If L, M, c, and k are real numbers and If P x an x n an 1x

n 1
a0 , then
n n 1
lim P x Pc an c an 1c a0 .
lim x L and lim g x M, then x c
x c x c

Sum Rule: lim x gx L M

x c

Difference Rule: lim x gx L M If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials and Q c 0 , then
x c

Product Rule: lim x g x L M Px Pc

x c lim .
x c Qx Qc
Constant Multiple Rule: lim k x k L
x c

x L
Quotient Rule: lim , M 0
x cg x M
If (x) is continuous at x c , then

lim x c .
x c
If g x x h x in an open interval containing c, except
possibly at x c , and if

lim g x lim h x L,
x c x c sin x 1 cos x
lim x 1 and lim x 0
then limx x L. x 0 x 0
c

If x g x in an open interval containing c, except possibly If a ga 0 , both and g exist in an open interval I
at x c , and both limits exist, then containing a, and g x 0 on I if x a , then

lim x lim g x . x x
x c x c lim lim ,
x a gx x a g x

assuming the limit on the right side exists.

If g is continuous at L and limx c x L , then

lim g( x g L .
x c