THINKING SKILLS AND PROBLEM SOLVING

ASSIGNMENT
Making Maldives safer from gang violence: Causes and solutions to implement

OPEN UNVERSITY MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Thinking skills and problem solving SBFS1103

JULY 9, 2017
Thinking skills and problem Solving Assignment July 9, 2017

List of Abbreviations

GREAT Gang Resistance Education and Training

GSS General Social Surveys

JIPP Juvenile Intervention and Prevention Program

MIPSTAR Maldives Institute for Psychological Services, Training and Research

MVR Maldivian Rufiyaa

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Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2.0. Communication of the problem ......................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Gang violence .................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2. History of gang violence .................................................................................................................... 4
2.3. Possible Causes ................................................................................................................................. 4
2.3.1. Easy Money from violence: High Unemployment ................................................................ 4
2.3.2. Drugs ........................................................................................................................................ 5
2.3.3. Family Issues............................................................................................................................ 5
3.0. Solutions ............................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1. Explain the consequences ................................................................................................................. 6
3.2. Employment opportunities ............................................................................................................... 6
3.3. Islamic reminders .............................................................................................................................. 7
3.4. Community support and Community based programs. .................................................................... 7
3.5. Family classes and counseling ........................................................................................................... 8
3.6. Other solutions .................................................................................................................................. 8
4.0. Solution for Implementation .............................................................................................................. 9
4.1. Employment Opportunities............................................................................................................... 9
4.2. Family classes and counseling ........................................................................................................... 9
4.3. Islamic reminders ............................................................................................................................ 10
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Reflection ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
Reference........................................................................................................................................................ 13

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Making Maldives Safer From Gang Violence: Causes and Solutions to Implement

1.0. Introduction
Maldives is popular as the seventh wonder of this world and as a paradise on earth, but not all in the
paradise of Maldives are angels. Gang culture and gang violence that was previously unimaginable
in a country like Maldives has become a major theme and a new phenomenon for Maldives. It is not
new anymore. The proliferation of gangs is increasingly highlighted by police and media reports.
According to the Maldives police statistic, there is a 19.8% increase in incidence of arrests related to
violence in the year 2007 (Maldives Research, 2010). Moreover, it is assumed there could be a
relation between increase in gang and increase in arrest related to violence crime. Furthermore,
statistics also show an increase in crime rate in the year 2016 compared to 2015. One of the major
factor for rising in crime rate was increase in gang violence (Sun, 2016). The main purpose of this
essay is to inform the audience about the gang violence in Maldives and come up with possible
solutions to solve this problem. Therefore, the report will define what is gang violence including the
history and causes of it. In addition, discussion is presented on the possible solution and solutions for
implementation. Finally, the study concludes with an overall summary of the paper. If solutions are
implemented properly then Maldives can truly become the peaceful paradise once again.

2.0. Communication of the problem

Gang violence cannot be overlooked, as it is slowly destroying the peace in the country and tearing
families apart through murder, rape, incarceration of gang members, deaths etcetera. Violence is the
problem; however, it is not a solution. The solution can only be found by identifying the root cause
of the problem, which requires understating the problem and its history.

2.1. Gang violence

The word gang can be described as a group of two or more people who isolate themselves with a
common sign or a name and spend time in public places that see themselves as a noticeable group. If
the majority of their offending is of a lower nonviolent level they cannot be considered as a gang but
a peer group. A gang tries to get what they need or want without caring what is right and wrong and
how they get it. According to Thrasher (1936), gang is group originally formed spontaneously. It is
characterized by meeting face to face, planning, conflict, movement through space as a unit and
milling (Thrasher, 1936). Nevertheless, the description of gang has changed over the years. The
description given by C. Ronald Huff best defines the current definition of gang. Huff (1990) stated
what differentiate a gang from other groups. Which are:

Better-developed leadership within the group

Tendency to claim some forms of "turf"
More deliberate quality of illegal activities

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Regular routines involve in illegal activities (Huff, 1990).

Gang violence is a non-political and criminal act of violence committed by a gang. These criminal
activities can be against innocent people and may be between other gangs. Gang violence affects the
quality of life in communities, community image and public safety. Gang violence is causing
heightened fear for violence, safety and economic cost.

