Log

Well logs are records of formation physical properties versus

depth using sensors mounted on special tools called logging
tools.

.


( ) 055
( ) 0

In order to evaluate the hydrocarbon in place different logs

are used to describe different properties. The following are
some properties and the logs used to evaluate them:

Lithology:

1-NaturalGammaRay

2-SpontaneousPotential

3-Density

Porosity:

1Sonic

2Density

3Neutron

1
)4Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR

Hydrocarbon Saturation

Resistivity

Hydrocarbon Type:

1Density-Neutron

2Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

3Wireline Formation Testing

Permeability:

1Micro-Resistivity

2Sonic

3Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

4Wireline Formation Testing

:
(Density Log) FDC

: ( Neutron Log ) CNL

: ( x ray ) Gamma ray

()

.

.

) (APT 055

) : ( Resistivity Logs

( , , )

) :( Deep Laterolog

) ( uninvaded zone

) (Shallow Laterolog

))(Flushed zone

) :( Micro Resistivity

) ) Mud cake

3


oil- water contact
( )

compactness

Sonic log

Caliper Log

mud cake

.
bit size .

4

reaming
.

Dipmeter

Micro Resistivity
.

deviation
( ) crest .

:Cement bond log CBL

flow meter

perforation .

5
6
BASIC TYPE OF LOG:-

LWD (logging while drilling).

pipe conveyed:-

( ( horizontal drilling
.
Wire line open hole logging . ( )

Wire line cased hole logging.

There are two types of wire line open hole logging :-

- Basic open hole logging .
- Advanced open hole logging .

-
. type of drilling fluid
- water base mud oil base mud
.
Types of drilling fluid :-

1. Water base mud:-

- Fresh water base mud .
)- Salt water base mud (saline water
2. Oil base mud .

7
Factors effecting on the log reading:-

Type of drilling fluid.

Borehole conditions :-

caving wash out

losses sticking
tight hole .

caving
. depth of investigation
( )arms or pad
depth of investigation
.

. formation ,member , bed

-:
Lower fares formation :-

)( 800 m

Mishrif formation

)(2400-2450 m

Zubair formation 300 m

Yammamma formation 400 m

8
Types of sedimentary rock :-

Clastic :-
- Sandstone .
- Siltstone .
- Gravel .
- Shale .
Non clastic :- carbonates
- Dolomite caco3 .
- Limestone camgco3.

Sandstone

(compaction , cementation , recrystallization, dolomitization , solution (

.
Zubair sandstone

Mishrif carbonate

Yammamma carbonate

carbonate formation
clastic sedimentary rock heterogeneous
. homogeneous
TD is the total depth of the borehole

sand shale
.
9
 top to bottom or bottom to top -:

-:
arms or pad

.
-:
. drilling hazards

.
Three areas will be effected by the mud filtrate :-

Invasion zone :- filled with mud filtrate and the formation fluid is
displaced .
Transition zone :- it contains a mixture of both the drilling fluid
and formation fluid .
True zone (non invaded) :-filled with formation fluid only .

WIRE LINE OPEN HOLE LOGGING :-

)1- SP LOG (spontaneous potential log

1931 schlumberger
.

( )

11
 v

Reference Mobil

electrode electrode

/


.
) Rw (resistivity of formation water
) V shale (volume of shale
correlations regional , local
. correlation

fresh water base mud oil base mud

.
-:

Electro kinetic .
Electro chemical .

11
Electro kinetic :-

mud filtrate
formation pressure & hydrostatic pressure
) ( .

Electro chemical :-

nacl sandstone and shale shale

)( membering potential

. Rmf , Rw

Rw Rmf saline water

.
Rw
. T
Rmf
( static sp) SSP

12
13
14
15


16


17
INTERPRETATION
The direction of deflection depends
primarily on the relative salinities of
the formation water and of the mud
filtrate.
The SP log will deflect to the left in
the sand compared to the shale
when Rmf>Rwand will deflect to
the right when Rmf< Rw.

