Amplitude Modulation * Define modulation? Explain different types of modulation. “a the pcan 4 Changing Some. Chagacsssitic Qonphitude, Hranjuency a phate) Cah Usama ty aLehdante latin brad ay The rodbation tohich the aagbtude, df the. catia wnat, a7 elaed in Acedwance With the Jnfketaneny amplitude qf -the wadaldting qual, Keeping Zi (coeds) Paquet, 4 pode. Gnptacit. Dy Prtqyurncy rrdubatcon + — Raqquency Modulation dafined ap the, modulation in whith ate Puquincy the (oddueh Usama 3g veined iy accRudance Gidh the ntkortoramg amplitude Q the marluloting Soval, Keaging At (oie) aumplitude 4 phoje Continent . ti) Phose rrodulotion : — Phay rrwdulation a dafene ag the rrisdalation in whith the phote the Cothien uae 3p Vebae doy ALC Erdante Ustth238 essa) Greplitude ond Paug/uency Conbhartt . > Explain the NEED for modulation? ‘> Explain the advantages of modulation? D Reducyy “the huighe df arberrna+- ; Haght externa. at a Fumcction d) Waelargth > Te Trirumum height ¢ ardemma geen by Nip. be hige fate te ee ae Whe, =" , C= SHWE, voebecity light: F< “Trantniting Paqquuency, en Fe rsuna, : heght & oxtenna = 7h = Fer sate = Suto mete MLL . 8 bagh of oma. = =a = ge = hme. Pram obrve. “to exoamply Hy Usad “thal of “the Hran$-mitheg Panjuenty ip Jntonoped., height the - contenra <¢ decceoped . Avstdy mix mals + — ALL audio Gretog?) Siqnole Gaengeg Prom 8043 40 AokHZ.Te -engenttion 4 Seqmols Pom vedioy Smut couyey the. “rt Stgroll and then: ar dilfecutl +o Sepatuste thye a at she Hecoive end. wt 3) Trcuayy “the Communication }~ % Uns Fraqqumey Signal home pot radiation and “they opt hily Beaded Troabaw barbara Sgraly Conne be Hanpenitind busty sum og dienes. + Moduletin intoragey the Founyuenty a Sqrot ont thug hey Cony be. rangwiitled ous “tong Alltarncay Allows i aa x fon llet the muliplatng fo be Ubad.haliplang * anny (Peas rrilih q, tue & are, Sima Shrultoremal cutthe Sarre Communivetton Channel. A tab 9,“ Channel operating Stmulbancously. ‘ Srasio Sinkiong Brood.capling get an » Nat bot Serutianeovely, a D> Alla adj Jan the, bandividth «— Bondsidth 4g meclsted Sigrol ray be mode Srnall b M Aathniquy Ke Mucyunty modulation, Polle‘ Define standard form of amplitude modulation and explain the time and frequency domain expression of AM wave July 09- 6M Jan 05 - 4M * Define amplitude modulation. Derive the expression on AM by both time domain and frequency domain representation with necessary waveforms. july-08,12M| * Pimplitude radiation 9 daira of “the adulation in hich “the Ganglitude qh the, Codtian Uscuse If Vabied in oftchdance Gith the nutbartinmaus complitidla G-the vnedulatig Signe! tasty <8 Gostiid) Preqyoency & hk Conant. Lire Donat Dicsigtion sn Fy © Mrttage Soprol © AO usmwse_ sts), % The Snitantansowy value modalating Segal 4 fpven by m(¥) = Ayn Co Gtmt|—> OWhere, Ay > Morir amplitude the. wrodalatirg Sipol bn > Prequuancy d recisloting Signal. 3 The, Srortanens value Cosdeinds Signal. at giann by _ ‘ao Masisrusm Gomptuda. “the Caddie Signal. Pe > Prenyuercy ef Caeish Sigal The Standota. eajuatin Pi AM Wane ee by S(2) = Ae [+ Katnla}] Cott £) Where 6 “Ke a Conglaoct: Called “the oomplitude. Seaitiaily othe rodulatsh, Suiting YO In wy O, wt pt S(a) = Ae [1+ Kahan oT 5] cus Gite) $6) = AcL H+ HCA (af yy A)] Cos GrrFet) Whee, — [G0=Kafim | a Called “the Trodidation Sndex & on Patt. Sa) = Re AGM) + 3A, CGPS) - CHET’) — @ eH] ustion @) O “Tasting fousisn Whomitirmg on baththe Say gh eyO ve get SO= Lat) DEM] + Se To E-R)+m(eHKy](@) Spectrum of baseband signal. (6) Spectr Tha cempitude specituum othe AM unwe. hal % Sidebandy OM eidhey, “Sida t thee Fe Fv te Preqquanciy the highs Frequenty Carmponent: the fim tonite eayuolt RaW, called. upper Sidebars Figg Ord “the. dowas Prugyuency Component easly Fe-WW,colled LOWER Sidebara Frise - Thontmtytm Bandiutdth @,):- he. beksten Upper Stdtband ond owen Stdebons Yreayuenciy the “Hrartenittion bandusidth ‘By. By = Fuse - Fuse = Qe ttm) - Ge-Fm) = BEAR mn ~ IE Fm By = tm ay Bandiotidh Heqetted Fh trarrmillion q an AM Wee sf Suttee the. rortulating Stgrat Seuqquentiy Le. Stim:‘+ Define modulation index and percentage modulation index. tie tole Change an colts. Tetley Sig ty “tha, amplitude. qf Colas, waue 2 Krum of ‘modulation Index bi cmedalatton Fach 8 retain Co-efcient & dapsh df - matlation & 4, reotulaon' se, =f th [R= KePn percertoge amodulation index eG) x 00 NOTE :~ oy HS Ag at qastth than Aethemn digthtion sr inthoduted sido “the. System. eo ‘ Pigs Trt be lok than Cadi Tea in pots enpte elie > Explain transmission efficiency of an AM wave. Fray rete opsery at Ashi. Of the. Shotito the. pauses Citiried by “the Gidebarncly ty tre abel “Haurtmitted Power Called. Harp migion Opgency and 4t gun by 1: Pose + Pusenod) me 2 fase = Piss abe tnt y= aR Pxerre) . a aay 208) = aR > BC a p. (ae chs. el . a 2 2 Bx | "sey ate x oe Ls Gr * Obtain the expression for total transmitted power of AM wave. WT SG = AeCaamgee + He Caaf fae + fe. catart[ Fet a] “We AM trons hat “tree Componenyy ; Unmoduloted CoSdien + Tia, stl powey 4 AM urone iy “the Suan d the Coities Powds "f.’ amd powely in “the ‘tive Sidebandy ie- Pass + Pisg Pr= Po + Pause + Piss2d Pose = Pigg = tse ~ FR loo. Medulebion W=4, Ue have % = WLI Ae] we a8. wiePre Pel A$) = PLE] Nove :~ Sn Aemplidude Medulsid crane the 66. 66 4 the axtmitied Powe ay uted by “the Codtuien Signal ond Tamaining 95-531 Qathe poweh sy uted boy “the Atdabarre (Pose § Pause). Derive the followings: i. Modulation index interms of P; and Pc. urrent relation of AM wave. iii. Modulating index interms of hand Ic. iv. Voltage relation of AM wave. v. Modulation index interms of V; and Vc. a Pewe aie -4] Leb Th Teak Cubteesdt Tl Whig, Cotten Wer peat va PpeE eR ond P= tee. P= fe [lt 2] wag LAE] stated] 3° (RO tye te faeT= Te [ a a aypek Cay WAT AN = Costin redioge non Wact pee a wy t= Ae & 2 neeQD Medalatin Sndar nthe pf Ay & e+ Wk Ape {a2 cay _ APs ee Lh] wats @Y ae = [y+ whe ey Ae “ Derive modulation index using AM wave. “he TAA f il SWe Con Caltalste the modulation Sndex fhm “the asmpbikude rodulte Grane. WKT [ws Pam gue, : = Pirnae-Frrin ] 5 @ Rig = Amor Am 29 @ “Suagtsating equation @ in tayuaton @) fee ee _Afmaa ~ Renan. t Prin wat Panin Bmore Prin) a Fanon t Prin) yee“+ Explain amplitude modulation for single tone information. A Strgle tone. medlulabing Sigel. ms) hog a Single Core) Praqueney Coreporesct “Py arn ig dunes. oF follows : TALE = Ay HET QE) 9D Whit Aly, 2 the compude d.-the, tradulating ore and Fen M the Prequernty of the mediating unue, let |e(s) =AccsGmr. 4] + @ White Ay athe compat 4 the CadGias Wor and Fe a tre, Pragjuenty df-the Cotniah, Gee The Heme -demoin effusion Pathe Bandanas. AM wove i S&)= AL Kemial] Game |_5.@) Shbtidaalng ey @ in ey @, we yt SUD = Ae 1+ Ka Aan Cab AUF, £7] Cod ATT, I Sova, the tmadulation Seder [1 = Kahin | We e Sa) = ACH A Cotant yt] Cotare, > aajuotion @) Can be fatheh copra, by Trunny 4 the Hugpremibc -al_Shulation Cato. Cash = ye CER) + cot Ce)SEB) = Ae ChE) + MAM Cal Thes). Cet Grif) eo » Cobb. SCA) = Acces Gwtes)+ Me caf aie -amhys]ae + Be co(antet ant]3@ “tery Foi rami bath Sy 448, pf s(e) = Be [2G -fe) v2 + FS] + Me fC; b-Gors} alter} { alberto ALF + Chet eaj]} Lop BAe. ics “ i t % teto ek tag Tioga she dime darmoiin (on the, UY) od. Faugyaerey domain Con -the ighé) Chanatsoustic, a. Sandatd Crphisade Sn Prackce the AM Usa $(3) St O esbog® B Gbdert: one. Re pow dais by an AM urase to a 4° chm wos 7 Calculated of felovt :“Pose UPS Sade Prugquindy fost = eB “Peg owen Stde- Phugyuinty pros = weet The rang mtision eyeceney athe alto the tots Sidshond prweh ta the. ital pow in the modulated wee v= Powe in Sidtbandp Psst Rass “Talal tower (B) PL 2] a and ated 8. ue PeLer oth] Pel =] Jen we pA = —*_ sat ad LE] RC] a ae +b ef Sek] sagt ye "Ls yasa It Aaa, thot 5p, 100 Potent murdslakion uted, the. tobal Power Jin “the shoo Sede Preqquenciay the Yatulling OM uraaee omy Yoh g the APL prow inthe Toduloted Uwe of Shoum mn bg @,Pag @ Voriainy coves power and Sita Sideband prwdh with @heantage. Tradulatio + A multitone modulating signal has the following time-domain form: m(t)=E,cos2irf.t + E,cos2rf,t + E,cos2rf,t volts where E,>E, »E, > hye, i. Give the time — domain expression for the conventional AM wave. ii. Draw the amplitude spectrum for the AM wave obtained in part i. Also find the minimum transmission bandwidth. om Jéme- dormoin exp uyion Pri-the Converional Am wonee 2 SC) = ALL i+Kemr(s) | cash > ® Subpitbsting the ‘alae 4} mls) An tay ©, YE SQ) = ACL H+ Ka, Catane, + + Ku E, Col aby + Mg Gat st si] Cotarbst WHT, W=KE,, Wy=KeE $ Make, - SC) = Fig Ct a Coban tty cabaret My berks £ |] Csstit. SH = Ae Go aMmbt Ae Cb MPck. Co aTAE + Hee CATES Ghat PM g Ae CofA. CGETF SE WKT Cot Caf B = “KGS (C48)+ GS (8-8)Sta) = AeCatamrfck + Ake cast Cheoh)s + Aoife cot are HB) + Hate cot guv( Pe“ Pg) + Mahe cobau( Fe +g) + Ate cattir(te-Fy)aet Mahe cota (Rtt}s 3@ 2 D Toning Founien “trasfinm on bith Side J} eapustion G, we get SO= Be Po-t)+ 2G He)] + he (9[B C8] solbe-0Sf +28 fo[t- Gat} 40F +e} AEA Ceny TEAM} + ate fol (hetay+20F+ Cott S}} + Ase (P-Cetsy} al bee t]) + ae { ALE -Gettyy] +2[F +(fet SS] } We anplitude SpeGhurm oy Showm below Cans usp aya Any “it TAA IL Th “The ‘mosimum Pranjuency a fs: 7, The rartmtttion bamdastth‘+ Derive an expression for multitone amplitude modulation, total transmitted power and total modulation index. WRT an cmplikude medulchd wee iy wetted OF: 9) = Ae [14 Kemnay] Cas af, Fax Samplicsky Corgidss, “tue modulating Signal : m,(9 = Ama Co St Py TMS) = Ang CofE mgt. Sta) = Ae Lit KaCma-+m69)] Cs atk. = Re [1+ Kan C Pana Gdsmmg + Ang Srey £)] Cole. = AcL HKaAma SIP mat + keting SSAThna dt] Co OTR. Sy aa SU) = Ae [1+ Hach mat + Hy Cofatttyg ds | Came St) = Ac Co SIR bHU Ae CobaTit Cd Sf gt Pg A Cob aT Cla ng Wee CoA. CAB 2 Cod (A-8) + 4 Cot (HB) Sx Recent + Pe CotarTfe-Pma}s + fe. cata Let hang] + Aafe cesar fe Fral + ake cota Pettmg |+ 3 © Fem mjuatin G) 8 fy Goh thot, when (Wt howe too Praquuemcian , We foun addtional frequenting , “hee Upp - Stdebary (056) fet Pma , Petts Ord tuto Swe Stdubanay “LSB” Fe-foma ; fe- Pang -Tela thay mites poweh 1 “We Sanh poush in “the complitude modulstnd Goce 3 Cibcalehed ag Fellsag : B= Pet Pusga + Pusea + Pises * Pises. a cS io 29d nd = Reba yh WE, AE, ae RR BR BR 8R &RGeneration of AM wave:- There are two important methods of AM generation for low power applications: 1.Square Law Modulator 2. Switching Modulator. * Explain generation of AM wave using SQUARE- LAW modulator helps to produce AM wave. Derive the related equations and draw the waveforms fuly-05,8M ‘+ Explain the generation of AM wave using SQUARE- LAW modulator along with relevant diagram & analysis. July-08,10M ‘entnar sevice BpF fds Teed Beg @ + Safuote - dow rmadolckth “Re. Sqynote tau mrodietS Cortie gp thowe thermertt: D Surmmen, OF adds the Cestuith Gord. modulating Szgrol 3} Non- Laruoh Auite.: A darsice with Tr Lives, “Tp - ofp Wwlatien . S Bord pou Fas (Bpe):. SH eae dated Signal (feria) From rmorduleth Product. % The Gemitnduttty disdy & —Hhampsthi Can be Usd Of Twn - imu clement amd Singlet double “fumed Cheat: Can be mt Aces aft)uma ofthe Fabs. \ fe When @ ‘um- Linted altrmant Such of dinde iy ‘Suitably bioged Gend the. Signal applied 4s Velstineely Weak, i 4B poblible to Opprasona, He Hrant}sr Chatocioustio of : Vy(D = ONG) FAQVAC) > © White @, and 3 ohe Contant. The tip wetage. la)" a the, Sem Co8tuey Signal, en rmodulsting Sarat. ie [AVG = AcGtarks Fm > @ Substebating eqqustion @ im eajustion @ yu vgQed= [Re Gta: meal] + oe [Acasa +m] WET ayy s b+ Ht dab VgG) = @0eCotemfed +arm(s) + dal Ae cots: + 1 (4) + aml). A Cathet |] Na) = ye Cotati + aymlD+ AgAE Coane + dgrriGs) Nal) = OAc Cotati + SO,M(DACoASTE + + 2, 4 O4nE Gt amie de + Ayn Es). = OfcLi4 Sha mej] Garis + apmG)+ogAP citantet tate: 1 IT AM tanse, unuankd hoe 4 @XW Flnpe date df exyustion @) Sr -the douted AM wrewe, with = Sa, qerpbide Sentsbtarty f-the AM trou, eel, 4 ' tows. cbhrrt he Unworha and ody hemoved by Appropiiake Filling. + SG)= Oe [i+ Kembla] Giante +. + With a neat block diagram, relevant waveforms and expressions explain generation of AM wave using SWITCHING MODULATOR an-08,10M + Explain the generation of AM wave using SWITCHING MODULATOR with relevant equations waveforms and spectrum before and after filtering process, Jan-07,10M__Jan-05,6M July (07,10M _July-08,6M July-09,2M__Jan-10,10M_June-107M July-09,8M, l= Aceon nft) wh L, t ACs a Tank Sef, tyo ao ‘Sitehing modulstor (3) Cicud agra) Meaced input-output elationen Ltt) ti Period pute wan % Contidy, 2 Sermntfonducis diode Ukd OF Om dsl Sivttth to hich O Codris, wome CCE) ond an Sugrol lA) Os Stmutnrasy opted of Show tn fag @, % Sg Ofurrned thot “the Coblish Wane CCH) applied to “the diode Hodge. in amplitude. Wie ital Tp “\VGY co the Gide ay giaten by VQ) = m@)+ ¢@) Whe [mH] & Ac: x Te ofp dh -the dinde y V.O, ¢@>ro wea} o , c(j (i) woo Subetnduling ayo = eayustion @) ee [mos ReCot sr Fed] “a +2 Co$TThe e+ + J Nats pm 5. Sal Cob ames: + De Cebatthes: ate cali gt wae Cot39 colts = ++ “1 Cob fmf] (ooo AM cae ssc 8 [ESE] ya) B+ als copay 4 Ae Cob tf vafe 4. Become eo =D + AMAL tones + OE cafes + Beg Recdeatctr 48 “Tre Senda, AM wane, cea of Fe dhinired. by Potting KG)" te cin Sdn “BPE” honing Cetba Paagjuenty and bandwidth 8, = aWH3.% We dp the GPF a VWs Sms cient + Aint, MG) = Ae cota [ + ae = fe_caange[ ag me) | Whise = i Kose complitude Serutwity Vita = Re Gta [+ earn a5] Dope Genta ln fn “op lent Dermemdulation $1 dviecsin t—the piece mh Suginal Tragage Seqral From the etalk oraee, of seek, Ceeectlan ytte Se 4 t-atin lt, Te ose “tue “type detectty : D Syste laws darmoduloth D> Envilme dec.‘> Show that a SQUARE LAW device can be used for the detection of an AM wave. Jan-07,6M ‘> Show that a SQUARE LAW can be used for the detection of an AM wave. June-10,6M4 Aiea) 1S tl = Messe Ll “Eom paso mer % A Sayucte - low dea sp cHertilly chtairea by Wing © Sapte = Joss Wreulod) PS the porpde Achuction . % Fin AM Simal cam be dermedislaisd by Snyushing tt md “then Polking -fhe Sayuched Sigral —tHoeugh a. Lm pou Bilis (pr) The Hho Chasastenitic qf a rim rach damice. sp gisen by : Y= WV@+aV) Ls © Whete., VU) ap ene Nyc) > lp Wenge A and ag—} Ada. Conttards. * Whe fp weg df the, AM ome Sp sen by V@)= AL Kon) ] coamet |» @‘Subrtthiltng enjustim @ in eaqqustim 0, ue yt Na(a) = of eC evam(ay] cans} ta Perrot cetantesf was = oAeCrrem(ay amma +o, { Ae Cieneratsyy cht} AQWD= esPeLiteamey] Coat + art cha Dirdrtwsannid} N\ACD = a AeLiteamnesl] Catan + Agee [ercotaGert dy a] [teint ( + atem(s | Ng (4) = 4 MeL Kam (a) ] Cott: + oat {ir we +aKem(s)] Citcesrartet) +6 % My ® Safe rel tthe datinea chine hth y due, ce the OVE stim, Hentethe Mame thy Sctects it - Saye, law death Oy) Tre datas Sem ay eatded by ing 0. Ape Teg they 4 Wa [VWs ah iemy “Thug ie reg Sk recoded atthe olp ¢- Destin ty Aras datth p s— % The dh Sim hich patie Hough the Lor ty the Sead hofithence Ro ot flout; 2- OA? Kam).