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Procedia Engineering 189 (2017) 181 185

Transportation Geotechnics and Geoecology, TGG 2017, 17-19 May 2017, Saint Petersburg,
Russia

Control over transverse shifts of rail sleeper lattice which impact on


deformation of ballast layer
G.L. Akkermana, M. A. Skutinaa *
a
Ural State University of Railway Transport, Kolmagorova 66, Ekaterinburg, Russia
a
Ural State University of Railway Transport, Kolmagorova 66, Ekaterinburg, Russia

Abstract

The main problem in article is influence of warping continuous welded railway track and transverse shifts of rail-sleeper lattice.
Transverse shifts of rail-sleeper lattice lead to defects of railway track geometry, caused by lateral movement of ballast. It leads
to ballast layers stability loss and it has negative influence on safety of railway traffic. Incessant control of thermally stressed
state of continuous welded railway track is necessary, especially warping control of continuous welded railway track, because it
is important factor to stability of ballast layer and stability of railway track. Baliza is a device providing control of transverse
stability of railway track, which influence on the deformation of ballast layer. Baliza allows to define speed and acceleration of
longitudinal thermal mechanical stress variation. In article, one can see measurement and parameter calculation method. This
method is based on the measurement and comparison of existing thermal mechanical stresses and calculated mechanical stresses
in each point of the rail strings. The article describes a method to control warping continuous welded railway track and transverse
shifts of the rail-sleeper lattice that directly impact stability of the ballast layer.
2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Transportation Geotechnics and
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Geoecology.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Transportation Geotechnics and Geoecology

Keywords: Ballast layer deformation; the stress; warping continuous welded railway track; baliza.

Today one of the main problems of railway track is thermally stressed state of continuous welded railway
track. Thermal stresses appear in rails when temperature sharply increases and decreases. It influences warping of

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-912-043-9058;


E-mail address: skutina_m_a@mail.ru

1877-7058 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Transportation Geotechnics and Geoecology
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.029
182 G.L. Akkerman and M.A. Skutina / Procedia Engineering 189 (2017) 181 185

continuous welded railway track and transverse shifts of rail-sleeper lattice. It also has negative effect on ballast
layers stability and safety of railway traffic. Therefore attention should be paid that control measurement is
performed.
There are many devices for monitoring thermally stressed state of continuous welded railway track [1
13]. All of them have disadvantages. Baliza is a new device providing control on transverse stability of railway track
that impacts on deformation of ballast layer.
First condition of railway tracks stability was considered as:

(1)

shear strength, kN. The shear strength can lead to warping of continuous welded railway track.
holding force, kN.
, kN (2)

 sleepers type and diagram;


type of rails fastenings to the sleepers;
shoulders width of ballast section;
elevation of the outer rail in a curve;
 kind of ballast and its characteristics (density, pollution, etc.).

Balizas design is conical tube made of rail steel (Fig. 1). There are two strain gauge sensors which are
fixed inside the tube. Sensors are fixed from different sides of the special Balizas wall, which is located inside the
tube. Strain gauge sensors are perpendicular to each others, and one of them is located along the railway track. Also
temperature sensor is in the tube. Baliza is fixed on an inert axis of the rail. The conical Balizas shape provides
close contact of the device to the rail [14, 15].

+
-

Fig. 1. Balizas construction (1 strain gauge sensors, 2 temperature sensor, 3 sensor location, 4 transfer device, 5 battery, 6 recovering
device).
G.L. Akkerman and M.A. Skutina / Procedia Engineering 189 (2017) 181 185 183

Baliza sends a signal to a recovering device by radio waves or wi-fi or gsm communication. The
recovering device can be:
x located on a support of a contact network;
x located on a passing rolling stock ;
x holden by rail workers (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Baliza sends a signal to a recovering device, which is held by rail workers (A Baliza, B recovering device).

Baliza defines speed and acceleration of longitudinal thermal mechanical stress variation. Measurement
and parameter calculation method is based on the measurement and comparison of existing thermal mechanical
stresses and calculated mechanical stresses in each point of rail strings (Fig. 3). Baliza works according to an

algorithm which is defined as . Where temperature, stress, change of stress, rate


of change of stress, acceleration of change of stress.

Temperature sensor measures rails temperature which is converted to stress by calculation. Strain gauge
sensors measure rails stress excluding measured stress in the rail caused by train, leaving measured thermal stress.
Calculated stress is compared with measured thermal stress. If difference is permissible, measurements are made
repeatedly from the beginning. If difference is not permissible, rate of change of stress is measured. Measured rate
of change of stress is compared with permissible rate of change of stress. If difference is permissible, measurements
are made repeatedly from the beginning. If difference is not permissible, acceleration of change of stress is
measured. Measured acceleration of change of stress is compared with permissible acceleration of change of stress.
If difference is permissible, measurements are made repeatedly from the beginning. If difference is not permissible,
speed of trains is restricted or traffic is stopped to troubleshooting.
Thus Baliza precludes warping of continuous welded railway track and transverse shifts of rail-sleeper
lattice. Introduced device prevents defects of railway track geometry caused by lateral movement of ballast. Baliza
allows to have better ballast layers stability.
184 G.L. Akkerman and M.A. Skutina / Procedia Engineering 189 (2017) 181 185

Fig. 3. Balizas algorithm ( the measured stress in the rail, the measured stress in the rail caused by train,  the measured
thermal stress in the rail, the curing temperature of the scourge, the real temperature ).

References

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