Ilan Papp

Warning: Page using Template:Infobox person with 1 Early life and education
unknown parameter ethnicity (this message is shown
only in preview). Papp was born in Haifa, Israel, to German Jewish par-
ents who ed Nazi persecution in the 1930s.[11] At the
Ilan Papp (Hebrew: ; born 1954) is an Israeli age of 18, he was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces,
historian and socialist activist. He is a professor with the serving in the Golan Heights during the 1973 Yom Kip-
College of Social Sciences and International Studies at pur War.[1] He graduated from the Hebrew University of
the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom, director Jerusalem in 1978, and in 1984 obtained his PhD in his-
of the universitys European Centre for Palestine Studies, tory from the University of Oxford, under the guidance
and co-director of the Exeter Centre for Ethno-Political of Albert Hourani and Roger Owen.[1] His doctoral thesis
Studies. became his rst book, Britain and the Arab-Israeli Con-
[1] ict.[8]
Papp was born in Haifa, Israel. Prior to coming to
the UK, he was a senior lecturer in political science at
the University of Haifa (19842007) and chair of the
Emil Touma Institute for Palestinian and Israeli Studies 2 Academic career
in Haifa (20002008).[2] He is the author of The Ethnic
Cleansing of Palestine (2006), The Modern Middle East
(2005), A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two
Peoples (2003), and Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conict
(1988).[3] He was also a leading member of Hadash,[4]
and was a candidate on the party list in the 1996[5] and
1999[6] Knesset elections.
Papp is one of Israels New Historians who, since the
release of pertinent British and Israeli government doc-
uments in the early 1980s, have been rewriting the his-
tory of Israels creation in 1948, and the corresponding
expulsion or ight of 700,000 Palestinians in the same
year. He has written that the expulsions were not de-
cided on an ad hoc basis, as other historians have argued,
but constituted the ethnic cleansing of Palestine, in ac-
cordance with Plan Dalet, drawn up in 1947 by Israels Papp in a lecture in the Manchester Metropolitan University in
2008
future leaders.[7] He blames the creation of Israel for the
lack of peace in the Middle East, arguing that Zionism
is more dangerous than Islamic militancy, and has called Papp was the Academic Director of the Research Insti-
for an international boycott of Israeli academics.[8][9] tute for Peace at Givat Haviva from 1993 to 2000, and
chair of the Emil Touma Institute for Palestinian Studies.
Papp supports the one-state solution, which envisages a
binational state for Palestinians and Israelis.[10] Papp left the University of Haifa in 2007, to take up his
appointment in Exeter, after his endorsement of the boy-
His work has been both supported and criticized by other
cott of Israeli universities led the president of the univer-
historians. Before he left Israel in 2008, he had been con-
sity to call for his resignation.[12] Papp said that he found
demned in the Knesset, Israels parliament; a minister of
it increasingly dicult to live in Israel with his unwel-
education had called for him to be sacked; his photograph
come views and convictions. In a Qatari newspaper in-
had appeared in a newspaper at the centre of a target; and
terview explaining his decision, he said: I was boycotted
he had received several death threats.[11]
in my university and there had been attempts to expel me
from my job. I am getting threatening calls from people
every day. I am not being viewed as a threat to the Israeli
society but my people think that I am either insane or my
views are irrelevant. Many Israelis also believe that I am
working as a mercenary for the Arabs.[13]