2.2. History of gang violence

According to rapid situation assessment of gangs in Male implemented by Maldives Institute for
Psychological Services, Training and Research (MIPSTAR) historical origins of formation of gangs
are related to the introduction of heroin in Maldives in the early 1990s. Gang members report that at
the beginning heroin packets were given free until people were addicted. Afterwards they were forced
to spend money to meet their addictions. Price kept on increasing and drug users supported their drug
habits through the involvement in gangs. MIPSTAR study also highlighted, in the year 2003, there
was a sudden increase in gangs and violent activities following the death of a prisoner in Maafushi
jail. In addition, formulation of political parties and 2004 prison riots also played a major part in
increasing the number of gangs (MIPSTAR, 2012). Within few years violence has become
synonymous with gang in Maldives. According to Bruke (2012), the first major incident of gang
violence in Maldives was seen in 2006, and in 2008 the first gang killing took place. More people
are being closely affiliated to these gangs, especially youths.

2.3. Possible Causes

Violence in Maldives is epidemic endangering the lives of people. However, nowhere in the media
attention or official calls for more policing has a serious attempt been made to uncover the possible
cause of gang violence. Young people in particular are at risk of being made a shooting victim and
being drawn into conflicts themselves. The main causes of gang violence are getting bigger and easier
money from violence, drug abuse and family issues which are discussed below in detail
2.3.1. Easy Money from violence: High Unemployment
One of the reason why people are drawn to gang life is, for its promise of easy money and status in
circumstances where they otherwise have no future. As in Maldives there has been a profound decline
in living condition, jobs that pay decent wages have been reduced and the living cost is getting higher.
Foreigner like Bangladeshis and Indians are taken for jobs, which they would otherwise will be
qualified for. Even with an advance-level certificates people are unable to find a good job that can
match the current living cost of Maldives. Therefore, high unemployment in Maldives and easy
money from criminal activities are attracting youths and increasing gang violence. Richard
Rosenfeld, a sociologist at the University of Missouri-St. Louis highlighted concerning crime rates
in New Zealand, that there is a correlation between unemployment and crime. Rosenfeld who studied

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crime trend mentioned unemployment have boosted

crime rates as shown in the figure 2.1 (Barrett,
2009).
According to Goldstein (1990), gang violence is
increasing because people want a better lifestyle,
which they are not able to achieve through
legitimate work. Gang members can easily earn
MVR 5,000/- easily where the minimum wage of
Maldives is MVR 2,600/- only. Being in a gang can earn them MVR 10,000/- easily to break a shop
without having to work for 8-10 hours at the office. This easy money is increasing more violence in
Maldives. Gangs allow member to earn more money quickly by getting involved in criminal
activities. However, they do not realize the consequences that will be enforced and the risk associated
with those crimes.
2.3.2. Drugs
Gang Violence and drugs certainly have close relationship with each other. Drugs play a huge role
trapping people into gang violence. Many members utilize the gang to get drugs and protection from
police. In addition, they establish drug-selling business through gang, which play a major part in
violence. Gang member sells drug to make money even if they have to kill someone. Gang members
will go after customer who owes money and hurt or even kill the person for money. In the year 2016
drug related crime increased by 46% in the month of May compared to 2015 and violent crimes were
increased by 22% (Sun, 2016).

Moreover, with the violence like doing illegal task for Businessmen and politician, gang members
are presented with alcohol and drugs for completing the tasks. Gang violence is increased with the
unstable political environment in the country. Where well-known people like prominent blogger,
Yameen Rasheed, Member of Parliament and prominent reformist religious scholar, Afrasheem Ali
was killed by a group of people after multiple stabbings (Shaahunaz, 2017). An article published on
Aljazeera website highlights that these murders are related to the country's political context (Zahir,
2017). These kinds of dirty works are done by gang members for businessmen and politician willing
to pay them to wage violence. Thus, they depend on the greater and easy income to pay for drugs.

2.3.3. Family Issues

Studies have indicated that often broken family structure leads to gang crimes where gang activities
offers that sense of family and closeness that is not present in their own home (Violence prevention

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institute, n.d.). According to General Social Surveys (GSS), 17% of

people who lives in a non-intact family as adolescents have ever
charged or picked up by police, compared to 10% of those who lives
in an intact family as shown in figure 2.2 (Patrick, 2010). Moreover,
many gang members believe that gang is like a family where,
members are there through the bad and good times, share each
others problems and members take care of each other similar to a family. As
a result, gang offer more stable social structure for members and family members are seen as
unreliable. Thus, they get involved in gangs for the support and comfort lacking at home.

3.0. Solutions
A solution for this problem is significant, as it would help in reducing consequences or negative
impact of it such as reduced economic activities, breakdown of social structures like families,
unwarranted deaths of innocent citizens, increased workload within legal systems, fear and
intimidation of community members and increased crime rates. Solving gang violence completely is
a question mark in the current situation of Maldives. However, following solutions can be beneficial
in reducing gang violence largely.