% Thy 4 an unuarded Segnal & gael ite to a. Stpnal dalton “Tie eat dated Siprat de the Undead one. 4 fun by: sph eots \ 2. OE se ° MIRED phen “Tema we $ ie —thiy Vealin in Medan to TMA the sikilion, “B Othine tha Wot Should Chee [Kamls)] Sell ag Compe, dy Ury Pir al vel 4. OL Ka. 3 Grall, Ahen the AM Usdue ip Wotak, }Envelope Detector: “How a modulating signal can be detected using a AM detector? Use a envelope detector and explain. fuly-05,aM_ ‘+ Explain the detection of message signal from amplitude modulated signal using an envelope detector & bring out the significance of RC time constant [July-09,6M July-07,5M_ June-09,6M __July-06,5) Mwave a Lp] Pgue Envelope detector (a) Creu % Envalepe detect) iy a Simple and ht Ppeckive dovaicn Sv fv ine 8 et Gode Ond a SHepipish copncsthi (Re) Paster, 97am. (D} AM wave input. ll Envelope deco,upekakion t- Das itane ad). the veement 9 dates tt Peake valued} “the lp Styrol. When ~the slp etoge Fally being thi Volue—the diode become Snemabte blojed amd Copacith "¢? tchasgay Skouly toough the Lowa uptihy Ry Ao Sut only pottkine hall cycle 4 Fim wnme appends Ofte Ry. “The dichosging Phocay Cordinuty uti the nek Pobitiee half cyples When the Hp Signet belornsg gress Athan “the ‘velloge Welt “the Capacitdh ,tre dod Conduct Again ond “the Sho Supecina . Salestion “the RC deme Compan io 4 Tie Capos chongt Hoorgh'b ¢ pg wren the Kinde ston 4 ak Gthatge “Hough BL ohn Sole 2 FF 4 “Re Chitging Aime Greer: Pee Shota be She of Crpdred sy the Cotte pend he we [RC So Cope’) ‘e Chahagl bapa. K mth ahs, hard atchosgerg “Er Congiant, RE Sod Be iy coma taut Cp auaige Shey Hough “the Vottlorte RL bs FV pear d the, Conn soa @, i i «hoeqr|s Wihake (yj = Maina modulating Heaps Regutt iy that “the Copartss ‘vetboge 1 detect op 41 wey ‘tdhly the Some. ofthe envelope GAM Wane. The debsAp ually hog a Srrall. tipple othe Costin, Prny Tha Wipe sy eonily hemoweed by Low pay Falter . = Aanwar Amn = >d fim Troy abe, Leg Complex, > AIM Wucainsedy Oke Gimmple, dabetiom if ety , DAM Yuceinany abe Cet acer. y Am Unwwy Can Rail a dere bervtuidth D bow band uttth, % Mention the ditednsan % Mention the Lerratation DSB-Fe Waue (AM) The Sladisortagi dA Grae, che : > Pru 4 Unpiad. in he, Hantrilad. Sanat. AM weedy bandivitdh > > AM nue offetted daa cho nelle AM Genee x Applications ft fm: — ele essay DP Pitese, anteigion an a TV SytemExplain the dlladwosringg & Uaritattion 4 Am Wane (056-2) Prmplitude medstation hoy Serainol difadnnataggt ¢ Pom a wrth inte Tewki Sil Mat dh the Huertmitiea pred J in the cadens jcwhich Act nat Cab Oxy Jfmnation, % FR leo]. Tractalation Le. JL=L, Orly 33.334. (Ys) the etal. poo: wil be in Sidebandy Gsitch Coddees - “infgrrnation ord 66.671-(3}h8) the ideal. pws wall bednthe Codi, which det wet Corttoin cary Safran De 058-Fe Syston st Banduaéth Andere: Sytem. The Hranpacites Stgrot. Yeapsioat puter “the banduststh athe rruplage, Sigal ie B= Ahm TRY ag due tothe raetrriggion dh. bath the Sthebards, od q. ehich ony ore. Sidtband i Siieunt to Con ony all.-the Segvration Rug the bandutdth ¢ Dse-FC vy dwuble than acuolly aquired. When —the AM Gann —feouatlt Pim the “Host mites, “to Geese wh @ Communication Channal, Tale gpl added to Te nite ill Grange He amplitude. qythe exruslopa 4 Att sn eandom manner. Ae the iarration ty Cortained in she crmplilede vetsationt 4 The FM Lone, the nae willl ~ Cordacminate, “the aavitrmation Contertt Jn the AML. Hence the, Pelimane 4 AM st vey fot in ruente grote.Pous otings due stp DSEEL thongenigm. WK, “the taal power Heangmitted by an AM Grose. den | P= Pet Pasg thse +0 a R= Det A ter ae Pe @ SH eqyustion @, Cattish Cormponert: dour Coram AY slp on. ind uadurdasnt:. So out 4 “the Sat Pron, ga Pe [Hag] tne Gentle Power at game by owen contig = Pet Pe thoy “types fimphitude Modulation 2 Prrapiade Module (AM) | re DsB-Fe 0sB-SC SS8-S¢ ( SB VSE (Poble —— (Pguble Sid Gira Su * Guttigi Sideband “g, 6 5 S ee Costes; ‘i Supe SES Gla Gyo) Hinz) Sym) Sys“What is DSB-SC modulation? Explain the time and frequency domain expression of DSB-$C wave. Te cwerome the dxmubac 4 pow unttlage in AM Usowe Ge6-F2) am Osp-Sc mah

O ° ‘ Fonae (a csaze signal (b) DSBSC-modvat wevetheres, x Te 8 Smal undengety a. hole twehgol men “the Truttnge Sgrol ely TB: Taking Foun tranaliien on bath Sides 4 eHastion @ oe ge Si) = & [Me-r +m] +8) Whine. S(() tthe Founish tthontftim q the edulstid awe S(¥) MQ) Tre 8 ote, abtenk ob + fe in the Ornglitode Spettiem, senidying “the fot “that the Colbie, ckebrn Jy Suppheped win the Hronpmidied Wout. > “The arinimuemn -Hhasstynitinn bandusdth eqlbed 4 “faite the Traigage. tnoistdth awie NOVE:~ 4g pse-se. Sigrol. Can be qureseled by a wulttpliny. A Castisy Signol. Can bo Supphettad. by Adding a Cddoy Stgral oppstihe tn phoge bub eqyual. en Mogritude to the Amplitude ‘modulated hice, So the Cobian Jet Carvallad Fanolly double Suidandy Oe. Quatlable. inthe DSB-Sc tone, “Explain D$B-SC modulation for single tone information. + Lek MO)= AynCdamby st be. a the Single fone, Tretaleing q . 8 is and (4) = Ae Cot sme & |" Ol ANN; Wh. be-the, Codie, Signal. Fig. "5 fa) Modadasng signal mt}: (b) DSBSC modulated wave so) “When =the dime domain exphunion PS) the 086-S¢ Wante St = moy.c()SC) = Ayn CaM » Ae Cosy Wet lege. Cote = Cot(A-g)+-4- Ga 48) [sea Snfie_ Cobar (fete) + BaF Catar(he than) 1-0 “Taking Foxton arrgfiven on bath Sidey the eayuetimn © si)> Pf (o[F- Cte] +e Pe] F ++ Bone {2LP-Chettep] + LF +Ctettmy]}- AeA. Bete mG) ebm “fe Felten Pag @ ty® Showg armplitade Specbusm do. 0SB-sc Signal. We Ube thet either Sided the, we hese Lowes, and. uppem, Stdebond Ato the Catthioy sm i Supsheyed sy “tte - Spattbusm Of thie abe rio lempulty ot the. ~ & 7 X The mrintmum “Hhertmipgion bandustdth in 088-S¢ jp Bm.St= mb}. Generation of DSB-SC Wave: ml) J product ey # A DSB-Sc Wewse Simply Cons 4 he es) H% The dansiceg wed do Gpresode, 058-Sc Wawey Ghe Kroun ay the Product modulothy. D Balanced Madulekts } Ring Moduloksr. Balanced Modulator: * With a neat block diagram, explain the balanced m method of generating DSB-$C wave. Fig @ Shoot the Week dirham da. balanced Toda uted ta Prsating oa OsB- sc Sgral..2 Gh Compas 4 “hwo amplitude ‘madulabhis thet: ohe dah conretdad Gn Sach @ wo 0 to Sugptey “the Cohen % one Tp tothe Ormpldude Maculelf 4 Priom am ofcilladsy “thet. qeranokey Coben rome. The Second, Tip tothe aamplitude apraddosgs in =the top poth Je—the Trodulating Sipral rm while tn “the baton path 8 -m(Q). - O The balanta Trotuleddy ofp A ayjsal 2p “the Product “the Tradaleting Signal TEs) & Cathiah CC) Cxtept the. Scaling Fats Ska, Taking Foukisy Tamsin on bath Sade ¢) eqyuotion @, we get si)= mete [a(t Fe) +m CF +te)] [s@ = ReraLMG-RD+ HCE]mip Se) n@ ‘wen (6) we MO 1 ' ' : “Ww Ww chew the “Raw 0 ew * fet Pig @ Mortage Spactbaom a by ® 1 DSB-S¢ Speeduny : ‘ap dlieminotad the olp 3 Called . rk it , Since the Cotéiay, Componen 0sB-Se Signal. * Explain how RING modulator can be used to generate DSB-$C modulation Jan-05,9M “> Briefly explain generation of DSB-SC modulated wave using RING modulator. Give relevant mathematical expressions and waveforms. Jan-08,10M_Jan-07,8M_Jan-09,6M July-09,10M__June-10,10m] fib séFigure ‘Waveforms isting the operation of te ig modulator fra sisal! ‘modulating wave. (el Modulating wav.) Squaresare coe] Modulated Ping rotulakh to prodoce taduleth Wiis Flr Jeresading b6p-se Tradulaled. Grau The ing Trochulathy Cosis cf: y Th thawte Ty’ D ofp Hanyparens "” 3 Four dindey Conmatiad ino Bridge, GHestk Qing) Re CabOcies, ampli ‘Ao Paster “thom “the Medalaling Signal cxmphitede ‘Pim’ Le: Fle Prey aor. CaBBiry Praqyvert “RE 2a quatis than ratleting Sigral PyqsW bts fe7 Wl “Raye, Conditony entuhet “that “the, diode. optilisn When -the Caras Sy te ,—the dindeg 0,40, Om Paurand - bios and. atoday O54D, che Tearedye binted. Hence “the - Trodulekdy Tublipliag the TAH Ags Sigpal. ma(8) by 4 be. Vid) = MOS). When the Casati, jy ove, the dink Ds 4 Dy dhe Hurahd hinted Wheeoy D, 4D, oe Qunatie bioged. «Tay the modlst®) ‘rap the, Tretfage, SHgral 7064) byt be Nola) = “mG, ATRL Sqyunte Umma Coddieh Ca) Cam be. hepepertied, by n-1 . Foutses, Seriog of: cee S OL caLamet Gnd] fst Smt at verse | cts Se Sata esters Fe 90 Net neh “The ing Teedulathn ofp sla) = C@-my) 3@ eqysaion Qin eqyucin @, Ot YE 3G) = [ie cata & = cabbie te tn) S(a) = Sms) tafe - ME) Cake tt oo J--®{ Taxing Foursn Hrarttien on bah Side tqyostion ©, we get 8 SETmG- ays mce and] - ye [mG st em cgeat5] $0) = 3-[mce-epsmctetey] - 3> [ace st.) +m (t+ sky] s® sn) i “She aR SEW AHP, “kets «OW A BW ape 3h Sher } Bag ¢ firnplitude Specttuom df SC). % The OSB-Se Wane Jr etthactes Prom SCH) by paying Mpuciion @ Ges) “Arowagh om Steal. GPE haning Coorte Preayuenty “bland bandtdth aol to adits. “The ap “the Bpe AF SwW= mH Cafe +COHERENT Detection of DSB-SC wave: “With block diagram and related equations explain coherent detection of a DSB-SC wave. What are its disadvantages? Explain the synchronous receiving system(COSTAS Loop) June-10,8M_July-08,10M “Write a note on how coherent detection is used in DSB-SC receiver uly-06,7M x0 afoot | Pew pee |__ 3 l Accostnti tg)” Lost ope Fig, Coherent detective jor DSBSC The modulating Stqnol m(t) 2 WCowsed Pum o 058-Se worse, S(t) by Rigs multiplying SQ with a ecally qenwatea CodBiay Uae And “then Ams pose Pablasing The Phoduce 9g Shmum in hg O. - Fy Ratha Yationy . odulstong Sigral mw), the dacol sicillethh op Should. be @incely Cashak a - richer: nan bth Phanqumnty 04 prove, oth «The Crepe, Une. CC4) Gd En The Trsdulatir “fe = Ng(3) tulth “the cat cicthat®s olp tayuel. CACam m+ +q). The Phadiscck ‘moduloits oh Com be given og: VQ) = S)- Gt ++6) — O Wer S(t) = AccdamRs . me) + © Subetituting eajuatton Qin eqjuctio O, we gt NG) = Ae Cot Carre +4) CGF ¥) m3)WK cat. Catg = b CoS (A-6) + Cod (048) MO = Se [Capt ay] + HO Eton pao VG)= BemO) ca g + Hem(s) caCum +4) > © t Taxing Fousiss, twerdfin on both Siday q eyuiond), ot got Vin) Fe Meeag + BDC at) 4 meoa8y] vO Re M(eat Bela) = Ano “heh “ah “Shetw “W oO Wooootew fe et aw 3 PY@ Arrpiitnde Speeds 40. aT dated Sigrak 9 cbtnined by potsing VC) Hommy 2 UF the ch gush" at ogy thox “Qte- Ww’ Ha. % The ofp dothe UF \yca) = Be Chg) We dermatuloted Signal \L(4) Jt Thule phoptiomol. to met), Whe, 5 phox odd.When d= Cmtiomt, Vij) ap phrapsdimal fo M(t) ihen 20, Prrplitude qd} VAG) Js mastmum, : , Ppliinde AAG) sa THinioruem (hepfuperas the When > +My s q Null. Oper the, Ghee: detacsti) COSTAS LOOP:- “+ Explain the method of obtaining a practical synchronous receiving system with DSB-SC modulated waves using COSTAS loop june-10,8M_July-08,10M * With a neat block diagram explain the synchronous receiving system for receiving DSB-$C modulated waves. july-07,6M ‘+ With neat block diagram of DSB-SC, the detection using COSTAS receiver. lan-09,6M July-09, 5M a rl = PT Pena vat% The Cotog lop Jp a mnethad. J} binning a Practical Synchoormg heCeivsey Syston, Suitable Ps damaduleting - 0sg-Se Waony, ae The celany, Conpiyit’ qd. “fon Gohubert delay Supplied. usith “tre Same sp Sigral C ts8- Sc Wane) Ac Ca Githedmy, bat wlth indintdual Ancol otttlath: gral hot: ase. In-phoge Auoddoture with hupeck to each thon, (be--the otal — Bea nA RRS ack ely oe 4 phos), TR Preqquinty di the. local oheillakhy Gp adja beth Sere og-the. Cotthisn Peay usney Fe fe. % Te detach in the Upper path a Sepodad to of the Eo-phote, Ghewrt debt SUE Channel ard “that in the Lowen ‘path Ae Sepsied to od the Guniratabupiwe Gluten Seach Bx Chowne. Xo Waje “tun Acteetty che Coupled “together fo Frm a. Negitte Faadbacy Syper Sshigred 3a Sth @ Oy Of dy wreininin he Socal atcsllatt Syntheanouy wth the Cosith wane. operadion ;— } When Arcal cfcllash Signal pate Soo Pe OL NE Woate AeCaGnt) oka dh print the $8- SC Unde rape Conditiony, the “T-Chanral dp Corkning “the. - Auta demedulaied. Spral. U9, Urea of 6 Chanel lp it Ze.0.Vor = 7AC Re MOY) Cot Ete laheneanyy “the Ceuta, ig Sythoariaed d=o and Cofg= Cat (o)= 4 pessi] o Sing = Sin(c) = 0 i) When local ofetilodd phop Chas wo ‘¢” Sodiary, the I- Channa dp tert trp a= Cwinnal, fredscal Some op UA A pption 4 Sind, “We ofp df T and a- Chanraly ake Crenbtred in Phage - dixeseminath Coshich Comustt dh a. rudiplih Pollawed fy 0 LYE), @ AC Cord Stgrol 4 obbainsd thot auskornalcally cated} Ph Jotal phon. Gaby nthe, wedge Grdolled. = cheallatt (Vcd). Fimphisde qf the demnedalated Styria it maximum When 2° J mrivimum When d= tT] So, peck Synchsortzatin roy to be Ochineed Ph dtGhin tohith arta inieaby the Cott db Wi, Secelset“The Quceivea mullpletea Signal StH) a applied fo Fhe “fom Product mordulath, Te ap the. Top Product mroduleltt J fe SC) = SW) Gham The. top UpF Shermowes the high Praqyuercy chim and allout only Ags) ~ a $,Q)= Bem,(3) | % The op the bats [Product modules gate by $0) = SG). Stnantet. % TRe batrn Lp emmy the high A shim 4 allous oly Bema(s). Tg the op $ Upe at 9,69 = fie mya * FR CHhece operon qf -the Bundbetuhe. Caibish mustipliring - Sipe ab 4 neemasy fo Trdiain “the Giteck phaye dnd Prequuency Seleliorthip besuen the Incol efcillaity fed an) Peanprmithe, end buteine, the Syphem Soltert feabiow q aan: D We Cam Hrorgrnit rhe Tube 4 05 8-S¢ Wee Within~the Stone Channel bandutdth, D GAM sta bandwidth - Contasiuetion Scheme. BD Gam Parvis application Jin Cou TelBsttion (ety)K The op 4 the top phecacsk wrt tr dimen by : S,@)= SG) Chant SW) = [ern (4) Cease 4 emg Sn sms: | Cbattte se. SB) = Aemny(a) Cob gifs. CLAMP + + AeMg (K) Sin afk Cod MTF. SUS) = Aca) CoP ath + Actng (2) Sen What. Gams - Sin cae = Sin @-8) + Sin (+8) 30: temp y+Gaatantad |+ f nu) Sin ankf Ant Oo) fie s(@)= Remla) ~ Remind + REEL Ss [etl] + ante] eT pr Nene Nah Pansy dorm & cleus only fem (a) “ SD = Bem) % The olp the baleen pedack adalat gasen by : S34) = S() Gnanhet 5,6) = [hem Cos anf + Mem) Sinan: | Sinemet Syd = em) Sauer. Cobar + Amy Ld) - San ST. WK Sena. Cz Sin G-8)-+ Stn (A8)} Sed Rene) Sin [anes - aerate + a+ Be mats) a = REMI Cag tetted- aThe baton pe Swmawss the high Peqy usnty te6im & allong oly Ae mng(sd Tras Are ofp Lpr ig $0: km@Distortion in Envelope detector:- Discuss the drawbacks of envelope detector There are two types of distortions which can occur in the detector output. They are: Diagonal Clipping and 2. Negative peak clipping. Diagonal Clipping: This type of distortion occurs when the RC time constant of the load current is too long. Due to this the RC circuit cannot follow the fast change in the modulating envelope and is as shown in figl. DDetactor ouput Negative Peak Clipping: This distortion occurs due to a fact that the modulation index on the output side of the detector is higher than that on its input side. So at higher depths of modulation of the transmitted signal, the over modulation may take place at the output of the detector. As a result negative peak clipping take place as shown in fig?2. Fig @ + Negative peak clippinghe distortions in detector output is reduced or eliminated by properly choosing RC Remed; time constant. ‘+ What is DSB-SC modulation? What are the advantages and limitations of D$B-SC as compared to standard AM? flune-09,6M__Jan-05,5M Advantages: 1. Low Power consumption or power saving. 2, The modulation system is simple. Efficiency is more than AM c Linear modulation type is required rier wave is suppressed anh It can be used for point to point communication Disadvantages: 1. Design of receiver is complex 2. Bandwidth required is same as that of AM Application: 1. Analogue TV systems to transmit color information.FORMULAE 10. 1. 12, 13. 14, 15. Equation for AM wave Modulation Index Amplitude of each sideband Upper Sideband Freq. Lower Sideband Freq. Bandwidth of AM Total Txed Power : Power in each sideband Total Sideband power ?., . Power Wastage Transmission efficiency Carrier Power . Maximum Freq. in AM wave Minimum Freq. in AM wave Modulation index from AM Wave : s{t)=Ac(1+ncos2nfnt}cos2nfet H= Am/Ac HAc/2 fosp = (fe+fm) fisn = (fc-fm) BW= 2fm Pi=Pc+Puse+Pisp Pe= Pe (1+ ?