1
2 5 PUBLISHED WORK

2.1 Katz controversy even to the peace camp in Israel that recon-
ciliation entails recognition of war crimes and
For more details on The Katz controversy, see Tantura. collective atrocities. This cannot be done from
within, as any reference in the Israeli press to
expulsion, massacre or destruction in 1948 is
Papp publicly supported an M.A. thesis by Haifa Univer-
usually denied and attributed to self hate and
sity student Teddy Katz, which was approved with highest
service to the enemy in times of war. This reac-
honors, that claimed Israel had committed a massacre in
tion encompasses academia, the media and ed-
the Palestinian village of Tantura during the war in 1948,
ucational system, as well as political circles.[25]
based upon interviews with Arab residents of the village
and with an Israeli veteran of the operation.[14] Neither
Israeli nor Palestinian historians had previously recorded
As a result, then University of Haifa President Aaron
any such incident, which Meyrav Wurmser described as
Ben-Ze'ev called on Papp to resign, saying: it is tting
a made-up massacre,[15] but, according to Papp, the
for someone who calls for a boycott of his university to
story of Tantura had already been told before, as early
apply the boycott himself.[12] He said that Papp would
as 1950... It appears in the memoirs of a Haifa notable,
not be ostracized, since that would undermine academic
Muhammad Nimr al-Khatib, who, a few days after the
freedom, but he should leave voluntarily.[26] In the same
battle, recorded the testimony of a Palestinian.[16] In De-
year, Papp initiated the annual Israeli Right of return
cember 2000, Katz was sued for libel by veterans of the
conferences, which called for the unconditional right of
Alexandroni Brigade and after the testimony was heard,
return of the Palestinian refugees who were expelled in
he retracted his allegations about the massacre. Twelve
1948.
hours later, he retracted his retraction. During the trial,
lawyers for the veterans pointed to what they said were
discrepancies between the taped interviews Katz con-
ducted and descriptions in Katzs thesis.[17]
4 Critical assessment
Katz revised his thesis, and, following the trial, the uni-
versity appointed a committee to examine it. The as-
sessment of the revised thesis was highly mixed, but Ilan Papp's books have been praised by Avi Shlaim,
overall it was failed.[14][18] Papp continues to defend Walid Khalidi, Richard Falk, Ella Shohat, Nur Masalha
both Katz and his thesis.[19][20] Tom Segev and others and John Pilger among others.[27]
argued that there is merit or some truth in what Katz Those critical of his work include Benny Morris
described.[18][20][21] According to the Israeli New Histo- (who described some of Pappes writing as complete
rian Benny Morris: There is no unequivocal proof of a fabrication),[28][29] Efraim Karsh,[30][31][32][33] Herbert
large-scale massacre at Tantura, but war crimes were per- London and Steven Plaut,[34] as well as professors Daniel
petrated there.[22] Gutwein[35] and Yossi Ben-Artzi[36] from Haifa Uni-
versity. Papp has replied to this criticism, con-
demning Morris for holding abominable racist views
about the Arabs in general and the Palestinians in
3 Political activism particular.[19][20][37][38][39]

In 1999, Papp ran in the Knesset elections as seventh on In 2012, the Journal of Palestine Studies (JPS) trans-
the Communist Party-led Hadash list.[23] lated and published the 1937 Ben-Gurion letter after the
pro-Israel media monitoring group CAMERA reported
After years of political activism, Papp supports an error in an article that Papp wrote for the JPS af-
economic and political boycotts of Israel, including an ter CAMERA informed them that a quote in the arti-
academic boycott. He believes boycotts are justied be- cle had been incorrectly attributed to Ben-Gurion.[40][41]
cause the Israeli occupation is a dynamic process and Nonetheless, the JPS stated that the translated letter con-
it becomes worse with each passing day. The AUT rmed that, regardless of Papp's citation errors, the un-
can choose to stand by and do nothing, or to be part derlying interpretation of the letter provided by Papp's
of a historical movement similar to the anti-apartheid article and book was sound.[42] CAMERA countered by
campaign against the white supremacist regime in South providing the original, handwritten letter by Ben-Gurion,
Africa. By choosing the latter, it can move us forward and charged not only that the pertinent phrase had been
along the only remaining viable and non-violent road to incorrectly translated, but that the article also incorrectly
saving both Palestinians and Israelis from an impending interpreted the context of the letter.[43]
catastrophe.[24]

