Warm up

Write the following vocabulary words in terms of a chemical

reaction in your BILL:

- Substrate
- Enzyme
- Product
- Activator
- Inhibitor
Enzymes and Factors that
affect Enzyme Activity
Lets talk proteins
Proteins were both made and used as enzymes in the last activity

Different proteins have different functions depending on their structure

Lets break these down even more!

Create this table
Primary structure
Primary structure: the sequence of amino acids
Held together by those peptide bonds (strong)!
Example: the structure of insulin is made up of two single stranded
primary structure protein strands
Secondary Structure
Secondary Structure: Hydrogen
bonds (weak) with the
backbone can create helices or
pleated sheets
Tertiary Structure
Tertiary structure: the overall 3-D shape is DETERMINED BY R GROUPS
interactions!

Weak moderate strength

Ionic bonds
Hydrophobic/
Hydrophilic
Disulfide bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Quaternary structure
Quaternary structure: when multiple subunits come together.
NOT ALL PROTEINS ARE THIS BIG, NOT ALL HAVE THIS
LEVEL!

Same bonds
as tertiary level
(still R- groups)
Human Protein Modeling
Protein parts

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary
Enzymes
Enzymes:

- catalyze most biological reactions by helping to speed up

or start the reaction.
- Typically Proteins.
- do not get broken down in the reaction, can be used over
and over again.

Substrate: what bonds to the enzyme (what needs to be

reacted)
Active Sites
Active site: site where substrates are binding together on
the enzyme. When enzyme helps the substrates lock together
a bit more this is called

Induced fit and happens at the active site

How to read a Graph of an Enzymatic Reaction:
Rate of change: the slope of
the graph

Rate of reaction can be

determined by:
- Measuring change in amount
of substrate
- Measuring change in amount
of product
- Enzyme amount DOES NOT
CHANGE- enzymes are not
broken down during
enzymatic reaction
Activation Energy
Because it is a catalyst
this means that it lowers
the activation energy
(amount of energy needed
to start reaction) of a
reaction

Enzymes do not affect the

free energy of the
reactants or products (do
not change if reaction is
energy releasing or
absorbing overall)
Allosteric Regulation
What can inhibit Enzymatic Activity?
Competitive inhibition: when
inhibitor binds to an enzyme
and blocks binding of the
substrate. For example,
inhibitor attaches to the
active site

Non-competitive inhibition:
Inhibitor blocks another site
on the enzyme and blocks the
enzyme from doing its job.
What factors Affect Enzymatic Activity?
Denaturation: when an enzymes structure
(especially the active site) is changed due
to the environment and can no longer function
in the proper way

Temperature:
a higher temperature generally makes for
higher rates of reaction
Increasing or decreasing the temperature
outside of a tolerable range can affect
chemical bonds
VERY high temperatures generally cause
enzymes to denature
What factors affect Enzymatic Activity?
pH:

Active site amino acid residues often have acidic or

basic properties important for catalysis
Changes in pH can affect these residues and make it hard
for substrates to bind
Extreme pH values can make enzymes denature
Exit Ticket
You will take this silently and
independently
Turn it into the silver bin when you
are finished
Homework #17 DUE TOMORROW!!