ABSTRACT

All structures are composed of a number of inter- connected elements such as slabs, beams,
columns, walls and foundations. Collectively, they enable the internal a n d external loads acting on the
structure to be safely transmitted down to the ground. These inter-connected elements must have
to design on the relevant code of practice and standard. The choice of the standard code
varies and sometimes depends on the requirement of the local authority or familiarity of the
designers. Standard code is essential in the reinforcing concrete structures design to provide
a safety and economic design. Currently, BS 8810, Bael, EN 1992 are widely used standard in
designing reinforced concrete structures based on the limit state principle. However some of
the design requirement such as partial safety factors, materials properties, load
combinations, etc are made to be different between standard code. This may affect the
building cost that were designed using different standard codes. The aim of this study is to
analyse and design a structural part of a reinforced concrete structure for a G+5 commercial
building. The material properties such as characteristic strength of reinforcement steel and
concrete, and dimensions of the structure elements are fixed. Autodesk robot structural
analysis is the reinforced concrete structure design package that will be used to design and
produce the structural detailing of our building. So then, generally, the study found out the
correctly designed structure may result in economical output while ensuring the
requirements of safety, serviceability and durability such as predicted in EN 1992-1.1(section
9, P152) .
Introduction
Chapter 1: literature review
Chapter 2: analysis and design of slabs
Chapter 3: analysis and design of beams
Chapter 4: analysis and design of columns
Chapter 5: analysis and design of stairs
Chapter 6: analysis and design of foundation
Conclusion and future work
References
1. Design of structural elements, concrete, steelwork, masonry and timber
designs to british standards and Eurocodes by CHANAKYA ARYA ; third
edition
2. Design aids for Eurocode 2
3. Manual for the design of building structures to Eurocode 1 and basis of
structural design . April 2010, the instution of structural engineer
4. Reinforced concrete design to Eurocode 2. Bill Mosley, John Bungey
and Ray Hulse . six edition
5. Eurocode 2 : background and applications ; design of concrete
buildings. F. Biasioli, G. Mancini, M. Curbach, J. Walraven, S. Gmainer,
R. Frank, C. Morin, F. Robert. 2014
6. Maitrise de lEurocode 2 . Jean Roux
7. Design of concrete strucures. Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin, Charles
W. Dolan)

Codes book
Eurocode 1
Eurocode 2
Eurocode 6
Eurocode 7
1-concrete
Concrete is a stonelike material obtained by permitting a carrefully
proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate, and
water to harden in forms of the shape and dimensions of the desired
strucure. (Design of concrete strucures. Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin,
Charles W. Dolan)
2-loads
Loads that act on structure can be divided into three broad cathegories : dead
loads, live loads and environmental loads.
Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location
throughout the lifetime of the structure. Usually the major part of the dead
loads is the weight of the structure itself. This can be calculated with good
accuracy from the design configuation, dimensions of the structure, and
densities of the materials. For buildings, floor fill, finish floors, and plastered
ceilings are usually included as dead load, and an allowance is maded for
suspended loads such as piping and lighting fixtures. For bridge dead load,
dead loads may include wearing surface, sidewalks, and curbs and an
allowance is made for piping and other suspended loads. Live loads consist
chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings and traffic loads on bridge. They may
be either fully or partially in place or not present at all, and may also change
in location. Their magnitude and distribution at any given time are uncertain,
and even their maximum intensities throughout the lifetime of the structure
are not known with precision. The minimum live loads for which the floors
and and roof of the building should be designed are usually specify in the
building code that governs at the site of construction
3- serviceability, strength, and structural safety
To serve its purpose, the structure must be safe against collapse and
serviceable in use. Serviceabilty requires that deflections be adequately
small, that cracks, if any, be kept to tolerance limits, that vibrations be
minimized ; etc. Safety requires that the strength of the structure be
adequate for all loads that may be foreseeably act on it. If the strength of the
structure, built as design, could be predicted accurately, and if the loads and
their internal effect ( moments, shears and axial forces) were known
accurately, safety could be ensured by providing a carrying capacity just
barely in excess of the known loads. However, there are a number of sources
of uncertainties in the analysis, design and construction of the reinforced
concrete structures. These sources of uncertainty, which requires a definite
margin of safety may be listed as follows:
Actual load may be differed from those assumed
Actual load may be distributed in a manner different from that
assumed
The assumptions and simplifications inherent in any analysis may result
in calculated load effects, moment, shear, etc different from those that,
in fact, act in the structure.
The actual structural behaviour may differ from that assumed, owing to
imperfect knowledge
Actual member dimension may differ from those specify
Reinforcement may not be in its proper position
Actual material strength may be different from that specified. P30
 Chapter 1 Conceptual and preliminary design
1.1 introduction
The series of European standards commonly known as Eurocodes, EN 1992 (Eurocode 2, in the
following also listed as EC2) deals with the design of reinforced concrete structures buildings,
bridges and other civil engineering works. EC2 allows the calculation of action effects and of
resistances of concrete structures submitted to specific actions and contains all the prescriptions and
good practices for properly detailing the reinforcement.
EC2 consists of three parts:
EN 1992-1 Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1 General rules and rules for buildings,
Part 1-2 Structural fire design (CEN, 2002)
EN 1992-2 Design of concrete structures - Part 2: Concrete Bridges Design and detailing
rules (CEN, 2007).
EN 1992-3 Design of concrete structures - Part 3: Liquid retaining and containment
structures (CEN, 2006).
In the following, the principles of Eurocode 2, part 1-1 are applied to the design of a simple design
case study : a six-storey building with two underground parking storeys. This is similar to the one
used for the Workshop on Eurocode 8: Seismic Design of Buildings