18
2-GAMMA RAY (GR) LOGS

The GR logging instrument measures the natural

radioactivity of the formation.

It can be run in any liquid or air filled hole, either cased or

uncased.

Applications of GR logs

Make depth correlations with other logs

Determine stratigraphic profiles

Estimate shale content in reservoir rocks

Delineate stratigraphic boundaries for several production

logs.

19
3-Resistivity Logs

Resistivity of a formation depends on the resistivity of the

formation water, the amount of water present and the pore
structure geometry.

Uses of resistivity logs:

-pick formation tops, bottoms, thicknesses, etc.,

-Correlate these data to other wells,

-Develop cross sections, structure maps, isopachmaps, etc.

-Identify hydrocarbon bearing zones

Resistivity is the reciprocal of

conductivity.

Hydrocarbon bearing zones can be

identified in intervals on the log which
shows high resistivity.

Because hydrocarbons do not contain

ions which can conduct electricity,
they show high resistivity on the log.

21
 Resistivity Logs

) (Rxo
( )(.( Rt ) (Rxo & Rt
:

aRw aRmf
Sw S xo
m Rt n R xo

homogeneous Isotropic
A B Equipotential
Current lines Heterogeneous
Anisotropic .

:
potential Spacing current electrode
. electrode .
.

21
 Normal device
1. Conventional resistivity log
Lateral device

Latero log 7 (LL7)

Latero log3 (LL3)

Latero log Latero log 8 (LL8)

2. Focusing Electrode LLs
Dual laterolog (DLL)
LLd

Spherical
Focused log SFL

Micro log (ML)

Microlatero log(MLL)
3. Microresistivitiy logs
Proximity log (PL)

MicroSFL (MSFL)

6 FF40- IES

6 FF28- IES

4. Induction logs ILD

Dual induction laterolog 8
ILM

ISF/ sonic

22
 .1 Normal Device

) Short- normal device or shallow

16 .
) log normal device 64
.

. .
)Resisitivity of invaded zone (Ri

F .

: A B
M
. N A M N B
.

iR
V
)4 ( Am

: V ()

: i ()

: R ( .)

: AM

23
24
 .2 Lateral log device

A ) (M-N
18( 188 8) N M ) . (5010 ) (AO

).(Rt

25
 ) (apparent resistivity Ra
) (normal or lateral
Device

.
.

Shape of normal and

lateral curves

.1 ( :) ) (h=10 AM
) . (Rs
) (normal Rt
) (inflection point

=Am
spacing ( .) spacing
) (h=Am/2
) (Rs
). (Am+h

26
()
)(non-invaded
. )(h=10 Am (
)(Am/2
Am .

27
28
 .2 ) (lateral device
()

) (AO= 10
) (Rt .
) (1.5 AO ) (AO/2
) (1.5AO -
2/3 2/3 .
) (h=AO/2
:
Rmax Rt

Rmin Rs

: Rs

: Rmax

: Rmin

29
31
 AO
( .)
)(conductive beds
)(AO
)(AO/2
.

31
 Focusing Electrode logs

. Electrodes

)1( / ) (Rt ) )2( (Rxo

) (Rt/Rm
)3( .
( )4 )
.

32

:

.1 :Laterologs () : LL7- Laterolog 7

) (AO ) (M1, M2 )(M1, M2 )(A1, A2
AO
) (Io ) (AO
) (A1, A2 ) (M1, M2 ) (M1, M2
.
)(M1, M2
) (M1, M2 ) (AO
) (M1, M2 ) (M1, M2 ) (AO


.
) (Io

) (A1, A2 88
". O1, O2=32

33
 :

Normal 16 and 64 -
Lateral 188 -
LL7 -
88 250 .m 5 .m
0.05 .m
LL7
Focused ) (220 .m Rt
22 .m .

34
 : LL3- Laterolog 3 . ) (Ao
.
LL7
) (O1, O2=12
LL7

.

: LL8- Latero log8 . LL7

) (O1, O2= 14 ) (Io (A1, A2)<40
.
LL7 LL3
Dual
. induction log

: Dual latero log DLL .