If it is possible Israels conduct in 1948

would be brought onto the stage of interna- 5 Published work
tional tribunals; this may deliver a message
5.2 Articles
5.1 Books
The Idea of Israel: A History of Power and Knowl-
edge. New York: Verso. 2014.
The Bureaucracy of Evil: The History of the Israeli
Occupation. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. 2012.
The Boycott Will Work: An Israeli Perspective in
Audrea Lim (ed.) The Case for Sanctions Against
Israel. London & Brooklyn, NY: Verso. 2012.
The Forgotten Palestinians: A History of the Pales-
tinians in Israel. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press. 2011.
(with Noam Chomsky) Gaza in Crisis: Reections
on Israels War Against the Palestinians (Hamish
Hamilton, 2010). ISBN 978-0-241-14506-7
Out of the Frame: The Struggle for Academic Free-
dom in Israel. London: Pluto Press. 2010.
The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The
Husaynis, 17001948. London: Saqi Books. 2010.
The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (London and New
York: Oneworld, 2006). ISBN 1-85168-467-0
The Modern Middle East (London and New York:
Routledge, 2005). ISBN 0-415-21409-2
A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peo-
ples (Cambridge University Press, 2004), ISBN 0-
521-55632-5
(With Jamil Hilal). Parlare Con il Nemico, Nar-
razioni palestinesi e israeliane a confronto (Milano:
Bollati Boringhieri, 2004).
The Aristocracy: The Husaynis; A Political Biogra-
phy (Jerusalem: Mossad Byalik, (Hebrew), 2003).
The Israel-Palestine Question (London and New
York: Routledge, 1999; 2006). ISBN 0-415-
16948-8
(with M. Maoz). History From Within: Politics and
Ideas in Middle East (London and New York: Tau-
ris, 1997). ISBN 1-86064-012-5
(with J. Nevo). Jordan in the Middle East: The Mak-
ing of a Pivotal State (London: Frank Cass, 1994).
ISBN 0-7146-3454-9
The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conict, 19471951
(London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 1992; 1994).
ISBN 1-85043-819-6
Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conict, 19481951
(London: St. Antonys College Series, Macmillan
Press; New York: St. Martins Press, 1988). ISBN
0-312-01573-9
3
5.2 Articles
What drives Israel?", Essay of the week, Herald
Scotland (6 June 2010). [retrieved 23 February
2012].
Towards a Geography of Peace: Whither Gaza?",
The Electronic Intifada (18 June 2007).
Calling a Spade a Spade: The 1948 Ethnic Cleans-
ing of Palestine, article in al-Majdal Magazine
(Spring 2006). [retrieved 17 May 2007].
Back the boycott, The Guardian, (24 May 2005).
Haj Amin and the Buraq Revolt, Jerusalem Quar-
terly, Issue 18 (June 2003). [retrieved 23 February
2012]
The '48 Nakba & The Zionist Quest for its Comple-
tion, Between The Lines (October 2002). [retrieved
23 February 2012].
The Husayni Family Faces New Challenges: Tanz-
imat, Young Turks, the Europeans and Zionism
18401922, Part II, Jerusalem Quarterly, Issue 11
12 (Winter-Spring 2001). [retrieved 23 February
2012]
Ilan Pappe, The Tantura Case in Israel: The Katz
Research and Trial, Journal of Palestine Studies,
Vol. 30, No. 3 (Spring 2001), pp. 1939. [retrieved
23 February 2012].
Ila Papp, The Rise and Fall of the Husainis (Part
1), Jerusalem Quarterly, Issue 10 (Autumn 2000).
Ilan Papp, Review Essay, Israeli Televisions Fifti-
eth Anniversary Tekumma Series: A Post-Zionist
View?, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 27, No.
4 (Summer 1998), pp. 99105, Institute for Pales-
tinian Studies.
Ilan Pappe, Destruction of al-Aqsa is no conspiracy
theory, The Electronic Intifada, 10 November 2015.
6 References
[1] Power and History in the Middle East: A Conversation
with Ilan Pappe. Logos. 3 (1). Winter 2004. Retrieved
17 May 2012.
[2] Ilan Papp: prole. University of Exeter. Retrieved 17
May 2012.
[3] Ilan Papp: publications. University of Exeter. Re-
trieved 20 May 2012.
[4] Ettinger, Yair (26 November 2002). A new candidate for
the Hadash coalition: Attorney Dov Hanin of Tel Aviv.
Haaretz (in Hebrew). Retrieved 17 May 2012.
4 6
[5] List of candidates ( " PDF). Israel [23] 1996 election results for HadashDemocratic Front for
Democracy Institute. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
[6] "(List of candidates) " . Knesset. Re-
trieved 20 May 2012.
[7] Papp, Ilan (2007) [2006]. The Ethnic Cleansing of Pales-
tine. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 86126.
[8] Wilson, Scott (11 March 2007). A Shared History, a
Dierent Conclusion. The Washington Post. Retrieved
17 May 2012.
[9] Lyneld, Ben (12 May 2005). British Boycott Riles Is-
raeli Academics. The Christian Science Monitor. Re-
trieved 17 May 2012.
[10] Negev, Ayelet (15 March 2008). Ilan Pappe: I'm not
a traitor. Yedioth Ahronoth. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