/2) Pt=IZR Puss = Piss = Pe (1/4) Puss + Puss = Pe (u?/2) Psy = Py = Pe Pe + Pe ( 17?/4) n= H?/(2+ p?) Po=Ac?/2R Po=Ie2/R fmax = fotfm fmin = fe-fa = (Amax-Amin)/AmaxtAmin)Modulation by Several sinewaves 16. AM Wave with two Modulating signals : s(t}=Ac(1+n1cos2nfmit+n2cos2nfmat}cos2nfet 17. Transmitted power : Pt=Pe(1+ y?,/2 + 1?2/2) 18. Total Modulation index or Effective modulation index u 19. Total Power : Pt=Po(1 + M?, / 2) 20. Amplitudes of AM Wave : Amax = Ac (1 + HI?) Amin = Ac (1 - JI?) 21. Peak Amplitude of carrier: Ac = (Amax + Amin) / 2 22. Peak Amplitude of message signal: Ac = (Amax - Amin) / 2 23. Modulation index from AM wave = (Amax + Amin) /(Amax - Amin)‘An amplitude modulated signal is given by $(¥)=[10c0s(21x10°t) + Scos(22xI0t) + 2cos(2x10't) + cos(4rx10"t)] volts. Find 1) total modulated power ii) sideband power and ili) net medulation index. [Tan-10,6M Sta) = Ac +4,Chank.t + 24 cant] Coane -—>O S(4) = Liocet (rx ucts) + 5 Cos Carex.) Cd (Sm x04) + OCA (aIAAD ces(tarnid') S(B= toca (amradsy[ 14-E cos (arv ok -+ 2 cerns) ] S48) = toca (atnuda)[ +055 CACaT RE) + 0-8 cab (let x8) 4] F9@ Comparing ey © FB), wt get 3 ‘“ PezV, IOS , styeon, fz KOPHZ, Bye Qxo™HA | f= leHd % Nek merlikim inder Hyg ao bbad = (ose Aye 0-538 ——> [armour x Codie prot p82 = Lis Roan R axe % Sdsband poues Be = Pace tPise = Yr Re = one Se Pog = TASW - ——> Brows¥ Tél modulate pros = ee [at 4] Da Pet hs eels tsa] = Sot HAW 25 W D.= 5.a5w]——> [anew = SSW - Sow Consider a message signal m(t)=20cos(2nt)volts and a carrier signal e(t)=50cos(100zt)volts. |, Sketch to scale resulting AM wave for 75% modulation. ii, Find the power delivered across a load of 1000 due to this AM wave. june-10,61 ce S A,= dev, Fm= AHI, Ac= Sov, = Bota, W=0F5 4 Remon WK AM umn it geen by S(Q= Ae 1 Ce amt] ATE ) — Panan = Re (Ir si) = 50 (10.98) = 89-5v Fantn = Ac (t-s) = So(t-0-98) = lasvnig ae BEV A AM wave form = Og > = [ee] a * Pete F = sw — A Max ‘Two. 2 0-15" Pye Waste SE P.= Ios | - — A carrier wave with amplitude 12V and frequency 10 MHz is amplitude modulated to 50% level with a modulated frequency of 1 KHz. Write down the equation for the ‘above wave and sketch the modulated signal in frequency domain. june-10,71 Ginn Ac= lV, Fez tomes, H=0S, Pye LRHE Sht- WkT AM owe Js given by: Seq Ae LH 2 Co am, £7] Cos oF SCH) = aL A+ 0. Cot amCinids) £] Cat awrCloxio®) st |—y | Srous] Wet Fa Single tore medalation 22 given bySD= AcCohambt + Ae Cot amr Rete) + MDE Co at (e~ By) SCD = race am(toxi) + os ne Cos ar Cox tob-4 x10) + <8 Cas tH Croxto’ - 1x1) SCD = 18 Cota Cons) + F Gol a (root xf + 3 CeaT(a-axiF3) —> @ Taking €T on both Side gh eay @, we get SCR) = AR [aCh- toxist) + BCE A Vox rf] +S [CF - voor x) 490+ root xto®) +S] aCP- 9% 99 x10) + 3 CR + 9-99 xIo* DH ) str) -Cre-tm) Re Gettin) © Rehan fe Pet ceoména "HMA 4-90 NE Gant LOMAS Wroanad 13 Consider a message signal m(t)=20cos(2nt)volts and a carrier signal €(t)=50c0s(100nt) volts. 1. The resulting AM wave for 75% modulation. ii, Shetch the Spectrum of this AM wave iii, Find the power developed across the load of 1000. {Jan-08, 10M _June-10,10M| Gisen 2 Tn(4)= Ro CoheTEV, ~ CCA Se Cob jooTt & HFS Om> wer S(a) = Re L144 Cob eT, A] Cod SE SED= Gol + 0-45 Cob grris) £] Cob a (S0)+ S(4) = So Cet amis) + SHS Co sso Cot TMC) + Cob Gt’ = Cos (A-8) + -L Cot (048) Sd) = Soctan(s)t + SHS cob an(so-) + SES caav(sort S(4)= SoCeg sur(So)-e + 19S CBA (UA + EFS ceaw(st | @ t__ [5 mous B Taxing FT ey O, we got 3() = $2 [a(t-s-+actesg] + 2 [ace-w) +a(k +49] + 2S [acr-sy +0(t+si) ] 5() =as[a(t-sd +2¢F+59)] + 4.535 [a(t-wd) aC +49] + 4595 [a(t-si) + 3(F +8] Dene) pete - Fs nsw = aR = aKtoe ne tes SE) = wasThe antenna current of an AM broadcast transmitter modulated to a depth of 40% by an audio sine wave is 11A. It increases to 12A as a result of sinusoidal modulation by another audio sine wave. What is the modulation index due to second wave? [OLD June-10,6%4] Gun: wean, Tye WA , Te=l ) Twa, y=? dtark fez - oy -4e hy 2 1 ot wy z T. = (580 =e Tyy=te jy +e aX exh (+ 23)Find the ratio of maximum average power to unmodulated carrier power in AM Si (fan-07,4%i) 3 wer B= Oe (14S) When hed Ge. PA Woy: Tedulaton Pr fax) ah te] Yona © NSP Fre) ug Re Prat) p oA “ Rr gnasy * Pe Sg S14‘An audio frequency signal 5sin21(1000)t Is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of 100sin2x(10°)t. Assume modulation index of 0.4. Find J. Sideband frequencies ili. Amplitude of each sideband i. Bandwidth required —_ iv. Total power delivered to a load of 1000 (Jan-05,10M) 7» Ae= lo, Meory, Pry =looorg, fer tatohna, Sidebaand aden liog: = booiMHz | Pusg = fethm = AMNI+ tooola = Prog = be- Fry = LMNE- toooHs = 199 000 H= OMIM fe . Sex lee = Qov. Proepibude qf upped, & moe Sitelend 1 Seve Bwsdhm = Axdkngs aKa a Bis hugg -Figg = Voormna - 199000 Hg = BKHG ip Tetal_ pres doltreo.ud sto 0 slooa too At WKT hs ree] = Te= OF [i be AKtoo 2 = Sul \ usm dp AM Woe: joey dev Sov fee “+E t earamyg AML oot Hy kame A1OOOKHz carrier is simultaneously modulated by 300Hz, 800Hz and 2KHz audio sine waves, What will be the frequency content of AM signals, uly-05,6M SL ise: c= Hook tina Soona, Fra = Boos & fang = 200083 % Fosga = Pet bma = loooKna4 soong = (doo. SKHZ % Vise, = Fe- Fema = lomKHa- Joong = 194 FHS. % Pusea= Petbmg = loonna + 800H3 =ld00-8 uit % Fuses = Fe-Pna = toookng- Good = W9.achZ % Fuses = Fetbng = loookng4+ anus = WoxKnz * Fuses = fe~ Smg = WOOKHS-gyNg = WHRA carrier wave 4sin(2x500x10°t)volts is amplitude modulated by an audio wave [0.2 sin 3(2xx5008) + 0.1 sin 5(27x5008)] volts. Determine the upper and lower sideband and sketch the complete spectrum of the modulated wave. Estimate the total power in the sideband. [rune-09,6mi} Sd: Ginn CC) = Sin (aw soo ns) —> Ae=Hy, Fe = Sookna, ml) =" 0.8Sin ar (S0): + 041 Sin air(ase9) > Rina tra Ans Pm “The trettoge. Signal Comuntie. “toro Sonetaranl. Ana =0-aV , Rng = Soong. Age ov | bmg = A500 % V8 4158. TY Usps CRethma) = Sookne 15 Kuss Soles Kis LSB, = (Re-Bmg) = SOOKiE -U-5kna = HOB. RRS, » vs8, = (fet Bong) = SOORHET Ae SieHs = 508-5 KH 158g = Cte-Pang) = SokHS - BSNS HIS king,Sn Gprusal, campbbde df each Sidthand 9 inven by AS D Prophtude 4 58, 4 198, ill be: She OSX _ gy ‘% => = OAN i Prmpibuce W564 15H, wll be AaB | C095 H _ cosy Wats HRG.5 500 % “Taal powsh Inthe Stdsbands Wer, the SL pouty in he, Stands 2 gfe by Be = Post Paog = REE f& to Signal , a2 Va> Pe() Where, My -tetol modulation Snudex = ee age eas” = @-05)%+ CovasP> = 0.0559 xe Peg? Pele tes 2. @-0559) att = | wir, p88= se r vse x10? | a [i-sexis? J er A broadcast AM transmitter radiates 50Kw of carrier power. What will be the radiated power at 85% modulation? june-08,2M) Swi- Gien: Pe = Sov RB M=0-8S a Peep C4 aad 3 : 3 O85) = Sox? [+ Gos -] HK Contides) “the Stymal. 1m (s) = do Cas (ard) voll & Cobos, tomas, CEA) = So Gof (toot) volt. Didi ax Oxprvelgion Pi the bry 8t0 uauce P1954 madalatin, — [Auqutt - 30a | Ginsen Ay) = 30V , Pm Ana Ac = Sov > Fos SOWFR W=0-75 wer g(3) = Re [1 28 Gob B17] Cab Fe Sl) = SoL 1+ 0-45 Cal are] Ca Lioows) SotAn audio frequency signal 10sin27(500)t is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of ‘50sin2x(10°)t. Assume modulation index = 0.2. Find Sideband frequencies Amplitude of each sideband iii, Bandwidth required [OLD June-09,6M) Heroa, Py = Seta, Pe lH, Atv, Ac= GV ) Sideband ama) t Fase = betB = Wt S00 = Pisa = fe- Py = WP S00 = 09995 x16 HE > Frmplilude g. each Stdcband ¢ He OSD By a a —_ i) Banduidth 'B’ = AP, = AxSoo = 1o0oHS 0005 xf 3 ‘An amplitude modulated signal is given by $(t)=10cos2m10%t + Scos2zx10°t cos 2710°t+ 2eos2n10°F coranto"t volts. Find various frequency components present and the corresponding modulation indices. Draw the line spectrum and find the bandwidth. Ginen :- : (4) = toch ar ok + SCAT IA Chas + AGhaT nS Col ws SC) = locotangéys [4+ S Cobam(tya + H- hew(axn) S(a)= to etan(t)s [A+ os Coan (s)k + 0-8 Cham dr 103) 4 ]}——y @ &Wey SCA) = Ages sort k[ A+ Hy Cob awh + tty Cop aITe, +] ——9® Comparing Uy ey @, ve gst Age tv, 4205, aysoa, b= WHE, fans & be na Eqyuedion @ Can be Wudithn af SUE) = 10 Cop sli) + 5 Cha (i) de + Css (WF) + AHA Cre) CoAT) SG) = locedam(t)+ + S Cebame(tef 168) 4 4-H air 108 +108) + + Scar (oe ania +9 Cea (14a?) SE) = Vo Goh BCA) + 9-5 Cob am (199X106) 4 + 265 Cf ATT (10-00tntot) 4 Chan (4-998 XIE) & + Cot grr (10-008 x08) —® Toy eT 4 oy, ut ot (= LL aCP 108) + 2(F +1089] + 3S [a(P-9-ataxt) +0(F 44.999 x16] + BE [aCe -tvennnd) +0(F+ corniet) +5 [A(E-asemnd) 22(b 44-4806] + ELD E- wroornie) +8(F + 10:00ax108)] 5 si 5 vas, was 1a Ll duet lt: -twoogud “lovterng -toxist anand -Miwexk wanted atta 10K We-cotmd wooed % B= Almas (F,,6)] k Bw = WKHEny WRT. - Arran = fers) = So(W095) = 8T5V Armin = Ae(t-a) = So(t-o-¥8) = 'SY Fig AM wave for m =a Fin camplikude ‘Produulated Lvacaefrrn Noy the FRtm XQ) = WL 14+ 0.5 Ck Aooe TA + “5 ca yoootrs | (ef Goes). ; Stake “the complitude ‘Spectouum x.) ip Find the Casthoae Pouss Crtert 4 each Spcral Comperent D> Moduldton Srdex. Ragut- a, Sot Ginn: AczIOV, -Hi205, Myeos Wma = S000 bona = Seat Whyyg = HOOT 4 Fong: asst = Abo = oooclt Anke = Sonat | gy SMM ton. eng = Voootd, Fang = Soong, Fe = 1OKH. = 000g% — Congite, a THettage Signal (a) = Roce (AMHV & the Cobley uue CL = Fo Cos (loos) v, DD Wiele on expfivttiion Farcthe Tualling AM Uraaee, Pa FS Mmtulatin in sane domain - » Brea “the putter of AM Uwe, > Sketch the Wetalling Coane fa) FSA. Matdation. Se Gin: Ame dov , bm = th Ac= SN, fe = SON dhe 0-95 > Te AM Staal 9 : ? TY = Wo caer ted] Ca Thee. SU) = Sol ts 0-45 Ca arse] Chamr(sps. > Spectouon 4 AM Grange 1 Buse = Fethm = Sott = Sing Bugg = Fe-Pm = Sond = HANA. X Arplitude death Sitthond ae. B80 = B45V Sov \8.6y 1R6V ARS Bong SINR. 4 Preqjuerty - - Fett 8 garg 1 Gea% Secu di AM ure D> Fuser = Fer tmg = loRna+awWa = KE fasea = fectmg = www AkNS = KHZ = ARKHZ D bases © fet bmg = lokwataKie Pe - fg = WwHR-BKHR = BENE Sane = asv hispa = Prpsuae df each Tite bord 979, SMe _ Re D Mae . om. asy 2 a P= Pe + Poses + Posen + Pros + Pisea a ry a Maa Bad Pp= Be 4 AS , sak , alee | shar r= RE 4 AE Y= + $e 2 Wh 4 Gsltah, Ooh , Goiar , ahator 2S <0 cry aR aR ii) _Motulation Sex: nye fobead = (GotrGeF = 0708 aang Taltoge. Sigal mia) = 5 , detwrmine & Skekth he ola ee AM ble Pegs ekalain by joo! de the Wdmsing yalues. > ats Sot > Atzto04. W eelast. Feb, 2002, 6M Sigma m{S) I me r Sipe dy ashtrentnad Prom, Falosing & 4¢ Shum in tq 0. [at o [02 | 04 | 06 =e 30 [40 | so] mo | 0 [0392 | 0395 | 044 | 049 o4 [03 | 0235 | 019 | ‘Peak or maximum vave of mt) See —— a Prom aboue biguse the Wastmaiom aompldude ¢ ms) = O50 % Calculer Ae far d}fpent volver : Ginens Amz OSV war [as8e] & Ie fa“Re Wousttavend the Art Conte. Fa dilprent valu 4 30 che Shou bole =i HUTA VON onnenea o ‘CU oa. ACUI VOY uvves anes © (2) AM wave for x= 0.5 (b) AM wave for = 1.0 (@) AM wave for = 1.25, Drow “He SprcBuem an AM Signal Gath CO = Ae co we: 4 MW= Am CS* CTEM). SL! Ginn sca = Rec Crbes) [fees cn] WAT | Cote = +S c= eas SEE] - ca) = Be. + Be caantce. 30 Stench am (a) = AC Cran) mig = fiom Beg Catt: 4B¥ Specs 4 ms We Cam gee Speti9aen tn by “raving ~S ne mips Ama + Sn [oft thn) + 2CF- hy] Seago 1 Ba alt+s) * ‘Spactuwn 4 Am Signal: Taxing Fratton traadlinn CH Le ey O, ve ge c(t) = Ae 0) + Ae Lach ator ace-t]Fai a pr Junction diode ,the Culbert 1” ~Wroveugh the dick Qndcthe wings‘ 99" Quit ose. Yelated by ene] VWhate 5 the esd Sabatistinn Cadberk and" y “the, thatrmal walogp, Pk Soe dempandlihe,\l, = 0-026 veld. @ Expand (1 abo ous Saiey kn 8, Wining sy opts ® Lek veo Garbnt +00 Chat tye, how by,= ka & Fe =tookng., Sketch “the, Sfetssurrn the dirde Gdoent > Specthy the. Seqyusbed Fille, sp @ethat Som ‘1’ Gn AIM tans Cutth Coser wane “Fe , s What +y the. peerage rradulation Sndox.. = @ @ Ag = 0-01 Cl Bhan + 0-01 Cob STI &\ e006 y uy te] 0 = -[e_2] 3 @ We Com unite p= +9 ete ext ® Pur x=" IN, a Stobpttating equation On ey ®, ve gt “2 er 4Q-xlap w 79] BEA he Dp Lek = 0.01 CdaTh 5 + 0-01 CHT welt. —> G) diatde beh RWS ond Us eayuation &) by Mr = SO CoheTP te 40-01 Cosi a = in ro ye \y Ye geen, N= 0096, DX O01 Co TTR FOOL Cah IT Ny = “reas 036 DO 0384 CATE + O- 8H CHET —2 © Ny ip = -0- BCS TTL = 0: SY. Cos aT + [OSB GA SITE + 0. 58H Cota] * wow, Gas)*= oh + bead . ~ Boa ag 5-0. 38 Ce STP 0. 384 CHTMFEE [Gans Coll 51m + @ seu cant F +2 OY Ces aan - @- 384) CATE 2) do. py Cobalt: — 0 SBC ETRE + LOS Cit ah ay 4 G30 cog smtea + a 0. SeUY® CHP. Cot AMPs + a ahd + 0-043 Colt ah LD _ 2 -0- UGH aTIF ® - 0 384 Ty 0.093 canbe + OUT Cb ah» Cals nt: WT : (0-6) -+-4 & (M+8)| oth p+ S| cob Cot@ = ESO= =~ O-S8U CARTE, = 0. 38H Cob BITE de + 23). 28S cer font + G3) + 2085, cunt + on clin fs] + Sy ea Larch ong] 3@ EE gas TTaning Fest Peanyfien bath Side qh eayuntion @, use got aD - PDE seheoren)] + 0-093 2(F) +SF5 [a-ak +? Cesare] + ou {ALE-Ge-fa)] + OL P+ Cette] } FOE (ODF Chataa] + aLF + Cletts } ee up | p.1923, 923 0.1928 1999 1sB ° isp. usp a opis ois. I I ors Z 11 t a, hha “litle “a “ln ya Sele Se Site Magnitude spectrum of $2 © “Re Nesyoided AM Wow Centded of fe st cbtoimed by poping “the diode. 6 & Gn Jdeol GPF hansing Conder Branjuency, fe =1oKNs and B= Bhim. Pr =AkHE5 wren S(3) tu Bre drain oposite Op Re BF SEH) = OFAC CHATFC + AMAT Cot BO Che Hy) OH Ca a0 (Fyn) SC) = 0 seugcatana + 00998 CaTT(ReHtm)t + 010951 Came) 2O = Re Cottme + ARE Ca are - be) +g Gears) Prem ayy @, we pt [Adz o-s4s , age, = 010934 fe sg¥D An audio Pucuuency Stynal 1oSimn €Irx G00 SF Wed fo Omnplitude omarduleh. a ain gp SoSinarxi® +, Coleslote Coleutate }) Medulatim Sater i) Stdsbond Pruqquencie Prvpliade 4 tach Sisbend. Prequel iy) Bandwidth Suqyuihed. Be Pour Aaligbua. to the waa. 4 6000, W Prrenyuerctey Set weer reddulating Sappal m3) gasen by TAG) = Ph, Cott 81 ME)= Ap, Sin CM hk. oe CLs) = Ac Gd TMA H CA)= Me Sin aT t. Given : NLA) = to Sin BIT xSook ©) = So Sty strait, Fen = 10V, Ac = Sov > Medsletion Inder ne = “$0 = Oa s]) Hz O-Axt0o = Qo TW Sideboard Preqyuenciny : Wr Wm =X = XT XS00 (dg SUP. = SIPAO® [= rooKna,Fagg = fe thm = Woteta +500Hta = 100-5 kug Cice = Bem Ban = WOKNS - SooHS = 19.5 KHZ ip Frrnpikade. Cath Stdrbord. Phenyuensng He __OrA x G0 = 5v. 2 a WW Bandusdth aquired , BW = Fm = 3x50 = loo ha a Bw = Fuse = Pigg = (OOrSKNS ~ 99-SéHS = {000 HS ND Teta prises daliaened into a dood 4 Goon. a a a ReRLUAE] = Sele . 8 oa = Ger HP] D, = das Wat vy Praqjuenty Specuem dp AM Wowe:- Sov. Sv sv Soows | Sona, gunz loomg —toorsana hse fe Pose Bui= looonsA Cotete, Uiasse wth the somplitude RV and Prag uency forms AM cmplitude ‘modulated to S01. with Motulatiag Punyutncy ARNE. White drum eqqustiong q-the cboue Lous and Sketth - “the Wanseirrn in Pagguaney domom ond lle Mend 3H - bandusidth , Slr Queny AC=1aN, Pe =loning, w= 90]. =0-5 % Eqjsotion o) Codie awe. COD = Ac Sh tft * Way jie fim Ae Aye 2xAg = OFS RID im =6N Wha Prrglitude dh rrumulaiing Wonte cp GV talth “The Puqyuanty A02 *. Murdulaling Wows Jy WAC) = Ay Cob LITT ama) = 6 Cas far tang] ve Wie complitude moduleted Worse 4 giasen by SCH) = AeL r+ ILC ee] «Cot GIT) ae ae eS SG) = 1a[ + 065 cot Carr gunned] CodBITxton) To Skth the Peqyuenty pocdurm wevnted Fuse & Frise:Buse = Fett = tortor into® Rugg = toroa intel a. Bice = Feo bm = loxtot= 1x10" Fosg = 1-999 x10 Stishord aanplude J = Ae @ wer we fra ® “ gqaxié — WHI ovoornrel fee Fe Puss Bus Bb = aXtnte? Bus auraPre that: Be te ee byt oz A xtoo wet atk x Fa Pr Whee, Ps; Pow Cobtried by the Stdtbandy Py 5 Pawan (adal) Sn the AM Sgr Foty > Band 7 fy L005 bh Sek Moduldien Sheu that 8 dona AM Lypga lt 95: 5+ > See & Etticanty 3 giuen y= Py Pasg + Puss 0 L = —— Py p, . WAT Ps = Puset Puss | 3 te Pysg = wre uted 16g = SR 4 = Re CHAE Sully ~the talne Pry Pass & Rasy HP oO, veg tek , sod wet aesod stad WR a Rey Tee] #z] 28 NL ay. & > Fa Meos - \ we sy Rs tar © Taeg® * y ast ; . 