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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2704108, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY 1
AbstractThis paper presents an electric model of metal-oxide is subjected to lightning surges or vary-fast transients (VFT),
surge arrester (MOSA). The proposed electric model accurately the literature reports a predominantly inductive or dynamic
represents the MOSA in a wide range of frequencies and behavior [8][15]. In this situation, the MOSA residual voltage
amplitudes. The model was developed and validated based on
MOSA electrical behavior in each one of the three operating increases with the current impulse front time decrease. The
regions of the zinc-oxide (ZnO) surge arresters, and in a wide range of operation associated with the diversity of
database composed of voltage and current waveforms measured the MOSA electrical behaviors is included in the MOSA
from tests performed in twelve ZnO varistors having different representation by an electric model for general purpose, which
physical dimensions and electrical characteristic - from five is a complex task.
different manufacturers. These varistors were subjected to
different voltage levels in the low current region, and multilevel Several arrester models have been proposed in the literature
amplitude of switching current impulses (30/60 s), lightning [8][12], [16][18] aiming to represent its behavior properly.
current impulses (8/20 s), high current impulses (4/10 s) and These models were proposed with the purpose of providing
fast-front current impulses (1.5/26 s and 3/6 s), encompassing tools for studies of insulation coordination, optimal location,
the three regions of operation and a wide-range of frequencies energy absorption capacity, correct selection/specification of
and amplitudes. The results provided by the MOSA wide-range
(MWR) model were compared with that obtained in laboratory. MOSA, among others [19][23]. Unfortunately, the current
The MWR model has shown good agreement in terms of models were developed to work properly in specific situations.
waveform, peak value, and absorbed energy for the evaluated Some models are appropriate for power frequency studies,
cases. others are useful on switching studies, and finally some are
Index TermsArresters, modeling, power system protection, applied only in lightning or VFT studies. Thus, as the power
testing, varistors. system studies normally involve several kinds of operational
situations (power frequency, transients, etc.), the existent
MOSA models can fail in representing and simulating all such
I. I NTRODUCTION
situations.
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2704108, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY
8/20 s
1.0 CVR
30/60 s
AC
DC
Fig. 2. Experimental set-up.
0.5
HV Probe
Resistor
HV Probe
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2704108, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
BRITO et al.: A WIDE-RANGE MODEL FOR METAL-OXIDE SURGE ARRESTER 3
16 16 RL
14 14
12 12
10 10
Varistor A1
Voltage (kV)
Current (kA)
8 8 L C
Measured voltage
6 Compensated voltage 6
Voltage across aluminum block
R(i)
4 Measured current 4 Rc
2 2
0 0
2 2
0 5 10 15 20
Time (s)
Fig. 5. Proposed electric model.
Fig. 4. Voltage and current measurements in varistor A1 and aluminum block.
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2704108, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY
TABLE II TABLE IV
C APACITANCE OF THE MOSA AS A FUNCTION OF THE NUMBER n V -Ir CHARACTERISTIC NORMALIZED OF THE MWR MODEL NONLINEAR
COLUMNS IN PARALLEL OF Z N O VARISTORS INSIDE THE MOSA, HEIGHT RESISTANCE .
h IN METERS , AND LINE DISCHARGE CLASS .
Current (A) Voltage (p.u.)
Line discharge class Capacitance (pF) 0.00015 0.30
Class 1 7.50 n/h 0.00060 0.48
Class 2 12.31 n/h 0.00200 0.56
Class 3 19.59 n/h 0.00500 0.61
Class 4 36.75 n/h 0.01000 0.63
Class 5 78.96 n/h 0.01600 0.65
250 0.72 - 0.81*
500 0.74 - 0.83*
TABLE III
V -Ir CHARACTERISTICS NORMALIZED OF THE MWR MODEL NONLINEAR
1000 0.77 - 0.86*
RESISTANCE , IN THE HIGH NONLINEARITY REGION , IN ACCORDANCE 2000 0.82 - 0.89*
WITH THE LINE DISCHARGE CLASS . 4000 0.91
8000 0.97
Line discharge class - Voltage (p.u.) 10000 1.00
Current (A)
1 2 3 4 5 15000 1.06
250 0.72 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.81 20000 1.10
500 0.74 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.83 40000 1.20
1000 0.77 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.86 *In the high nonlinearity region, the values in p.u. depend of the line discharge class,
2000 0.82 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 according with Table III.
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Transactions on Power Delivery
BRITO et al.: A WIDE-RANGE MODEL FOR METAL-OXIDE SURGE ARRESTER 5
1 4 8 2
Measured current
MWR model current
Measured voltage
0.5 2 6 1.5
Varistor D1
Current (mA)
Voltage (kV)
Current (kA)
Voltage (kV)
250 A 1.9 kA Measured voltage
0 0 4 250 A 1.9 kA MWR model voltage 1
250 A 1.9 kA Measured current
0.5 2 2 0.5
1 4 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (ms) Time (ms)
Fig. 6. Voltage and current measurements and provided by the MWR model Fig. 7. Results of voltage and current measurements and provided by the
in varistor F1 in the low current region. MWR model in varistor D1, in the high nonlinearity region (30/60 s).
TABLE VI
TABLE V
AVERAGE ERROR IN THE VOLTAGE PEAK VALUE , ENERGY ABSORBED AND
AVERAGE ERROR IN THE CURRENT PEAK VALUE AND R2 STATISTIC IN
R2 STATISTIC IN THE HIGH NONLINEARITY REGION .
THE LOW CURRENT REGION .
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2704108, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
6 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY
10 15 10
3.9 kA 14.7 kA Measured voltage 15
3.9 kA 14.7 kA MWR model voltage
3.9 kA 14.7 kA Measured current
8 8
10 10
Varistor E1
Current (kA)
Current (kA)
Voltage (kV)
Voltage (kV)
6 6
Varistor C1
4 kA 15.1 kA Measured voltage
4 kA 15.1 kA MWR model voltage
4 4 4 kA 15.1 kA Measured current
5 5
2 2
0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (ms) Time (ms)
(a) (b)
15 16 15 16
12 12
10 10
Current (kA)
Current (kA)
Voltage (kV)
Voltage (kV)
Varistor B1 Varistor A1
0 0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 5 10 15 20
Time (ms) Time (ms)
(c) (d)
Fig. 8. Results of voltage and current measurements and provided by the MWR model in ZnO varistors, in the high current region. (a) Varistor C1 - 1.5/26 s.
(b) Varistor E1 - 3/6 s. (c) Varistor B1 - 4/10 s. (d) Varistor A1 - 8/20 s.
TABLE VII
AVERAGE ERROR IN THE VOLTAGE PEAK VALUE , ENERGY ABSORBED AND R2 STATISTIC IN THE HIGH CURRENT REGION (1.5/26 S , 3/6 S , 4/10 S
AND 8/20 S ).
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2704108, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
BRITO et al.: A WIDE-RANGE MODEL FOR METAL-OXIDE SURGE ARRESTER 7
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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2017.2704108, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
8 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY
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Power Systems Transients, Lyon, France, June 37, 2007. 1978, he is with the Hydroelectric Company of San
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0885-8977 (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.