[T]here needs to be one state here that isn't Jewish nor
Palestinian, but a state of all its citizens, like in the US.
[11] Arnot, Chris (20 January 2009). " 'I felt it was my duty to
protest' ". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
[12] Traubman, Tamara (26 April 2005). Haifa University
president calls on dissident academic to resign. Haaretz.
Retrieved 17 May 2012.
[13] Paul, Jonny (1 April 2007). Academic slams Israel for
land grab. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
[14] Segev, Tom (23 May 2002). His colleagues call him a
traitor. Haaretz. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
[15] Wurmser, Meyrav (2001). Made-Up Massacre. The
Weekly Standard. 6 (48). Retrieved 17 May 2012.
[16] The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, p. 137.
[17] Ratner, David (9 February 2012). PA paid legal defense
fees of 1948 Tantura aair historian. Haaretz. Retrieved
20 May 2012.
[18] Amit, Zalman (11 May 2005). The Collapse of Aca-
demic Freedom in Israel; Tantura, Teddy Katz and Haifa
University. CounterPunch. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
[19] Papp, Ilan (2001a). The Tantura Massacre, 2223 May
1948 (PDF). Journal of Palestine Studies. 30 (3): 518.
doi:10.1525/jps.2001.30.3.5. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
[20] Papp, Ilan (2001b). The Tantura Case in Israel: The
Katz Research and Trial (PDF). Journal of Palestine
Studies. 30 (3): 1939. doi:10.1525/jps.2001.30.3.19.
Retrieved 20 May 2012.
[21] Goldenberg, Suzanne (10 December 2001). Confronting
the past. guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 20 May 2012. 'The
question of whether the Alexandroni Brigade troopers did
indeed murder residents of Tantura and the place of the
entire episode in the relationship between Israel and the
Palestinians still remains,' the historian Tom Segev wrote
in the Ha'aretz newspaper.
[22] Shavit, Ari (8 January 2004). Survival of the ttest.
Haaretz. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
REFERENCES
Peace and Equality. knesset.gov.il. Retrieved 17 May
2012. (Papp is No. 7)
[24] Papp, Ilan (24 May 2005). Back the boycott. The
Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
[25] Papp, Ilan (2005). The Process That Never Was. In
Podeh, Elie; Kaufman, Asher. Arab-Jewish Relations:
From Conict to Resolution?. Brighton: Sussex Academic
Press. p. 244.
[26] Traubman, Tamara (27 April 2005). Haifa U. academic
remains steadfast in support of boycott. Haaretz. Re-
trieved 17 May 2012.
[27] Advance praise for The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine".
Oneworld Publications. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
[28] Morris, Benny (22 March 2004). Politics by Other
Means. The New Republic. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
[29] Gutwein, Daniel (2003). Left and Right Post-Zionism
and the Privatization of Israeli Collective Memory. In
Shapira, Anita; Penslar, Derek Jonathan. Israeli Histori-
cal Revisionism: From Left to Right. London: Frank Cass
Publishers. pp. 168.
[30] Karsh, Ephraim (1996a). Rewriting Israels History.
Middle East Quarterly. 3 (2): 1929. Retrieved 19 May
2012.
[31] Karsh, Ephraim (1996b). Historical Fictions. Middle
East Quarterly. 3 (3): 5560. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
[32] Karsh, Ephraim (2002). The Unbearable Lightness of
My Critics. Middle East Quarterly. 9 (3): 6373. Re-
trieved 19 May 2012.
[33] Karsh, Ephraim (2006). Review: A History of Modern
Palestine by Ilan Papp". Middle East Quarterly. 8 (1):
8283. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
[34] Plaut, Steven (2009). Review: The Israel/Palestine Ques-
tion: A Reader, 2nd ed. by Ilan Papp". Middle East Quar-
terly. 16 (2). Retrieved 19 May 2012.
[35] Gutwein (2011). Left and Right Post-Zionism, p. 100.
[36] Ben-Artzi, Yossi (2011). Out of (Academic) Focus: on
Ilan Pappe, Out of the Frame: The Struggle for Academic
Freedom in Israel" (PDF). Israel Studies. 16 (2): 165
183. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.16.2.165. Retrieved 19
May 2012.
[37] Papp, Ilan (1996). My Non-Zionist Narrative. Middle
East Quarterly. 3 (3): 5152. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
[38] Shehori, Dalia (5 May 2004). One mans history is an-
other mans lie. Haaretz. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
[39] Papp, Ilan (30 March 2004). Response to Benny Mor-
ris Politics by other means in the New Republic. The
Electronic Intifada. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
[40] Papp, Ilan (2006). The 1948 Ethnic Cleans-
ing of Palestine (PDF). Journal of Palestine Stud-
ies. University of California Press. 36 (1): 620.
doi:10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.6. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
 5