3.1. Explain the consequences

It is important to let a child know, what a gang is and what are the consequences of gang involvement
and gang violence are. A child must know certain things at an early age to make them aware about
the danger that comes with it. For example, tell them:
They will never feel good about their self.
What waits if they keep banging (for example prison or death).
A single criminal record means struggle in getting a job.
They will be forced do criminal activities that can ruin their future completely.
Fear of going to jail, being killed or caught will always be there.
The result of it will always be regret.
If families, teachers, peers, law enforcement and community member play their role in telling
children and youths about these consequences, it will help members to leave gangs and also
prevent people from joining gangs. An evidence-based gang prevention program called
According to Esbensen, Peterson, Taylor, & Osgood (2012), Gang Resistance Education and
Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program, shown to be very successful in decreasing gang membership. In
that program individual as well as community have lesson on the negative consequence of gangs.

3.2. Employment opportunities

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According to Hernandez (2013), giving employment opportunities to youths can decrease possibility
of groups being on street and involved in criminal behavior and gang related violence (Hernandez,
2013). In addition, the Gang violence reduction program carried in Chicago was successful in
decreasing the criminal activity among participant by providing employment opportunities to people
at risk (Spergel, n.d.). Providing employment opportunities will not only drive them away from gang
crimes but also provide with financial incentive, a sense of responsibility and professional skills.
Maldives FENAKA Corporation limited have already set an example by giving employment to 100
people with disabilities (Avas, 2016). So providing same opportunities for gang members who want
to have healthy life can encourage more people at risk to come back and live a normal life away from
crimes. Thus, in the long run violence will decrease to some extent.

3.3. Islamic reminders

One of the other solutions for gang violence is reminding them about the religion. Amongst the
ideological beliefs one of the important factor that have been used to prevent crime is the day of
resurrection and faith in God. This faith encourage person to shun wrong doings and to do good
deeds. Most people will agree religion brings peace to hearts yet people are lazy to practice it.
However, always-reminding people about the religion and doing religious activities can bring those
gang members on right path. If they are attracted and successful in adopting Islamic lifestyle, they
will give up their gang lifestyle willingly. If the tactics used by gangs are used in resolving the issue
it can help to reach people at risk. Some of the tactics are:

Find creative ways to be visible in the society

Be visible as often as possible
Be creative in giving lectures (for example: Camp with religious activities)
Make people aware of punishments related to crimes and the rewards for doing good deeds.
In addition, obligatory acts like prayers, zakat, hajj pilgrimage, and fasting keep a person away from
impiety. Always reminding people about the religion will allow them to know what their purpose of
life is and it will guide them.

3.4. Community support and Community based programs.

Community is usually the origin of crime, so support from community is significant in reducing gang
violence. It is in the community where the criminals roots are, where, they can be further trained and
educated, where their friends and peers are found where they continuously strive to belong, pursue
life goals and practice their religion. Thus, the community support is the one of the best strategy for
transforming and changing gang members from their criminality. Some of the strategies that can be
employed by communities are reducing youth's conflicts, strengthening families, increase adult

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supervision of children after school, providing gang awareness training. A balance of suppression,
intervention and prevention strategies is significant for success.
Moreover, Community based programs like, mentorship opportunities and drug treatment are
effective ways to solve gang related problem. By providing, them support and getting them into such
programs, help them to stay away from crimes. As great numbers of young people are into such
crime, community can build a like place where they can get help with problems, hang out, and learn
how to live a better life. Such programs will help them realize the benefit of leaving gang violence.
Moreover, Instead of being with gangs and on the streets community programs provide people with
good things to do (Halpern et al., 2000). According to Edberg et al. (2010), several such programs
that target youth violence intervention and prevention are evidence-based model that have been
researched and developed. Such programs have proven success in preventing people from crimes.
For example, a community program carried in Los Angeles unified School District, called Juvenile
Intervention and Prevention Program (JIPP) has proven results. Students who participated in JIPP
had better attitude about law enforcement, their parents and themselves and were more involved in
communities (Koffman et al., 2009). Decker & curry (2000) also have mentioned community
programs like National Youth Gang Suppression and Intervention Program have shown success in
helping out people from gangs, thus reducing gang violence.