1.2 Basic data

1.2.1. General data and preliminary overview
The building ( 6 floors + 2 underground levels ) is located to the ground
floor is occupied by the office open to the public, first to fifth are for
dwellings and roof are not open to public. The dimension in plan are
(30.5*14.5) m^2, the plan surface is 431 m^2 and the height is h=25m
see in the figure . a conventional working life is assumed for design.
The structure consists mainly of reinforced concrete frames.
SLAB
In Figure 1.2.7 an example of a clay lighting element is given: it forms every 0,50 m a T-section with
web height h = 0,18 m and width bw = 0,12 m. The flange depth is hf = 0,05 m. These elements
require a supporting scaffolding plan, an alternative being filigree concrete slabs with embedded EPS(
expanded polystyrene) which have embedded temporary reinforcement therefore can be laid down on
discrete supports.

1.3 actions
Actions have been from the following parts of EN 1991 :
EN 1991-1.1 densities, self-weight and imposed loads
EN 1991-1.2 fire actions
EN 1991-1.3 snow actions
EN 1991-1.4 wind loads
Due to the limited dimensions, thermal actions were not
considered; nor where impact and explosion actions.
Where available the gamma partial safety factor are taken as the
suggested value in EC2
1.3.1. Densities, self-weight, imposed loads, partial and combination factors
Self-weight G1 G = 1,35 (unfavourable)
Reinforced concrete: 25 kN/m 3
P9 DOC 1110 WS EC2
1.4 Materials
1.4.1. Concrete
1.4.1.1 Exposure classes and concrete strength class
EC2 requires (2.4) that the structure to be design such that deterioration over its design working
life does not impair the performance of the structure below that intended, having due regard to its
environment and the anticipated level of maintenance. Environmental influences are therefore
considered for assessing the durability of concrete structures.
EC2 basically refers to a
a) a 50-years design working life,
b) normal supervision during execution,
c) normal inspection and maintenance during use. Quality management procedures to be
adopted during execution are described in EN13670.
For what concerns deterioration of concrete and corrosion of reinforcing steel due to potentially
aggressive environment, the designer has to identify the (anticipated) conditions of the environment
where the structure will be located in order to take adequate provision for protection of the
materials used in the structure. Environmental exposure conditions are classified by exposure
classes. An example is given in Figure 1.4.1.

Fig.1.4.1 Environmental exposure classes

5
5
Legend : Ambiente di terra = ground environment; ambiente marino = seaside environment; gelo e pioggia =
frost and water; aria marina e gelo = sea airborne and frost; senza gelo = no frost; acqua salmastra = salty water;
acqua di mare = sea water