.
LL7 .LL3 :
) : Deep lateral log (LLD LL7 LL3
. Rt : Shallow Laterolog LLS
LLd ) (Io=40
LL7 . LL8
DLL )1( : )2( Rt .

35
36
 .2 : Spherical Focused log- SFL

) (sonic log

) . (Normal 16 and LL8

.
) (sheet

.
) (d=16
.

)(LLs, SFL, LL3

LL7, LL3, LLd
LL8.

37
 SFL

( LLd) ( LLs)

38
 18 .


.

(Rxo
) ( ) MLL ( ) MSFL ( ) PL RLLD RLLS
Rt ) (di .

39
 ) (Rt Ra :

R a R xo Jd i R t 1 Jd i

Jd i LL
. J . di

41
 : DLL

RLLD=15 .m ,RLLS=9 .m

Rxo=2 .m

Rt di

RLLD/ Rxo =15/2=7.2 , RLLD/ RLLs=15/9=1.69

Rt/ RLLD= 1.3, di= 30 in

41
Rt= 19.5

Microresistivity devices

)(Rxo
:

.1 : The microlatero logs MLL

) (Rxo ) (Rxo/Rmc
4/3
) (insulting pad
LL7 ) (Ao
) (A1, A2 ) (M1, M2 .

). (3 or 4 in.

42
 :ML-Microlog .2 (
)
(2.5
) cm .

( ) Tmc
( )Rmc

Rxo ) (Rxo .
Rxo > Rm Rmc Rm

And Rmc<Rxo

Rmc < Rxo > Rm

Limitations

)1.Rxo/Rmc < 15 (porosity> 15%

2.hmc < 0.5 inches

3.Depth of investigation > 4 inches

43
 .3 : PL-Proximity log Rxo
. PL MLL
. MLL Rxo
1 .
58 . .
PL
.Rt
:

: Rp : Jxo
Jxo di
Rxo/Rt di 48 Jxo
Rxo di 48 Rp
Rxo Rt Rxo .Rt Rp Rt
. Rxo Rt Rp
. di

44
 : MSFL- MicroSFL MLL, -4
. ML, PL . SFL MSFL
. DLL Rxo
.
:
)a DLL . LLd
)b Rxo
. PL
)c .
)d Caliper .
)e DLL

45
 :

PL, MLL, MSFL

.

46
47
 PL: MLL Rxo

Ra = J (Rxo) + (1-J) Rt

Rxo J RMLL RPL Ra

.

MLL :

RMLL = 9 .m, Rmc = 0.15 .m at tf

)hmc = 9.5 mm (3/8 in.

RMLL/Rmc=9/0.15 = 60

RMLLc/ RMLL= 2

RMLLc

RMLLc=9 *2 = 18 .m

48
49
 INDUCTION LOG

) oil base mud (
.
) ) Receiver coils (Transimitter coils (
) 20 KHz . (


) signals (

) Rt. (

51

(
) not too salty (
) not too resistive. (

51
Density and Neutron Porosity Logs

Density and Neutron porosity logs can also be used

together to determine the hydrocarbon type in the formation.

52
Gas-oil differentiation

gas in the formation causes the

density porosity to increase and
neutron porosity to decrease.

a large density-neutron
separation indicates gas while a
very small separation indicates
oil.

53
 Neutron log:
.
.

. shaliness .

.
) (Pu-Be ) (Am-Be
) (4Mev .

. ) (thermal velocity 0.025ev
.
). (capture gamma rays
) (epithermal neutron .


.

54


.1 : GNT ) (gamma ray neutrons thermalized

.
.2 : SNP ) (sidewall neutron porosity
. (epithermal
) neutron 0.4ev
.
.
. .

SNP

.3 : CNL ) (compensated neutron log

). (dual spaced detector

. .

.
.

55
 CNL

Formation density log

.1957
:

.1 . D
.2 .
.3 ( ).
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .

56
 .7 .
Principle of Measurements

. (Compton
) . scattering ( ) .
) (Detectors .