3.5. Family classes and counseling

Before their gang life, every gang member was with his/her family and it is from where most solutions
can be found to stop the gang violence. Giving classes and communication with the people at risk is
not enough if it does not include their family. When families are provided with the necessary tools,
they have more chances to stop their family member from committing a crime. According to Baldwin,
Christian, Berkeljon, Shadish, & Bean (2012), family therapies compared to individual treatment is
more effective in treating youths with law breaking issues. Family based therapy such as brief
strategic family therapy and multidimensional treatment foster care, help families to solve problems
relating to specific issues, increase communication between family members and better understand
behavior patterns (Henggeler & Sheidow, 2012). Therefore, educating family especially parents can
assist is spotting the signs of gang association and seek the appropriate intervention.

3.6. Other solutions

There are many other recommendations that will help to reduce gang violence such as:
a)Drug Rehabilitation
Increase the number of programs such as prison based drug rehabilitation, counselors, and improving
awareness related to gang and sensitivity to its culture.
b)Police

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Working together with the community on community based policing to increase community security.
This will establish productive collaboration and dialogue between gang members. In addition,
recording minor criminal complaints like traffic related offence should be avoided. Because, a simple
police record can create problems in getting a job in Maldives.

4.0. Solution for Implementation

As mentioned earlier several solutions can be implemented to prevent gang violence. Explaining the
consequences of gang violence, community based programs and other solutions like drug
rehabilitation are solution that can prevent gang violence. However, giving employment
opportunities, educating families and spreading religious beliefs would be much more effective to
implement in a society like Maldives. For instance, implementing solution like community-based
programs is expensive to be carried and will require huge funding. In addition, even though the other
two solutions are also to reduce gang violence, the following 3 solutions leaves a far greater impact
on reducing gang violence.

4.1. Employment Opportunities

Helping the gang members by offering job training and getting jobs, who wants to start their life
afresh out from gang activities, is a one of the best solution to combat gang violence in a country like
Maldives. Because, although past 3 years shows a decrease in unemployment rate, the number of
people with diploma and degree certificate and number of people involved in gang violence are
increasing at an enormous speed. As a result, chances of those members, mostly with lower grades,
getting a legitimate job are far from reach, thus more chances of gang involvement. Therefore,
eliminating one of the biggest
reasons for increasing gang
violence in Maldives, will surly
decrease it.

This solution will work for Maldivians as; there are many job opportunities in Maldives, which they
can do. For example, work like construction work and agricultural work such as farming and fishing
and simple office jobs. These works does not require a degree or high qualification or much money
for giving out the opportunities. Therefore, implementing this solution in Maldives would be much
easier and effective. Moreover, this solution is a low cost intervention and surprisingly simple to
implement. Furthermore, it will leave a long-term impact on society and reducing gang violence.

4.2. Family classes and counseling

Strong families are an important factor in stopping gang violence. It is one of another effective
strategy, which can be effective for reducing gang violence for a society like Maldives. Because,
normally in culture of Maldives, how bad or good a person is, family is given importance. Therefore,

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if they are provided with necessary tools to prevent their children from gang involvement it would
be better strategy than taking more police actions. Respecting elder people especially parents, is not
only a compulsory action for Maldivian in their religion but also a part of their culture. Therefore,
educating would help those people to take actions correctly to save their children rather than being
violent towards such gang violence. They have the primary role in the social, mental and physical
development of the child, shaping their trajectory in life. In addition, it will be much easier for
parents to convince their children about the negative consequences of gang life in a society like
Maldives.
Maldivian have so much love for their family members, However, Maldivian having the highest rank
in the world for divorce rate is a known fact. Surly, a weak family bond can lead to violence, while
a strong family bond can prevent such crimes too. That is why, family therapy or classes designed
for crime prevention will not only reduce the crime rates in Maldives but also high divorce rate that
plays a major role in breaking families apart, resulting more crime such as gang violence. Thus,
family classes can be the most effective solution for preventing gang violence. It will not only be
beneficial for individuals but for the whole society. If educators and law enforcement work together
to educate parent regarding the issue they can utilize right strategies and handle the situation to turn
away their children from wrong path instead of reacting strongly to the gang problem.

4.3. Islamic reminders

Religion is important when it comes to controlling crime. For Maldivians religion plays an important
role in their life. Great percentage of Maldivians follows Islam, which forbids doing any sort of crime.
Therefore, reminding criminals about what they are actually doing, can deter them from doing wrong.
The reason they worship is to remember their god always to be more adhered to rights and ethics.
Firm belief in God and religious faith gives them power to say no to sins and crime. In such a society,
where some people are forgetting such good values, peace can be brought back by restoring their
religious belief.