1.4.2. Reinforcing steel

1.4.2.1 Steel characteristics
Medium ductility S500 B (grade 500 class B) reinforcing steel has been adopted. In the idealised and
design stress-strain diagrams the lower elasto-plastic design curve B without stress-hardening has
been used (Figure 1.4.6).
Assuming partial safety coefficients s = 1,15 for Ultimate Limit State (ULS - persistent and transient
design situation) and s = 1,0 for Serviceability Limit States (SLS), the characterizing values of the
diagram are:
Strength
fyk 500 N/m^2; Es = 200 kN/mm^2; (fy,max = 1,30 fyk , fyk = 650 N/mm^2)

fyd = 500 / 1,15 = 435 N/mm^2; es,yd = fyd / Es = 435/200 = 2,17

Ductility
k = (ft / fy) k 1,08 euk 5% eud = 0,90euk 4,5%

1.4.2.2 Maximum bar diameters

The design of the geometry of concrete structures, especially of concrete buildings, is increasingly
governed by considerations of Serviceability Limit States (SLS - deformation, cracking, stress
limitation) rather than those of Ultimate Limit States (ULS). It is therefore important to identify in EC2
the limiting values for the different SLSs, if any, to be considered in design.
For crack widths up to a maximum of 0,30 mm the upper limit for all environmental classes
according to EC2, Table 7.1N - the SLS of cracking may be verified without calculation by limiting
either the diameter of reinforcing bars as a function of steel stress, or their maximum spacing. For a
S500 B steel and various concrete classes stress Table 1.4.3 gives maximum bar diameters as a
function of steel stress ratio sigmas / fyk evaluated in a cracked section under the quasi permanent (QP)
load condition bold values are EC2 ones.

Fig.1.4.6 Reinforcing steel design stress-strain diagrams

In conceptual design commonly used bar diameters are first selected, then the related maximum
limiting values of ss,QP / fyk are identified. In this case they are:
o Slabs: 14 mm C25/30 ss,QP / fyk = 0,48
o Beams: 16 mm C25/30 ss,QP / fyk = 0,42
o Columns: 20 mm C30/37 ss,QP / fyk = 0,44
These limiting ratios will be considered in design
1.1 research background

The process of structural design is simple in concept but complex in detail. It involves the
analysis of a proposed structure to show that its resistance or strength will meet or exceed a
reasonable expectation. This expectation is usually expressed by a specified load or demand
and an acceptable margin of safety that constitutes a performance goal for a structure.
The performance goals of structural design are multifaceted. Foremost, a structure must
perform its intended function safely over its useful life.
. The concept of useful life implies considerations of durability and establishes the basis for
considering the cumulative exposure to time-varying risks (i.e., corrosive environments,
occupant loads, snow loads, wind loads, and seismic loads) . Given, however, that
performance is inextricably linked to cost, owners, builders, and designers must consider
economic limits to the primary goals of safety and durability (residential structural
design guide; edition 2000)
The primary aim of all structural design is
The work that follows has two objectives:
1.2 problem statement
Accurately analysed structures are important during the design phase to minimize the construction
cost. Excellent designers must have the ability to organize and manage the process of design so with
special consideration to cost effectiveness during the design process.
In todays construction industry, with the variety of standard code ( BS, EC, ACI, BAEL), the problem
of cost effectiveness is become so rampant. Although lack of experience from the engineer also affect
the design which eventually affect the cost. For this reason, this research is dedicated to find the
process of assembling different building components under strictly followed recommendations of one
of the aforementioned code i.e. EN 1992 ( EC2)
1.3 objectives
The main objectives of this study are :
to make analysis by the EC2 in order to obtain the safe solution
to ascertain the accuracy of the analysis and design using software (Robot Analysis, staad
pro)
to achieve an ultimate design in term of quality of minimal cost
1.4 scope of the study
The project focusses mainly on design of concrete and reinforcement. The structure
is a five-storey building. This structure is intended to serve as commercial building.
1.5 outline of the thesis
The thesis is organised in sixth chapters. Each chapter begin to the brief introduction
of what to be encountered
Chapter 1 is the brief overview of the research background and objectives of the
study, discussed the research methodology that was adopted for the research. The
chapter deals with the definition of model for designing multi-storeys reinforced
concrete multi-purpose building
Chapter 2 presents the general literature about slabs and process with results of
analysis of slabs by designing a sample element.
Chapter 3 presents the general literature about beams and process with results
of analysis of beams by designing a sample element.
Chapter 4 presents the general littrature about stairs and process with results of
analysis of stairs by designing in detail.
Chapter 5 presents the general littrature about columns and process with results
of analysis of columns by designing a sample element.
Chapter 6 presents the general littrature about foundations and process with
results of analysis of foundations by designing a sample.
Chapter 8 summarizes the project results that have been carried out. To finding of
the study is described. A future recommandation to extend the study is also
proposed