[41] University of Exeter Gives Papp a Pass on Invented Ben-

Gurion Quote. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March
2012.

[42] The Editors of the JPS (2012). "JPS Responds to

CAMERAs Call for Accuracy: Ben-Gurion and the
Arab Transfer (PDF). Journal of Palestine Studies.
University of California Press. 41 (2): 245250.
doi:10.1525/jps.2012.xli.2.245. Retrieved 31 March
2012.

[43] Journal of Palestine Studies Compounds its Ben-Gurion

Error. CAMERA. 9 April 2012. Retrieved 18 May
2012.

7 External links
Talk by Ilan Pappe at Oxford University, February
2007

Papp speaking in Amsterdam on The Ethnic

Cleansing of Palestine, January 28, 2007 (broad-
cast on Flashpoints / KPFA-FM, Berkeley, 28 May
2007)

Power and History in the Middle East: A Conver-

sation with Ilan Pappe, Logos, Winter 2004

Interview with Ilan Papp by LabourNet UK

The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine The borders of
fact and myth By Stephen Howe 24 November 2006
The Independent

SkyNews1 or Sky News2 brief debate between

Ilan Papp and Ephraim Karsh on Sky News, 18 Oc-
tober 2006.

Post-Zionism Only Rings Once Neri Livneh

Papp refutes Chomsky on Israels lobby

Frank Barat, 'An Interview with Ilan Papp and

Noam Chomsky', Counterpunch 6 June 2008

Alone on the Barricades, Meron Rappaport inter-

views Ilan Papp about Teddy Katz and the AUT
boycott, Haaretz, 2005
Nadim Mahjoub interviews Ilan Pappe on Ethnic
Cleansing of Palestine, Resonance FM Radio, Lon-
don, UK, 27 October 2006

The Liar as a Hero, by Benny Morris, March 2011.