Instead policing, by reminding community about the day on which everyones deeds will be
calculated, it will do what a 1000 police cannot do. True incorporation of religion will result in being
heedful of the deeds and no police or laws will be required to control crime. Thus, when creating
crime prevention program paying special attention to religion can increase the chances for it success,
reducing not only gang violence but also the number of crimes.

Conclusion
This paper discusses that gang violence in Maldives is a complex and a serious issue that needs
attention. Increasing gang violence in Maldives is resulting in higher crime rates year after year. This

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issue is destroying the peace in the country and youths are getting more involved in gangs. Possible
causes increasing gang violence are easy money from violence, drugs and family issues. High
unemployment rate in Maldives is leading youths to gang crimes in order to earn money easily.
Moreover, to get access to drugs and sell drugs number of people joining gangs is increasing. People
are willing to kill people for drugs and money. Furthermore, because of family issues, youths are
getting more attracted towards gangs for the support and comfort lacking at home. To make Maldives
safer from gang violence many solutions discussed in this paper, which are; explaining the
consequences of doing crimes, more employment opportunities, reminding religion often, carrying
out community-based programs, family class and counseling and other solutions like drug
rehabilitation can be implemented. However, from all solutions, employment opportunities, family
class and counseling and Islamic reminders are the best three solutions for making Maldives safer
from gang violence. Since the absence of these three things is causing an increasing in gang crime in
Maldives, eliminating the major root causes will reduce it. More employment opportunities and
family classes and counseling will make sure no one is pushed into gang life and encourage any
member who wants to come out of their gang life. these programs enables members to build
confidence and self-esteem and encourages them to say no to gangs, drugs, and violence and yes
to hope, learning, and life. In addition, promoting religion among people and giving attention to
ideological and religious principle will not only reduce gang violence but also the number of crimes
in Maldives. Implementation of the solution will create a sound atmosphere making Maldives safer
from gang violence.

Reflection
I had to choose from one of the two themes given for thinking skill and problem solving assignment.
From Sensitive environment of Maldives and gang violence in Maldives, I chose gang violence.
Because it is a common topic worldwide and I expected that it would be easier to get information. In

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this reflection, I will discuss what I have learnt through the process of completing this assignment to
write about the solutions to make Maldives safer from gang violence.

Before I did not know much about gang members and gang violence. However, now I know much
more about it and how much attention it need to be given. While writing about the causes of this
problem I realized gang members are not that bad as I expected. Because causes like family issues
and unemployment and no way to earn is forcing some of them to gang life unintentionally. After
that I personally started believing, those people need to be rescued and should be offered a second
chance. Next, when I started writing about the possible solutions, I started believing it is possible to
save our youths from gang violence and it just needs a little effort from every party. There are many
solution that I wanted to talk about however, due to world limits I only selected six. Those solutions
were explaining the consequences of doing crimes, more employment opportunities, reminding
religion often, carrying out community-based programs, family class and counseling and other
solutions like drug rehabilitation. The most difficult part of the assignment was selecting the best
three solution. Because I had to justify the choices I have selected in detail in the context of Maldives.
However, this part of assignment was the most interesting. Because I got to learn more about
Maldives and found out writing my own opinion was not such a bad thing. At the end of it I also
realized the three solutions; which are employment opportunities, family class and counseling and
Islamic reminders, act as major causes that encourage gang involvement due to its absence. Finally I
felt at ease concluding my assignment knowing I finished it on time

When thinking about my assignment and how I wrote it, I personally believed that I have full filled
all the criteria stated in the assignment paper. However, I could have put more efforts in using more
examples, facts and statistics to support my writing. I had a good start, however by the end of
assignment I became careless because I had to do lots of work within a short period of time. Getting
information for this assignment was not easy as I thought. There are not much article and statistic of
Maldives available on internet. Therefore, I took a lot more time on getting information than writing.
In addition, I felt I should work more to improve my writing skills.

In closing, I would like to add that this experience have taught me many good things. One thing is to
start doing assignment earlier. It is because I expected it to be easy but it turnout to be a little complex.
Furthermore, I will ensure that I will continue to develop my writing skill and research how to write
effective academic essay. Doing so, I am sure I would be able to perform well in these kind of
assignments.

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Thinking skills and problem Solving Assignment July 9, 2017

21. Zahir, A. (2017, April 26). Making sense of the paradise where a young blogger got murdered.

Retrieved July 1, 2017, from http://www.aljazeera.com

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