2-Litteratre review
2.1 introduction
The term structural analysis and design of concrete contructions consists of two
elements which includes the concrete design and concrete reinforcement
2.1.1 buildings code and standard
The codes and standards that impact modern building are constantly in flux, and it is
difficult at best to keep up with copious changes and how they will impact building
design. For engineers and architects whois working with structural design
2.1.2 optimum cost reinforcement
The meaning of the optimum cost of reinforced concrete building with some studies,
which it is minimum quantity of concrete and steel in any construction or it is the
minimum cost of the construction but the most studies explains the optimum quantity
of concrete and steel in any construction.
Hence, the primary objective of economic analysis is to secure cost effectiveness
for the client. In oreder to archieve this, it is necessary to identify and to evaluate the
probable economic outcome of a proposed construction project. An analysis is
required from the viewpoint of the owner of the project when doing the proposal, the
analysis can be evaluated the followings (Ashworth A. 1994) to achieve maximum
profitability from the project concerned, to minimized construction cost within the
critheria set for design, quality and space, to maximize any social beneficts , to
minimize risk and uncertainty and to maximize safety , quality and public image.
Cost and safety are one of the important factors that will affects method of
construction, quality of work, period of the construction and most of all, the success
of a project. It seeks to ensure the efficient use of all available sources of
construction. Clients requirement, possible effect on the surrounding areas,
relationship of space and shape, assessment of the initial cost, estimation of the life
of the buildings and material need to be studied so as to improve the effiency of
control in construction (Flanagan R. and Tate B. 1997).
2.4 FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO THE DESIGN OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.
Implementation of a construction projects is a complicated and complex process
Nead H. S and Celik T., 2001). Phase of construction are divided into categories
such as material, labor, plant, supervision, All dis turbances regarding the cost must
be detected periodically. The coolection, analysis, publication and retrieval of
desihned information are very important to the construction industry. Contractors and
surveyors will tend, wherever possible, to use their own generated data in preference
to commercially published data , since the format incorporate those factor which are
relevant to them
2.6 research methodology
The proposed methodology is based on the designing the building by software
program (Robot structural analysis and staad pro ) with EC2, each code has different
properties of concrete and steel such as the concrete compressive strength (fc) and
the yield strength of steel (fyk) , the various combination of the load, the allowable
ratio for minimum and maximum reinforcement and other properties. In practice,
design, design of the elements is governed by various architectural requirements. If
the height and width of the beam are located, the design allocates the right amount of
steel but in this study , we assumed that the dimension of the beams and columns
are not given . hence during the design by the robot structural analysis or staad pro
software, we will start with small dimension. In this case the program will check if the
dimensions were acceptable or not, here if the dimensions are small the message
from the program report will come out please note: max/min reinforcement sizesdo
not not permit acceptable bar spacing, increase member size. So, we will increase
the member size till we get the first acceptable dimensions that have the first
acceptable amount of steel.
2.7 PHILOSOPHY OF structural DESIGN

The primary aim of all structural design is to ensure that the structure will perform
satisfactorily during its design life. Specifically, the designer must check that the structure is
capable of carrying the loads safely and that it will not deform excessively due to the applied
loads. This requires the de- signer to make realistic estimates of the strengths of the materials
 composing the structure and the loading to which it may be subject during its design life.
Furthermore, the designer will need a basic understanding of structural behaviour.
The work that follows has two objectives:
1. to describe the philosophy of structural design;
2. to introduce various aspects of structural and
material behaviour
The task of the structural engineer is to design a structure which satisfies the needs of the
client and the user. Specifically, the structure should be safe, economical to build and
maintain, and aesthetic- ally pleasing. But what does the design process involve?
Design is a word that means different things to different people. In dictionaries the word
is described as a mental plan, preliminary sketch, pat- tern, construction, plot or invention.
Even among those closely involved with the built environment there are considerable
differences in interpretation. There are many inputs into the engineering design process as illustrated
by Fig. 1.1 including:
1. client brief
2. experience
3. imagination
4. a site investigation
5. model and laboratory tests
6. economic factors
7. environmental factors.

Fig. 1.1 Inputs into the design process.