2B 2 Loss aor) Qs 33-33 +row the AM tose eb Ra ley than too. , with 100. mnie-than loo}. & with gy pectertage Turdalation, Aides thet “the, Tredolalirg Synal 1 a prude Sine nase, () ADE wave with 100% modulation (@) AM wave with m= 0Envelope Detector % FR minimum ippings, the time Conttard RCs Should be in habucan the Sime paved xlp 4 op S » Sf op Spal. MHD ange Yee en ann ey nt Pemule : “x Te Contin Pa minimum disitdtton tf + = 30 a cae, Ls Jt Show that in an ersdepe Adacks Cxcudk “the, demodilatst wt te Plow the ensalnpe 4 aml), a 4g Heajutea that ok omy deme 1 Wm Sinha RE Gta SAI tax vt ottuome that the Capac duichayay Pram the froke Valus"’ ok Same obittuty intlank ob 20, Then the wabtoge OGbadt “the Copacad Vy green by Kees 30 Bing Taf Say \e eLh-#, [7%Clipountiating cqyuntion @ whito 43) The Shape 4 itchetge + we £48) @ AS cogncssth 4 The, cernpikude!E” tory Jaiard it perk E= Ay Aes amt] > @ Ty. He Shp A erage at CAiiparsing +9) SE_ = - A, Sin att. Gtts) > B Xe Tn Bd, PH —the Copactby J Flr ~the ereelge EG)", the crrmpnitoade the. Slope db the Rss Aetchatge, Trute be phn “than “the mapnitede 4 the Slepe the, exyeelape. EG) . Hence Slo |-€) 36 Subsiiasing ey © &@B in ey ©, ve Yt & B WA Sin atten) 39 us Sapsittutiy ey Qin 20/ B , Ug AeL a seco eres] ML Re Sin attbrec. (ante) Ruts < 15 286 Sin arent (aut) cg 7% HEL nc] wer a Why 1. Stn . mn hen 2 Bt RS 2 V+. Gh dye% Re AM urewe toL +005 Cg (ars00d5]. CaGriée) tr = demodulated by as envelmpe elec, Find the dime Contant Tana the Switss: 4} COPALER fod ip 1OOPF. SH Ginen Pen SOOKR, Fee tHE, L=O.S 4 Ce LOOpr Re dime Contant T= RC, Shrld Salty the. Condon Mie Rc2 Fe SNS, {ee te Ros O Whee 2) in the Guenk pod q-the phe-erwulape. & gw -% Let X(N Sepheperdt the Fr 4 4) & gown by X(t) = FEW) +529] x) = XOHLRO — © RE) = -i4rO.xy © Sabtihating ery @ in tay @), ve. yt XD = xD + SL-isqnt- x] - =x JS) feet = XU) + Sqn) Pea X© =x@[t+ sey] b> Where a tk ann-fs ia tee wt, PY Reo Subpbduting Te voluat 4 Sle) ney @ ot PH DY Yret, fH Pro xy 2 f PB Bre X4(e) = xe) a4] KD = 1 x), ba Feo FA EENT) 0, tateo a ke - Sal=o far Peo Whee »6) 41 the value q X(P) ot B20. A= KOCH] LH = XO) iY Sqn -a, fe Peo XO= xOC-T XH =0L A ax(s) me: ee PaO: aera Spon othe bos pout Signal. (4) ffre-enrolope 2,(4). Pre-enrwelope PB —ve Preqjuenties = % The phe-envdgpe Pir -ve Pregquentin tf daffred of X.@)= xW-20) % The too prenemvalopel %() #28) Oe. Semply “the Gomples Gonjushe 4 ench dhes ; a) x(a) = XM) be xX W=0, th bro “wn, =x}, Fr F=0 iv L . zax(), tab OWhose (4) ar the Complex emruelope the Signal. Ey@ r-the, dlirition fax he, Compe exyuelope SE(4) an charms ¢ “the ph enneclape 2C,(8), % The Spectrum gd x,(9 if Aemiled fo the Preqyuenty band ReWekshtW @ Gheum tn Fag ®- Applying Muyuanty - Shilling Propedly d the Feusin thartfien tay , then “the Spetthuern Are Complex emlipe. (3) if sJimikea to the band -Weh sw & Contpad atthe Sign oF Shhmwn in bg ®. | Rel etal ° t be Fol IA oT ae EO} afaeto] Figure (a) Amplitude spectrum of band pass signal xQ@. (6) Amplitude spectrum of pre envelope xy (0). (9 Amplitude spectrum of complex enveiopeSH),% Whe Signal (3) 2 “the deal pose df the phe-envsdlepe 2,4). _ Nene “the gf bandpass Srymol x(t) Can be exphelted ime pth Complex ennlepe. af C= REL AH MEL > O % Th proval, By 4 a Complex quuartity wt Can expo ak: F@) = XO+ix0 />@ Subpituding aay in vy GO, we yt XW =RPYWrin H+] 46 WHT ai. cto +iSine 6: ane eimck (antes) + 3Sin anes) -—> ® Substating ery @ in oy), we got x= ref Ferriss] (ca Gres) sssintetes)) | xX) = ef Xx(H) CaGrue) + 32, 69 Sin (anc) + HHL) Cot Ee) + fr SinCanted)} XUD= Ref XL Alans) +5240 Sin (aes) H4x4L) Cares) +O ) Sinan) | XC) = XW Cant - 7,69 Sn Canted) bo ® Tn ey ® XC) ~2 “the in-phayo Comporant: the bund. pale Ggral g YqyCO athe AYunstratire 4 ahe Signal xl).Generation of In-Phase and Quadrature phase components: Scheme to generate the in phase and quadrature components of bandpass signal x(t) % The 6) & 26,4) ade slow paw Sagnolt Aorihed tothe band -WgtsW, TRe banduidtn df ach Falteh rt? %& The in-phoge omen 4 Phase Cormp 3) At frodufed by malipgng (8) wth Cos(Hh 4) & Potting the phodack troogh o Lor. Define: i. Hilbert transform ii, Pre-envelope ili, Complex envelope July-09,6M_July-05,6M4 } Hibes: Franti | Vahen prove oxfl 4 a Gnpren oyun Sapok ce Hp by $14, Ahe. ling Fonttin dime 7 Kmuon qu Wilbet Mranufim. wwe 3 Ban =e) ho) = te [_ wihee | v0 [> t@ 5 (= 2) « HG) Vsg@: Prmplituct espe. B= 1H * 8a s a ore x ae |. Where, $(4) 4) the Kilbane Hopi 4 2) ag Tatting Frias Hrarirm om bath hdr 4 e1y Oye get ~ | Re): ism). x) HO tate 4 HUD. fay @: Phat hetponse.'g HCE)iD Pre emvelepe 1 We phe-envtlepe ff “the Sigrat (0, le defined ¢ the Complex - valued. Puncton Cam be given 04 XW = xH)+IL(D YO Whee, XG) 4 the Sul po of “the Pre- ervoelape & JRE) tuphertd the Smaginaty pat d the fhe-eruepe. Qly) yothe hibat Rrartlinm 4 x(2). Tang 6T 4 xo 4a fawn by XyO= XO Li Sp(4)] —> @ Subencusting Sa) voluy in ony © oe get ax® , fy tro XUD=Y xO! & bee © 5 Fa Reo wo x® axe) “wooO0OUW ower bag@: Prnpitude Specuuom Fg: Prrmplade Spacer 4 “the ¢ Low pot Signal, Pre-exvclope (4),Ti) Complex enrvelape :- ¥ The pre-ervadage a Notieus band. gral x) wepheyed nthe frm, x)= Sp dimfet o Whine SE(4) 4 the Complex enratlape the Siyal. EyO ip the Aefonition Pathe Gomplee ervutlpe BC4) Lehi of wire phe-enualpe X,(4), The bamdposy Sigrot x(a) Com be expend indevoy qd “the Compler enrstlope af : H(2) = BL Lea elt] tr ® nm genset, 2) to. Complex. Quantity, Wwe om expheys Heed! Suubstasling ey Bin eq) @, we. gee EW) = XO) + 5x0) © x =R [x9 +ixyo JSingle Sideband Modulation ($$B Modulation) :- ¥ Grandad fimplibude modulatin 4 DSg-Ss¢ modulation ode - Warkyjal qf bardustath betes “they bah tuquuite q. “Phartrrudtion bandistdth ewyjual te -pusice, “the, vitoge bandusidth be: Bisa. H Tn bah Coe Crd Ose-s¢) hal} d-the Hrarreribion bardusitth Occupied by the Upper Sidebond qpthe reacted. one, Whine oF ste dhe, half the thargmign bandustdth oCtupied bythe, cunt, Sdeband dp “the rrurulated wewe, The Upper g Louth Sidebandy Che UTHpuely Talehed to each dhs by Visdue AR Syrmmeldy About “the Cabin Preqyunty “fe. ar only one Stdtbune ay Tucettehy Pax Hrentretgion 9 Snftrmation “aah bab the Cattio, ¢ —the StharSidiband ake Supphuned ak “the onby ore Sidebar ot Hhany-mitina , the redultion Saad tw Single - Sideband Medulation . Frequency-domain description of $$B :- The Pregquancy - domain dussipsion fa SSG modulated Wonse. - daperdt on Which Cidthand 3p Hhenemitied , Fay® Shows Sprcduem rodalating Smal ‘thy, Te pecan wy Atmiteg so “the bond. -WS RSW.nm) (0) pect ot meee sg _ AN aw s— Ww (©) Spectrum of DsB-80 eR, Frewenar Cem tee 7 whe abe Froquonoy ew) (6) Spectrum of DSB-SC with oy. 2 only USB tranemitere a Veh SBOE NE 4 Frequency te (@) Spectrum of 838-8 with only LSB tranemitore % Te dggese Wwe Can be cbkabred by Trubiiphying “mls) by the Coonan woaate ALCSCaIReE) Of Shoun balms, me Sacc- CDs Acted atte * Fu ® Shout the 0$B-Sc Trodulahed wane, Qn $56, When erly Upper Sedahong 1 Pharywillad se get Praqendy Spec Ot Shimon in fag ©, When only the Jmuey Stdsbond 4 onmitied, we et Pruqquenty Spethum ag Shoum .in Pig @,Advantages of $5B :- } S58 ‘teyuied half the banduidth Yunyuided qd. AM 4 D5B-Se Sigma, D> Doe Jo Sapprution Cavtiah and ono. Sidtband., pousth i Sauwed . 3 Reducer Swbunfownce 4 noite. Th 4 due ch “the teduted benduidth, Agthe banduidh ntheages the aanourt: of rte, added to “the Sigal. Al Snseoye > Fading dot nat octet in SSB Praxyrnittion, ( Fading Tmearg “that 0. Sigal olitmatily Srchropy % AwSuale in Bergh of “HY pices up by the ecebaaun. SH TCtuiry becaupe the Coidien 4 deband Moy Speath the hacia Shlped in sie & phate With do anch dhe’) Disadvantages of $B :- } The prwation 4 Suseplim SSG Signal 2x a Complex pete D Seve Comey ig abuert, the $58 trantenitter 4 Recetas Tua to howe on tccallent Prusjuunty Sabi, D Whe se wedulation Jy Cxpertion 2 highly Corps. > Srplomert —— Applications of $5B :- D SSB antigo

Su@= RES wer* 7 > SQ). rer { Tw. Sd} IFT :- FT M(t) —> mi) -JSnM—= ty hw Ste) met) —s itn(4) Iet Dd -isqntt)- me) FET MW SyntQeagy Fy JA) Pred 2 dy = J [-Ssqnt mM) J] = -J gam) =) Spt mp Jn < Spowmo > sprcN mem AEs -iheo Prmfi= - 5A) = 5 [-iSmety MOD] = +i Sqn(-M() J Fre) = - Sql) mle)Time-domain description of $$B wave :- Using Hilbert transform, derive the equations for $$B signals. Specify the advantages of $B over DSB-SC. July-05,12M Derive an expression for $$B modulated wave for which upper sideband is retained. (Jan-09,6M_Jan-05,8M Sk “The Ss tgnok may be germnaled by @ sB-SC TW ¢ a Fay loa ter slot he ‘oper sideband ow 1 oss) Regn pont equa % Wie 088-Se Yodulated ums. 3 datirea, mathematically of ‘vance S) = Rem(a) Cot (Attics) 7 ma> Manage Sgro AcCotattfet > Code. Signal “Whe Low patt Complex envelepe dh-the O58-Sc medslated Usenet St exptealted of : ow Sekt) = Mend White,% Contidey “the SSB Traduza Waree SC), on Which only “the Use at hehained, St hey Qludhotome Af Gell of dn-phoge onent . FRen Sl) se the Complee ermutlape. qf Salk) & et Can ut Sela) = Rel SU exp Ciamaj] Sala) = Of, A] Ls @ Wht, R dal pont, TE dalnrmine FG) we phateed of Fells + Tre PF anja; Pantin Hy() 2 Haplocea hy an tqyuindlent Lpr qd Rramtjor Furnctin H(e) of Showin in bag 0. We con eepuy ALU ot Pellrus : (ACH SMO] , octew ° y thous, Whe, San(e) ag the Sigrusm Punttion . i) The 058-s¢ rrodulaled wroue SB replated by Complex. - erualepe. “The SpecBuem q tha ervutlope 4 of Shswn 8 ye Wer the $3B Woe with orly use A giaten by Sela) = as [mo Coa (ae) - TACs) | Sealant] —@ Shubutthuling Cy O | 4Y@ in WG, oe Sul) = [ Prt Ces) ene) = Pigg Stn (By, 8): Sin (ante OA Tbs GU. AO - Sn) SH SC) 2fbe [ carCamia) L(t yd) - Sin (aes) - Sin Carns) ] a ct) cal8) = Sin). Sin (8) Su = Ae [es Cantes + 2thyet)] SuCs) = Reb cotsrftethes ]# b> 6Equation @ Sheud “thot the SSB Whe Conti q only -the apper Siders Hrenyrnty FerFr). TR 9 Cray Game of the ulull chinined by Suppheuzng “the stows Side Pregyuenty Fe-Pre) the CEitgonding 058-S¢ rue, Spectrum of SSB with lower 3 | ‘ 7 A Explain single tone modulation for transmitting only lower side (LSB) frequency of $SB modulation. & Leb the modulating Sigmal m(s) 1 Tuphyertaa a m(4) = AypCot CaF) -—> © % The bilbed Hrontitim the Trodlulating Signal mle) Obtained, by potting a through a -40 Phowe Shiftan. So “the hills Hani HE sen by: ALA) = Am Senartms) -—> @ WKT the SSB Were With only LSE ape n by: g(a) = Be [me caer) + A SinCants) ] | ©Saibgetding ey ® & ey @ an ey @), we gee Sita) = Be [A cot Grn) Cette) + Amy Six Cathy 4). Sinan] 8Ca)= Ahn [cant al Ohya) + Sind). SCs cat) ca) Sinle) —_Sin(@) WAT Ce (A-8) = CoA: Ci + Sin A Sin B $4) = Rabin [ cetCantes - tn) | S,(4)= Aefn colin] Fe-Fm]t |» @ Exyuotion @ Show} thnk the SSB Wom. Consehs only the Lowen Sida. Prunjuency Cte-Po). Wha 42 tatty Same of the Wb: Obtained. by Saappruiging —the UI Side Prugvuenty Cletes) the Hlulponding O5e-Se Wort. Spectrum of $88 with upper sideband supressed sh t 50Generation of $B Wave:- 1. Frequency discrimination method 2. Phase discrimination method or Hartley modulator Phase discriminator method or Hartley Modulator :- + Explain the generation of $B-5C wave using Phase discrimination method with the help of a neat functional diagram. Bring out the merits and demerits of this. flan-o6,aM, With a neat diagram, explain how SB wave is generated using Phase shift method. [June-10,6M_June-10,6M(IT)_Jan-10,7M_Jan-07,5M_July-06,7h est at inane wien pm “ PJ cern sen Saeco st acninnon mat renin 58 medond Fig @ Shoot “the bec pan df phoye Gilera wrath f qprsnaling SSB. Re ose roblath vty tuo pledact modulottiy T 46, Supplied sith Cobedey wae In pha Quadhutise Jp each athe.TR rating rol (a) @ Coda Signal A, Colfimted) 13 irathly Fer ope pees neta Preduting a DSB-Sc Wome, “Ra, hitbud: rasujarm (a) Cae phove shsg) ge MO) + Cabdion Signal. Shed by 9s ah. Opplied ds“the, Predutt srrodulath @, Producing SB-se Won. & The dp Produce modubats oT” sy 3,8) = TCA) A Cat GS) X The dp 4} Prarduct rrodulalts ‘aig —————__ Sa(2) = FAG): Ae Sen(athex) “We Sigralt SCH) 4 Sy(a) ob Red ty @ Summeh, % The olp q the Summen S(4) = SLQ+ Sel) [Sc = Agmtay Catan 9A) Sin STR x Tha plod Sign ok the Surmming Junction yilat aor Sp with only the 188 Le- Sa) = Rem (a) Cob STP + Aen(D St att, & x Strmilasly he tri) Sgr, ab the Summing Juntiin yields on S88 With only—the USB ie.Sa (4) = AT (4) Cad AMP: ~ AACA) Stn ah “RY Sse moculotty -# Ollo Kncum of the Hastley rredulath. Frequency discrimination method or Filtering method :- Fraquancy diistminait method Con be wea Sh preoating “The SSB ) Te mrattage Signal Shad nt have ary low Pracyuenty Cortent, Cee may atm i) oN ok Zs80 faq) vorty)) Guitio Sarma Detar Thus Property. eg: The alephone, Sigrolt will hae a Puqyuenty thangs - from Goons J s-yung. “Me reauentia in the. range 0 - Soonz ase absent, Anene-by Gxattrg an onenay PP Brom 0 40 SONS D The hight Preryency Comporert “I” 1 stage Sept mld St much Jag than the Cotton Mugquanty Pe gral Medutath 8pF 4 SSB Medulatra m(3) Wows. Costin Ae Cof ah Se- Sc Sigrol. Fig @: Block Aiagham 4 SSB todubeth Ubing Pun) uerdy distsssrireth witha2x That modlatan Congtt Go a. Phedack modula , Cohen aheetath Bor Aiigras So Pay the Aslined Shdsband.. AE the ofp 4 the prredack Todulsthh, We get The O88-3¢ - smodulaisd rome ushich Cordainy oly tu Sidsbandy . % The Bpe LL pay only one Sidetand ¢. phedince the $38 - stmodslatd wae 4 Jt ofp. t York White in exoan Ct) ‘Spectrum ef protic modulator ouput Ment) fe We +f) [7 baw Thi iter ie ‘eo smal Spectrums of message signal and prodact modulator output Qemanis :- De Pugjuancy difeurce bekiwten “the highest Pruqyuerreyy son LSB g-the Jowett Muguency in USB -t tro Small of Shoum tn ty @:®@ “Th Totg the dem Bye Oddemely dffeeate,, beau Franjuency Supe nad ch hae yy Sharp Change mss Prem Glerwation to Poy band 4 Ve- ve,Te dang BPR Yast Sablfy “Poo base tant DW ga band g the Paes mugs eae Pryenty ‘haangs- OF the, Sprcbuem of the dalibed $56 mmotubted Uae. De wth 4 the quand bared Linch Sip fhe pant ram Shp bond be ~ruite the Inowt Patqyuenty Components dp he Lor coe oe Seta a Oe See a uty Sopa aby th 6 yh 6 a “Typitolly im “the. args, Jaco S000. als) [Prawdack: " (fe HY | Woase Pycet (at) Aca (ame, Fy @: 8 Tiso - Stage, $56 reoduladd. { Dork arith. : % When “the Covoien Pheayuercy ~y very high of ve Prunyuancy, the $88 mrodulted roast ocluples the Pesyueneg weitoge bund which Jt truth high “than “that: ¢ the mvt Signal.% Unden Buch epmating conditions & batrmay externthy difiecukke tp dattgn a Bpe that Palla “the delied Sidsband 4 clteruatey the Unuarthd Sideboard, ATR manage Signal OD Tredalster the Clein by dy prrdate a DS8- Se Signal. . Thi Syrol. -# Pott “truth he 18 Bpr to Poke on $98 Todas Sgral., Xe dp the pe ak then uted do Madlele Ona colin ‘bg Gshich 3 than By. Than the ofp dhe ot prac: Trodulethy ue get Ostby W5o-S¢ Sigwal. Thay Sn uase, he. Gund band between Sidthana # , cabich asl Take “the atl dang enty, “es Arty 4 Raton rated Chasysency isininath rated)» > The Fasuy mcthod qusel the Odsdjucte Sidebar Supptussim, DTRe Geband Pitty allo ilps do athrusts cessor sf phufert nthe dp q. bolantad. medulath. 