { upzu}|w zt
yo zuu {yq}r|}pt }zy{y  t |s{ p|s{q szt x }~ |s{ v{t{qzu} {q {  pu {y z t{  ~pqo p~
q{rq{y{t|z|}pt {v x z s}{qzqs}zu y|q|q{  x t{  ~{z|q{y p~ |s{ uztvzv{y {po{
{zy}uw u{zqtz u{ zt s{t{ zt yq  } { s{q{ }y zt }t|}o z|{ q{uz|}pt {| {{t |s{
rqpr{q|}{y p~ |s{ uztvzv{y zt |s{ o{szt}yo y |sz| u{zqt |s{o
 ji  gl  gm
 { |szt
pqq}y zuu{ ~pq |{zs}tv y {u{o{t|zqw rsptpupvw zt s{ur}tv y |p
v{| y|zq|{ }t |s}y q{y{zqs  { |szt
po  t}vs| ~pq ysp  }tv y |sz| zt {u{|q}zu
}oru{o{t|z|}pt p~ pty|qz}t|y }y ~{zy} u{  { |szt
 u}{ yyo zt ~pq to {qpy
q}|}}yo y zt yvv{y|}pty |p }orqp  { |s{ rq{y{t|z|}pt p~ |s{ o z|{q}zu  { |szt

 z|q}
 }ty|pt ~pq s}y |spvs|~u q}|}{ zt }{zy ~pq { |{t}tv |s}y  pq
|p

{u}z|{ {y|}pty pt |s{ v{t{qzu rq}t}ru{y p~ uztvzv{ zt u{zqt}tv  { |szt


zu
{uypt x  pt uu{t x  pt{w  qpp
yx }
{ z  {uux |{  {  }t
{qx u}ysz z
yx  {|{q
pup  }|yx zt {tv  szp ~pq po o{t|y pt |s{ o ztyq}r|  { |szt
 {t  }r{qyx
wt|s}z tt sporyx zt  zwopt ppt{w ~pq |s{}q {y|}pty zt yvv{y|}pty

        

  q}zt
o z  }zt x  }szq  {o {qyx zt  p {q| zqt}ys   
         


       
    
      q{yyx q {}|}pt x

    {q
p s{ s}u y u{zqt}tv p~ tvu}ys opqrspupvw
 x x



  pzo spo y
w zt pqq}y zuu{   
          zqr{q zt
 p  x
  zqpu uzsy{t x pt}
z  p|s  {}u{qx zt tq{zy  p{y|  {vuzq zt }qq{vuzq
}t  {|}pt p~  {qo zt tpt ruqzuy      x   x
  }sz{u  {ty|p  }       
           uz
 {uu   u}ys{qyx

  szqu{y  }tv zt zq}t zq}tp  ty  {q}tv |s{ ptt{|}pt}y| szuu{tv{ 
ywo pu} op{u p~ u{zqt}tv |s{ rzy| |{ty{y p~ tvu}ys  {q y      x   x

   q}zt z  s}tt{w ptt{|}pty zt ywo puy  upy}tv |s{ vzr      x x

   q}zt z  s}tt{w zt  zq{  {}t zs oru{o{t|z|}pty zq{ tp| pt{r|zu
} z|}pty   {  }y}tv |s{  {q u{zqt}tv o p{u      x x
   zqw zqyx |{  {t  }t
{qx }sz{u uuo zt x }s{uu{ puuzt{qx  pst
 py{t x zt {}      
       
   
   x  puo{


ptpvqzrsy p~ |s{ p}{|w ~pq q{y{zqs }t s}u {  {upro{t|x


  po }|s{uu  {t{qzu} z|}pt zy y{zqs   

         
 x x


   zwopt ppt{w zt zqw uz}t{ zu} t|}pt p~  qy|pq{q {}y}pt u}y|y 


q{yu|y pt u{zqt}tv |s{ rzy| |{ty{ p~ tvu}ys  {q y 
x x
  |{  {t  }t
{q  u{y p~ uztvzv{    x x
  |{  {t  }t
{q zt uzt  q}t{  t uztvzv{ zt ptt{|}pt}yo  tzuwy}y p~
z rzqzuu{u }y|q} |{ rqp{yy}tv op{u p~ uztvzv{ z}y}|}pt      x x

  zt{{r  qzyzz zt |{  {t  }t
{q  {t{qzu} z|}pt p~ q{vuzq zt }qq{vuzq
o pqrspupv}zu rz||{qty      x   x
   z  q{t{  z }t{q zt  }}tv  ztv  ztv
        
    


 q{t|}{ zuux

    o{uszq| zt   u{uuzt  t u{zqt}tv |s{ rzy| |{ty{y p~ tvu}ys  {q y


t     
                

      
  

 q{yyx
   z|q}
 }ty|pt  {zqt}tv y|q|qzu {yq}r|}pty ~qpo { zo ru{y t    

     
     qz }uux

You might also like