) (electron density
) (true bulk density-b
) (gm/cm3 ) (rock matrix martial
.

Equipment

FDL
. FDC
) (source ) (Detectors
:

57
 :1

.


.

. ) (Formation density compensated FDC
. b
FDC .

Calibration

.1 : Primary calibration

. Calibrated

.2 Secondary calibartion

58



. (Electron density & bulk
) density
:

( )

: e Electron density index

: b Actual bulk density

: Z = Atomic number

: A Atomic weight

) ( :

.

( )

: =

: Mol.Wet

59

.3
Apparent bulk density a
e :

.4 a
b a=b
.5 :
Sylvite, rock salt, gypsum, anhydrite, coal and gas bearing formations

. b

Porosity determination

.

.
( ) compaction .
:

(. )Chart Porosity-3

( )1.1/. 3

61
 ( : )D

( ) ( ( ) ( )

8.7 8.8/
3

/ 3 .

. D :

( () ) ( )

. .

( /) 3 ()) NaCl (ppm

1 1
1011 21111
1013 51111
1017 111111
1011 151111
1015 211111
1016 251111

( ) shale

.
. ( 2.65-2.2/ ) 3 .

. .
:

61
 ( )

Sonic Log
)) (continuous velocity log (CVL ) (AcousticLog
) (BHC ) (bore hole compensated
.
.
( / ) .
) (compressional wave

.

) (Transmitter ) (Receivers
:

62
 ) (Transmitter
) (Receivers ) (transducer

63
). (20 KH .
) (Receivers ) (first arrival ) ( R3,R4) (R1,R2
.
. t sound velocity

) (BHC t
) (Track
t .

Log presentation

( )23888-6888 /
t / sec/ft 44
) (Zero- porosity dense dolomite sec/ft198 . ) (BHC
) (Shallow investigation
.

Sonic velocities in formation

-1 Rock matrix

-2

compaction
. tma ) (Vma .

Rock type )Vma(ft\se )tma(se\ft ) tma(se\ft

Sand stone 18000-19500 55.5-51 55.5 or51

Limestone 21000-23000 47.5-43.5 47.5

Dolomite 23000 43.5 43.5

Anhydrite 20000 50 50

Salt 15000 66.7 67

)Casing(iron 17500 57 57

Porosity determination

64
 -1 ) (consolidated and compacted sandstone Wyllie

:

( )

: tlog )(sec/ft

: tma matrix

: tf

Vf = 5300 ft/sec, tf = 1/Vf = 1/5300

)tf = 189 sec/ft (constant

(25-18
)% ( )
Shale ( )%35-38 (
)
t t
:

: sc ()

: s

sc = 0.9s

65
sc = s

(SP reduction factor) SP . SP

:

Vsh = 1-

: Vsh
SP

: psp SP

: SSP SP

: 2624 %28 t
82/ .

: :

.2

. .

) . (abnormal pressure
) (tsh 188/
s . Cp
) (compacted coefficient :

66


Cp .
F
:

tsh .

: C ( ) 8.8-1.2 ) (C=1

2) Density Sonic cross-plot methods

) (b t
X-plot ):(b

( )

: f

: ma

: b

matrix point
) (clean sand line D t (Chart
) Porosity-3 Cp

67
68
3) Neutron Method

) (shally sand
. s N
N s
:

)3 ( )

) (fracture ) (vugular

. :

( ( ) )

69
 ) (time-average formula

( )

A B .

)4

( ) ( )

Or

: Vsh ()%

t
.

: ) (uncompacted gas sand :

110 sec/ft

120 sec/ft

t =110 sec/ft

tsh = 120 sec/ft

: Cp

71


s = s 0.7 = 34 0.7 = 23.8%

)(Abnormal Formation Pressure

(abnormal
) high-fluid pressure
) (t
). (normally compacted shale

t . .1
.
) (BHC .2
.
t . .3
.4
.
. .5
. .6

. Caliper .NGS .GR .BHC . LDL . CNL . SP . SFL . MSFL . DLL . CBL . TL . FMS . RFT

.RFT: Repeat Formation Tester

71
 .FMS: Formation Micro-Scanner

.GR: Gamma Ray

.CNL: Compensated Neutron Log

.SP: spontaneous potential

.MSFL: Micro Spherically Focused Log

.DLL: Dual Later Log

.CBL: Cement Bond Logging

.BHC: Bore Hole Compensated

-1 :

/ / :

( . . ) .