2 re bandiidth x Sapcertly Bat 2 wide. Ditodssartaget: - DT cre Dally 3 tor do the Sahil the Siptim “fo gosh. S86 ot high Gostio Mequenciy, “the fraqyuenty UP Cn Vedtin Wi TesAHody. DT erpeneine Paby ake to be Wed ore fh toch Sideband ,{ Spedouem dtu $88 -Todulath Donk White In cuaen, OT te Fresueney froatane ose ‘ouput ttt “hehe al uss 4 i “inte hate “ihe ol Title Cth Secu of nn rosat 2 - > - Gunraband™s _ [espa 21 fod = (yl) align | Frequnoy dertthe Lusi feted) f(b) (eet +e) Spectrums of the two stage SSB modulatorDemodulation of $SB Wave:- ‘ Show that the output of coherent detector of a SSB modulated wave i given by: Vo (B)=1/4 A.m(t) cosh +114 m(Q)sing ‘Where 6 is the phase error. ‘S58 Wane Produ ic) say reais Fae Fon CA(TIR) Fag @ + Chow: Adhesion o} Qn $58 wedwlabd wow. x The baicbond Signal més) Con be telmetted Pram the $38 Wwe SC) by uring Cohetert dctttion Th Produc ‘Tmedubedh A harsing tuo p's. one sp 2 Fhe SSB modded Woue SC) 4 are Tp ait the docally gerunoted Cashion CegCanted) nen Low pass Piling the, Tredalatin olp af - Sheu in abowe. gute. Tha Produit moruleth ofp 38 given by V@= SW CaGns) | © Wer sto= Sef mtg Cob The +®@Smamgs | —@® Sabptecting ay@ in yO, we got VG 2 Re [mca cat i + AG Gnas | aaa ved = Bernt) cant Cait + Re Figg co anh. -Sinambet, war | cotA.cags z[alrro +cat(a-9] boVea): FE mca caCante ram) + ca (ante-ant] ¢ fe Hay [ SenGant,tant.)¢ + Sin Cat, -amh#] veg = Se mt [ cae + ca] + Ke FCT SinGanta-+ Sint] WKT, | Ca(oed, Stm(e)=0 ved = Temto[cateate 12] + Ae eg [ Sinton) +6] VU) = fem + Be_-ro(s) cams) + they Sin (iat) Ways Bem(sy + Be [mca cats) #AUy Sin Gos] mralage Syrab Unurasthd =hsirng % When V(4) -Y Potea Heowugh “the Palisa, Ste will olla only the 5 ierm to pau trowgh ¢ wall haetk all othe urconetaa debt: x Than ot the olp qe the tes, Se Oh ih Sa tage Sgr 4 othe Chien $58 demodulation iy arhinsed “ [ yo: = Fe ania) The debttton $98 Trculaled won iy hoped on “the Obemption that. tune 2 pedfact Syrthoonidation hihween iol castiey ¢—thot Sn-the “Fronvmitte, bah in Pequenty 4 pho. % Buk an practice a phaye edn G May ahi sn the locally - Preooed Cadac Woe, Tut the detackdy lp ig Trorified da. tnPhos eam af Puls : fe fe ha & Yl = Heme cag + GE ME Seng NoTE :- x The phaye distdilion ap na Sthtous Goth Vole. Communitation becoute “fhe humon teh Jt ulate sopentitinity to prove athdinn, Te puede phate disvion gee ike Se hak Called the Donald Duce voce effect. % “The phole distin Camnet be cteloble in “the raxyeugtions ¢ Tmutic Wid Sirol. Farmuloe > Sina.cegs ¥ Sin (A-@) + Sin(n+8) Sear cen) = Sin[amn ara] + 4 Stn[ sutras] nlanks)-chGrhs) = Tn (safes) a Date. 2S > soto: Se, coats) = te ebSCates) StrP(aniey 2 1-StaGntes) as : oh (uth: slut) [sation = 4 - SRS [scans fet Tame Pundion | tibet Th cACane) Sin(oehed) SinGamh.s) | - Cob (ama)D Lek Sy(a) dence the S86 Stgral cbtstned by trentmitiong only Upper Sidoband. 4 let 3.0) dendty “os Wilhsd: tramntfimn. ‘Show thet : “m(4) = 4 [se cotCanfes) + $8) Semana) ] ond AW = +1 $9 Cot(amfc) - Salt) SinCankes)] Ton - 3001, 6M Sdi- WK-T in $58 modulation SU 47 gusen by S08 = [ome cans - Are sintantsy] | > © Tanay Ribs Barat dy, We gat Su = [ow ca Cins) ~ AC anny] Bao [co singantes) - Ae EcatantsY]] $0) = [mca sin nts) + HD cea(snt.s] 9 © Moulkiply ey O by Coben) SuCd) ces Cand) = fm» ces (arf, 3) - A) Sim (arfes)] Cas(orh§) Sls) ceaCanes) = Fe mn(s) cofCamba) - R(a) Sin Cartes) Ca Cares) ® ce Stn dart. = femip[e+ Soe | seo [ Satoed Ie Sala catCamtes) - Aem(s) + Aerts) cotCvathes) - He isp Sin(uente 8) | 9G) + cs . mabliply ey @ by Sin (anes) SW) Semana = Be [rca sin Canes) + Fw) ca Gores] SenCantes)S19 SinCans) = Se me set catea)+ Ae vA capsthCants)- cl (arte) > kmw[e - cat] 8 Pre SeQets) S.oGnGates < Semis - & Rem ecatert) 1 A Senders. | 9 Raa eG 4 @, We ge Sls) cas (at) + § (4) Sin Contes) fem 4 fe Be Pe myles) - SoA Gat.) + Bem. Semia)sdlertes) ~ A Aupeittey SyCa) caCanted + 8,(a Sinan) = Bemis) mm AE [Succatants) + 8.) Sincertay] Malitply 4) 0 by Sin &rt.t) SuC2) SinGenfed) # SE [rats clara) - AE) Sen(anfe] SinCsns) Feria) Sin (amis) Explain the qeretatimn 4 $5B-S¢ Worse. ting phate, dilfoiminath: vmathed withthe help do nest functional black dlophar. Bring ok “the abut 4 demeitt 4 thy, Mendy + - D Bodkin Pultey ohe tuploced by Smoll Fabien, J Low oui Preqyvertiay Tray be Ulad fh modulation > Coon generate $88 ck coy Pregy uencay > ay, Switching Prom one Sidsband sb dhs Sidebar 4 paste. Damaneds 2— ) The op 4 tuo bilanced modulatdy Muss be BACHy Some ; Ahh. Coneallation will be incomplede,DS yp the pho. Shier Hrowidy a. phate Change otha than yok ary auidto Frequency, thak pabbtolay Pruaquency wil nét be Completely Sremmud Prom the unurenbed Sidsband., hence gract Came in Odjubément: U nUctHasuy. % Tre Ghiunt diction, a Cornin applied a (amet +4), Prowse that thee 27 © phage BA in the op & Op Conese uke “the $8B Medalahed lence 1, 54s) « Re fre) cd ents + 7HtH) Sinan. | > Predict | V(4) 30 pe Fae Coane +9 Fig Cher detussr % The op db-the phedage: madulekt -iy given by Subtithding a) © in wy @, we et MUD = fe [mess cet(antect) + ALA Sin art, ] CACaret +4) vis) AE [rm(ad caCantet 9). canted + AY Ca (ars 4)-Bniont] CH ca ncts = Lf clan) + CO) |CoA +4) dCs) = 5 [eon (aha ty -ankg) + Ca (Red +p tants] caGartas14)-caGntea) = catg + cxtirk +49]] D Sena-caag s [Sin(A-¥) + SenCarg)] Sinaia) ACante4) = 4 Sin OyHe-Laphe oq) + Sin (anh Hinks +¢])} =a {Sncg) + SenGnk.t-+9)} Sin ane) (amber+g) =e [- Sing + Sin (unr, £449] [hres = 3nd) = 5 Sina] n veo = (mi feng scents 1] 52 [snd esintoned ]} = Ret cag + may caCunk+g) F Ae Fey Sing ¥ x Arg) UnGanet-+4) vee) = [mts tg F Ahoy Sing] + E fren can s1 FAW) Sinbad] L»@ Worked Signal, unuanbl. Signal HT. lp the phaduct: rredalala VOI)” ty gates “tough 0. PF gee dstisud Srgnal. . “iu “the ofp the lpr tthe datthad. Signal & 31 qh by: Vota) = E [mea ag F LH Sing] LO ® A i “ Tn ty®, MC) ~t hilhot haruferm ¢ ms). Shout “that “une 28d phoge dutsaction “inthe ofp, due 2b the rote his g ov-the Ascot costien Signal.% Derinee an etptrusion Ph SSB modulated Gmnse PY hich Lowey Stdaband ig tudained , {San - 2007, 84 { let Sy(s) dard on $9B Madulahed Muse Sn tshich ony the daw Tideband ig Hetairad , Sas- Re. SSB Sqrol mmy be pronslad by pouting a 058-5 Modulates (ae trovough © BpF ¢ “Prange, Runcdion Ho a) eel Rao eH (@) Frequency response of ideal Fo rw Sans Meo et a + “We Spesect) Frequency response of equivalent [ 0 owepase flee 7 7 to (6 Spectrum of complex ave of DSBSC. “> % Wie 058-s¢ rmedulohed usame Wy defined mathematically of : SGD. = Perms) cohort) mH) > Malage Tignal. Act Canted) > Cassien Signal% The Low pari Complex emreelope d the 058-S¢ ‘Tredulsted wrasse iv eapetted ay: Spelt = Ama) % Conds the SSB ‘oduleted rote S,(4), in bith only “the 138° Ht hutanea, St hos Gyusdrotoge at Well ay Tn-phate Component. Then So it the Complex envelope ¢ SDs we Con ube, 5.0) = Re[ Se exp CSamt.a)] SLD= Ref Hew tee] Whaw, p> real park, x To dtirmine $09, We Proceed oy Follows + D We Bpr wander Penctton H(t) uplaced by on eyuivalent Ue g Prost, Puncdion Fi(p of Sheu in by. We con expue TC) of feleve: ~ [+ snc] » o ® Sabesctirg eq @ in UY O, We gst Csea=t [$e e™Jp0) S0)= Ref H [mee] a} SC) = CRE [ey SACI] tants) + Fenced = Re {SE [mC CeCants) + jm(s) Sin (aed) - IFAC AMF) -TaG) encanta] 2 Re { Re [mts cat ants) + mnt) Sin aes) ~ JYAta) Catan) +f) Sincants)] } $= AE [rio cage + FW Sint] | 5 © wpa En phate. Component Auodnatihe Gmponest. Equation @ Show thet ‘the $SB rredifatd wowe Conkaay only & ASB W8than “Tnphote Compment ¢ a_Quodaitine Component. cA1. Consider a 2-stage $$B modulator as shown in figl. The i/p signal consists of a voice signal in a frequency range of 0.3 to 3.4 KHz. The two oscillator frequencies have values 1-100 KHz and f2=10 MHz. Specify the following: i. Sidebands of DSB-SC modulated waves appearing at the outputs of the product modulation (PM) Sidebands of $SB modulated waves appearing at two BPF outputs. The pass bands and guard bands of the two BPFs. fune-10,2M 2. Consider a two-stage product modulator with a BPF after each product modulator, where i/p signal consists of a voice signal occupying the frequency band 0.3 to 3.4 KHz. The two oscillator frequencies have values fi=100 KHz and f2=10 MHz. Specify the following: i, Sidebands of DSB-SC modulated waves appearing at the two product modulator output. i, Sidebands of $5B modulated waves appearing at BPF outputs. Iii, The pass bands of the two BPFs. june -10,9M (OLD)] Monch Ginen R= toonna, Pye lomng mld) O+3kHg to Sen Hate ps mit) 2 2 ‘SSBap Ay cos at Ay o08 2 (y= 10082) (= tonne) olr_d pea: Bo =P.= toonna, Py = O- SKA to SebeHS, “he prt. ofp Consists 4 fico Sidebandy af Fellows LSB= Fe-Bm = loouna- Co. Sun3 46 Bouya) LSB = 99-4 Kus te 24.6KHS. USB = Pethy, = loons +(0-SkHa te Se4KHa) USB = 100-3kna te 103.4KHEOl 4 BPEL :- —— Adjume -that thy BpFA paltes only the Use. $,(B = too-ZKHa te lO KH op Pea : ee Se “Re peta ofp Congisis of hen Stdtbanay af Pallrut: LSB = Pe- Pm = lomng- (leo-sung to 103-4 KHZ) LSB= 9-899MHz fo 8466 MHS USB = Pethm = lemma + (100-3 Kia to 103-443) USB l0-loc3 Mug fo 10-1054 MH ol 4 BPE? —Agume that -trit Bpra Peer orby -the Use $,(4) = to-teosmna to to.tosu mma Guand band oF BPE :- Grund band +4 dalirud of the sgh Paaquinty Cempenert Usp fe the dowel fhuspuency Component } U8. Gusta’ band BPA = 49.F UNE fo (00. SKHE Guodd band. 4 BpFa = 9.8999 MHS te 10.1003 MAENOTE, Parameter - “LSB USB OVP of PM1- VY; (®) | 99.7 KHz to 99.6 KHz 100.3 KHz to103.4 KHz O/P Of BPF1 — S, (t) - 100.3 KHz (0103.4 KHz | O7P of PMI V, [9.899 MIlz to 9.8966 Miz | 10.1003 MIlz to 10.1034 Miz | 4 — =8:0 - | 10.1003 MHz to 10.1034 MHz O/P Of BPI Guard Band of BPF-1 = 99.7 KHz to 100.3 KHz Guard Band of BPF-2 = 9.8997 MHz to10.1003 MHz ‘Consider a two-stage $$B modulator where the message signal occupies a band ©.3KHz to 4 KHz and the two carrier frequencies are fi=10 KHz and £2=100 KHz, Evaluate the following: i, Sidebands of DSB-§C modulated waves at the output of the product modulators. li, The Sidebands of $$B the modulated waves at the outputs of BPF. ‘The pass bands and the guard bands of the two BPFs. iv. The order of the two filters a:suming atleast 15dB attenuation between the passband and stop band. v. Sketch the spectrum of the signal at each stage.(Assume suitable M(f) Sol:- sa ‘S88 op A, cos ant zoos Pat (210 #9) (ig 100 Kemk) = 0-3 RHE fo UKNZ Pe wokHs , Fas toonna, ole 4} ema ? 9B = Re-Byy = loena -Co.sKna to Ucn) LSB= GKNZ to 1-F KHz USB= Pethen = teKna +(o- SkHa-to HKNd) USB = 106 SKN to WKH SS UOKHE | Py = O° SRG to ENE olp 4 BPFA :- Allume “that Bpra paver only “the USB olp 4 pma :- Pea, = W00NHE , Pyy = 10-S Wa te VRNE Lops Pe~ Pen = Woung - (10.Stena— 1utHS) Lse= Ska to 89-4KHE use = Pe + fm USB= toouna + (10-3KH3 to TUKHZ) Ol 4 BPF A= — Amuse that Bpra paler only “the USE > Guard Bana 9 Bprs:- Geos band } BA= 4. wahdband 4 BPFD KH Kae 0.3 KOS"D The. Bitty method giwet Stasbarne Suption upta S68. Hence beth BPR, > ae A Sdety Palen AM) O- SKHZ GRAZ p ao ene ENA to SKT eH t ’ s(t) WO SRNE WykHa, f A) Rexna 84.9K0A He. Sena, teen RO) s Wo. KH MeKNSParameter TSB a USB O/P of PMI-V, (| 6 KHz to 9.7 KHz 10.3 KHz told KHz OW Of BPFI—S, — 10.3 Kliz told KHz O/P of PMI-V, (1) _ | 86 KHz to 89.7 KHz, 110.3 KHz to 114 KHz (O/P OF BPFI — 8; (0) - = 110.3 KHz to 114 KHz Guard Band of BPF-1 = 7 Kitz to 103 KHz Guard Band of BPF-2 = 89.7 KHz to110.3 KHz Tae10, 4 -1/2 0 Fag @: 1, th< T/2 Prom by, = {5 |S re WeT x) = 1 RO =O" _ fe =f m-n TRY = [ de rae 0)Tp 1 f Lia aJj-rjt—t 1 rp =--=[n(t-9] x -o(E-Jem(4-9] 1 wt = dof 4 aa reeVSB Modulation:- Re Soamyens: (Vey wack Condon) tauquancy Welponge eqyuterents on the Sideband. Fite, tn Ssg-SC Medulation Can be Yelosed by allowing a po the wruvardnd Stdebamd. alted og vetlign’) So appeah in the dp the module. Que te Ahi, the deny the Stdeband falter og Sirmplifiea to O Guat odin. Buk the banduidth 4 the Sym at inGonagod Shipsy. % Explain vse rradulstin 2 Markion the Adaaxtngey cond - applicator VSB odulalin Fr VSB, One Stdeband & a peek the the Sdaband Colle of Vethige Ag Atenmittel. So the banduidth dequitud fi VSB Ahanrmittion 4g Somewhat highen than that ¢ S$B-medulatien, Sidebar rates VSB Sigrot taal Blanca, am) Modulat$} Costar ofcillatsyxT Gerwutte 2 VSB Signal. , 1 ce haue to Grwate a OsB-Sc Sigrol + then peas at Gidabana Paki ay Sheu in Pgane Ta Fits, Gill Pour the Wanted Gdeband Of J az olory tolth @ pasted Unwarded Sidaband . FRreqyumncy - demain datniption VSB Wane :— rr a (2) Spectrum of message elgnal Sin Upper gt esto Upper re vest aban Neston ote ‘\ on wt LW, (©) Spectrum of VSB modulated wave * Fy Shmet the Spectsuem 4 a VSB modulated Wane SU) aleng wth The, attage Saral mld). Hew toweh Sidahana Yrodijied. into Valdigol Sideboard. X Tronmitiin benduidth 4 ginen by B= (wef,) HS Trtage banduidth the Wt White, a R, atPavantage 4 VSB :- The mein Adwantage 4 VSG ‘modulation 42 DD Whe WeduGtion in bendusidth. He sg Obmett ay ico 3 Eaty so dott tie Balto, Que te Aura g Hrantaniting © pity lewd Sedaband the Conpinaint on the Putty hrente been tlased) Applicatiny 4 VSB:-_ NSB Tmodulation het beleme Standotd Pi the ‘Hranemiggin dw Signals , Because the “ideo Signaly Ted loogan - ranpmittion banduidth if armies wing 08B-Fo & DsB-se “Fechriquua. ‘+ What is meant by VSB? Explain how VSB signal can be obtained from a modulating signal m(t)using a carrier A,cos(2nfct) and later demodulated. July-07,2M + Explain the scheme for generation and demodulation of VSB modulated wave, with relevant spectrum of signals in the demodulation scheme. Give relevant mathematical expressions. June-08,10M, June-10,8M| Tn Vsp, Ore Sidtband & a pot ¢ the ches Sidcband Called of Veltige Wi) Hhanemitted . $y the bandwidth heayuitad Fh VSB hrorrmittion it Sore ubat highs than thot . S$8 -Yratulatin,m=) Product |_osesc | Sideband VSB wave Accoskest) & The alp d the pleduct modula 42 the OSB- Se laksa § ay — fon by S@®) = mW). SG) = MO) AcCof (anf, +) Ty 058-8 Gynal 1 then applied ® Mo, Cte) = [mht fe) + UR K-$)] weet 2 SCF-Fe)= Se [ m(t-at) +m] ntt-t) f+ @ Stag 64) 6 sn Gwe pe vo eC [me-sto ney] attra + [ys nttsat] weestd} of . fe Re NM Be) WORF) + 7 MCP) NCEP) + AE MU) W(t Ae) + & ma(t-+afe) ht +t) x wpe Fe tay [wet + mceat] + Be [in e-aty WEA) + maak nG48 Q NSB Wane, Unwarthd tomEa @ is potter. traough a Upe, tubich chiminale Urusrentad shim & Potee only Workd -thm i VSB Wane & it Ginter by : Ve ny) [s@-F +H¢+RD] | 5 @ The Spetiiuen cy Show tn bales Paguhes vu (©) Spectoum of V9 TS cbinin the undistued Trottage ‘Sigral. m(3) Othe olp 4 “the. dasmedudati, the, hargfy ffertcton HH) Should Sodttfy the Condition of follrus's WCB) + H(EHBS) = 8H ® Whee H(Fe) Contant. % We Condition Stoled iy ey ) will be Stishied thu. Pes Fousyuencyy Redporye Ag Of Show bale ;a Freeney Frequency response ofthe sideband shaping filer for obtaining the VSB Imoduloted wave mith vestige of LSD % Thor dati VS6 Paty ig Hreruf de, say Compbach “em S58 Envelpe deection dia VSB kw plus Cottioh :- nape CREE Fe VSB Wee Plat Cabihion 3 % VSB modulation 3f Ulad in the Commential