CHE413

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA III

Dr. Mrs.T.E. Odetoye

E-mail: odetoye.temitope@lmu.edu.ng
Office Location: FC03D
GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION
The Fouriers Law of heat
conduction is essentially valid for
heat flow under unidirectional and
steady state condition
 However in many practical cases the
temperature may be a function of
space co-ordinate as well as time.

Hence , the need for the three

dimensional heat flow equation
which consider both non-uniformity
of temperature and irregularity at
the boundary of the surface
Cartesian Coordinates
Consider the flow of heat through
an infinitesimal volume element
oriented in a three dimensional
co-ordinate system. The sides dx,
dy, dz have been taken parallel to
the x,y,z axes repectively.
Cartesian Coordinates
 Assignment 1
Derive the general heat conduction equation for a self
generating unsteady-state , three dimensional heat flow
through an isotropic material which represents a
differential form of the relationship between time and
space variation of temperature at any point of the solid
through which conduction takes place.
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION
Natural convection
Heat transfer by convection occurs as a result of the
movement of fluid on a macroscopic scale in the form of
eddies or circulating currents. If the currents arise from
the heat transfer process itself, natural convection occurs,
such as in the heating of a vessel containing liquid by
means of a heat source situated beneath it.
The liquid at the bottom of the vessel becomes heated
and expands and rises because its density has become
less than that of the remaining liquid.
Cold liquid of higher density takes its place and a
circulating current is thus set up.
 Forced convection
In forced convection, circulating currents are produced by
an external agency such as an agitator in a reaction vessel
or as a result of turbulent flow in a pipe.
In general, the magnitude of the circulation in forced
convection is greater, and higher rates of heat transfer are
obtained than in natural convection.
 Convection
Exchange of heat energy between a heated solid surface
to a cold fluid or vice versa
Forced and natural convection
Q=hA T
Q is the convective heat flow rate
A is the area exposed to heat transfer
h is heat transfer coefficient , which depends on the
thermodynamic and transport properties (density, viscosity,
specific heat, and thermal conductivity of the fluid)
Application of Dimensional Analysis to
Convection
So many factors influence the value of h that it is almost
impossible to determine their individual effects by direct
experimental methods.
 Nine parameters and nine dimensions
 A
 Now becomes

Or
Dimensionless groups
The four dimensionless groups are
Empirical Correlations
Forced convection in tubes
For heating of fluid

For cooling of fluids

Forced convection

J-factor for heat transfer

Free /Natural Convection
Empirical Correlations
The general form of the results is shown in Figure 1,
where log Nu is plotted against log (Pr Gr) for streamline
conditions.
The curve can be represented by a relation of the form
Fig 1.Natural convection from horizontal tubes
 Numerical values of C' and n, determined experimentally
for various geometries, are given in Table 1.
Values of coefficients may then be predicted using the
equation
 Table 1.:Values of C , C and n for use in equation 1
Correlations for Geometries
For vertical plates
Laminar flow
104<Gr Pr <109
Nu = 0.59 (Gr Pr)0.25

Turbulent flow
109<Gr Pr <1012
Nu = 0.13 (Gr Pr)
 Long cylinder L/D greater than 60

Laminar flow
104<Gr Pr <109
Nu = 0.53 (Gr Pr)0.25

Turbulent flow
109<Gr Pr <1012
Nu = 0.13 (Gr Pr)0.33
 Reading List
Coulson J.M. and Richardson J.F. (1999) Coulson and
Richardson s Chemical Engineering Vol I, Fluid flow, Heat
and Mass Transfer
Kothandaraman C.P. (2006) Fundamentals of Heat and
Mass Transfer, New Age International, New Delhi, Revised
3rd Edition.
Kumar D.S. (2008)Heat and Mass Transfer
Agrawal S.K. (2006)Heat and Mass Transfer
Exercise
A steam pipe of 50mm diameter and 2.5m long has been
placed horizontally and exposed to still air at 25oC. If the
pipe wall temperature is 295 oC, determine the rate of
heat loss. At the mean temperature of 160 oC, the
thermo-physical properties of air are:
k=3.64 x10-2 W/m oC ;
dynamic viscosity = 30.09 x10-6 m2/s;
Pr =0.682;
= 1/ (160 + 273)
Given