Interview with Ilan Papp (2014-07-29), The Real
News
Why Ilan Pappe Left Israel, Ceasere Magazine
6 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1 Text
Ilan Papp Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9?oldid=762542581 Contributors: Deb, William Avery, Delirium,
Rossami, Random832, Zero0000, Gidonb, Profoss, MathKnight, Jackol, Edcolins, MSTCrow, Danny Yee, CJCurrie, Babelsch, Mike
Rosoft, D6, Jayjg, Bender235, Shrike, Felagund, Shenme, MPerel, Dmanning, Alansohn, Eleland, Rd232, SlimVirgin, Ynhockey, Jheald,
Drbreznjev, Redvers, Tariqabjotu, Mel Etitis, Mark K. Jensen, Former user 2, Mutt, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, The wub, Ian Pitchford, Ground
Zero, Nihiltres, Gurch, TeaDrinker, Zaxios, Jaraalbe, YurikBot, Ecemaml, Kordas, NawlinWiki, Grafen, Equilibrial, Deodar~enwiki,
GHcool, Number 57, Sfnhltb, PanchoS, Adam Holland, Zzuuzz, Blindjustice, Carabinieri, Huldra, SmackBot, Zeq, Shlensky, Clpo13,
Antidote, Tewk, Rrburke, Threeafterthree, Jmlk17, Cordless Larry, RolandR, Dreadstar, Zdravko mk, MartinCollin, Liquidswords, Bal-
agen, Green01, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, BrownHairedGirl, Victoria15, Linksrechts~enwiki, MTN~enwiki, Midnightblueowl, Gilabrand,
Namiba, Truthprofessor, Chovain, RCS, CBM, Ceedjee~enwiki, Cydebot, Slp1, Travelbird, DumbBOT, Nishidani, Thijs!bot, Elmo ie,
Qwyrxian, SGGH, James086, Majorly, Erechtheus, Askhaiz, NYC2TLV, Jordan Rothstein, Epeeeche, Amoruso, Avaya1, Oakhouse,
Rothorpe, Abu ali, Bongwarrior, JNW, Waacstats, Zenomax, LeaHazel, Jaakobou, Cgingold, Avisnacks, Matt Lewis, R'n'B, Johnpack-
lambert, VAcharon, LordAnubisBOT, Ashley kennedy3, Rangreen, Juliancolton, Bonadea, RanceRol, Greenran, Tabaun, GrahamHardy,
Spellcast, RanceRot, JameiLei, Harmont, Malik Shabazz, Annoynmous, Aziz32, Andyvphil, Levg, AlnoktaBOT, Yamanam, Cosmic Latte,
Motacilla, Fano Ksenaki, Wikidemon, Ridernyc, Anna Lincoln, Steven J. Anderson, James livermore, Phorensic, Jordana6, Boxcarts,
Nikosgreencookie, Pappefy, Hazelnut35, Hechtman, Histolo2, Pesterant, Binghum, Papousy, Vissitor, Majordooma, Dillpickles, Soosim,
Wisamzaqoot, SieBot, Gallowshigh, Pappeshit, Frickasee, Hellre6, Le Pied-bot~enwiki, Thomos, Banjobenj, Yone Fernandes, Jailrance,
COBot, AMbot, OKBot, Comradesandalio, Dabomb87, Quadratics, Shmutzie, Medfreak, The Thing That Should Not Be, JaapBoBo, Ph-
Gustaf, Mash rance, Brewcrewer, Mashkin, Beheader6, Donald Duck Wins, Nableezy, Deport rance, Hishamzr, Waterboarder12, Muro
Bot, Waterboard Rance17, American Clio, Versus22, Alexander Tendler, DumZiBoT, Spitre, TravisAF, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Fyrael, Laa-
knorBot, LamaLoLeshLa, Tassedethe, Luckas-bot, Yobot, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Reenem, Fatima30, AnomieBOT, 1exec1, Kev-
erich1, Materialscientist, LilHelpa, Cureden, AmirCohen, BritishWatcher, ProtectionTaggingBot, Omnipaedista, Shadowjams, FrescoBot,
NSH002, Bucktoothie, Stalynutsy, Snurants, Ele67, Mark elf2, Snipito, Well behavior, Firing squad34, Maltokimbooth, Frykommies,
Bang it hard8, OreL.D, Shootkommies9, Biker Biker, Shootkommies12, Poliocretes, Big bad noose, Stellarkid, Jim Fitzgerald, Full-date
unlinking bot, Suusion of Yellow, IRISZOOM, Tbhotch, Aa42john, RjwilmsiBot, Sky hook hanger, Uishaki, Peter pieman, InSequen-
tial samet21, Sreifa, Oncenawhile, Phineas fo, Doam dumsky, First twater, Noisetier, Avenge zion now, Sugar touchess, Fast eddie 6,
Wikcount9q9, Under re live3, Iloveandrea, Frietjes, , Helpful Pixie Bot, Schraubd, Ridingdog, VivaWikipedia, Dlv999, Ijon-
TichyIjonTichy, Mogism, VIAFbot, Gabel1960, JDiala, Wwikix, KasparBot, Bender the Bot and Anonymous: 71

8.2 Images
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