TV Groadtatsiry chic along with VSB Wantmittion @ Conia Starnal Subskarti Tide ty armiltea . *, The modaha Woe Can be dumedslated by wing Enrwtlope datact, WAT, the VSB modulated Gmue Wh Full use ¢ a vtshige LSB it gwen ty Sag = AE [ma(s) CaCarte§) ~ mL) Sones] 0 Adding Corti Component: Ag Cad (ams) te egy @ Scaled by a Pach Kay ‘morlihiy the Treiuloted. Grane applica fo the erselope. Achets Ip os SW) = AcCet atte: + Ka Syeg (4) $() =e Ke [mG GaCamted) — MAC) Sin Carts) ] + Ae CCP)(G2 Be Kame Cates) - Be vari) Sin Ges) + eat Canes) “ SC) + Aecatamisy[ + ABCA] — Kae mC) SinCanks) —~ — + Pophole Auadtabinhe, Whee the Continent "2 ddhimines “the pening | Xe crvuclope detest op, dended by aft) y thauefte 20) « [Et opmnd} [eas cope]? a4 RSE Ys RE mcs] : el] {+ [Se 4 “Baxare Commer sAfiteme] fief Se z = ALY Sm] {«[ cory _5@ vs £y@ indicala “that -the dibthlim sy db by the unde Component C4) Conti Tir dinthtim can be edutsd using too macy me erbage modulatim to WsusCe Ke, } Ereasating the widh fthe vetlel Sidebars to hedace meld)Compenitioy Amplitude Trotlatin “Tethniayusy +- 98B-Fe * Vesermat | sendabeh. AY OSR-Sc S88 VSB Dd] Power High Madu Loy Lay than 0 bat than SSB > | Bonduidth abm an Pann Pe Bwea Coshrias, > Supphettion No ya ya No Sideband No Ni Trosns nition ° OMe Sideband | one Siddha Comply | S.omeyes m Mimimum | Modthobe | Masta G ‘ Complex | complex | Stmnple Modulation . > ‘pe Non- Jiswah | Lantos, Lineoth neat D |Applicationg | Radio Lene Merwe | retain fen | Radio (| | pote Ss point {ove Goenmucnitadion! CrenmnicaionHe. rhotedute to be Pollousecd FAL dheining the ttre. - domain Aarisiption dha NSB Unwe 4 Stress ~fo the one Wed Fh SSB: > bee S(H)= VSB Tedulated Urone Whith Conbaiy full upped - Tashan (Use) & vette q} lowes Shasband . > The VSB rue Can be cuiumed a he qerutded by a Sideband Shaping Par along With a OsB-se Signal. D Lebthe Stdebond River hat a. “Frans, Pundimn HCE Of Sheu in big @. - W The Stdtbarnd. Palle Cam ba Suplated by an enyuivolont Lpr with Fromfin Gunctin HO) ot Shown tn ty ©. > We can Supruuert RO 4 Pty ® Of the SiYuence between “how Component Fin) ¢ WKB of Peleus: FO = Fay - HO fo ® Thee two Components che pleted ty yg @e@ reppectinngly. oak gd cthem FLY Weprwerty the Lye eqjuiaolene ea BPF Uihich Sefect the LSB Completaly g Tiyip) Cehespondy fo the - Treat wee | A Sov dag USB. D We Con Suptwent HH of fel: ~ [14+ Santt)] iu 4 1 fa octet > Nowhere. —oSabubaking ey] Im ey, we get HO= [+ spo] Ho wo-{ * [1+ sme) - 2%] v ta cc © ° > Uewhenre } Tr ey Q, the Sgrum fantton of al oy the tramtlps: Function FC) bah ome old Punctionr Pugjumty. *. Linwsye Feuhith thamtltn bath dthem ill be purely Aimaginety. Werte Jet wt inidedute amas Frans Qovction of HO=+ [3-0 -a%] + © > Ub hal) bethe Srwie Fotis fhanfiem d #(D Whee Ang(t) 2 Ot plied at Shum in Piy @. > Sobuttsting en) @ in ey @, ve pst io { Fle], tere ° , dheuite Noes it(*)= [Syn - afi ce) ] He= + [ Syn) - afin]Esytention bh VSB Troduled Wome :- % Derive the time domain description of VSB modulated signal. uly-09,6M, “Show that a VSB modulated wave s(t) containing a vestige of the lower sideband is defined by: sup - 8 mle) ca (Sf) - fe mys Sin (antes) Jan-09,7M 40 | a, 3 Crate he toe Thisportonis niece Fin} Frequency response of sideband shaping filter * (by Frequency response of a LPF £ thesideband shaping Mer of —_ |e a 7 = | (@)Flestcomponent of f(D) Fy “Ge? 5! (@) Second component (0) eo) Frequency response of the filter with teansfer fonction jG ¥ Now lot us cbboin the aaptuttion §§) VSB Trodulaltd Ahue. Let this Waie be expheped ag: s@)= R [Se. é**] | —> ©Whe §(2) it the Comples, envelope S69 We git S(a) ok the olp 4 the Complex LF honing a Hats portation HW when a 09g-se thue ¥ applied ay tt T]p Whine. FG) ar —the Smpule Sheporsc. q the filkiy gx Safhatants Comsslutic % Whe Speci 4 St4) com be obtained by “ting the E:T 4 ~the exphutiion ba $2 SH= 40-3, 1-5 © wer Seen) = Amen) —> © Substituting en @ in ey @, Ge ott SO)= Acre) Hee) SG) = Ame [e Criniew) | Sw = bemol y+ inett)] Bu) = Aemce) + JR Meme) b> © “Taking TET qd ey @, we get B= eT MO] +e" fis Ha. ] = Rem + fe [hw ems] Sea) Ae [mens JAW am] [see- Be Frnt) +irmatd] fF — I,Whew | Mel) = halt) x ma) TMS) athe etporee ffrodeled by patting “the Metgage Signal ms) teregh 0 LPF smpulte hetperte. helt) - Suibtithding ty © an ey O, we get (5u)-ne [39 "™*J.9 8(8) = Ref [mtg rims] fe} war | tet cot (antes) +4 Sin Cartes) $@)= eS [riarsing(] cot Canfes) +4 Sin Canes) } (= af = Be rn(a) ob an +4 Rem (4) Sin antes +4 Be myn ines em: Sin ant = Re { Se-mleh Catantes) + 1% Ene San + ema caine Sema) Senter } a only the eal pont, we, 8(3) = [mt cotamtay - my) senCartea)] © % Enjuatin @ it the espfretion Pathe VSB modulated Urne in time dorrain. Nida that. it Sheptuserts the sg Wane With Pull VSB Ha vebtige | ¢ Lse.“The. dime -domein darcription P81 the VSB modulahd Gree (sth Pull Use e vetie USB Ay a Pelle : [>e Cog (2mfet) ++ M4 (4) SinCanfes)] Frequency Translation * Explain how downward frequency translation is achieved with the help of a block diagram. Jan-05,8M ‘> Explain the frequency translation. #In the Commurication Sylemy sk 1 TUCepany te Weta the modulated Grae Upwrra bh dowmurctid in Pheqjuents, So that Sb MKeupter A re Huajuency bend. TRY Frequency “Wantlation f Attormplithed by Trusiplicating oh “the Signal bay a locally qerwnaled Cothiss, Granse then Plishing cthe prurduck Herma, Shown in fig Block diagrom of frequency translator er vt) ce bo % Comtidun an 0sg-se Wowe eepfruyed af: S(a) = Mls Cott) be ®White mn(a) 4 teria tothe Prtqquenty band -W

© { Taking FT om beth Ste eq ©), vx gee YW e{M@-t) +m-+te] } ¥ The Spach 4 (9 Ee VCH 4 a Shawn sn $9rr . 0) [Epecram af BSSSC] on teew a tw Ie a a (4) The frequency translation process iustrated using spectrums of message signal and DSBSC wave ‘Second wo st Dsesc sssc ©) Spectrum of the signal obtained by mul veo ~ Hr Frequency a —a (© Spectrum of the DSBSC wave translated downwaris in frequency Fig, = Concept of frequency translation ‘ Nore :- He dusts Which pore Fauayuencey “Hea-rtletion at Kroun ay Testes, The Phos d Punyuenc, tertlatinn St alle Kron of Misting $1 hekwadyre.Proyuercty Proneton to hugs Praqquency:- Wat the ofp 4 -the muttiplios i gutn by Va) = EMEA) CobEar(Pe- fy) 4 ge MHES) Cab CF APL) —I® x Daigring © Bpr with Cerda Paguency f= (Fh) § borduicth 4 aw. The. ofp the BpF it-giesen by Vg (4) = ame cos Gn(PetPy) + VAG) = + mG) cof aire | —> @) “Faking FT on dah Saat 4 WG), we got Ny(D= te [m@-8) +Ce+)] * TR Spatibwrn Be Va(8) Le. VP) to Sheu an Fag co) 2m + roquoney lustrated using spectrums of message signal and 'DSESC wave the DSBSC wave with a local carrier Bus ifm Pusnjuency Baten 14 (0 Spectrum of the DSBSC wave translated + upwards in frequency, ‘Concent of frequency transtationD Ha Encoming Signal hola ridband frwayuenty that may Sie tn he. range S50 KH fo W650 KW. The OXettcted O handustdtn if JORHR TRY Ligmal 4 to be trandlaled fo a fined Phueyuercy bans cantiud ob 440 KHZ, Oahvrrine the fuming ange that Yuk be fProwided by “tha local ctcallatt Gimen $30 KH < fe < 1650 KAZ , y= WAKE 4 Bl = HK, % WHT News Contes Prey urnty f= (Fe- Po) % When p= S3oKHa , By = SS0Kna-yRoRHs Ris boxnz & *® When f= leso Kia, Rus leSonna- HOKE, B= to RHE, Henge the “tuning Shorge q aillath 5 [GoKHE ap teoKNS. D> Cotideh the bandividth qa Signal. ound 4 the midband Mug. harye 0.615- WHS MHZ, St Qeqyuind Jo -Hartlste this Ggral Jo @ Fated Fuajuncy band Certsed ot 0-495 Miz, Qehimnine the 4 tuntng “thot ‘uth be phuuldtd inthe local ofthat to pagan racelpary Prag uency —traxtlation, Sdi- Ginen + O-6iseag < Fe CUS MHS P= o-uas Mita & Wet Be P-B Bus tenn. Pe fe-h *% When Fe = O6IS mig , = O-GIS TINS - O4FS MHS, B= o1MHa, * When f= HSMHa, l= hHSMHE-oussnna, = beurHa“What, the Sajsnad tumning Goamge qj loc ofellath 3 OMUMH3- 1 MHS Mabiplasing a axmtque hie by a. Tusmbsy d Sndipendent Sigrall can be, Combired. ‘ana Compal. Signal Sutkable fh-thenynition ow ao Common Channel , Tree ade tuo “typed of rrultipletig : 3 Pruqquency Dinatton Mubliplerng (For) } Teme Dutton Mulkipleaing Gor) Muakipesing uqyuses hak the Skgnalt be Kapk opti So “that “thoy do not Irtenfpye th tnch dh E-thas they Con be - Sxposatad. ot “the Gactiainy end. . Thi Sy atcomplithed by Sipsiatirg “the Signaly atthe in Prequeney & dime, F TRe Suchrcque q Sipshating “the Simmaly in Prvsjuenty se Fabssed to of Prugpanty -Uvitton ullplng (POM), 4 Te Fethnigque Sipibang the Signoly in atsre, “Called Tarme - Diasitimn Mabliplening Gor),Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):- ‘+ With a neat block diagram explain the operation of FDM technique. july-08,5M_July-10,6M_June-10,6M_June-10,8M_July-o7.5M| sar ‘seme Proafloage | frcasne] f aga Fag] omcasncn firme] 2 zo ee pongo Fora Te cmosuanaaf-l 202] 20 2 S a vise chanel — woofer] cma) ofomeom fimo oma wee vac fg 782 Loomocuates} {tone Ao + : : t Caner i Conor stow : ooo Taras Tea Block diagram of FOM system % The Tp mattage galt Ctsemed to beg the. Io paly type oo. Potted. though “the, Tip Lpra. The Ups ote Aaigred 2 Wemowe bigh- Prtay utncy Compmrentt that do nat Cordibute Sigrilficantly ce Signal. Suptuentation but che Capable 4. Cifkushing atheh wrettoge Stgnale thot Shae the Commen Channel . «Te Pultsua “oinge Sigroly abe “then tradkul.cted With the Costiens Prasyuencier. The Trett Wididly Uled method 4 Modulation in Fbe Sing Sidehand meduladion, whith Wayuitey a - burda “hak 1 opphastrrataly tajual. do thet 4 Suginal -% We BpFY Prllswing “the vreduleity ade Ulsd oto ubsict the band toch medulated Wome to iM Presibed args. “The Tutalling BF dlpts ce Next Combined in Parallel to Hem “the ct|p do the. Common Channel. % Absthe Ywhsusing ond, Bory’ Commetted. -to the Gomme Charmnel An pahallel so Sipotuaty the Teuage, Signals on the Muay uenty TCapancy bord, X Finally , the Signal Trellage Signolt okt Wutowhad by individual domedulatdy. Goniden an For Sytem ting SSB ‘Modulation ta Hhanprmit ay Srdepender: voice pt. Atume 0 bunduddth KH Fa each Voice Tp. Thay an add, te OCComedod on FON Sytem ubing SSB modulation tp —Hhantrndt the ay. volte “Tp “the Commmumitak sim Channa mugk phwuide the -Hrantmiftion bandutdth : Bw nxhm Where Sn? se the nubs; este Signal. Ea ay, vate Ips hawirg a Dendiottth 4 yuna th toch voice Epis, “the -Prartmuition banduddih ir given by: Bus ax Gkna = T6KHS.A pment 4 Siren) can Rare D Fon dats nat ued SynthborZakin heute -Manymtien and JwLion fa fropsr opsation D Semedulation Gf FOM sp toy Tie Communic Charmel Tutt howe a vtty lahat, banduidth > Largy. Turban Totally 4 Pair ae Naayviad D ote sally occas in FON, > All-the FOO Chanel get opis due to Widaband. fading, Radio brradcapsing :- Tn ado ing, a Conthol harms, YH Ud do - fot. Trusts Sgnolt Ph Suceplion ot a. age Tuembeh of Werle Points. The tags, Syma ary he otually Sréendas. Rt extstainment Punpate. Thue ate 3 typ qh thadio brendcathing ) fra Bhamdcapting : use Shonahad Orwpltade, Yrarulain FM rendconking : vier Prtyuercy Mmadalalion DW brendcapting: upy V3B wodulationDe Srgle te. wartulaling Signal mL) = Mp CST 8) i vies. Je pret the Ngp. Signe S(4) =f AAA, Ca [anther] +4 FrmAe(t-¢) Cel [aC Fe Ps) E] Whe ‘a? it Cotart, sy than unity , Spaphreenting the - athrustion the Upp Side. Peaquenty > Find thet Qua ato Camrponert re he VS@ Siprat mils) Dy Whae .the value | Gorton o Fa wduch Sta) esnen oo DsB-sc modulated Woate 7 C4 What anata valuay Gentian a PB tohich it edt 3 SSB Toduletnd trans 1 iD Re vse Signal, phar the Costs Ac CACanes), a2 pales am enudepe decid. Dahorrrine “tne dittidin iF by “the Aundtatine Compment « YD What it the value 4 Gmutart Sa? PR Cobich ~thiy ditihio achey 3b WRU poldible Grulition ‘Tan - 2001, 8MHe Vs8 rrodoloted Comper Jt: SOD = $time Cot [AMER HE) £] + pA Ca) Ge [SIT Cheb] Cot (Og) wer Coh(9-8) Cob (Ate) = Cob A. ChB - Son: Sing CA(A-BD = GAA. Gig + Sina. Sing SE) = 4-2 Fn { Cel auc Gol Mfg - Snambc. Sevens | + szfnhe Cd f Ca aC yt + Sia ct Sty = OAM, Cashes: Cobh 0 Armfle Gina, Sin MF + pfs) Gash ttt + Aufl) SnmTet Sint: sW= Camfch. Cd ahem [ yoAmPe + &e Pe] of Sen dite StnMF gy [Sai Ama = Ama] BD Bares Gd OmAe Ayr + Safe ~ Spe = fing » £2) hee ~ Sfimne = fone = Ame ---AmAc = AimBe - Ba. BimPle ak LDMn-GAmbe = Ame (1-89) [sw- LPrife Ck tuk Ganga +L Af (inss): Sinan SettttD The Tr. phase Componert 4 “the VSB Wane ar Sy4) = A Ante Chatty 4 My undbaituhe Component. ir Sul =p PmPe Grae) Sins TE O=f, the Vsq Lome, S(X) 4 ey @ tela te arto St) = fen le Caan: Od aman HEA Me (4A) Stnanhes Shy (=o S(2) = Amn Pe Cane &. Cob amit + Pm fe (0) Sinan . Sanam SG) = -£ Ame Ct Bh Cathen iat aso, the St8) {ey @ Wadacy to on 386 War Containing only the WS8_ of Shown by SE) =f Men AeCel Re GAT gg + p-AmAeC~ 6) Lun afd. Sthanten - SU) =f Pe ahs. Cob + AmAe Tasted Sinan. SOs Aeicamk-PeES Cardotat Th ast, the $9 4 HO Fedaay +b On SE Wow “em “the USB of Shown by : p> 3(3) £- PnPeCalantes Cot ante +4 MA I-26)] Senne Brams SW) =e Pn PCa afc Cob AMtmse = -L Am fle Sin Aft. Sn Tbs SCR) = AmnPe Cot am (Pert Ren)WY Peiding “the Cobeieh cip—the VSB Troduloted woe, the trwulspe detuctts =p ig S(a) = SY + Ae Cot amet SUD = {Relay Cob Mek - Cet ats tf Rehm (1-26) Senztct: Santas + ACh arf sa Ale Cob tne t +P het] +. AeA C+ ad) Sn anft. Sinttrn st “The emulape detect olp Aa thesafe. O(4) = J Gen-thate component) + Ganthtite Cmpemant) a= | sto rsh a = [tek Poncamnt ef +f Ame C8) Sinethy’]* WD = [Ave 4 Arnett yy “foe hPm(-39) Sent “Y* [ws ‘I (4m ttt) Ss Pan (t-2d) Sinaia “YS. CO = aestactatgy [wf HnOR Snare * Tekh zl 1p flem Cot tt mt he dition, Qppecing of a. Tralliplyang Fash, x thasaphe ww. ceca 144-$-Ain Cof tty YD Uthen 20, “the ibn dia) sr usta.ANGLE MODULATION — (FM-1) “ Define angle modulation ? Angle modulation is the process in which the angle of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, keeping constant amplitude of the carrier wave. There are two types of angle modulation 1. Frequency modulation 2. Phase modulation “+ Angle Modulation : Basic Concept :- Let the, reeduloted Gone. be exphopd in the, Grwhal Pim a Felling: S( = AccaL ee] ® ‘yo con . C which 4p matrtatrud. Conttont ) {x39 the Omgslsh agement: hich BNA prepicton watth the Trang Sara TU). Tis. veniation q 8(4) due to MG) “An be expuyed Mathematical , Bp Ge estes pe cy “atatin . SF a6) henge by arr Thadiony then We Soy that a Complete cicillation hay octutud., % TF OCH) -B inGeapyd rmanetomically with tone ay Shown in Fagus then the Cnsehagy. Pregjuenty tn HE 0% he. interval “x? ay (tas) ae given by:ora 910 R@s- O(s-4ad) - 0) ras’ —. [> am Ax ® % The Snttortartey fHuqyuency 4 the Conga Treculatud. nee SUH) 2 gine by Ros Be, fa — bm 6(£+a3) - ol) “| 7 Ato a Ak de TTRY st basic diferitin dh disinatine df o Yerction, % Fa an Unmodaulated Cottusi, the onge 6%) 4s giasen by: O(H= IME +H Te Prugyuency -the Cateie, i We, Usher lke= STF g a vel 4 6(4) ak =o, Let Se ®Phase Modulation (PM):- (© Deivaive of) i nevi (8) Phase Modula Wave Phase modulated waves for sinusoidal signal Pray rredalstion (pe) dared. of “the ton m in hich “the euplan hyve “O(s)" i waht inetd sth “the ratings Stgmal "en op piven below: Whore, LOgks Met Wuphaerdts “the anyptah onperen Pee K Contiant, the phos she - po Shapfheyerett Phoge. Serestinsthy wt, The phoje- modalotad ure 9 (8) A Grown by: S(3) = Acces [ets}] Sla)= Accs Lamhe + + Kym] “The estisha phos tredulation ob. t } We envelope gph sonny Conaant § Ujual da the