( )

( ) .

* :

- .

72
 - ( ).

- ( ).

- ( ).

( - ).

* :

,
.

( 3-2) .

pe .

73
 * :

.
:

( ) : .

( ) :
.

( ) .

* .

-1 (

-2 .

-3 :

-4 :

74
- : ( 187 /
).

- :
. (
) .

- :
.RFT

- :
:

* :

:
.

75
 :
.

: .

:
.

:
.

:
.

: .

*
:

65 .

-2 :

76
 * ) GR )Gamma Ray

. = . 18

* ) DLL (Dual Later Log

: Rxo .

: Rs / . /

: Rd .

* / ) CNL ( Compensated Neutron Log /

, = . 3

Leftarrow +45\ 15-

* ) rb FDC ( Formation Density

. .

77
 Leftarrow 2.95\ 1.95 : = %5 BEF
. 8 18 =

* / BHC Bore Hole Compensated- BHC -Sonic Log ( /

. .

48 . 148 .

* / ) Caliper Log ( /

. ,
.

6 28

* ) VDL ( Cement-Bond-LogCBL

* SP

78
 * () Ratios-NGS -NGS

( Uran Thur . ) Upr

$( porosity ) :
= 0
= .
( + ) ( ,
, ) .

% .15-10
% 30 .
: clay + shale %40
.
( )
.

.
.
:
:

Mg : % 12
.

$( permeability ) :
, .
.
+ :
.
:

.
: .

$ (Resistivity):

: om.m

/ cation / /anions / .
.
.
.

79
 1 DLL :
GR ( ) DLLs
- DLLd
.
: DLLs
: DLLd

2 FDC-CNL :

.
:
+ .2
Sonic
( ) ( ) ) ( CNL-FDC
.

3 CNL FDC :

CNL
FDC . CNL FDC
O.G.C .

4 - O.G.C O.W.C :
O.G.C FDC CNL
.
O.W.C DLL .

.

5- :
- CALIPER
.
- DLL.
- MSFLDLL .
- .

6- :
- : .
- : .
- CNL FDC :
CNL FDC .
- DLL MSFL DLL MSFL .
- ) ( GR .

7- :
:
- ( ) .
- .
( GR )

81
 .
.

8- :

:
.
.
. :
.

.
:
- .
-

.

9- : DLL ( Dual Later Log ) :

Ao Io
Ao A2 . A1
RLLS
RLLD DLL ( Micro Spherical Log ) MSFL

. RMSFL RLLS RLLD Rt .
LLDCP RLLD Rt DLL :
1-
2- 100.
MSFL DLL .
MUD.CAKE
, MSFL RUP
Rt .
MSFL -0.2
2000. . Rt LLD Rxo MSFL .

10- ( GAMMA RAY ) :

:
1- : ( )
(K40).40
2- :
.
3- :
.

11- ( COMPENSATED NEUTRON LOG )-CNL :

( ) :
.

81
 .
( ).

.
.
( 15- ) 45+
( .
5 10 ) .

12- : L.D.T- F.D.C L.D.L :

.
.

13- ( BORE HOLE COMPENSATED ) B.H.C :

.
T1 T2 T=T2-T1 \Delta .
BHC T\Delta /

14- SP :

D SP .
Rmf Rw < Rw
Rmf ( )
Rmf < Rw (
) .

( SP ) :
D SP (
) SP
.
SP .
SP :
1- : SP SP
8 1/2 SP
m .2
2- : SP .
3- : SP .
4- :
SP
5- : SP SP
SP
SP .
6- : M .
SP ( ) .

82
83