GonplitedeJ Te Zino Suing GO PH ore ro boa hans. 0. pepeck - Shalaty in than Spcing Sve AM wwe, Tht ap becaze - Anuertonemy Resjuorty 4 PM xe 2g phep&ttional to Sime dusinctin 4 Tn(d). Frequency Modulation (FM):~ BY 6) Messge signs me) ANA A () Frequency modulated wave oF Freayunnty ‘Trudulatin 2 “the fam rmodulatin in Which the intlordanuny Preqyuancy B.Ca) 44 vottact, Lineatdy oth the Tela, Sgral M69 Os given balm: f= k+HM® b> 0 Whee, ko Fruqquency the Unmmedulees, Cobh Keo Pagjuency Sentisastly qf the Todlaity exputted. aan hesday per atk,Wer, a Gren ey @) Weta a os ant,@) 8 “Engpaling on balbSting 4, ]® wy + ola) = f amk,@: && —> @ + OW = SF awl h+Kmey] *} £ ea eS ak, at + § ung mb). ae x x = at fa + IM S mls). dt a ° e(4) = ans + aT f “ma. ae FOO JE TR FM Wow tn irre demain Con ba uhitin of Sta) = Aca [ouj] — © Subusitasing oy @ in wy®, ve Ge SU = ALCS atte + army, fFmta) a]Relationship between FM & PM :- To bth FH pM the ntesdorame angle 66) Chamasy bit An a differnt manne, * The efrupions Fa the FM & PM ey tn the dime demain aoe. of fdlous? PM Wwe; S(4)= fe Cs [amb £ + kpmey] Prt Wwe: SU} = Acca aM: tam sine) at] Composing “thre eaphiietont ot Cam Conchide “thot an FM Waa actually a prs Wows haning 0. ‘modalating Stgnat. Smm(a) a intima 4 mC). Note:- > FP Wlowe, 6.09 is cna PrepStional So the Srueghal 4 MA) be Smey, dt ee a ing Stqmal MU) Wd A 4 then Am) mgdulebed hy Beng - a Sirugeldal cation | “Define angle modulation. Describe with the help of block diagrams schemes for generating. FM wave using PM ii. PM wave using FM fune-08,am_Jan-05,8M_June-09,8M] Angle modulation is the process in which the angle of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, keeping constant amplitude of the carrier wave. ‘There are two types of angle modulation: 1. Frequency modulation 2. Phase modulation i, Generation of FM using PM (Phase Modulator):- ot [a Moxkiating wevemi) Generation of FM from phase modulator HFM Cam be gentile by 8 Srbepating ms) 4 “then bing the Yuuutt a “the Ep te a phage madulath ay Shrusn Jn above Figune., sé: A Gate t + ay Sh) a] ¥ii. Generation of PM using FM (Frequency Modulator):- den(t) a sts a oe ousin A003 (emt Generation ef P.M. wave using frequency modulator Te PM Sigwal can be gerwake by (& dpperhiationg onl) 4-then ting “the Sault y “the ap te a Pugyuency - smnoduleth ay Shoum in fig dboue. + S()= Ae Got aMht ram, Yr gt Subphitoting SI Ky = Kp Sta)= AccaL ames + aMtky mmG)]Square Modulation:- Frequency modulated wave Phase modulated wave ‘Square modulation CS) * Comgidey too hall tla Sayunhe, modulcting toma ag Shum in Fig ©. Te FM Wane ffheduced by thy - Treduloting Usa pista an ig ®. The De Wana hay berm plated. by Ubing “the, Aiea, - Vestion f-mn(u) Ge. ghia “the adulaling Sagan. af Shen in Fag ©. Ne hot Sl ya Tan d abtsmate (rve a ve) delta Puntion Re duthea PM Wave plea im hy ©.An FM wave is defined by S(t) = A.cos[iont + sin(4nt)] find the instantaneous frequency of 5(t). Shi- wer Pa): soy Wag S (9 = Aca LOO] LOLs toe + Stn UTE hae 4 Lome + Sin ytd] W2 ee Sa 5 a = Larr's Cod Gera) were] 3 at _ s+ 26g fms) 13 “> An FM wave is defined by $(¥) = 10cos[2 + sin(6nt)] find the instantaneous frequency of 5(8). Ski- Gin ; 84) = SIT + Sin(gms) Wexer R= 0l) Ha = Came + Sn Gray} ma 3 2 ghe[ow't cer) 5] x 2 (it Cot Gr). 3] na F(a) = Cir dct Gra] Wa“ Derive an expression for single tone sinusoidal FM wave, find its spectrum June-10,10M + Explain single tone frequency modulation. The Prequamey ‘Trodulsha Grane tn time demain dy ginuty by: S() = A, ca [9] O % We Strfeidal. tradaloting Sgrol 4 dafined by X% The Sntantontow Pugjuenty 4 the FM Signal. 1 given by: Bg) = Pe + Kym) Pela) = fet Kp San Cod (an) BD = tt Gt GPs) L> © Whee, AL= Kym & Jt JP Colles of Freqquercy deviation St Called “the Phuqgurney Aansiation Te Hreqyuercy {We quantity at duuiction AP gy PrepSttional to the complibude. dj the madulating Signal & 1 Independent 4 the modulating Preqquency. } WK-T the. Ongalos: welecy uy, @) athe ate 4 change 6. wy = $0) aut) = 2 0l) ——> 8Trttproting ey@ wiht dt + + $ge otoise-S ant 0. a Z ° (4) = Sam fe). at — Substiisting wy @) tn ey ® o(a)= f a [B+ ak cot Gt, 8) ] a 2 f antgat 4 fam at ce Ghent) = aut + ak, Sin ath Ot): amet +e Stn ah ot ™ (Setot ae: Sim at O(4) = anf +B Sin Git) ; © Whe peg Subsbdtion gy @3n wy D, we get #16] SU8) = ACs Lambe + Bain arts]Modulation Index (B or my):- Modulation nde it difired of the tatio d Fresyvanc donetotion “AE! ch the mmodhlating Prayvendy Pn Be Frequency deviation Maing Pugpency a [pn] y In FM the todulatin Sndax Con be gush than 1. Nove :- D We modulation andax 4B vty tpbdent an eM betauys at decdy “the bandutih q the Fe ewe. 3 he adaalion Gran Olle dati the Tumbsh 4 Susbaandy hig SigrthCart: arvpliiude. Frequency Deviation (Af):- % The Snttartantowy Prequency q abe eM Stgral. yohiy wAhato fom “the anstings. value Cadi Presyuerey fe Lig Korum of t=] |e‘ Derive the equation for FM waves. Define modulation index, maximum deviation and bandwidth of a FM signal flune-05,6M_June-09,M(old)| Lat “th. mredaldhd met be cupulnd tn the gereol Pm of Palen ; $(4) = ACeLa(ay]FH-> © TRL Smarter Hecyuencsy dp the FM Sigral iy ginen by Bt) = be FAR Cat Gath) }- > @ Wer the arngalet rwelecty WY) ay the fake q chores 6(2) ww) = £ old) ant,g)=-g-4t9 — © Erkgrating dq @ Wide de Sheows § fangs a 6(3) = Smo a —@ ‘Supelthding “pation © 1» oy @, we gee + 6a): Sarl tet AP Ca Camb,,.)] a: x S rh d+ Samat Cah yt) é = ant + sefap Smawth mt Bit en 8) = ania +-fE Santa 8(a)= TFL + BSmn(aT mt) |» ©Whew, pe. Pen Subskanting oy @ in ey O, we pe |S) = Ae caLamk t+ Bin Cantey al] Pett Sra t- pe Ny tion st Madubating Prugyuercy Mactim dmutadion 3~ The. mast Change. tn “the antontonsous Faugyuer ty Pom te. outage alee tae Phaquenty #2 3p Kroum of Muquoncy davtation — AF =| Kem] nase AR= Kp Am, Bandustath ?- “Tre Fm Wane Convict infinite ‘ruembsy d) Sidebar, hut bundatath FM Sgral at Salita. By Ghions Tule » Bw: a[At ttm]> Types of FM or Classification of FM :- Depending on the value of the modulation index ‘’ FM wave is classified as follows: 1. Narrow band FM (NBFM) 2. Wide band FM (WBFM) D Nese band FM :- — propiity 4 % AONGEM a the FM Was tsith a. Small bandisidth. “The, Modulation Sndex “Bp” NBem 4 Small a Compared to ore ‘hadian 4% Thy Neem hor 0 _Nethew banciutdth hich <9 eAyual st twice “the ‘Treteage bandwidth. 3 Wad band FM i phapedy 3 TR. Werm tag a “ruth sodqen volue d “B! tobith it - sthekudtically in Jiinite . * Fir latgn vale 4 Modulation Snsex'p’, “the Fe lone sLétslly Corthatry the Sabian & an Snfbrnile Tumbh g- S Ascaha Symmeticolly hour. the Cestich, Such a Fm Wane hoy Snir bareidh $ hence Called - Wideband FM, > Mention the properties of FM? ‘There are three properties of FM: 1. Narrow band FM (NBFM) 2. Wide band FM (WBFM) 3. Constant average power.Narrow band Frequency Modulation:- ‘% Describe with necessary equations and block diagram, the generation of narrow band FM. Jan-05,6M > Narrow band FM une-09,5M(old)| The. Atme- domain exptreion Pa an FM Wane Jp S(a)= Recs [ af, & +B Sin @rP,,,3)] —> O Cot (Atg)= tA. CBB - Sin. SinB fiz Met & B=PSinCaMtms) 30): a] cults). Cd (BSin ttFyn) - Sin (anf, 2). Sin(BSEN aT, HG Th NEEM, B -¥ Small, hente it Poitible. io Cab B: Sin IM) Sin ( B Sina S) & BSin TF Tabssiteting ey @) in oy @, ve YH Slo) = AeCeb antes (i) - Ae Sin athe -(BSin STF in 3) SG) = AeGéaMht - BAe. Sinanbes. Sin tht. +O wee Sohne POD 4 AOD tL» ® S()= Ae Cobanhe + - [ee cos am(Fe- tas) + ~ Pe Bee carm(ettn)s] SCO) = Axcotamea ~ He cotam(ie-ayt +28e Cott Fethm)t ©Weker “the Gmplikude modulated wane 2 pase by SED = AeCabamtest + ASE Cot 5 (Re-bm e+ ARE cat sar (heHtst 9 A Comparing eyuation ©) g esyusctin @ «Tia only dipprence obioeed bebween NEEM Goue « ft wove the Sign Swattal the Auer Stdtband . Thor Norm reayulty the Same bandustdth ar thot 4 AM. Neots: Block diagram of a method for genarating a narrowband FM signal TTaving Foie, “Traniiten on bath Sag 4 yO, ve PE st: Se PGE] - Be LaLt-te-t potters} + ME OLE Cette] OLE Cet % Te trommustinn banduisin da NRF brome Qbm % The NBFM Gome & Conventional AM tuysue ohe, Sderdical hat “thee 4d No armplikude vohiatin tn FM, 1 sn} Be Spectral content ofa NBM wave for single tone modulationCornplex errelepe. oF tater “The FM Woe. P& Siruiddel Truduletion i given by : §(a) = Ae Sot [ah +BSin srt, £]—> © by tng “RepronNie cos (+8) = CAA. GiB - Sina. SenB When. Az Utkee , Be BSN Tht SLB) = Actas (amt) - Cos CBSineTT yt) - Ae Stn Gif). Sin (BSin Sat) “We, Aaphote & Quadtutone Compenerds 4 Fr tuoase. 33) a giasen by S,C4) = AGSLB Sin (SMF) Sq) = AeSin [BS Carts) X The Compler emredape q —the FM wowse, Sy = 5,4) + 15,9 $(a) = ACetLB Sin Cambs] + Re Sin [Bin (ay 4] > exptaggag Sta) an dene qh ie es cot Sine Pram Cy @, O= BSin CAI) 8.) = A, fPSin Gh)Farrrudaa 4 Baytc Concept ‘ tc be 4 > Gormplex rumbes eiprmed OF Pugroméisdc Kent tion ta hee, Rol pos > RCer] = we Frags pat Trg ld] = *Gno mB a: 3) Comper. Frases, St %2 2 cane } Comper Foster Ge ee jamin 7 Batel Function * i(psina- ns) y Lm fe n ,Derive an expression for the spectrum of FM wave with sinusoidal modulation Jan-05,7 + Derive time-domain expression for a wideband FM wave. [an-10,3M ‘ Derive the equation of a FM signal s(t), from basic principles and further analyse the sinusoidal FM wave interms of $(f) and Bessel function J, (f5)- july-07,101 + Derive an expression for spectrum of FM wave with sinusoidal modulation. _ 1-071 Derive expression for the spectrum of FM wave with sinusoidal modulation une-09,7M| * Re Fe Wave Fa Sinutddal medalation 4 gissen by: S(2) = Ae AL Aue + BSnaTyt}—> O Tanary Seal pst fey O { wore: Equatin © nat having Part. St hag only dual } Port. fee + BSN BMP s@)= & CET Sta) = Re [Re eiCakes + Bint) J inte ipsen = Rl Aen, 6 Pn = RL date, ed BSnaMt mt 7 St)= RL dte* Say 9 @ Whee, Qcay = a.cFSnattm* % SCH 2a pecatie Sime Ynctton with a Yardamental: Pesywony “Pee. TRY Can be ecxfleaad uuting Comper Foutveny Sig et ;Ww heme Cy BO Complex Fouieh Co. eptciont given by Tim fant C= bm J au. ee oy “ate Subsidastiry ey @) in wyB, oe ge ‘htm BS: Pa ~ Jane & Cae ben J .@PSnGr ) 2 * . “13k fiten iC psin (atm) - 3m £] Ce Abe 5 e «tk “1am lee x-onk,t 2© difjtartiating ey @ wihto F He sat. O & —>®i(Psinx-nxX) de ath Com fet fe ca shell “Fee nx) ax ey of fObsinx-n3 ax a [ame Whee. a (* i(psins- ~™ 4 TA) to bal boncdan he 1% Jana, 1A1% dem wilh on Gnmurment B. , fat ttn Sesing cay @ in ey G vege { SIA? Es, 7® Suy- = ATO drintent Sebsitreding coy @ in ey @, ut gt {s@= ReL Seay, dire ho} sts) =R Ae Tp) elitr mte*] a Pam sla- eLack nw e dsm [het MP en] WT J. clot gine RCo] eso 4 02 aT (het Fm) &wt - — sl) = Ae S Ta(s)- CAL AMCher Mb *] b+ @ n=-0 Giwing “the voluy Pi 1 bly -0 de +0 Lee m= Gb,-1 8-8, 4m, 00. SC) = a [ gencarentys + (8) CobamT(her fos) + TCH) Caan hy) + TG) A aw[ tet Mee] + TH) Cob 307 he Bag] a + T,() Cal bet She] + T5(B) Ch SL Re - Stem] +o sta) Re 5gocaniter + TP [ctan(Rethapt = Cla Chet) 3] + TO [ ce aw (Feta) + - Cat a0 (fe thn) 3] + 340 [cot (het Shes) - ca Cte shps] t--} Thay “the modulated Sigrel hoy a Casasth Component 4 an sofpdta. Tusa Side. Presyuer cies Rtim, bk tatm, be bStm tees, fet MF: x Taning Foun, Thamgftrm en beth Sides aay ©, we gt s(t): Be Rm [ate 40CF HD] + Pe TOA0(t {herbal AG Leth) + 4,0) (Alt Ueto OLE be Pe] pt + 8 T,) {aLF-Chetnhs] 1? Cr+ (ternPey] +f 60) faltered] soCb+(he-mtny]} 2@ Now plating Spettium fa chew. eayumtonKi . ali , GU ota Ae Seth, Se OIA Ig Se “StI hy Amplitude spectram of FM signal * The comple of Side Puayuency Component dapendl upon the best Runckon, “We Boel Valiationy Osa Function B basing “he. valuay dh "sn" 04 Shown In pie below,Constant average power :- ( 3" Property) % The envelope of OFM abe, if Contiast , So “that -the - Castings Power 4 Such a wave ditipad. Jan A chen Tusa AU alt Contiontt « % The FM uma SC) hal a Contant envalspe agjusl tn Ac- % The cnmorage power i a Single toe FM Usman SL8) Tray be eoprated inthe Pam go CRRIponding Sedu ot: Zz TO“ Explain difference between wideband FM and Narrow band FM jan-09/4M + Compare Narrowband and Wideband FM fune-09,6M) 2 | Pommebre NBEM WeFM D | Moddotin Inder Bea Bra > ‘Specs The Spectiuum q NFM The 2m 4 ~H Sarre. that. AM | WBF ailfeu Porn Am Matimum dustin | es AR 9KHa Lh Y Mardulating Prqy Pasnae- Gong - SeWZ BOHR - IS KH © | Matimum ~modulodion Brnoy be Sty | g may be quate thon 4. § do A500 | Bandysicth Srnoll Langp Le: appracrretely Same] ne. obatt: 15 diorey og Ahab: dA haghorthan Bus 4 NBM. D | Pres empheus ¢ Needed Needed. De- emphariz ly Apphicationg UBed in Speech ted. Ba high ually Pant mifiion smutic Hang mizion eL- FM matile. Comm ext Ertetdain west: prandeapting“> Bandwidth of Angle modulated wave:- Case i : Sinusoidal modulation :- TWehatcally FH hay niente numb Sidebardy. So the. bandusath anyuited fh eccrtrmitson iy clto trite. K Cottin GerunabSea the boxduitth fermule Fa dn FM trove. Aectxting ty him, “the Opptrostmatt. Prue fh Computing the brrdasdty fo FM Supral gees by «Sing, Sore vig Sgro Prucyuerdy Poy [nsatatspe Re thre. Hira, RAM gore Bh alk vole B. % The, ary migion bandustdth “B,’ Con aj be exp ttted. inhieng 4 Pregaercy dansiction ‘AL? Wk-T Bag Fae eayeuntion By a (1 B)bm = Skint BB = Ubmt aAP = aar [ve be weet B. = ant (i+Case ii: Non Sinusoidal or Arbitrary modulation :- FA om ange modulshd Sigral with an onbisady Modulaling - Signal mG), bandiiviied dp “WHS, Ge difine the desiation sat or [o= 4E} > 0 Tre dantation Shatio’D? plays “the Soars hele Far Ten Sirudsidot srodulation that the modulotion Sndex 'B7 plays Par the Cote 4 Strugeldel ‘Treculation, .. Then, Yeplacing ‘B? by “D7 4 eephacing Fry oslh"W” we mney ote, cotony Yule Wer B= ACD Pm ® eplocing P= & BHP in ey @ Whe. obese Yelatten -if Ole Known oy Soktonts Prmula. Universal curve for evaluating FM bandwidth:- Sappee, Mogg “te odo veld Sng” Such “that | BlO|> 0.02. in, we Aine the Praryeition bunduttneGeneration of FM waves:- + Explain the methods of FM generation. june-10, There are two basic methods of generating FM waves: 1, Indirect method or Armstrong method 2. Direct method or Direct FM. > Trdinece Method 31 ARMSTRONG Mdhod OR Steno FM 1 - En the melted, 0 Nothmw- band FM (NBEM) Woue Js geresaled.. Preqjuesnty rrusttpline Oho. then Ufed. tp -bnhunge the Prenjuenty dansintim tkich Sutulit Jn fide bond - Fe Cusperd). > Viowrk FM a Ditect Method :- Tn - diner EM, “the Catia Prasyiency Pt Ghetdy eed an dteadante ith the Oxplibide 4 the modulating Sigal Cx oaace Fo us rat Feovible, phastally ou aL avuchen - ‘Maintaining high Preayuancy Sinktlity 4 the Codie with }irect Method or ARMSTRONG method :- > Explain with a neat circuit diagram, the direct method of generating FM waves. Derive an expression for instantaneous frequency of FM for sinusoidal modulation, june-10,10M(old) ‘> Explain the FM generation using indirect method. llan-09,8M, ‘> Briefly explain indirect method of generating FM wave. Jan-08,10M + With neat block diagram, explain ARMSTRONG method of FM generation. july-09,71 ‘+ Explain how FM wave can be generated using indirect method. Write the spectrum of FM with sinusoidal modulation along with relevant equations Explain how FM wave can be generated using indirect method. july-05,8M ‘gf —| Sal] terme op of caer | om f Figure @ ; lock diagram of the indirect method of generat a wide-band FM signal. se "a Faq Show “the bisck Magram 4g Sndituck FM Bygtern. # Tn Ondine method, the teettage Sgrol mm(s) at 1H potied. ecugh om Sebypethy bef Opplyfng ky —the_ phate rede Qt Shrum tn bg O. ®* The Codes, Signal gerwarteg, by uty Opel cheat becauge ah Phowtdy yey high Paunyuency Srobility . TR opsbation of Sndieecs mthod. ig diasicled irda hun prod oy Pelloud: D Ganedake NOt wane uftry & hole modula. WD otng the, aaquenty mullphiens 4 Titey to dhol —the sheqpuihed. volua 4 Pusyuenty densistion 4 Modulation Inder. (ie. Wer) ¥ Th Ddorto Trenimi3e “the dibibdki ay the. phape modular, athe masimam phate dauietim 8 Todulalion Onder "p’ ip Kepk Smoll. ure by Teduting in a NBEM Signal % Let SQ) be the NBEM won Ten we have, —— Sa) = AeCeb[_ am a: TK Fontd. a] L-> 0 WSS tke hasquency the Copal shat 4 Ky he « Pusjuerey heath, Compiark in Wa) tt, * Fa a. SS tedaation Sra, Sores by Md) = Ayn CetAMPynt then tay @ belernas $2) = AeCat[ AME A + F, Sin Ab] fa) Wey oy the mod atm Snider 8 Stig Some modulation $ Kept hale 0.3 hediary ty mintmise the duthtin, Re Sutankanany Preqquenty 4 ayy © Biwd= Fy + Keme9W Generation 4 WBF: 2 Toe ofp the Nesow band phage mada then reali by a Penjuency Trabiplin, predating “the AMbied WIRED treme. Shown in fay @ - Narrow-band_,[~Memeryess ‘Band-pass Widebane Fldwave——*) nonlinear device titer |-—* Fatwave Fy@: Prequercy Mobiglier, % A Prequuncay rslliphiah Congstht a rrersiplas mon. into, dawice flawed by o BPE oF Sheum nm fy @. “The. Tp lp relation o Such & “ron Linum dassice roy be Gyfreleed Jn “the genta firm, VE) =O,50 + a, 8G, 79 | O Whine 0) 0g, 0, 0q Oe CO erie gn gy -the highalt Sule rum ~ linaatitiy « Substing YO in oy © & Stenpifyrg , we dina the Poqyuenty smodulated Gruate hansing Cattriah Peay uemciy Py, OF, => yp, wlth Prequency daniction AP, aAF,---+, NAF, « hes Bp has suo Rumttiong soo pedfirm ; D To pow the FM Urowe Cotaaed ot Cattse, Preqyuenty nF, + hawing the PFrequency daviction TAR, . DT Spa al Be FM Specina.Te op gd the Benjusncy wolipion podaty “the dilad Worm SO) = Aca[ awn. + ane, (Ania. ai] Ls © Wher Sntkartanenus Peay 4 gO 27h, +nkym{a) Direct Method:- “> Explain the direct method of generating FM waves. Jan-10,8M ++ Explain FM generation using direct method. Jan-07,7M_July-06,5M June-06,3M| 3 Ty diet FM System the Swttortoreny Praguenty The Cabtles rome ay vetied 7 say ada nme Siagral by rreary qo. dewite Clad 0 2 “voting Coll tat (eq) Rate ane % FY Shed @ rabileg of.cilleth in Gohith “the Capacstinte Gmpontrt Gothe Pregyuenty dttrmaning Ww in “the ofcillath Cowitts do. Fired Copatith Shuotted by o vetinge - vabsable Capac. { Pr pe] Lae 2 feca=cor cfu] hve* Th Peony ain fe Nal a gm LO Trees f° Whee, c()= 6 +¢ OW) Lely he the “two Snducinater tn “the Preqquenty - dakorerining “the. oitsitcth, % Alem “thot fireStrutdhdal, modulating rane. o) Psy uency “Fen THe Copatskance c() is exphepied of: CUE) = C+ AC Col (SEs) 9 @ "Cy athe ctetal Capacitance tn the Sbtence of Tradulatin Ue: =0 4 AC at the “masta Change, in Cappettante ” Sutgiasking ey @ Jn ey, we Wha, ® 1. q anf Cire) ctaccaGmtn dd £.@ = + am Ga) o[te Cot(aT bw) hws F, L 14 AE CoS (atthe 3) 7 Re — A, unmedalatad Meqyue aT Cty) Veteat ‘Be Tee aan=a Bula) = [AS Gant] lads BEE ca Grtms)] lb}. Ac _ Ar = bese Ec ts) G9 = era Cet Gms) F,W)= BrAL Cet Canfas) L-—> @ Eqjuotion © 1 the Snttarbaneny Pruaguincy dan FM tnaseabuning Serutddal. ‘modulation, wf megaiatis eye ae Faure @) ‘A feedback scheme forthe frequency stabilization of » equency modulator % Tr Sey to prorat a WBFM tulth the Teqyuited Preqjuoncy danstation , + bi Oy una. St Comessse db Veo, Prasquency - rrsbipltsy 4 Trusteey . # Th Gmipstation proutdy good. oftiflathy Stability , Conttont: Proptuinality blw ofp Pereayuenty Charge dn rip voltage Charge, § the "ecittahy Pranyuancy daasiclion ao achione WEFM.ANGLE MODULATION — (FM-2) Demodulation:- Frequency demodulation is the process of recovering the original modulating wave from the frequency modulated wave. Demodulation of FM waves:- The FM demodulators are clastified into: 1.Direct method i, Frequency discriminator i. Zero crossing detector. 2. Indirect method i. Phase-Locked Loop. Requirements of FM detectors (Demodulatoy “he FM Gurmedalai mutt Salttty the, Palmwisng heqyuinermaenlt; D SF mask Corwen reayutnty Vabision trdo oplikude. wobsaling The Grvesgion rub: be bons 4 efpptiont:- D The dumaduletty Cet Shavld be Lnferditiwe. clo complitude. chang. OF Should Hypond. ody to the Mea uenty Chong. WSF Should et be. fan Hibital on aks adjutant: & opshtionBalanced Frequency discriminator or Balanced slope detector or Round — Travis Detector + Explain the detection process of FM signals using balanced frequency discriminator with relevant diagrams. fluly-09,6M(old)| Draw the block diagram of balance frequency discriminator and explain it for demodulation of FM signal. jan-09,5N ‘ Explain clearly how a balanced slope detector is used for FM demodulation. June-08,7M * Explain the detection process of FM signals using balanced frequency discriminator with relevant diagrams. an-06,6M, + With associated diagrams and equations, explain how FM wave can be detected using ratio detector. {July-05,7M_June-09,6M ro) St Lf emer Mea “ue ~ Wea Noa. Fut wne Sa >| Sere, Emslope [>] seat Ha ween ew fig: © Bloc Bigham“Amplitude response of Upper tuned fter “Amplitude response of Tower tuned iter bam_— Fag ©: Pregnant, Welpende, X “The balowved Spe detedk Comesty Tero Slope dates CH. 4% The Zp Hramgltrme, hot o Cort “tapped Steondany, Hence the lp eng tothe “tow Slage detecfy one 18d owt q phate. ¥ Wise ane 3 tuncd Chit D Wie plinety se choed ae TR Le. Pee The upper tuned 8 4} the, Satendotay (7) wit tuned ober Be by AE ie. lg QWlonandk: Pruqquerty 2 fet . fa) Te Jowey Fur Cue the. Sicandaty Ce) 9 tune bile Be by Ab Ge. AA Yelena Fawqquency ig fer OF % RC, | RyCy ahe—the Ptah) CA. NYG Neg Oba the op rodbopa The. too Shpe- dees, % The inal olp vwAlnge Vy at obtained by tolling the Aifpsencethe Sndiustdusal o\p ‘usta Vor & og operation ¢} the Cai We Can Undidtinrd the optiation by dissiding “the Tp Mayuurty dante “thous hong oy Peon ¢ D Pan = fe t+ When F]p Preaquency equal to Cobh Magy “Fe, “the Induced vedlage, tn the T tiring df Sttandaty St etal Myual dothot Sndsted dn the Landing, - “Thug the, Ip *eebagtt to bath the diodat 0,4 0, Will be Same, ae The de lp ~setngss Voy Nog, wll clo be Sdentitol but They howe oppeity piahilia, Kente \us0N i) Pa >be to emote: fee a banrhe o he a ‘aha When tp Hreqyuendy of ster then PP the Srduced sedtoge in“T, winding ig highs “than “thot Sndueed anh’, os The Tip do Dy “A higher —thasn Oy. So +ve ofp Voy @ 0) haha “han “the -Ve_ op Non G04). Ty ofp “okay Vy, potitine.. (The tue olp *einge. Jovouayy og the. 1p Vrugy wey Untwopy tnuhal fctAt) When Ip Paayuency ar ade than “fe tte Sraduced sucingeSh! ining iy Rape than pT,’ | So Tp wage a dink by 4 bighes “than that

The cue 2g wie efit “than Stmple Glape datactir > ot hat bute, Siouatsty “han “the Shimpla. Slope, Sate Digadvonringss : DRY we dieeal to tune Since the thee Hurd CRY oe to be-tuned a Giant Pugpuintiy ie fe, Geral), Gc- Af). 3 Prmphibuds, Liming ay vat Phmuided.Zero — Crossing Detector:- “> Explain FM demodulation using Zero crossing detector —_[July-06,8M_Jan-05,7M| The. Zoo Cherfing Aaletssr operate, onthe spinciple “that “the, sinfiantannow Pugyuincy dan FM ure opphatmatzley pe by bihabe aat "Ad Jpcthe Aime difrence bly aajatert Zoho Cutting 4 the FM wate Of Sheum ain Fg. Definitions of T and At for an FM wave X Whe dime Sebawrval V7 Chaten tn asedvtonce Fallowting tive Conditions ¢ - Re Srbssrual 7! 4g Small Cormpatea ta the Shetiprotal. pte ratoge. bandwidth W? ce Gir) We Scrat"! ay lnsge. Competed do the, haciptratal the Caorien Prasyuenty bd -the FM tusoue ie. (Nee). we Lat’ n] dene the Tumba Zomo Catsi engtde “the Srdahvel Ta Wenge Ak Jy “the dime beluveen the Adjotert: Zah Suing fartt quan by Aye with “the -. Enthanta nso Preqquenty 31 quae by ® gaE fk v4 a. A ye iain Sutntmoes Pasqy, Mat 08 a Sintah latin blw fr & Yetogs Signal mls). Hence we Con eco, “MCE Apne Keusum . ve Te, Simplad back dager op Ziho ang dun Bates © oncthiy Grindgle i Shou below. Baseband FM ot imtor af Pelee inograioe | signal signal “ generator Integra io {mossago) Block diagram of zero crossing detector Phase Locked Loop:- itarting from block diagram of PLL obtain its non-linear and linear model. Show that o/p of PLL is scaled version modulating signal lune-10,12M ‘* With relevant analysis, explain the FM demodulation, using PLL —_{jan-10,10M, ‘> Explain how first order PLL can be used for FM detection + Explain with relevant mathematical expression the demodulation of a FM signal using PLL. june-09,10M,H PUL sta Ve Fastback Sitio “that Conte df Thate aj ~ Component . > A wubbipes 1 A Jovp fides iid) A vadbboge Cordballed ofcsllatty (VCO) Connected tn the farm do eedback loop of Shown in big @. ©) [top fier a , we sc a(t) veo _ Fy OB Atacrom PLE % The Neo Jt a Sone. Grae gprthahh Chet Prusysiney Seperat on “the, T]p Gorda vvdinge . { ery Prenjuenty moduleis may Sioue of a Veo. % TEniltally aiume “that VCO Ait adptel So that: then the, Grd asdtoys 31 Zaha, & Condition One. Scathfea = a fhrecidaly Get ot Phe usrmeduladed Cadeteh Peary * be & We veo olp har a we phage - Ship whets the Uarmerduledted - Cosdioh tuanee, x Suppee “that: the |p Sqrol. Gpplted sto the PLL Sram FM toate. ditfred by SCA) = Re Sin am + 20rHy mf). AE] St) =A Sen[ank +4 4)] ->O Whoe Ac 3 “the Cabbie, Amplitude (dh @radaaling (once ™C8) We hanse — 4,(8) = Sg fea) ae. Whee Ky it the Preauency Sempateiby q-the Puauency modula.lot the NCO Alp be defined of HED = Aca HF + 4,9] 8 Whee "Ay it -the oxmplituds Veo ofp, ff the Cornel vactiage. applied do NCo gy VG) then z ye = tary JvEs). a Where “RY ig the Praqjuency Genpbbstly Contiunt: 4 the VCo hansing the unit Waly. HX When Veo |p v6) eayual do Zao Le Wls)=0, then 09 =0. 2 The Seterning FM uranee SE) Rohe. VCo ofp HE) Ge applied te the. ~rrusthiplisy. “Ta, ofp gothe tresbtpion st ed = SOUHL>@ Subsbtating toy © 4G an ey O, Ot GH ets) ReSinL ance +40 AyGtLaarbed + 05] ne) t= Aeby smCorne 445] - cs Catea: +4569] WKT 1 Sin. 6B =F SnC ari] + Sn [0-8] Pat ACambt ry] 4 Be CMe +h] a ety: Ate Sonf antes 44,60) antes +405] +A Sin[ syd + D 4 = 4,05] ete oe So[ +H] SE Sma 45][ew = KonRefl, San[ tated + (4) 44,65] + Kom ehy Sen[ $62) - 4,09] |-5@ Whthe Ky = sig the, srrulltpligh pin Treotabea. sen wtf. % Eajustin © -y the Op 4 the Product modlalb 4 Jk hoe suo Ompomentt y A high- Pougpuenty Comperert: ephegerted by Kan flay Sin HTPC + Ola) + O39] 3) 0 lew Pruayuanty Component ‘hephateried by Kan Aley Sin[ (8) - 4,89] Tie high Poreayuenty Component elirninated by the LPF. Rot jhe. Ip do the oop Fakes Jy geen by: eC4) = KmMeAySin[ (8) - 44609] 2bG)= Keer, Sinf $4] - © Whee, 44) 2s the phoge O81 dalned by 00-99-40} > © AO) = ALD — ATH {9.8 Xie toop Pali opstates om -t fp €C4) to piroduce the Op ry9= e(a) * hls). p= -Wa-D at % Doarkiking 0. @ wade £, we get Akt 2 ah _ dht a de ae_ Adu) . M42 [yom fo.) : abe [ ark, wis] “3 19(4)= eG) Hh) ade) 44 -[amu, (edxbes) ]— ® a & Substding oy ® tn 4B, wept = Oar Cranhetvsin ho wh) < 242) — areytontey [Sin 4K HI] ht. SHO) ak, § Sm[ 4@-h(4-1) 84] thine “Ka a. Soop foharctn daforad. by Ko= Kin ky Ay Eayustkion ucelgety fa Autlapirg the block diagham 4 pui:- wer $= $- 40 > 0 Whee, $3) = sary {°m(s}- db $9 = am (VG, dk Wippeniioling (4) rnd “£ we ge de 4 one . amy & Ala. 9WT AE. sm, vi) > © V= ex bh ob St . e@rhW[>®@ dk anr,[ 2) bP aner Subpdtiading e4) im egy @, wt get ew -tenensnh] RO = rey [ Ka AeAysin da) HO] [22 . ark, sing xncL—9 © Bee Kes Whew, Kye Ky Rime Ay Fam enjustion @), We Can UPibe. ob. a 8 (d= ay Subskehuding 8) @ tn ey @ woe gee VG@)= a STK, Singh, (4) # H(A) ‘SK, — adyo | 4 + wo Sinb(a) & a @)——f0 re 4 2, bys , Se St dg) dt Bag @tNen - Ltnacs sede PLL%& We Gon cbttuce, that the mrubiplion of fy Yeplated by a. Serta ton Srudy the NCO by an Sega asa che, Sinwddal nim incotihy the bree hefhapertation y Kou ag the Yum - Linsahshy eptegerdation 4 PLL. Linearized PLL:- june-07 5 Linearidea Modal !- 3 When the phoe obdr 408) 2 Z000, the PLL in Photed Jocved , % When (4) is veby Small, Compodua it Sarl to be 0-5 hhadian, of oll stimret, we Moy ue “the Pallmuing Opphortmation, Sin h(H) % 4) “Thos ag @ Teduceg tn Pay Fig @ Yorum oy ~the Lineesidad wadsl GPL. Fag @ 2 Livwos model gf Plt. = Prom tg ©), we howe = 2@= 4@- (2 — 0 ®$.)= $+ 40 6 dippentisting beth Stay cay, We get S49 2404 290) 4.409) = 26) + Sar Ko Stn fa) HOD 4 men Pe “1 64,6) = SIT Sin i Khe) 4 UUET, Sin fe ACH He) = 2 ge +ramogeoxn | © Tavirg Fowsiin Hantfinm on bah Sidy q the ey @, we gst Jawed® = Jat A) + aK, (HH) t NOTE i= $40 +t, Jamar) don £5 dame R Gea hey —> 40-6 ip 4.0) = ip 404 Gp KHO-H0] 4©= di) + SM. 40 lak L@ Huo Rem, ” a= 40 +O-4O 4(0= 40[+10)] ) 4.0 =Whine L(F) 1 Collad the open teop “Tramtpen ortsion d-the pur. Wier vG) = amy + TIT Ry Stn det) HEL) ” [snke@ 409 | NOD = ag TK 4.) HD t+ ® £qy © the olp 4 the PLL. * Tn seventy darnain “the olp q-the PLL A ips ve) = 4,00. He) vp = ‘. ao 6 Subphsuting wy © In ey ©, ve gt ve = te fa HO “2 fay. £8. Since L(g va, We Can Ud tHe) ee E(B) hence, CQ) = AO Ho “oa ro — 40 yey By H+@ XPT garg Rus g ey@ by a VP) = ae + dame gc) Wer 4 90) FT, laure? vce) “am Aa — 36 Suubptsbsing Q(s) = mK, fn. dk in ey O, Oe GP ! Pmt. VO> 5 glory #] VO = m(3) “Re CatMIponding Bme- demein alain fy © 4 va= gy, £891, @ Frum ey @, wt Com orth ae r aTeky EL Oo VQ) a a8 Prom Gore - Book Honearided Medel: - % When “the hole ends Q(t) Zeno, the PLL

ofp Signal Q,02405 9 Contiordt 2 Let the cp. da the Chanack be an FM tsa ginen by VG) = Peces[aTb + 6()] —> © Whee, Ca) = airy Sma. ‘Subsituting wy @ in ey @, OF yt NUD = Acct ah, + +g] + age co® Lamhe + pCa 4aj rer fant 40] wet [eden + a 8: [ania ota] Scio CAG) w a 2 agetcattaneegus] = 2 4 SR ces [Ute +3463]Osh? as AS ce Camme+giay] = Sate ca Len. quay] + S88 3} ca [cute + 30) ] a 2. Ny) = aR cot [emf +pt8)] + oe + ae o [umes aq] + saa Sct Lan +0)] + sont coiLonkt + 36(] > ® — x The eayustten @ Inditaty -that “the Channel olp Comsis a 0¢ Comporant: 4 thus Pheayventy modulabd Signal wlth Casdie - Preqjuencty Pe, tft She - Te, eqyuiea FM Wane Corvteoed ot Bt obtained by palting "NCB" Aosoagh 0 Bpr. Te olp 4 the Bee fe cet fame +4 Vd) = oRecaTmgs +005] +H sea a] Vy) = cotter +9] Cajpet S88} 5 @ % Eyualton @ VeMaaly that U4) -W the Signal FM Signal exap Ba the Chang: in cmmplitude Tot, amplitude ron- lineata d the Chormel dott nt afer an FM Signal. C unbtke in canplibude. ‘modulakion). Fh thy Quon, FM de Gédely uyede Sn Miourwown 4 Sotrlide Gommurntvation,Compare FM with AM and PM lune-06,6M] st eM AM te D [Whe equation FH EM wou st: | The enjusiion Hh AM Loco. te SE) = AeSinLvek + PSinvint] | $a), = ALDH A Sin at Timuigt« } |The wmadulakin Seder com - | Re mudlatin Sndex ie hance amy vale ie. duethan | sn petwen o ond, A&B wduthen 4. > AlL-the “Hraxgnrdted Pree V | Cosaien prueh and one Sideband taf fe aR” The smodubation Index. detsyrive “the snuanbos Sidthanal Jn an FM Sagral. Bw sattPm]. * “TRL Bin dapendy on todlation Sadex Fa eM, cual. Fran dstaion Mar allmed way dental 4“ Matulotion =: Re main Fm ooo AM 2 at nite Synmunitiy » Pout du ufoly R= bela] En Am, only -tusn Sidebandy abe Pruduced, Jodypechion the. BW =abm- “The Bi deat niet dapendt on cmrodulalion Snes. Fa. am, ]femaibatton= 2 aia0 le “We Am 4g moe Supcaptible. cdo Nelle prwibe affected by Noite than Fm,